Literature on Invasive Plants in the United Kingdom

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Invasive plants are a major problem in the United States, costing billions of dollars in damage each year. This essay entails a literature review to understand the nature, impacts and control of the “big four” invasive plants in the United Kingdom: Japanese knotweed, Himalayan balsam, giant hogweed, and rhododendron. The rationale for discussing these plants is that they represent the impacts caused by invasive plants. These plants are all extremely successful at colonizing new areas and can outcompete native vegetation and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.

The outline for the review of the literature will be conducted in a systematic and organized manner. First, a comprehensive literature search will be conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Second, the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be established based on the plants being investigated. Third, the retrieved articles will be screened for eligibility. Fourth, the data will be extracted from the eligible articles and discussed. Fifth, the quality of the included studies will be appraised. Sixth, the data will be synthesized, and the findings will be interpreted in light of the existing literature concerning invasive plants, particularly the mentioned big four.

Invasive species are organisms introduced to an environment where they are not native and can cause harm to the new environment. These species can spread quickly and outcompete native species for resources, displacing local species and damaging the local ecosystem (Varia et al. 2016). Invasive species can also be vectors for disease and parasites, further damaging the local ecosystem and impacting human activities. Invasive species can enter a new environment in several ways, including being released intentionally or unintentionally by people or through natural disasters or climate change (Varia et al. 2016).

Once established, these species can reproduce quickly and spread rapidly, making it difficult for native species to compete for resources. To prevent further damage, management techniques such as controlling invader populations, restoring native species, and limiting the spread of invasive species are needed (Groeneveld et al. 2014). Additionally, public education and regulations are important, as they can help to reduce the introduction of new species and limit their spread.

Japanese knotweed is classified as a member of the Polygonaceae, or buckwheat, family. Characteristics that can be used to identify Japanese knotweed include its heart-shaped leaves, white flowers, and red-brown stems. The plant can grow up to 3 meters tall and is native to Japan, China, and Korea. The plant became invasive in Europe and North America in the 1800s after being introduced as an ornamental plant (Groeneveld et al. 2014).

Japanese knotweed is successful in its new habitats because it can grow in a wide range of conditions, including shade and poor soils (Cottet et al. 2015). The plant is also highly reproductive, producing up to 20,000 seeds annually (Cottet et al. 2015). The plant is also used for erosion control and as a food source for livestock. The impacts of Japanese knotweed on native communities include competition for resources, alteration of habitats, and displacement of native plants. Solutions to the problems caused by Japanese knotweed include mechanical removal, chemical control, and biological control.

Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is a member of the balsam family (Balsaminaceae). It is an annual herb that can grow up to 2.5 m in height (Varia et al. 2016). The leaves are ovate-shaped with toothed margins, and the flowers are pink or white with purple spots. The fruits are capsules that explode when ripe, dispersing the seeds up to 7 m from the parent plant. Himalayan balsam is native to the Himalayan region of Asia (Varia et al. 2016). It was introduced to Europe in the early 1800s as an ornamental plant. It has since spread to other parts of Europe, North America, and New Zealand. Himalayan balsam is a successful invader because it can outcompete native plants for resources.

It grows rapidly and produces large numbers of seeds that animals and water easily disperse. The plant also has a high tolerance for various environmental conditions. Himalayan can lower ecological biodiversity by occupying the natural habitat of other plants (Nagy and Korpelainen 2014). The plant can also increase soil erosion and flooding by reducing the cover of native vegetation. Additionally, the plant can provide a habitat for pests and diseases. Various management techniques can be used to control Himalayan balsam, including physical removal, herbicides, and biological control.

Giant hogweed is a member of the Apiaceae family and is a large, herbaceous plant that can grow up to 5 m in height. The leaves are large, lobed, and can reach up to 1.5 m in width. The flowers are white and borne in large, umbrella-like clusters, producing large, brown seeds (Chan et al. 2011). The plant is native to the Caucasus region of Eurasia but entered North American areas in the 20th century. It has since escaped from cultivation and has become established in many parts of the United States and Canada (Chan et al. 2011). Giant hogweed does well in its new habitats as it can gather available resources better than native plants.

Giant hogweed can have a negative impact on native plant communities by displacing native plants and altering ecosystem processes (Wille et al. 2013). Moreover, the plant produces a toxic sap for many animals, which helps to protect it from herbivores. Additionally, the plant’s sap can cause skin irritation and blindness in humans if it comes into contact with the skin or eyes. People have tried to solve this issue by detecting it early in new areas and physically removing it through herbicides or controlling its spread.

Rhododendron ponticum is a member of the Ericaceae family, and it is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to 10m tall and has dark green leaves and large clusters of pink or purple flowers. It is native to the Caucasus and northern Turkey and was later introduced to the UK in the 18th century as an ornamental plant. It was also planted for game cover and erosion control (Tiedeken and Stout 2015). The plant produces a large number of seeds that are dispersed by birds, increasing its chances of survival over native plants. It can cover and smother native plants, preventing them from growing and flowers from blooming (Maclean et al. 2017).

This reduces the diversity of plant life in an area and can also lead to the decline of insect and bird populations that rely on native plants for food. Solutions to the problem of Rhododendron ponticum include mechanical removal, animal grazing, and herbicides.

There are several controversies and debates surrounding the issue of invasive plants. One debate is whether or not to attempt to control or eradicate invasive plants. Some argue that it is not worth maintaining these plants, as they will eventually spread and establish themselves in new areas (Martin et al. 2020). Others argue that it is important to control invasive plants to protect native plant communities and ecosystems. Another debate is the best way to control invasive plants. Some argue that mechanical removal is the most effective method, while others say chemical control is more effective.

All four of these plants are considered invasive because they can outcompete native plants for resources and spread rapidly. Japanese knotweed is especially difficult to control because it can regenerate from even a small piece of stem. Invasive plants can have a variety of impacts on the environment (Rotherham 2017). Japanese knotweed can weaken and destabilize banks and slopes, while Himalayan balsam can crowd out native plant species and reduce biodiversity. Giant hogweed can create dense monocultures that can reduce habitat for native wildlife, and rhododendrons can block out sunlight and prevent other plants from growing (Rotherham 2017). All of these impacts can lead to a decline in the overall health of an ecosystem.

More research is needed to determine the best methods for controlling these plants. Additionally, more research is required to understand these plants’ long-term impacts on ecosystems and human health. Currently, there is a lack of consensus on the best way to control these plants (Martin et al. 2020). Some argue that mechanical removal is the most effective method, while others say chemical control is more effective. More research is needed to determine which way is more effective. Additionally, there is still much to be learned about the long-term impacts of these plants (Rotherham 2017). Currently, it is known that these plants can cause economic damage, harm ecosystems, and pose a threat to human health (Martin et al. 2020). However, more research is needed to understand the full extent of these impacts.

In conclusion, the literature review showed that Japanese knotweed, Himalayan balsam, giant hogweed, and rhododendron are all problematic invasive plants in the United Kingdom that can negatively impact native plant communities, ecosystems, and human health. Various management techniques have been used to control these plants, but more research is needed to determine the most effective method. Additionally, more research is required to understand these plants’ long-term impacts.

Reference List

Chan JCY., et al. 2011. Full Thickness Burn Caused by Exposure to Giant Hogweed: Delayed Presentation, Histological Features and Surgical Management. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 128–130. Web.

Cottet M, et al. 2015. How Environmental Managers Perceive and Approach the Issue of Invasive Species: The Case of Japanese Knotweed S.L. (Rhône River, France). Biological Invasions, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 3433–3453. Web.

Groeneveld E, et al. 2014. Sexual Reproduction of Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia JaponicaS.L.) at Its Northern Distribution Limit: New Evidence of the Effect of Climate Warming on an Invasive Species. American Journal of Botany, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 459–466. Web.

Maclean JE., et al. 2017. Invasion by Rhododendron Ponticum Depletes the Native Seed Bank with Long-Term Impacts after Its Removal. Biological Invasions, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 375–384. Web.

Martin PA., et al. 2020. Management of UK Priority Invasive Alien Plants: A Systematic Review Protocol. Environmental Evidence, vol. 9, no. 1. Web.

Nagy A-M, and Helena K. 2014. Population Genetics of Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera): Comparison of Native and Introduced Populations. Plant Ecology & Diversity, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 317–321. Web.

Rotherham ID. 2017. Recombinant Ecology – a Hybrid Future? SpringerBriefs in Ecology. Web.

Tiedeken EJ, and Jane CS. 2015. Insect-Flower Interaction Network Structure Is Resilient to a Temporary Pulse of Floral Resources from Invasive Rhododendron Ponticum. PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 3. Web.

Varia, S, et al. 2016. Implementing a Novel Weed Management Approach for Himalayan Balsam: Progress on Biological Control in the UK. Outlooks on Pest Management, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 198–203. Web.

Wille W, et al. 2013. Limited Evidence for Allelopathic Effects of Giant Hogweed on Germination of Native Herbs. Seed Science Research, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 157–162. Web.

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Literature on Invasive Plants in the United Kingdom

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