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Power is the ability of a state to exert changes or simply make changes with the potential to sustain control over other states. International politics is completely based upon the balance of power. The war that has made the contemporary world an inferno includes states and non-state actors. The power capabilities take the form of a hard or soft state. Hard power refers to measurable assets while soft power means the ability of a state to make differences without exerting pressure. In this paper, we shall discuss the five levels of analysis of a state and also discuss the differences and similarities between hard power and soft power at each of the five levels of the analysis of a state.
The measurable asset of the state is its hard power such as military power or economic growth that initiates the process of power exertion over other states (Duncan, Jancar-Webster, and Switky). While the soft power enables the state to achieve the desire through co-option and adherence to the attractive national character and national morale. Pakistan is a state that could be easily analyzed under the five levels of analysis.
At the state level which means that the cause of the conflict is due to the human nature of an individual. Pakistan is a democratic country but martial law has been imposed on the state. The country is ruled by the general of the military where the hard power is exercised within the state and on the other states as well. Such as the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan which enables both the states to exert military forces. As a result, Kashmir is under no rule and governance. While in this level the soft power decreases due to the national morale of the state that it can only be lead by the military. This decreases the soft power of Pakistan.
Pakistan being a technologically advanced country has often been lead through a dictatorship that indicated the individual level of analysis (Olson). At this level, the hard power that is the use of military pressure affects trade and privatization. At this level, the market and industry can play an efficient role to attract the public sector and persuade them to ask for the rights to transfer the governmental function to the private sector.
At the system level, the Islamic republic state of Pakistan has been invited by the western countries specifically by the US to take part in the war against terrorism. Pakistan joined hands with the US to fight against terrorism but this affected the domestic affairs of Pakistan. In the south East Asian region, Pakistan exercised its soft power as a state of firm support. Pakistan’s hard power was limited at this level as the non-state actors became rivals of the military general leading the state.
The regional level of analysis indicates the similarities between soft and hard power (D’Anieri). The regional state of Pakistan includes the relationships with the neighbors. Pakistan has the firm support of the Islamic countries and this enables the state to enjoy its soft power that the world counts Pakistan as a part of Islamic countries which are extremely efficient in meeting the world need of oil resources. This strengthens Pakistan and allows the country to exert hard power on other states to solve their issues. Both the power at one point can be exerted without exerting it.
The sub-state level also determines the similarity between hard power and soft power. The bureaucrats of Pakistan often present a poor picture of Pakistan due to the semantic noise in their purpose. The problem of the poor image is exactly alike in the military force’s action. At this point, both hard power and soft power works for the decrease in power.
In a nutshell, we can conclude that hard power and soft power have similarities and differences which are used perfectly by some states while states like Pakistan or Taiwan often fail miserably to run power politics.
Works Cited
D’Anieri, P. International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2009.
Duncan, R, B Jancar-Webster and B Switky. World Politics in the 21st Century. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2008.
Olson, M. Power and prosperity: outgrowing communist and capitalist dictatorships. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
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