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The four classes of Organic Macromolecules are Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins. In a living organism, (I) that molecular epigenesist (development of an organism) occurs during development phase and (2) that the new macromolecules which appear are not necessarily the products of the embryo’s own synthesis (Elsasser 132). Organic Macromolecules structure and functions have a great impact on development of an organization and configuration of its main systems. The goals of the research are to investigate and describe differences between organisms caused by the different configurations of macromolecules within the organism.
The organisms are traced to the different configurations of macromolecules within the organism. In this case, there are indications that certain of the human antigens are not static but undergo change in development. Chemical development of a living organism has no better illustration than the hemoglobins. The first hemoglobin to appear is certainly a product of the on synthesis, since unincubated eggs contain no iron heme. The plasma proteins of the developing organism show the development features apparent in blood cell antigens, hemoglobins, tissue antigens, and in histological and morphological differentiation generally (Elsasser 152). In a living organism, new proteins appear while others disappear, that some proteins are specific to the embryonic stages whereas others are continuously present throughout the life history (Mader 665). The relative proportions of the various components of the plasma are as characteristic as the changing proportions of the different macromolecules of the body (Buxton and Roberts 83).
The organic compounds mainly include carbohydrates lipids, proteins, and vitamins. The carbohydrates (sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose) are a principal source of energy. The oxidation within the body of 1 gram of carbohydrate in pure form yields about 4 kilocalories. Starchy vegetable foods, such as bread and potatoes, provide the largest amounts of carbohydrates, but so do meats and seafood because they contain glycogen. Glycogen (animal starch) serves as a food reserve in humans and other organisms (other animals, bacteria and fungi); it can be broken down readily into glucose (Buxton and Roberts 43). Carbohydrates are also used as structural materials or as part of other molecules. For a living organism, the lipids (fats, oils, waxes, steroids, carotenes) contain more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates, about 9 kilocalories per gram. The lipids, in addition to serving as a source of energy, function as important components of cells, energy storers, and hormones. Food rich in lipids include butter, margarine, meat, eggs, milk, nuts, and a variety of vegetable oils (Elsasser 136).
Proteins provide the physical framework of the human body. For example, the cartilage that binds bone joints together is composed of a protein (collagen). Other proteins serve to transport oxygen (hemoglobin). Others function as catalysts and regulate the speed at which chemical reactions occur in the body (enzymes), and still others as hormones and chemical messengers. Proteins are present in meat, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, eggs, cereals, beans, and peas (Buxton and Roberts 77). Proteins are built of long chains of basic molecular units called amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids which, except for eight, the human body has no difficulty in changing from one type to another. Those that cannot be changed or synthesized are called essential amino acids (they are lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and must be provided in the diet. Histodine is an essential amino acid for infants, but its essentiality for adults has not been conclusively demonstrated (Elias 43).
Although protein is available from plants, the quantity and quality from animals is greater. Many typical plant foods, for example, cannot provide critical amino acids. Some of these essential amino acids are required in order to build our own proteins. These amino acids can be provided by plants only if legumes, such as soybeans and peas, are added to the diet, but this must be done on a daily basis. People do not store amino acids very well, and excesses are quickly converted to lipids or used for energy on a daily basis. (The oxidation within the body of I gram of protein in pure form yields about 4 kilocalories.) The deficiency of one or more of such amino acids from the daily diet can lead to such serious protein deficiency diseases as kwashiorkor. This malady afflicts 25 to 50 percent of the children in developing regions (especially Africa and the Near East) because the people cannot afford animal protein or are not getting a balanced diet. Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the human body cannot synthesize for itself (Jurgensons 830). They are required in small quantities in the diet or can be absorbed by the intestine after they have been produced by the bacteria living there. The vitamins are required by enzymes in order to function (as cofactors of enzymes). Thus, the absence of a particular vitamin may result in various diseases such as beriberi (lack of vitamin B-1), scurvy (lack of vitamin C), and rickets (lack of vitamin D).Many inorganic nutrients or minerals are as essential for good health as the organic nutrients, and they too are required in the diet. Minerals needed include water and ions of sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphates, iron, and iodine. Most of them are obtained by humans directly from plants or from animals that have eaten the plants, or from drinking water (some minerals are dissolved in water). Various symptoms develop when minerals are lacking in the diet such as stunted growth (lack of calcium), iron-deficiency anemia, and goiter (lack of iodine) (Mader 95). Moreover the available evidence indicates the existence of a selective mechanism for the intake of macromolecules, which for example brings antibody into the chick’s circulation at about the fifteenth day of incubation and closes the rabbit fetus to bovine antibody on the twenty-fourth day of development
In sum, molecular differentiation shows the same epigenetic features as do histological and organological development. In no case has it as yet been demonstrated that the new antigens or other chemical entities which appear in the course of development are components of the mechanisms of differentiation. The information mentioned above shows that a different combination of macromolecules has a different impact on a living organism and physical framework of the human body. Macro molecules like new structures make their appearance during the course of development. On this basis the mechanisms of differentiation reside wholly in the primary stages of development The situation assumes a totally different aspect when we realize that the embryo admits complex macromolecules and that such admission occurs prior to and during the time when the basic differentiations of the vertebrate body are established. In a living organism, macromolecular induces a permanent alteration in the synthesizing capacities of the organisms.
Works Cited
Buxton, S. R., Roberts, S. M. Guide to Organic Stereochemistry: From Methane to Macromolecules. Prentice Hall, 1997.
Elias, G. H. Macromolecules: Volume 3: Physical Structures and Properties (Macromolecules. Wiley-VCH, 2008).
Elsasser, W. M. The Physical Foundation of Biology: An Analytical Study. Pergamon Press, 1958.
Jurgensons, E. Natural Organic Macromolecules. With illustrations. Prentice Hall,, 1990.
Mader, S. Biology Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math; 8 edition, 2003.
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