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Introduction
The main purpose of this report is to expand on the accuracy of the income statement, as well as figures that should be included in the current and non-current assets of the company. Failure to address some of the expenses, which will be explained below, does not only distort the current profit data but can also create problems for calculating or predicting financial and income statements for the next year. Therefore, it is necessary to define the income statement before taxes and interests, as well as the leading expenses to be involved. Information about retained earnings and dividends after closer examination will also be provided. The financial year under analysis involves 1st July 2011 – 30th June 2012. Both qualitative and quantitative data will be considered in the report.
Income Statement Calculations
The table presented below provides the income statement adjusted to the currently received data on expenses and revenues. It does not involve the previously considered expenses.
Net Income – £ 40.736 (deduced 36.9% as required by the UK standards)
Dividends payable to stakeholders – £ 10.184
Retained earnings – £ 30.552
Estimating Depreciation and Expenses on Equipment
Provided the depreciation rate accepted in the company is 25 %, the reducing balance depreciation method should include this aspect while calculating the expenses on the vehicle bought:
Depreciation = (Total Price – Residual Value) X Depreciation Rate = (£ 12.000 – £ 9.000) X 0.25 = £ 750.
The installment that should be introduced during this financial year amounts to £ 3000. Therefore, the total expense will be counted as follows: £ 750 + £ 3.000 = £ 3.750.
Explaining the Cost Value of Closing Inventory
The closing stock should not be included in the income statement because it is included in non-current assets. However, since the cost value of goods has been reduced to £ 1.750 and the real price for the inventor equals £ 2.500, the remaining difference will be £ 750 (£ 2.500-1.750 = £ 750), which should be deducted from the income statement as well.
Goods and Post-Dated Checks
On-time fulfillment of documents, including invoices and checks, is highly important because they provide evidence for the received revenues. In this particular case, the sale of goods on credit to the clients for £ 6000 will not be included because the invoice date had been processed after the end of the financial year. Therefore, in case this sale was included in the income statement, the 50 % mark-up (£6000 X 0.50 = £ 3.000) should be deducted from the profit.
Similar reasons for non-enclosure apply to the checks recorded after the end of the financial year. In fact, post-dated checks do not affect the financial statements and, therefore, the sums received should not be involved while calculating profits (Bierman, 2010). In this respect, the sum received from the checks is £ 8.500 should be deducted from the income statement.
Cash Sale and Receipts Difference
The difference between revenues and sales chase amount to 2.75p, which implies the net profit allocated among the stakeholders. This index will also be changed because its net income is almost two times less than the previously established one. Thus, the formula for calculating earnings per share is presented below:
Earnings per Share (EPS) = Profit ÷Weighted Average Common Shares.
Weighted Average Common Shares = Profit ÷ESP = £ 84.000÷2.75 = 30.545.
The new ESP will amount to £ 64.661÷ £ 30.545 = 2.11p. This difference is the result of the adjustment made to the income statement.
Straight Line Depreciation Method
Given the fact that the depreciation rate amounts to 25%, the company has to deduce £ 37.500 annually per the reducing balance methods. In contrast, the straight-line method implies that the payment should be spread into 10-15 years and the initial depreciation rate will be deducted from the cost value of machinery. The received sum will be distributed within 15 years. The calculation will look as follows:
(purchase price – approximate salvage value): 15 years estimated useful life = (£ 150.000-£ 37.500): 15 = £ 7.733.
The obtained figure is much less amount as compared to the depreciation rate by reducing balance method. In fact, the use of the straight-line method is among the simplest and most commonly used methods of calculating depreciation (Black, 2005, p. 51). Besides, it has several advantages over the reducing balanced approach in terms of the number of installments made per annum.
Dividends and Retained Earnings
Since the adjusted details significantly decreased the income and net income, the dividends to stakeholders will also be reduced. Hence, the proposed sum (£ 20.500) is a 25 % deduction from the initial income figure before interests and taxation. However, dividends should also be taxed following UK standards. Therefore, given the fact that the net profit amounts to £ 40.736, the net income will be £10.184. As it can be seen, this quantitative data differs significantly from that presented in initial calculations.
As per the retained earnings, they can be received by deducing the dividends from the net profit (£ 40.736 – £ 10.184 = £ 30.552). Retained earnings point to the sum of money that was not distributed among stakeholders. In case the company expects to exceed this ratio, reducing dividends would be an option as well.
Conclusions
The given report provides an extensive overview of the mistakes that Osborn Ltd made while calculating the financial statement. The main pitfalls are associated with ignorance of such indices as depreciation, overdue date, and estimation of closing inventory. The shift in the straight-line method is a beneficial approach to increasing the annual profit because the installment will be considerably reduced (Warren et al. 2011). In addition, transparent documents, as well as an assessment of dividend percentage should also be taken into consideration. Specifically, the managers should have counted the tax standard accepted in the country, as well as deduced this percent from the dividends.
References
Bierman, H. (2010). An Introduction to Accounting and Managerial Finance: A Merger of Equals. US: World Scientific.
Black, G. (2005). Introduction to Accounting and Finance. New York: Pearson Education.
Warren, C. S., Reeve, J.M., & Duchac, J. E. (2011). Financial & Managerial Accounting. US: Cengage Learning.
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