Parkinson’s Disease: Overall Information

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Armstrong, M. J., & Okun, M. S. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. Jama, 323(6), 548-560.

Parkinson’s disease is a diverse illness that can advance quickly and slowly. Levodopa preparations are often provided with or without additional drugs as part of the treatment, including nonpharmacologic methods (such as exercise and physical, occupational, and speech therapies). People with drug-resistant tremors, symptoms that increase after the medicine wears off, and dyskinesia may benefit from methods such as deep brain stimulation and therapy with levodopa-carbidopa enteral suspension. Those points add certain techniques to the therapy and treatment of the disease. The article is intended for the general audience, and the authors are experts in neurological diseases.

Ball, N., Teo, W., Chandra, S., & Chapman, J. (2019). Parkinson’s Disease and the Environment. Frontiers in Neurology, 10. Web.

Scientists from the health and physical fields write the paper for the academic audience. Since James Parkinson initially characterized the “shaking palsy” phenomena 200 years ago, much research has been done on the pathways toward diagnosis and causation links with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Nevertheless, science has yet to determine the full etiology of PD. However, there have been significant improvements in our understanding of the genetics underlying the disease. Various demographic and environmental factors may be involved in the genesis of Parkinson’s disease and influence the severity of the condition, which widens the perspective on the topic.

Bloem, B. R., Okun, M. S., & Klein, C. (2021). Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet, 397(10291), 2284-2303. Web.

The doctors of medicine who wrote the article discuss that there is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease. However, increasing knowledge about the genetic roots of the condition and the mechanisms behind neuronal death has spurred the development of several intriguing treatment options. This is valuable to demonstrate how individualized Parkinson’s disease management may be improved, with the perspective of persons with Parkinson’s disease acting as a sort of red thread, and the information can be presented to the general public.

Chia, S. J., Tan, E.-K., & Chao, Y.-X. (2020). Historical Perspective: Models of Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7), 2464. Web.

The relationship between genetic mutation and PD has been studied using cellular-based and non-mammalian species models, which have helped to shed light on the underlying molecular process. New animal models have also been developed to investigate the role of immunity in PD further. Sadly, there is not yet a great animal model for PD research. The characteristics of real PD typically take years to appear and are difficult to recreate accurately in a model. Despite their shortcomings, existing animal models offer a valuable framework for focusing research on the pathophysiology and interplay of the several PD causative variables. The paper’s authors are specialists in the medical field and offer information relatable to the scholarly community.

Del Rey, N. L. G., Quiroga-Varela, A., Garbayo, E., Carballo-Carbajal, I., Fernández-Santiago, R., Monje, M. H., Trigo-Damas, I., Blanco-Prieto, M., J., & Blesa, J. (2018). Advances in Parkinson’s disease: 200 years later. Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 12, 113. Web.

These days, functional genetics, innovative molecular pathways, brain imaging, and biomarker detection are the key areas directing our research methods. Nevertheless, despite the advancements, improved early clinical diagnosis is still required, and there is no known treatment for the illness. In this approach, drug delivery research may lead to safer and more efficient therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Years of research have shown that while examining the course of PD, environmental variables must also be considered in addition to genetics. However, more investigation is required to determine how this illness spreads from other organs to the central nervous system and from brain cells to brain cells. The writers are specialists in genetics, and the paper is aimed at a wide readership, including medical professionals.

Dias, S. B., Grammatikopoulou, A., Diniz, J. A., Dimitropoulos, K., Grammalidis, N., Zilidou, V., Savvidis, T., Konstantinidis, E., Bamidis, P. D., Jaeger, H., Stadtschnitzer, M., Silva, H., Telo, G., Ioakeimidis, I., Ntakakis, G., Karayiannis, F., Huchet, E., Hoermann, V., Filis, K.,. Hadjileontiadis, L. J. (2020). Innovative Parkinson’s Disease Patients’ Motor Skills Assessment: The i-PROGNOSIS Paradigm. Frontiers in Computer Science, 2. Web.

Here, an early, novel, and individualized intervention iPrognosis Assessment tool that can monitor and track the behavioral change in PD patients—mostly related to deficits in posture, gait, agility, balance, and coordination—was reported. Twenty-seven patients with early Parkinson’s disease participated in the current study and completed six motor Assessment Tests-based experimental metrics integrated into the iPrognosis Games. The results showed a strong correlation with the medical validation indices, demonstrating the validity of the Assessment Tests in assessing the progression of PD state and symptoms.

Monje, M. H., Antonini, A., & Mestre, T. A. (2020). Technology-Enabled Care: Integrating Multidisciplinary Care in Parkinson’s Disease Through Digital Technology. Frontiers in Neurology, 11. Web.

There is much potential in the way that technology is now being used to assess and treat PD. Whether technology can be used to improve PD treatment is irrelevant; the issue is how to make good on the promise. It is critical to develop validation criteria for each technology modality’s intended therapeutic application and its integration in a way accessible to patients if TEC is to be implemented successfully. The development of the future eHealth environment to lessen healthcare disparities and offer complete treatment to empowered patients will be guided by ongoing and upcoming joint initiatives. Those ideas contribute a few strategies to illness therapy and treatment. The article’s writers are certified scholars, and the paper is aimed at scientists in this area.

Nemade, D., Subramanian, T., & Shivkumar, V. (2021). An update on medical and surgical treatments of Parkinson’s disease. Aging and disease, 12(4), 1021.

A complicated illness, Parkinson’s disease manifests both motor and non-motor symptoms. In advanced phases, device-assisted therapies are used in conjunction with various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for management. These concepts offer a few methods for disease therapy and treatment. The article’s authors are experts in neurological conditions and are aimed at a scholarly audience.

Schiess, N., Cataldi, R., Okun, M. S., Fothergill-Misbah, N., Dorsey, E. R., Bloem, B. R.,… & Dua, T. (2022). Six Action Steps to Address Global Disparities in Parkinson Disease: A World Health Organization Priority. JAMA neurology, 79(9), 929-936.

The researchers that worked on the publication present information pertinent to scholars and medical professionals. Their findings emphasize how to avoid a potential burden on the health system, addressing the sharp rise in PD cases in many parts of the world, and the potential expenses of PD-related treatment will be necessary. All possible parties are advised to prioritize this, including governments, multilateral organizations, funders, public health groups, and medical professionals.

Stoker, T. B., & Barker, R. A. (2020). Recent developments in the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. F1000Research, 9.

Over the past few years, numerous investigational PD therapy modalities have advanced to the clinic. Despite being supported by encouraging pre-clinical data, many past putative medicines have failed when tested in clinical trials, underscoring the need for a strong study design. It contributes to the theory that the management of PD will change dramatically over the future years due to a better knowledge of the pathogenic processes and anatomical foundation for PD symptoms. Scholars who worked on the article provided information relevant to medical professionals and the general public.

References

Armstrong, M. J., & Okun, M. S. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. Jama, 323(6), 548-560.

Ball, N., Teo, W., Chandra, S., & Chapman, J. (2019). Parkinson’s Disease and the Environment. Frontiers in Neurology, 10. Web.

Bloem, B. R., Okun, M. S., & Klein, C. (2021). Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet, 397(10291), 2284-2303. Web.

Chia, S. J., Tan, E.-K., & Chao, Y.-X. (2020). Historical Perspective: Models of Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7), 2464. Web.

Monje, M. H., Antonini, A., & Mestre, T. A. (2020). Technology-Enabled Care: Integrating Multidisciplinary Care in Parkinson’s Disease Through Digital Technology. Frontiers in Neurology, 11. Web.

Nemade, D., Subramanian, T., & Shivkumar, V. (2021). An update on medical and surgical treatments of Parkinson’s disease. Aging and disease, 12(4), 1021.

Stoker, T. B., & Barker, R. A. (2020). Recent developments in the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. F1000Research, 9.

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Parkinson’s Disease: Overall Information

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