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Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome of various diseases of the cardiovascular system, leading to a decrease in the pumping function of the heart, chronic hyperactivation of neurohormonal systems. This is manifested by shortness of breath, palpitations, increased fatigue, limited physical activity, and excessive fluid retention in the body. Chronic heart failure is not an independent disease because it is a complication. This is the outcome of cardiac conditions that disrupt the anatomy and function of the heart. Therefore, an important task facing a doctor who suspects or diagnosed a patient with CHF is to determine its cause. Although the treatment of CHF syndrome is universal, the effect on its cause can vary significantly depending on the segment of the population. Patients with CHF of ischemic etiology need pharmacotherapy aimed at eliminating the symptoms of ischemic heart disease. Thus, the most vulnerable groups are Hispanics with elevated risk levels in regards to the given disease.
The main purpose of the research paper is to analyze and investigate national differences in congestive heart failure rates among a wide range of groups on the basis of gender and race. The research was designed in a qualitative manner by deriving the essential data from statistical measurements. The sample was comprised of 4300 hospitals, which provided the recorded yearly rates of heart failures (Ziaeian et al., 2017). In total, the authors overviewed approximately 7 to 8 million individuals, who were the key data elements of the institutions.
Therefore, the data collection methods were systematic, where an array of measured records were utilized in order to assess the key differences. The results suggest that Hispanics were the highest risk groups in terms of suffering from congestive heart failure, and it is especially true in regards to women of the given category (Ziaeian et al., 2017). The primary strength of the study is the sheer size of the sample and the statistical significance of the findings. The main limitation of the paper is the fact that the results are possibly outdated due to the heavy focus on 2002 and 2013 (Ziaeian et al., 2017). However, the application of the paper can be manifested in more specific studies concerning high heart failure rates among Hispanics. In addition, one can also advocate for policy changes and practice renewals in regard to nursing in order to meet the needs of the vulnerable groups. It is important to consider the fact that the current trends and heart failure dynamics might also become risk factors for deadly viruses, which is especially critical in the context of the pandemic.
In conclusion, the study provides invaluable information on population-wide patterns on the basis of ethnicity, race, and gender. Although gender differences are significant, the major finding is manifested in the fact that Hispanics are prone to suffer from CHF. One might not be able to point to a specific contributing factor because there is a combination of issues. In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the older age of women with manifest CHF. Thus, the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in women and Hispanics is associated both with the peculiarity of the heart’s reaction to damaging factors and with the gender characteristics of the spread of CHF depending on age. Thus, the study of these factors as possible predictors of clinical outcome in CHF in women is an urgent task.
Reference
Ziaeian, B., Kominski, G. F., Ong, M. K., Mays, V. M., Brook, R. H., & Fonarow, G. C. (2017). National differences in trends for heart failure hospitalizations by sex and race/ethnicity.Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 10(7), 1-23. Web.
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