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Bourque, L. B. (1989). Defining rape. Durham: Duke University Press.
Dr. Bourque teaches courses in research methodology with particular emphasis on the design, administration, data processing and analysis of data collected by questionnaires and interviews in community surveys. She is the Associate Director of the Center for Public Health and Disasters, and the Associate Director of the Southern California Injury Prevention Research Center, both located in the UCLA School of Public Health. Her current work delves into the legal as well as social angles of the way rape is perceived and defined in legal circles.
Burger, W. E., & McConville, S. (1985). Our crowded prisons. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 478. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.
The National Institute of Corrections (NIC) is an agency within the U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons. It also helps continuous research in the field of social and criminal spheres. It provides training, technical assistance, information services, and policy/program development assistance to federal, state, and local corrections agencies.
Burgess, A. W. (1985). Rape and sexual assault: A research handbook. New York: Garland Pub.
Burgess discussed the changing laws governing handling the cases related to rape and sexual assault. This discussion notes the new system responses that included standardized forensic examinations by trained health care professionals. The work also discusses the fallouts of the developments whereby the laws, rape crisis centers, funded by federal, state and local dollars, have become more readily available to victims
Groth, A. N., & Birnbaum, H. J. (1979). Men who rape: The psychology of the offender. New York: Plenum Press.
The research in the field of sex offender behavior acknowledges that the offender types can be identified. Such types include power, anger, and sadistic assailants. Even though such classifications can be observed; classifications, limited empirical or anecdotal efforts have undertaken the task of exploring the personality features of each rapist type. Groth and Birnbaum in this article try to fill this gap in the literature. Analytical framework combined with the case study methodology, noted crimes of Gilbert Escobedo (power type), Paul Bernardo (anger type), and Jeffrey Dahmer (sadistic type) are reviewed. Given the study and findings, the article concludes with a series of summary observations relevant for future research on rape and personality as well as prospects for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Both the writers have made significant contributions to the field of this study and have contributed individually to numerous papers on this and other related and relevant issues.
Hall, G., & Hirschman, R. (1991). Toward a theory of sexual aggression: A quadripartite model. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 662. Web.
This work incorporates the outcomes of research on the overall topic of male sexual behavior and the mental effects of the same on others. This publication was rescinded by the National Medical and Research Council on March 24, 2005 and is available only electronically for record and reference purposes.
Hunter, J., Hazelwood, R., & Slesinger, D. (2000). Juvenile-Perpetrated Sex Crimes: Patterns of Offending and Predictors of Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 15(1), 81-93. Web.
Peer-adult offenders more consistently offended against females who were strangers or acquaintances, more frequently committed their crimes in a public area and more often acted in a group with other offenders. Peer-adult offenders were also more likely to commit sex crimes in association with other criminal activities, and they evidenced higher overall levels of aggression and violence. In general, the aggression of child molesters tended to be intimidation rather than physical force, whereas the aggression of peer-adult offenders was more injurious and perhaps gratuitous. Violence in peer-adult offenders, but not in child molesters, was predicted by the interactive influence of victim gender, age, and level of resistance.
RAINN. RAINN statistics. 2009, Web.
The Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) is the nation’s largest anti-sexual assault organization. RAINN operates the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 1.800.656.HOPE and the National Sexual Assault Online Hotline at rainn.org, and publicizes the hotline’s free, confidential services; educates the public about sexual assault; and leads national efforts to prevent sexual assault, improve services to victims and ensure that rapists are brought to justice.
Scroggs, J.R. (1976). Penalties for rape as a function of victim provocativeness, damage and resistance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 360.
This paper discusses the process of meting out penalties to the culprits involved in sexual offences. Harsher sentences are also given in cases where there is greater victim resistance. Attitudes of both family and friends often depend on their perception of the victim’s responses during the assault.
Shanahan, E. (1999). Stranger and nonstranger rape: One crime, one penalty. American Criminal Law Review, 36(4), 1371.
In her article, Rape, Susan Estrich identifies two types of rape: “traditional” rape (a violent rape committed by a stranger) and “nontraditional” rape (a less violent rape committed by an acquaintance of the victim). Estrich had argued that “nontraditional” rapes should be subject to criminal penalties, though reduced ones. This work by Shanahan challenges Estrich’s conclusion that nontraditional rape warrants a less severe penalty than traditional rape. Instead, this paper proposes and defends a sentencing structure in which the penalty for nontraditional rape is the same as that for traditional rape.
U.S. Department of Justice. Office of justice programs: criminal offenders statistics. 2009. Web.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics was first established on December 27, 1979, under the Justice Systems Improvement Act of 1979, Public Law 96-157 (the 1979 Amendment to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Public Law 90-351). The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a component of the Office of Justice Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice. Data are published annually on topics like Criminal victimization, Populations under correctional supervision, and Federal criminal offenders and case processing. The organization’s website contains data on Criminal Offenders Statistics, issues related to crime and victims, prosecution, federal justice system, law enforcement, courts and sentencing among others. The site is a credible source of information on law enforcement and criminal prosecution.
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