Procter & Gamble Company

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Table of Contents

Introduction
Situational analysis
Market commoditisation and innovation
Developing competitive advantage
Conclusion and recommendations
Reference List

Introduction

Procter & Gamble [P&G] is a public limited company that was established in 1837 in Cincinnati, Ohio, US. The firm operates in the consumer goods industry and has managed to venture into the global market. The firm operates five main segments, which include Family Care and Baby Care, Health Care, Grooming, Beauty, Home Care and Fabric Care.

The firm has over 121,000 employees (P&G 2013). In the course of its operation, P&G has managed to develop a strong market position both in the local and the international market. The firms success can be explained by the effective management and marketing practices that have been integrated. Moreover, the firm has adopted optimal business models, which ensure that its products are aligned with the prevailing customer needs and wants. Consequently, its products have gained substantial market acceptability (P&G 2013).

Vision and mission statement

P&G intends to position itself as the global leader with regard to consumer products and services. Moreover, the firm is committed towards providing customers with high quality products and services.

Values and principles

The firm has adopted a number of values and principle. Some of its core values and principles include trust, leadership and integrity.

Objectives

P&G is focused towards achieving the following objectives

To develop a strong customer base and ensure that its brands achieve market leadership.
To transform its existing businesses into market leaders.
To regain market leadership and growth momentum in Western Europe region.

In addition to meeting the customers needs, P&G is focused towards delivering high value to shareholders by maximising their wealth. Over the 175 years it has been in existence, P&G has managed to survive challenging economic situations such as economic downturns and other changes emanating from the external and internal business environments.

The firm cannot rule out the likelihood of such occurrences in the future considering the fact that it does not operate in isolation. Consequently, the firm may experience challenges in its quest to achieve the aforementioned objectives.

Aim

This report is aimed at conducting a comprehensive situational analysis of P&G. This is achieved by evaluating the challenges that the firm faces and the strategies that the management team should integrate in order to enhance the firms competitiveness and future success. The report mainly focuses on the strategies that the firm can adopt in order to develop a high competitive advantage.

Situational analysis

Businesses operate in an environment that is characterised by a high rate of dynamism. One of the elements that characterise the modern business environment is hyper-competition. Lancaster (2005) is of the opinion that it imperative for firms management teams to continuously monitor the external business environment in order to adjust their firms competitive strategies.

Ferrell & Hartline (2013) are of the opinion that a thorough situation analysis empowers the marketing manager because it encourages both analysis and synthesis of information (p.56). Firms do have control of the external business environment. Therefore, failure to understand the external business environment may adversely affect the organisations competitiveness.

To understand the external business environment, it is imperative for P&Gs management team to take into account the cultural, economic, social, political, legal and demographic variables. This can be achieved by integrating the PESTLE and the SWOT models as illustrated below (Hiebing & Cooper 2004).

PESTLE Analysis

Political	The firm participates in political processes in its pursuit to touch the consumers lives. Consequently, the firm contributes in shaping public policy. The firm is committed towards ensuring that it complies with the set state and federal laws such as the Open Government Act, and the Lobbying Disclosure Act. The US is characterised by a high level of political stability. Consequently, P&G is able to operate effectively and efficiently. The US government has increased its effort in curbing the proliferation of counterfeit products by integrating comprehensive intellectual property laws. This has played a critical role in guarding innovation.
Economic	The US is experiencing an increment in the level of its Gross Domestic Product and the National Income. This will increase the consumers purchasing power. Despite the increase in consumer purchasing power, P&G is experiencing pressure to reduce the price of its products. Jopson (2013) emphasises that it is imperative for P&G to provide customers with products that are affordable. The recent economic recession has led to a significant change in the consumers behaviour. Bohlen, Carlotti and Mihas (2010) opine that consumers in the US are learning to live without expensive product (para. 1). The firm faces a challenge in the international market arising fluctuation in the exchange rate and the rate of inflation. Some of the developing markets that the firm markets its products, especially Africa are characterised by a low per capita income (Hattingh et al. 2012).
Social	Environmental conscious consumers; consumers are increasingly becoming conscious of the environment. Consequently, it is imperative for businesses to operate in an environmental sustainable manner by avoiding pollution. P&G has adopted the concept of corporate social responsibility. Health and safety consciousness; consumers are increasingly becoming conscious of their health and safety. In the course of its operation, P&G is committed towards improving the consumers nutrition and hygiene. Thus, the likelihood of P&G increasing its sale revenue with regard to health and beauty products is high. Moreover, P&G has teamed up with UNICEF in its quest to improve the health of babies (P&G2012). Cultural diversity; the high rate of globalisation has led to transformation with regard to the workforce, which is becoming culturally diverse. Consequently, it is imperative for organisations to adopt effective human resource management practices. P&G has appreciated the concept of diversity by embracing cultural differences (Cooper 2000).
Technological	The consumer packaged goods industry is experiencing a significant change arising from technological innovation. Some of these changes relates to emergence of e-commerce. The high rate of technological innovation presents a major challenge to P&G. The firm has to continuously invest in research and development in order to be successful. According to Cisco (2012), continuous product innovation is the lifeblood of the consumer product goods industry (p.1).

Legal & Environmental	Climate change The high rate of climate change has led to enactment of strict carbon tax in an effort to ensure that organisations are responsible of the carbon dioxide emitted. P&G is conscious of the environment in which it operates. Environmental laws and regulations; the UK government has enacted strict rules and regulations that are aimed at protecting the environment. The laws advocate for effective waste management.

SWOT and TOWs matrix

SWOT Matrix

Strengths

Research and development;The firm strongly focuses on research and development.
Market leadership; the firm has developed global market leadership with regard to detergents, beauty and health care products.
Acquisitions;the firm has the capacity to acquire other firms in the consumer goods industry.
Effective brand management; P&G have integrated an effective brand management strategy, which has enhanced its market position and brand portfolio. The firm has over 25 brands.
Strong human capital base; the firm has established a strong human resource, which enhances its competitiveness.

Weaknesses
The firms competitiveness is hindered by high cost of production.
The firm faces a challenge in meeting the consumers needs and wants as a result of different culture.
Unable to protect the companys innovative products.
High product prices compared to competing products (Jopson 2013).
The firm mainly focuses on high-end markets, which limits its market reach.
It is difficult for the firm to achieve growth especially in mature product categories.

High product recalls; P&G is experiencing an increment in product recalls.
Most of the firms products are targeted for female consumers.
Loss of market; the firm is losing market at an alarming rate, which is affecting its market leadership.
Counterfeit products;P&G has not been able to eliminate counterfeit products sold under its brand name.

Opportunities

Market growth; the firm can attain market leadership by exploiting emerging markets such as India and China.The firm should target the middle class consumers.
New market opportunity; the firm can exploit new market segments for example by developing beauty and health products targeted for men.
Tapping new markets;the firm can increase its sales revenue by penetrating urban areas.
Adopting eco-friendly strategies; P&G can increase its market leadership by going green.

Strength-Opportunity Strategy
The firm should consider expanding its operation in the emerging and developing markets by developing new products.
P&G should consider developing new products by investing in research and development.

Weakness-Opportunity strategy

The firm should consider outsourcing some of its services in order to lower the cost of production. This will improve the competitiveness of its products.
The firm should invest in IPR in order to protect its products from being counterfeited
P&G should focus on expanding its market to low-income consumers.
The firm has to continuously ensure that it monitors market changes so as to attain adjust its market trends.
P&G should target new consumer groups such as men in order to increase its sales revenue.

Threats

Intense competition; P&G is experiencing intense competition especially from Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever hence leading to a decline in P&G market share (Jopson 2013).
Substitute products; the firm is experiencing an increment in the number of substitute products, which are retailed at a price that is lower than that of P&G.
Private labels;growth of private labels presents a major threat to the firms competitiveness and global market share.
Economic recession; change in consumer behaviour as a result of the 2008/2009 economic recession.
Increase in the cost of raw materials

Strength-Threat strategy
The firm should ensure that its products are aligned with the consumers needs and wants.-P&G should invest in continuous product improvement in order to improve their competitiveness

Weakness-Threat strategy
The firm should invest in cost-effective operational strategies in order to improve the quality and competitiveness of its products.

Core competencies

According Boone (Kurtz & Boone 2013), core competencies are critical in an organisations marketing practises because they enable an organisation to optimally position itself. P &Gs success is based on a number of core competencies, which include.

Core competencies

Source: (P&G 2013)

Porters five forces

According Stonehouse and Snowdon (2007), the five forces model enables a firms management team to determine the attractiveness of a particular market and hence the potential of attaining its desired level of profitability. The degree of industry attractiveness varies from one industry to another.

The Porters model is comprised of five main dimensions, which include the threat of new entrant, buyer and seller bargaining power, degree of rivalry and threat of substitute. Below is an analysis of the Porters five forces with specific reference to P&G Group.

Degree of rivalry-High

The firm operates in an environment that is characterised by a high degree of rivalry (P&G 2013). Yannapoulos (2011) is of the opinion that competition forces companies to constantly engage in offensive and defensive marketing strategies (p.1).

The rivalry emanates from the regional, local and global firms that have established operations in the industry. P&G competes against organisations that deal with private labels and branded products. The firms main competitors include Colgate-Palmolive, Revlon, Kimberly-Clark Johnson & Johnson and Unilever.

The large number of competitors gives consumers a wide range of options to select from (Drummond & Ensor 2009). Consumers select products on the basis of their price, quality, and the strength of the brand amongst other factors. P&G Group is experiencing an increment in competition emanating from non-branded products, which are sold at a lower price. Thus, low-income consumers can afford diverse health and wellness products (Rehtmeyer 2010).

Threat of new entrants-moderate

According to Rehtmeyer (2010), the consumer goods industry is characterised by a low threat of entry. New entrants do not have the capability to rival big and well established entities such as P&G, which are adequately capitalised.

Another factor that acts as a barrier to entry relates to the high cost of research and development that the firms are required to undertake (Rehtmeyer 2010). New entrants must ensure that their products are effectively differentiated. The industry is in its mature stage thus making it less attractive to new entrants (Doole & Lowe 2012).

Threat of substitute-Low to moderate

The consumer goods industry is characterised by a low threat of substitute products. According to Rehtmeyer (2010), most firms in the industry deal with necessities, which do not have perfect substitutes.

Supplier bargaining power- low

P&G derives its competitiveness from partnerships and joint venture. Consequently, the firm is able to invest in research and development (Rehtmeyer 2010). Moreover, the firm has the capacity to control its suppliers because of its large size. Consequently, the firm sets standards, which suppliers are required to adhere to in the course of supplying the raw materials (Serena 2013).

Buyer bargaining power-moderate

P&G mainly depend on Wal-Mart and other business affiliates in its quest to generate revenue. It is estimated that 15% of the firms sales originate from Wal-Mart. Organisational consumers such as Wal-Mart have a relatively low buyer bargaining power compared individual consumers who have the option of selecting competing products. Therefore, the industrys has a moderate buyer bargaining power.

Buyer bargaining power-moderate

Source: (Rehtmeyer 2010)

Market commoditisation and innovation

According to Ferrell and Hartline (2013), the consumer goods industry is increasingly becoming commoditised. Most of the products offered by competing firms are similar.

For example, the products have similar features and they have minimal price differences. Ferrell and Hartline (2013) postulates that commoditisation is a consequence of mature industries where slowing innovation, extensive product assortment, excess supply and frugal consumers force margins to the floor (p.2).

According to the companys Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Lafley, it is imperative for the firm to review its product differentiation strategy. This will ensure that the firms products remain unique and relevant to the consumers (Jopson 2013).

Commoditisation of an industry presents a major challenge to industry players. This arises from the fact that the competing firms have to ensure that they adopt effective differentiation strategies in order to be competitive.

The consumer goods industry in the US is experiencing a high rate of commoditisation as a result of its lucrative nature, which is increasing the intensity of competition. More firms are venturing into the industry in an effort to exploit the industrys profitability. Consequently, it has become difficult for firms such as P&G to successfully differential itself (Pulendran, Speed & Widing 2002).

In order to survive in such an industry, it is imperative for industry players such as P&G to formulate strategies that will attract and retain customers. This calls for organisations to be innovative. One of the ways through which the firms can achieve this is by investing in value-added strategies.

The firms management team should conduct a comprehensive consumer market research in order to determine what the consumers needs and wants. Secondly, the firms research and development department should be adequately innovative in order to develop products that are customised.

Such a strategy will improve the effectiveness and efficiency with which the firm addresses the customers value. Such an analysis will enable P&G respond to the consumers unarticulated needs hence improving their level of loyalty.

Customising its products will also enhance the firms capacity to survive in a market that is mature. Alternatively, P&G can also consider integrating the concept of targeted extension, which entails adding value to the firms core products and marketing them to specific market segments in order to meet the desired market needs (Wierenga 2008).

Developing competitive advantage

In order to remain competitive, it is imperative for P &G Group to consider improving its competitive advantage. According to Davidson and Keegan (2004) competitive advantage is achieved whenever your company does something better than competitors (p. 167). Thus, it is fundamental for P&G to develop it competitive advantage in order to survive in the long term. P&G can develop its competitiveness by adopting the strategies proposed by the Ansoff Matrix. The advantages of these strategies are discussed herein.

Market development

P&G should consider investing in market development strategies. According to McDonald, Brian & Ward (2007), market development strategies entail marketing existing products to new markets. This entails identifying a new customer group to whom a firm markets its product to. P&G mainly markets its products to female consumers. However, it is imperative for the firms management team to consider marketing its products to men. Moreover, the firm can achieve market development by identifying potential markets that it can enter.

To achieve this, P&G should focus on entering the emerging and developing markets. Consequently, the firm should abolish its centralised operational strategy (Jopson 2013). Some of the markets that the firm should consider include Brazil, China, Russia and India. Prior to entering new markets, P&G should conduct a comprehensive market research in order to determine the prevailing market potential.

According to Jopson (2013), consumers in the developing economies are increasing consumption of household and personal consumer products despite the poor economic performance. P&G should also ensure that it develops a comprehensive understanding of the target markets culture, and consumption behaviour. This will improve the likelihood of its products gaining sufficient market penetration.

Product diversification

Currently, P&G specialises in five main market segments, which include Family Care and Baby Care, Health Care, Grooming, Beauty, Home Care and Fabric Care. It is essential for the firms management team to consider diversifying its product portfolio. This will improve the likelihood of the firm attracting a new customer group.

In its product diversification strategy, P&G should focus on Fast-Moving-Consumer Goods [FMCG]. This will minimise the need of the firm to develop new capabilities and resources.

Currently, the firm specialises in producing high-end products. To increase its customer base, it is imperative for the firms management team to consider targeting low-income consumers. This will enable the firm increase its sales revenue. Furthermore, product diversification will caution the firm against macro-environmental changes hence enhancing its financial sustainability.

Product development

Firms in the consumer goods industry are experiencing a challenge arising from change in consumer behaviour. The consumers product tastes and preferences are changing at an alarming rate.

According to Wright (2006), firms that specialise in production of consumer goods are experiencing an increment in pressure to ensure that their products are innovative and are aligned to their needs and wants. Wright (2006) further opines that failure to address the consumers needs and wants may lead to loss of sales and to a complete demise of an organisation (p.14).

To survive in such an environment, it is imperative for the firms management team to increase its investment in research and development. The research and development will enable P&G to undertake continuous and new product development. In its product development efforts, the firm should consider enhancing the content of its products.

Furthermore, P&G should improve its product packaging. According to Wright (2006), product packaging plays a critical role in enhancing the attractiveness of a product, which is a quintessential element in an organisations effort to build its brand. Investment in new and continuous product innovation will contribute towards improvement in the firms ability to attract and retain customers.

According to Jopson (2013), it is important for the firm to ensure that the new products are successfully launched in the market. Previously, P&G has experienced botched product launches, for example the Pamper Dry Max. Furthermore, the firm experienced a challenge in its quest to launch the Tide Pods laundry (Jopson 2013).

Market penetration

McDonald, Brian & Ward (2007) posit that market penetration entails marketing an existing product or service to an existing market. One of the strategies that the firm can adopt in its quest to achieve sufficient market penetration entails targeting the competitors customers. Adopting market penetration strategies will contribute towards improvement in the firms market share.

Despite these benefits, there are a number of challenges associated with market penetration. First, targeting the competitors customers will increase the degree of rivalry between P&G and its competitors, which might culminate in price wars hence leading to a decline in the industrys profitability.

Conclusion and recommendations

The report shows P&G operates in an environment that is very dynamic. Despite the challenges faced, P&G has managed to survive the transformations emanating from the external business environment. One of the challenges faced by the firm relates to increment in the intensity of competition.

Some of its main competitors include Kimberly-Clark, Colgate Palmolive and Johnson & Johnson. Most of the industry players have adopted aggressive operational and competitive strategies such as continuous product improvement and new product development in an effort to meet the consumers needs.

Consequently, the industry has become commoditised. Moreover, the industrys transformation also emanates from the change in consumer behaviour. To survive in such an industry, it is essential for P&Gs management team adopt effective growth strategies. Some of the strategies that the firm should consider are outlined below.

The firm should consider expanding its market by venturing into the developing and emerging markets. Some of the markets that the firm should focus include Russia, Brazil, India and China. Market expansion will enable the firm maximise its sales revenue. Moreover, the firm will be able to achieve economies of scale.
P&G should also consider integrating the concept of product diversification. However, the firm should focus on fast-moving consumer goods in order to successfully exploit its capabilities and core competences. This strategy will enable P&G to attract new customer groups.
It is also important for the firm to consider developing products and services that are aligned with the consumers needs and wants. The firm can achieve this by conducting a comprehensive consumer market research. As a result, the firm will be able to deliver high value to consumers. Moreover, P&G will be able to differentiate its products.

Reference List

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Davidson, H. & Keegan, W. 2004, Offensive marketing; an action guide to gaining competitive advantage, Routledge, New York.

Doole, I. & Lowe, R. 2012, CIM coursebook 08/09; strategic marketing decision, Routledge, New York.

Drummond, G. & Ensor, J. 2009, Introduction to marketing concepts, Routledge, New York.

Ferrell, O. & Hartline, M. 2013, Marketing strategy; text and cases, Cengage, Mason, Ohio.

Hiebing, R. & Cooper, S. 2004, The one day marketing plan; organising and completing a plan that works, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Hattingh, D., Russo, B., Basorun, A. & Wamelen, A. 2012. Web.

Jopson, B. 2013, Procter and Gamble; time to freshen up. Web.

Kurtz, D. & Boone, L. 2013, Boone and Kurtz contemporary marketing, Cengage, Mason, Ohio.

Lancaster, G 2005, Management of marketing, Routledge, New York.

McDonald, M., Smith, B. & Ward, K. 2007, Marketing due diligence; reconnecting strategy to share price, Butterworth, Boston.

P&G: Core strengths 2013. Web.

P&G: Pampers and UNICEF; working together for healthy babies 2013. Web.

P&G: Supplier engagement 2013. Web.

Pulendran, S., Speed, R. & Widing, R. 2002, Marketing planning, market orientation and business performance, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 37 no. 3, pp. 476-497.

Rehtmeyer, J. 2010, The Procter and Gamble company, M.J Neeley School of Business, New York.

Serena, N. 2013, P&G, big companies pinch suppliers on payments. Web.

Stonehouse, G. & Snowdon, B. 2007, Competitive advantage revisited, Journal of Management Inquiry, vol. 16, pp. 256-275.

Wierenga, B. 2008, Handbook of marketing models, RSM Erasmus University, Rotterdam.

Wright, R. 2006, Consumer behaviour, Cengage Learning, New York.

Yannopoulos, P. 2011, Defensive and offensive strategies for market success, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 2, no. 13, pp. 1-12.

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Procter & Gamble Company

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