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Introduction
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Change and Pender’s model of health are integrative models of behavior change for developing effective interventions to promote health behavior change.
Pender’s Health Promotion Model is primarily based on the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1997) and the Expectancy Value Theory of Human Motivation (Feather,1982).
Social Cognitive Theory is believed to be an ideal theoretical framework for Therapeutic recreation which focuses primarily on the adoption and maintenance of the desired behaviors of individuals with the primary objective of improving the overall health (Keller, & Caldwell, 1999).
The Theory of Planned behavior / Reasoned Action (TRA) is based on the personal intentions of individuals.
The Health Belief Model attempts to study the impact and influence of personal beliefs on the health and interventions of individuals.
The Social Cognitive Theory
The social cognitive theory states that human behavior is based on the interaction of individuals with several factors including personal, environmental, and behavioral (Bandura, 1986).
Bandura (1986) asserts that these three factors are inter-reliant on one another.
The most popular construct of the social cognitive theory is self-efficacy which has a major impact on the activities of people, the amount of effort they expend on these activities, and their level of perseverance in the face of obstacles. (Bandura, 1986, 1997).
Social Cognitive Theory is believed to be an ideal theoretical framework for Therapeutic recreation which focuses primarily on the adoption and maintenance of the desired behaviors of individuals with the primary objective of improving the overall health (Wilhite, Keller, & Caldwell, 1999).
Theory of Planned behavior / Reasoned Action (TRA)
The Theory of Planned behavior / Reasoned action was formulated by Ajzen and Fishbein in the year 1980.
According to this theory, the behavior of an individual is influenced by the personal intentions to enact the behavior.
The theory also stresses on intention as the primary predictor of behavior which reflects the cognitive aspects of any behavior.
The theory is extremely useful in evaluation studies and other models of studying and altering behaviors including voting behavior, disease prevention behavior, birth control behavior and consumption prediction.
The Health Belief Model (HBM)
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a health model which studies the effects of personal beliefs on health and the decision process in making behavioral changes.
This model is identified as one of the most popularly studied models in health education, and can be effectively used with varying populations, health conditions, and interventions (Bowden, Greenwood, and Lutz, 2005).
The HBM is extremely useful in comprehending the framework of the psychosocial factors which are associated with compliance.
Motivational Theories
There are three motivational theories, are primarily associated with the motivational strategies which influence educators in school settings. There are three important motivational theories.
Attribution Theory
Attribution theory is defined as a student’s perception of his or her educational experiences, which generally influences his or her motivation more than the actual, objective reality of those experiences.
Goal Theory
Goal theory focuses on the reasons students achieve.
Self-Determination Theory
Self-determination theory describes students’ three categories of needs: a sense of competence, a sense of relatedness to others, and a sense of autonomy (Deci and Ryan 1985).
Ideal model of Health Behavior
Social Cognitive Theory serves as a framework for therapeutic recreation practice.
The Theory of Planned behavior / Reasoned action is extremely useful in evaluation studies and other models of studying and altering behaviors.
The Health Belief Model (HBM) one of the most popularly studied models in health education is extremely useful in comprehending the framework of psychosocial factors.
Research and analysis has proved that the most promising model of Health Behavior is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Ecology (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, and Baranowski, 2003).
References
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc; 1986.
Baranowski, T., Cullen, K., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J. (2003). Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity Research, 11(10), 23-42.
Bowden, R., Greenwood, M., & Lutz, R. (2005). Changing lifestyle behavior. Web.
Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and self determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Feather, N. T. (1982). Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Pender, N.J. (1996). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (3rd ed.). Samford, CT. Appleton & Lange.
Wilhite, B., Keller, A J., & Caldwell, L. (1999). Optimizing lifelong health and well-being: A health enhancing model of therapeutic recreation. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 33, 98-108.
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