Concepts of Gender Equality and White Feminism: Critical Analysis of New York Times Articles

NB: We do not resell your papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.

NB: All your data is kept safe from the public.

Research project outcome

How has the print media coverage of #MeToo movement in the USA challenge gender equality and contributed to “white feminism”?

What is the Me movement?

In 2006, Tarana Burke discovered the #MeToo movement and began to use the phrase “Me Too” to raise the awareness of sexual abuse and assault within the community. The phrase was spread virally in October 2017 as a hashtag on social media in an attempt to demonstrate the widespread issue of sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace.

News media coverage of the sexual assault

About 40% of reported assaults garner attention from news media outlets. Of this 40%, the majority involve unusual or high-profile circumstances and people.This selective coverage spreads several misconceptions about assault, ultimately promoting rape culture. Rape culture is defined as a society that blames victims of assault and normalizes male sexual violenceArticles that delegitimize rape can sway public and legal perception of victim credibility, often in favor of the accused. Of reported sexual assault cases, only 3% of rapists are sentenced to prison time. Though #MeToo is not the first instance where sexual assault has garnered attention in the media, it has gained tremendous support. A New York Times article about Ashley Judd s sexual harassment was likely another influence on the #MeToo hashtag s popularity. The article detailed Judd being harassed by Harvey Weinstein, her film producer at the time for “Kiss the Girls”. The article also included a handful of other women, each sharing their similar experiences involving Weinstein. Since the expose s publication, over 50 women have come forward saying that Weinstein sexually assaulted them. Others still came forward with their own stories of sexual violence and harassment, condemning entertainers like Kevin Spacey and Louis C. K. for their actions.

According to the Rape, Abuse and incest National Network, someone in the U.S. is assaulted every 98 seconds. This totals an average of 321,500 victims, aged 12 or older, each year.

Racism in the #MeToo movement

Though sexual assault is not limited to men who work in Hollywood, The New York Times primarily covered accounts of Caucasian women in the entertainment industry being oppressed by men in power. Such accounts were accepted by the public. However, women of color sexually assaulted by Weinstein did not receive the same accepting response for their allegations. Kenyan-Mexican actress Lupita Nyongb waited roughly two weeks after Judd and over 40 others came forward before going public about her own encounter with Weinstein. In response, Weinstein – who had not yet commented on allegations – publicly implied Nyongb was lying. This example shows the societal backlash women of color may face by publicizing their sexual assault.

#MeToo and White Feminism

WHITE FEMINISM is a form of feminism that focuses on the struggles of white women while failing to address distinct forms of oppression faced by ethnic minority women and women lacking other privileges – Uluwehi Knecht

For Nyongb and others, the #MeToo movement has supported white women over women of color. A failure to represent survivors equally frames sexual assault as an issue ofwhite feminism. According to the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, someone in the U.S. is assaulted every 98 seconds. This statistic totals an average of 321,500 victims, aged 12 or older, each year. Those most at risk of sexual assault are American Indians, followed by Caucasians, Latinos, and African Americans (RAINN, 2018). This widespread impact of assault across racial identities indicates a need for accurate and representative news media coverage.

The role of print media in the #MeToo movement

Articles selected for study were published in The New York Times during the span of October 1st, 2017 – November 30th, 2017. This two month period was chosen for analysis because of the significant attention the #MeToo hashtag was gaining on social media. Fifteen articles met the search criteria. The New York Times was selected for its national readership and its numerous stories published under the #MeToo movement. Because The New York Times has consistently set the standard in news media, a failure to report ethically could have great impact across news organizations (Pennington, 2016). Articles were accessed through ProQuest Newsstand by searching The New York Times archives for the phrase “#metoo.” Once examined, samples were coded according to the articles’ human sources (classified by gender, race, occupation/ industry, and whether they were quoted or mentioned). The source’s position was additionally recorded as survivor, assaulter, movement supporter, assault sympathizer, or neutral. Certain sources may have been classified differently according to the article in question. For example, French President Emmanuel Macron was classified as a movement supporter in an article where he was described as such. In another article, he was labeled neutral when there was no acknowledgement of his affiliation with #MeToo. A total of 182 sources were analyzed. Articles themselves were also coded based on who was represented. This was done to glean who The New York Times frames the #MeToo movement to affect. Framing permits scholars to “Describe the power of a communicating text” (Entman, 1993). By emphasizing a perceived reality, frames influence media consumers’ understanding ofcircumstances, how the problems came to be, possible effects, and how the problems may be resolved (Entman, 1993). The way information is presented, whether intentional or not, affects the reader’s impression and opinions. Researchers analyze frames used to identify biases shown in communication, focusing on presented images, stereotypes, metaphors, actors, and messages (Matthes, 2009).

Results

From a sample of 15 articles, five (33.3%) presented sexual assault as an issue prevalent in the entertainment industry, three (20%) focused on the movement as international, two (13.3%) profiled a specific instance in higher education, and two (13.3%) showcased safety measures being taken to prevent sexual assault. The remaining articles (20%) were equally divided, giving focus to sexual assault as an issue in politics, the restaurant industry, and the advertising industry. A total of 182 sources were divided evenly, with 48.9% being female and 47.8% male. Racial demographics, however, were not so equally distributed. Caucasian sources comprised 70.3% ofthe total group, easily the most often used in news stories. Other representation included African American at 7.1%, Middle Eastern at 3.9%, Latino at 2.8%, and Asian sources at 1.1%. The unaccounted 14.8% ofsources were not disclosed. Assault survivors were the most frequent article sources at 31.3%, with #MeToo supporters comprising an additional 19.3%. Assaulters constituted 23.1% of sources, but assaulter sympathizers made up a minimal 4.4%. The remaining 22.6% were neutral sources. White females were the most common demographic of assault survivors and movement supporters. White males were the most common demographic of assaulters, neutral sources, and assaulter sympathizers. People of color were not the most common demographic represented in any category.

Discussion

These results indicate that 77% New York Times coverage of the #MeToo movement focuses on white individuals more than any other racial group. By framing sexual assault as an issue affecting white people more than people of color. The New York Times is exhibiting white feminism. Such preference in news media organizations may cause a white habitus, or, “A racialized, uninterrupted socialization process that conditions and creates whites’ racial taste, perceptions, feelings, emotions, and their views on racial matters” (Bonilla-Silva, 2006). This biased framing breeds a sense of exclusivity among white society while promoting negative views on people of color (Bonilla-Silva, 2006). In this way, a framed #MeToo article can further spread misinformation about sexual assault and race. Results additionally indicated that The New York Times stories focused on privileged groups of people, regardless of source race. None of the examined articles focused on sexual assault in poor or lower-class communities. The two cases portraying sexual assault in higher education were the only stories to focus primarily on people of color. While sexual assault is not limited to any one sphere, the emphasis on political and entertainment industries frames sexual assault as an issue only affecting people of privilege. A lack of diverse representation influences whether individuals are comfortable sharing their stories of sexual assault; if a survivor does not see themselves represented in coverage, they may be too discouraged to share their story.

Room to improve

There is a harmful correlation between high-profile cases of sexual assault and inappropriate media coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics calls upon journalists to minimize harm when reporting (Society of Professional Journalists, 2014). Despite this guideline, previous research indicates journalists do not follow the code when covering sexual assault (Franiuk, 2008). News organizations have the power to help or hinder cultural integration and representation. “Media messages can act as teachers ofvalues, ideologies, and beliefs… they can provide images for interpreting the world whether or not the designers are conscious of this intent” (Gamson, 1992). When covering sexual assault stories,journalists must be aware of how they frame the information and take care not to contribute to rape culture. In following the Code of Ethics, journalists can make an effort to minimize harm and provide survivors with a safe space to share their stories. Journalists can also improve race representation in news media coverage by providing accurate framing and context (Entman &c Rojecki, 2010). As a result, news consumers wiU begin to hold media to a higher standard of accountability. It is not sufficient to simply avoid bias as an effort to be objective; journalists must also focus on accuracy and reader comprehension. By including additional context beyond the incident in question, journalists provide audiences with a heightened understanding of relevant social issues (Entman 8c Rojecki, 2010).

Conclusion

More research is necessary to determine how sexual assault is covered in national news media organizations. Coverage of sexual assault cannot be improved without reflecting on what has already been published. This report contributes to previous research on news media organizations’ representation of people of color, establishing white individuals as the most represented group in The New York Times #MeToo coverage. This is only a starting point for future research on representations of race and gender. Subsequent case studies should seek to explore content from other media sources, create a narrowed analysis on the individuals used as sources, and expand their key phrase for finding additional content. Speculations should continue on why Caucasian demographics tend to be the focus of media coverage. To make survivors feel comfortable coming forward. The New York Times and news organizations of all levels should follow the Society of Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics when covering stories about sexual assault. News outlets should also take note of who is represented in stories as an effort to minimize harm. Being aware of whose voices are/are not present in stories on sexual assault can help ensure accuracy. Both journalists and readers have the power to implement change in whose stories are told. Encouraging audiences and news media organizations to be critically aware can lead to a conscious and continued effort to provide equal representation. This self-awareness creates the potential to increase trust and communication between producers and consumers of coverage.

Bibliography

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence ofRacialInequality in the United States. Rowman 8c Littlefield Publishers.
Campbell, R., Patterson, D., Adams, A. E., Diegel, R., 8c Coats, S. (2008).
A participatory evaluation project to measure SANE nursing practice and adult sexual assault patients’ psychological well-being.ofForensic Nursings 4(1), 19—28. https://doi.Org/10.llll/j.1939-3938.2008.00003.x.
Elizabeth, B. M., Lily Herman,De. (n.d.). Harvey Weinsteins Accusers: The Full List. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.teenvogue.com/story/harvey-weinstein-accusers-fiill-hst.
Entman, R.M.(1993). Framing:Toward Clarification ofa Fractured Paradigm./owrnal of Communicationy 43(4), 51—58. https://doi.Org/10.llll/j.1460-2466.1993. tb01304.x.
Entman, R. M., 8c Rojecki, A. (2010). The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. University of Chicago Press.
Franiuk, R. (n.d.). PsycNET Record Display – PsycNET. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-09817-007.
Gamson, W. (1992). Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality, Review ofSociology^ 18(1), 373— 393. https://doi.Org/10.1146/annurev.soc.18.l.373.
Garcia, S. E. (2017, October 20). The Woman Who Created #MeToo Long Before Hashtags. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.eom/2017/10/20/us/ me-too-movement-tarana-burke.html.
Johnson, C. (n.d.). A timeline of events related to the #MeToo movement – Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ ct-me-too-timeline-20171208-htmlstory.html.
Kantor, J. (n.d.). Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades – The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.nytimes. com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html.
Matthes, J. (2009). What’s in a Frame? A Content Analysis of Media Framing Studies in the World’s Leading Communication Journals, 1990-2005. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly^ 86(2), 349—367. https://doi. org/10.1177/107769900908600206.
Miller, A. K., Markman, K. D., Amacker, A. M., 6c Menaker, T. A. (2012). Expressed Sexual Assault Legal Context and Victim Culpability Attributions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence., 27{6}j 1023—1039. https://doi. org/10.1177/0886260511424493.
Ohlheiser, A. (2017, October 19). The woman behind ‘Me Too’ knew the power of the phrase when she created it — 10 years ago. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www. washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/19/ the-woman-behind-me-too-knew-the-power-of-thephrase-when-she-created-it-lO-years-ago/.
Ohlheiser, A. (2018, January 22). Analysis | How #MeToo really was different, according to data. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/ wp/2018/01/22/how-metoo-really-was-different-according-to-data/.
Pennington, R., 6c Birthisel, J. (2016). When new media make news: Framing technology and sexual assault in the Steubenville rape case. New Media & Society, 18(11), 2435—2451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815612407.
RAINN. (n.d.). Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics | RAINN. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.rainn. org/statistics/victims-sexual-violence.
Society ofProfessional Journalists, (n.d.). SPJ Code ofEthics – Society of Professional Journalists. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp.
Tomasula,J. L., Anderson, L. M., Littleton, H. L., 6c Riley-Tillman,T. C. (2012). The Association between Sexual Assault and Suicidal Activity in a National Sample. School Psychology Quarterly,27{2}, 109-119.
Wang, A. B. (2017, October 21). Harvey Weinstein, accused by dozens, specifically disputes Lupita Nyong’o’s harassment claims. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.eom/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/10/21/ harvey-weinstein-accused-by-dozens-specifically-disputes-lupita-nyongos-harassment-claims/.
WAVAW. (n.d.). What is Rape Culture? | WAVAW Rape Crisis Centre. Retrieved March 16,2018, from http://www.wavaw. ca/what-is-rape-culture/.

Click Here To Order Now!