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This papers main argument is that racism is not an attitude but a perspective generated through societal influence, mass media, religious groups, and education. The authors main point is that racism is no longer a problem for white and black people, but it includes other ethnicities, too (Cramer 162). This paper covers such topics as implicit and explicit racism, the origin of racial resentment, and the role of political elites.
This source is useful since it provides an extensive overview of this problem from different perspectives, like the paper by Salter et al. It can be considered reliable because it was published in a peer-reviewed journal. However, it may not be very objective because it was written by one author. It seems that the goal of this source was to understand the reasons behind the voters opinion shift when they chose to elect Trump, who demonstrated his racial bias many times.
This review fits into my research about race because it helped me revise my understanding of this issue by explaining why racism is a perspective rather than an attitude. I will use this source to present background information and formulate a thesis statement for my project. Overall, this source was helpful for me to review different aspects of the problem of racial bias and distorted perceptions about ones skin color.
This papers primary argument is that many white Americans still possess racist beliefs in various forms. The primary point of this study was to survey 2500 white participants to reveal one or several types of racism: old-fashioned, institutional, symbolic, Laissez-faire, and color-blind (Milner et al. 398). The results showed that symbolic racism, which claims that the inferior social position of black people is their fault, was the most prevailing among the respondents. Overall, this article is about the prevalence of five major types of racism in the U.S.
This source is useful because it defines racism, describes its forms, and presents the survey results about the prevalence of five types of racial bias. This paper can be considered reliable because it was published in a peer-reviewed journal. The study sample size was relatively large, and its results seem to be objective. However, it is crucial to highlight that these respondents perspectives do not represent the viewpoint of the entire American society.
Since the authors goal was to reveal hidden forms of racism, this paper fits into my research because I want to create an objective picture of this problem in the U.S. This source helped me recall various forms of racism that were imprinted in peoples minds by external influence. I will incorporate this information into my project to argue that this issue has not been resolved in the United States.
This paper argues that racism is not an individuals prejudice but a systemic issue that stems from ideological discourse, cultural artifacts, and institutional realities. Its main point is that the psychological perspective of a person is shaped by a cultural attitude (Salter et al. 150). The paper talks about three main conditions that cause racial bias to persist in the United States: everyday realities, personal choices, and ignorance about the historical causes of the issue.
This source is useful because it reviews cultural psychology to articulate the reasons for subtle racism in modern America. This paper is similar to the review by Cramer since both discuss peoples perspectives that were shaped by external factors. This source was published in a peer-reviewed journal by researchers qualified in this field; thus, this article can be considered reliable. Although bias is present in any writing, I think that the information in this paper is objective because it is a collective work of three authors.
Since the goal of this review was to analyze cultural attitudes towards racial discrimination, it fits my project that aims to assess the perspective of American society on racism. This source will help me show that hidden forms of racial bias result from the generational mindset of ethnocentrism. Lastly, this article aligned with my understanding of this question; hence, I can use it to support my argument.
Works Cited
Cramer, Katherine. Understanding the Role of Racism in Contemporary U.S. Public Opinion. Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 23, 2020, pp. 153-169.
Milner, Adrienne, Berkeley Franz, and Jomills Henry Braddock. We Need to Talk About RacismIn All of Its FormsTo Understand COVID-19 Disparities. Health Equity, vol. 4, no. 1, 2020, pp. 397-402.
Salter, Phia S., Glenn Adams, and Michael J. Perez. Racism in the Structure of Everyday Worlds: A Cultural-Psychological Perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 27, no. 3, 2018, pp. 150-155.
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