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This study needs to determine how much the influence of age as a factor decreases or increases when women wear red clothing. This article could be called a casual statement, as the authors indicate that wearing red causes an increase in attractiveness in younger women but not in older women (Schwarz & Singer, 2013). Since this study is part of the randomized research field, it must meet the three criteria of causality. If the article does not meet these criteria, also called validities, then this statement is not valid (Morling, 2017). When a statement is wrong, an inconsistency needs to be identified, examined, and measured for the study to be accurate. These three criteria include covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.
Covariance is when you want to ensure that if the first variable changes, the second variable must also change. Temporal precedence is the criterion that determines that the first variable is entered first and then only the second variable. Internal validity is the assurance that there are no extraneous reasons for the results. To be consistent with a randomized statement, there must be only two variables in the study: independent and dependent. In this study, the independent variable is the age of the women, and the dependent variable is the level of attractiveness from the male perspective. Next, it is necessary to check if the above three criteria are met. The article passed the covariance because when women were young, their sexual attractiveness increased, and vice versa when they were high in age (Schwarz & Singer, 2013) Immediately an independent variable was introduced when men were shown a picture of a woman and asked to rate her, so the study passed the temporal antecedent test.
Third, an internal validity test was also passed, because the authors selected random participants of different ages on the academic campus and in the mall. The main thesis of the random statement is that one variable is the cause of another variable, so internal validity is the most important criterion (Schwarz & Singer, 2013). Therefore, it is useful to ensure that no outside sources influence the variables’ behavior. At the end of the analysis of this article, it should be stated that the study meets all three causal criteria, and the report is a random assertion.
This study in Ghana was to determine or refute whether there was a correlation between teacher turnover, organizational fairness, and job satisfaction. The authors position the article as a claim of correlation because the researchers believe there is some level of mutual influence between the statistics obtained. Since this paper is a statement of association, it must pass the four criteria of validity. If the test is not given, then there are certain errors in the study data presented that must be corrected to eliminate the inconsistencies (Addai, et al., 2018). The article will also not be considered reliable, so its usefulness and scientific novelty will be greatly reduced.
These four types of validity should include constructive, external, internal, and statistical. The essence of construct validity is the belief that all variables have been well researched (Morling, 2017). External validity is the level of generalizability of this study to the population. There must be no other reasons for the results, such as a third variable, to meet the internal validity criteria. The extent to which the correlation is strong and supported by the data is statistical validity.
Variables must first be identified before attempting to understand and assess the level of fit. The independent variables, in this case, are job satisfaction and organizational fairness, and the relationship is the turnover rate in schools in Ghana. Once the variables have been identified, it is important to determine if the study is running on the four variables. First, the study passes construct validity since participants and participants were given a comprehensive questionnaire of 46 questions about the variables of this article (Addai, et al., 2018). External truth is also inherent in this paper because the level of representativeness is sufficient for the results to be generalized to all teachers, not just the Offense district.
Third, the study data showed a strong correlation between high levels of organizational injustice and low measures of job satisfaction and participants’ willingness to change jobs. If inequity levels were low and people were satisfied with their working conditions, however, few stated a desire to quit. All of the data were conclusive, and there were no errors. The study was also internally valid because the authors were well prepared to collect information, clearly defining the questions that respondents needed to ask (Addai, et al., 2018). At the end of the research for this article, it should be clarified that the most important type of validity is statistical validity for the association statement. Without it, it is difficult for outside reviewers to determine whether a result is falsely positive or misleading. The paper passed all four validity tests so that it can be confidently attributed to the criterion of the correlation statement.
A comprehensive evaluation of an article is necessary to assess whether a study meets the criteria to qualify for a particular category. In different cases, papers need to be evaluated in various types. Common to all studies are the concepts of variables and validity. In this essay, additional articles have been examined, claiming to assign them a certain status: random or correlational. After analyzing these materials, it became evident that the authors did a quality job, as the studies fit all the necessary validation categories.
References
Addai, P., Kyeremeh, E., Abdulai, W., & Sarfo, J. O. (2018). Organizational justice and job satisfaction as predictors of turnover intentions among teachers in the Offinso South District of Ghana. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 2, 235-243. Web.
Morling, B. (2017). Chapter 3: Three claims, four validities: Interrogation tools for consumers of research. Research Methods in Psychology: Evaluating a World of Information (3rd ed.). Web.
Schwarz, S. & Singer, M. (2013). Romantic red revisited: Red enhances men’s attraction to young, but not menopausal women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 161-164. Web.
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