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Research Paper Guidance
Please Note:
1. Failure to submit a Research paper will
Research Paper Guidance
Please Note:
1. Failure to submit a Research paper will result in a failing grade for
the course.
2. Failure to meet the minimum length requirement for the Research
paper discussed below will result in a failing grade for the
assignment
Papers are due at the end of Week 7 NO LATER THAN MIDNIGHT.
***ALL papers will be submitted via Turnitin***
This is not a descriiptive paper; it is a work of argument-based
research. Research is about developing observations about problems or
issues that are of interest to you. Rather than just provide a “data dump” of
information, research means explaining your perspective on the
problem/issue and justifying your observations in a research argument.
What is an argument-based research paper?
An argument paper does several things:
• informs and explains a position
• prompts reason rather than emotion — it may be persuasive, but that is
not its whole purpose
• shows the strength and validity to a side of an argument while presenting
the other point of view fairly
• guides the reader to logical and informed conclusions about an issue
• presents a logical claim based on evidence
• looks at the other side of the argument and counters those arguments
• demonstrates the ability to argue a certain position using valid points with
credible sources
Hopefully you have addressed these issues during the topic selection and the
thesis and outline parts of the writing process.
The research paper will be a minimum of 1500 words (approximately 6
pages), double spaced.
Word count/page total does NOT include title page, tables or graphics, and
reference pages.
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There is NO requirement for an abstract. If you choose to provide one, it
does NOT count in your word count/page total.
References will be In-text citations per the APA Style Guide found on
the UA Libraries site (https://new.library.arizona.edu/research/citing/guide).
Typeface will be 12 font, Times New Roman or Ariel; 1 inch margins all
around.
It is YOUR responsibility to get the citation and reference format correct.
HINT: citations require a page number. NOT having a page number in the
citation is the EXCEPTION.
HINT: electronic sources (ie: websites) are developed by organizations. The
organization is the author (eg: FBI not FBI.com). There are VERY FEW cases
where you should list material by a website name.
DO NOT USE THE AUTOMATIC REFERENCE TOOL IN WORD.
There are two aspects of the research paper to which you must attend.
The first is the organization which is influenced by your argument (claim,
reasons, evidence) and which is captured in your outline.
The second aspect is the paper’s structure.
Introduction
With your introduction, you should give orientation to the reader and make
them want to read the rest of the paper. What belongs in the introductory
section?
A short descriiption of the issue, a statement of the goal of the paper,
questions to be answered, thesis
Placement of specific topic in the broader context
Short overview of current state of research (incl. controversial issues),
sources
Explanation of relevance for scientific discourse
Verbal sketch of method and content, guiding the reader to what lies
ahead
If necessary, clarification of terms / definitions
Main Body;
Argumentation and Results:
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After you told the reader what you are going to say, say it. The structure of
this part depends on your objective. As such there are no generally binding
conventions on how many chapters a term paper needs to have and which
aspects need to be considered (presentation, interpretation, discussion).
Basically:
The text is divided into sections / subsections, each presenting a main
point in the argument or relevant information. Within a chapter, the
text is divided in sections that present an argumentative / logic unit.
Single sentences are not paragraphs!
A background section as the first section of the Body is extremely
important in an argument-based research paper. It provides context
for the reader for your argument, answers the “so what” question and
PROVIDES A SKETCH OF YOUR ARGUMENT TO TRANSITION INTO THE
DETAILS OF YOUR REASONING.
Develop your argument step-by-step and in a comprehensible
manner. References to common knowledge or personal experience are
not sufficient. Avoid verboseness and repetitions. Content /positions
from other academic writing must not necessarily be adopted
unquestioned. You can quote a certain position and then disprove it or
contrast it with your own (well-reasoned) opinion (“Contrary to x s‟
interpretation, it is reasonable to …, because …”).
All literature used needs a reference. This applies to literal as well as
analogous quotation of text, ideas and data (see below). If further
comments seem necessary but would disrupt the fluidity of your text /
argumentation, put them in a footnote.
The composition of your text must be clear and logically
comprehensible. Each chapter should have a structure.
Depending on your objectives, the following aspects are to be
prioritized accordingly: interpretation of primary literature / sources,
methodological problems, current state of research, your own
standpoint.
Your own standpoint is important. Do not only summarize texts or
collect quotations. Give reasons for your ideas, opinions and criticism
and weigh them against other positions.
Only give information relevant to the comprehension of your issue.
Conclusion
Refer back to the problem posed and describe the conclusions that you
reached from your work, summarize observations and interpretations.
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Consider strengths and limitations of your work (fruitfulness of
questions, suitability of method, broader implication of your results,
perspectives for future research).
Do not repeat word for word the introduction or discussion.
The final chapter should not only give the reader the feeling that it was
worthwhile to read your paper, but it should also stimulate further
thinking.
Scholarliness
A term paper shall conform to academic standards. It is neither a newspaper
article or a short story nor a police report. The essential characteristics of
academic writings are:
Support: if you make a statement, back it up with a reference (or your
own empirical findings). Exceptions are statements that can be
assumed to be common knowledge and your own considerations.
Paraphrasing: ideas and opinions from other texts must be expressed
in different words.
Quoting: literally used text passages must be “quoted”. The origin of
the quote must be clear.
Justification: reasons must be given for statements, conclusions,
methods, literature and sources as well as central questions. Definition
and specification: explain how you understand and use central terms.
Differentiation: consider and present not only one opinion, but more (if
not all) other positions. Address controversies.
Plagiarism: ~ is the practice of copying another person’s ideas, words
or work without adequate acknowledgement. It is considered academic
fraud and will be judged as such.
It is highly recommended that you use section headings.
It is highly recommended that you do not write your introduction and
conclusion until you have written the body of the paper.
It is necessary to CITE all information in your paper. If you are unsure of
how to do this, contact the writing center…they are there to help you. Not
citing information is considered plagiarism…and is not tolerated. Do
not use a paper from a previous course to fulfill the requirement for
this course. Doing so is a violation of University of Arizona Code of
Academic Integrity and will not be tolerated. Remember, not knowing
how or what to cite is not an excuse.
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[1] The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
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NB: We do not resell your papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.
NB: All your data is kept safe from the public.
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