Workforce Business Data Analysis

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Salaries for females and males

The average salary for Victorian workers, regardless of gender, is $62,890. On average, male workers in the Victorian workforce have a salary of $67,370 whereas the average salary for female workers is slightly lower than that of males as it is $58,410. Male workers are highest paid with the highest salary being $106,200 as compared to $101,260 for the highest-paid female workers. Moreover, the female worker’s group has the least paid workers with the lowest salary being $19,030 compared to the least paid male workers ($31,160).

Table 1: A Summary of Salaries Overall ($’000) in the Victorian Workforce.

Descriptive Statistics
	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness		Kurtosis
	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Std. Error	Statistic	Std. Error
Salary $’000	300	19.03	106.20	62.8903	16.30464	.165	.141	.209	.281
Valid N (listwise)	300

Table 2: Salaries Overall ($’000) for Males and Females in the Victorian Workforce.

Descriptives
	Female or Male coded as a number			Statistic	Std. Error
Salary $’000	Male	Mean		67.3700	1.12957
		95% Confidence Interval for Mean	Lower Bound	65.1380
			Upper Bound	69.6020
		5% Trimmed Mean		67.0510
		Median		66.8000
		Variance		191.389
		Std. Deviation		1.38343E1
		Minimum		31.16
		Maximum		106.20
		Range		75.04
		Interquartile Range		18.67
		Skewness		.303	.198
		Kurtosis		.388	.394
	Female	Mean		58.4106	1.41815
		95% Confidence Interval for Mean	Lower Bound	55.6083
			Upper Bound	61.2129
		5% Trimmed Mean		57.9755
		Median		56.2400
		Variance		301.673
		Std. Deviation		1.73687E1
		Minimum		19.03
		Maximum		101.26
		Range		82.23
		Interquartile Range		20.36
		Skewness		.409	.198
		Kurtosis		.283	.394

*Figure 1: Distribution of salary ($’000) among male workers.*

*Figure 2: Distribution of salary ($’000) among female workers.*

A summary of the proportion of females and males in each age-group

Most of the female workers are middle-aged (98) whereas old female workers are the least (18). Young female workers (34) are almost twice the old female workers. Middle-aged male workers also constitute the largest proportion of male workers (80) whereas young male workers are the least (15) among male workers in Victoria. Old male workers constitute a substantial number (55).

Table 3: A 2×2 Cross Tabulation of the Proportion of Females and Males in each Age-group (Young, Middle Aged and Old).

*Female or Male? Age group coded as a number Crosstabulation**
Count
		Age group coded as a number			Total
		Young	Middle aged	Old	Total
Female or Male?	Female	34	98	18	150
Female or Male?	Male	15	80	55	150
Total		49	178	73	300

*Figure 3: A Graphical Representation of female and male workers in each age group (Young, Middle Aged and Old).*

Table 4: A Statistically Significant Chi-Square Statistic for Male and Female Workers in Each Age Group.

Chi-Square Tests
	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	27.941^a	2	.000
Likelihood Ratio	29.040	2	.000
N of Valid Cases	300
a. 0 cells (.0%) have an expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 24.50.

It is, therefore, notable that substantial differences exist in terms of gender composition among the different age groups. In particular, there are more female workers among the young and middle age groups whereas old aged male workers are three times the number of females in the same age group.

Industry group representing the largest sample proportion

Regarding workforce distribution among various industries, it is evident that the primary industry has the largest proportion of workers (19%). The second-largest proportion of workers (12%) is absorbed in other industries except for the Accommodation, Hospitality & Food/Beverage Services, Retail Trade and Business, Professional and Commercial Services, each absorbing 11% of the workforce.

Table 5: Summaries of the Different Proportions of the Various Industry Groups Represented Victorian Workforce.

The industry supergroup
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Manufacturing, Transport, and Storage	36	12.0	12.0	12.0
	Accommodation, Hospitality & Food/ Beverage Services	33	11.0	11.0	23.0
	Service Trades, Electricity, Gas, Construction and Wholesale Trade	36	12.0	12.0	35.0
	Business, Professional and Commercial Services	33	11.0	11.0	46.0
	Retail Trade	33	11.0	11.0	57.0
	Government, Education and Community Services	36	12.0	12.0	69.0
	Other Services	36	12.0	12.0	81.0
	Primary Industry	57	19.0	19.0	100.0
	Total	300	100.0	100.0

*Figure 4: A Graphical Distribution of Victorian Workforce among Various Industries.*

Table: 6: The Proportion of Male and Female Workers in each Industry Group.

*Female or Male coded as a number The industry supergroup Crosstabulation**
Count
		The industry supergroup								Total
		Manufacturing, Transport, and Storage	Accommodation, Hospitality & Food/ Beverage Services	Service Trades, Electricity, Gas, Construction and Wholesale Trade	Business, Professional and Commercial Services	Retail Trade	Government, Education and Community Services	Other Services	Primary Industry	Total
Female or Male coded as a number	Male	18	15	18	15	18	18	18	30	150
Female or Male coded as a number	Female	18	18	18	18	15	18	18	27	150
Total		36	33	36	33	33	36	36	57	300

Table 7: Chi-Square Statistic showing that the Differences in Gender Composition in Industry Groups are not statistically Significant.

Chi-Square Tests
	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	.976^a	7	.995
Likelihood Ratio	.977	7	.995
N of Valid Cases	300
a. 0 cells (.0%) have an expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 16.50.

In the Primary Industry, which has the largest proportion of the workforce, there are slightly more male workers (30) than female workers (27). This difference is very small.

What proportion of the workforce do females account for overall, as well as in both city and country locations?

The overall Victorian workforce has an equal proportion of the male and female workforce (males 150, females 150). Differences however emerge when the location of the workforce is put into consideration. In this regard, there are more female workers in the country (99) as compared to those working in the city (51). On the contrary, most of the male workers are located in the city (82) as compared to those in the countryside (68).

Table 8: Proportion of Overall Male and Female Workers in the Victorian Workforce.

Female or Male?
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Female	150	50.0	50.0	50.0
	Male	150	50.0	50.0	100.0
	Total	300	100.0	100.0

Table 9: Proportion of Male and Female Workers based on whether they are Located in the City or the Countryside.

*Female or Male? Workplace location coded as a number Crosstabulation**
Count
		Workplace location coded as a number		Total
		City	Country	Total
Female or Male?	Female	51	99	150
Female or Male?	Male	82	68	150
Total		133	167	300

Table 10: A statistically Significant Chi-Square for male and Female Workforce as Located in the City and the Country.

Chi-Square Tests
	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)	Exact Sig. (2-sided)	Exact Sig. (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	12.980^a	1	.000
Continuity Correction^b	12.156	1	.000
Likelihood Ratio	13.080	1	.000
Fisher’s Exact Test				.000	.000
N of Valid Cases^b	300
a. 0 cells (.0%) have an expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 66.50.
b. Computed only for a 2×2 table

Females’ salary and other numerical variables

Having more improvement courses translate to higher salaries among female workers. Female workers who have done three improvement courses have a higher salary on average ($88,910) as compared to those who have done one improvement course ($70,730) or those who have not done any improvement course ($49,690). Female workers who have either two children or none earn almost the same salary on average ($56,910 and 56,950 respectively).

However, the average salary for women with one child is lower ($51,420). The salary scale increases as the number of children a woman has increased, with females with five children earning the most ($82,400). Exceeding five children, however, seem to be related to a decrease in salary ($75,340 from $82,400 for females with five children). Single female workers earn slightly higher ($59,160) than their married counterparts ($57,400).

The higher the number of years women have had in an industry does not necessarily translate to a higher salary. For instance, while female workers with 9 years of experience have an average salary of $94,250, the average salary for those with 33 years of experience is $71,400.

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Workforce Business Data Analysis

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