Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation

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Table of Contents

Transmission of the nerve impulse
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
Assessment of the man’s condition
Affected brain parts
Stage of sleep
Electrophalogram
Types of treatment
References

Transmission of the nerve impulse

The structure of a neuron is made up of dendrites, soma (the cell body), the axon and the axon terminal. The dendrites intercept messages and change them to electrical impulses by developing a potential difference between the outside and the inside (McCance & Huether, 2014). The potential difference creates ion charges and potassium, sodium and chlorine concentration. When the neurons have more than 2000 dendrites, they efficiently transmit and receive information. The cell body denotes the main body of the cell with all the diverse organelles such as the nucleus. It collects the stimulus coming from the dendrites and then fires through the axon, the longest extension of the cell wall (McCance & Huether, 2014). In the axon terminal, there are the synaptic end bulbs where the electrical signals cause the neurotransmitter, small vesicles found in the tip of the axon, to release a chemical (Acetylcholine) into the synaptic gap between the neuron and the other tissue that leads to another neuron.

Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system

The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord while the PNS consists of all the endings of the nerve extensions in all organs forming the web that extends throughout the entire organ. The brain consists of the cerebral cortex, the limb system and the central core, which control daily life activities (Durmer& Dinges, 2005). The spinal cord consists of nervous tissue whose function is to transmit neural waves between the rest of the body and the brain. The PNS is made up of the sensory nerve that transmits information from the body or peripheral stimuli to the CNS, and the motor nerve that transmits messages from the CNS to the organs and limbs. The somatic nervous system of the motor nervous system enables voluntary movement of the septal body. The autonomic nervous system of the motor nervous system is responsible for controlling internal organs (Durmer& Dinges, 2005). The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system arouses internal organs when the body faces challenging external stimuli. In such a condition, it dilates the pupils, accelerates the heartbeat, inhibits digestions, stimulates glucose release from the liver, stimulates adrenal glands to release adrenaline and noradrenaline and finally relaxes the bladder.

Assessment of the man’s condition

The patient has parasomnias because he is experiencing undesirable physical events that happen during entry into the sleep and within the sleep. The patient has deviated from his normal sleeping patterns.

Affected brain parts

Parasomnias events manifest through the activation of CNS, which is transmitted to skeletal muscle and automatic nervous system channels.

Stage of sleep

The patient has abnormal sleep patterns that are demonstrated in his work, church, traveling and everywhere. The patient has terrifying nightmares and feels paralyzed. Clearly, this is the fourth stage of non-rapid eye movement (Durmer& Dinges, 2005). This stage has slow metabolic rates and makes it difficult to wake up. This stage is the deepest stage of quiet sleep associated with dreaming and sleep-walking.

Electrophalogram

The electropherogram will speed up the sleep staircase causing the brain activities to be more active. This will lead to more demand for oxygen and glucose because of TEH desynchronized, complex and fast brain waves. Even though the body is inactive, the brain will follow the activities of the lung.

Types of treatment

The recommended treatment is the use of tricyclic antidepressants or benzodiazepines (Avidan & Zee, 2006). Benzodiazepines will reduce the patient’s sleep latency and increase the total sleep after it has been consumed for several days.

References

Avidan, A. Y., & Zee, P. C. (2006). Handbook of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willaims & Wilkins.

Durmer, J. S., & Dinges, F. D. (2005). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Seminars in Neurology, 25(1), 117-129.

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2014). Pathophysiology: The biology basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences.

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