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Upon considering the idea of leadership, a clear visualized impression that provides a parsimonious and rational alternative to the problem of collective action has steered up the revolutionary activities. Revolutions develop choices that are most conceptual and rational in their simple utilities to present an exogenous short-term shock within the affected country. In the long run of the event the revolutionary collective action results in relation to socioeconomic point of view. Leadership in this case is an element of great significance especially when it comes to dealing with both challenges associated with revolutionary collective action and those that are oriented to public good. The term revolution in this context does not give an implication of the long lasting consequences in the entire process. Instead, it reflects the success of anti-regime forces to surpass and overthrow the current ruling regime in any affected country.
The revolutionary process that occurred in Latin America under the influence of social movements suitably cites the most significant approach of the collective action under the influence of various challenges. Under the influence of newly created societal movements, collective actions created were based on the grassroots organizations in collaboration with both national and local mobilizations. Taking an example of countries like Brazil and Bolivia, social movements challenged political intrigues conduct in those countries and the regions bordering them as suggested by Gilbert (498). The affiliation of their militaries and growth generated an action of new repertoires through raising the opportunities of forming the rule from below. This idea has been basically achieved through abandoning of the traditional ancient parties that were formed in 20th centuries thus developing participatory and authoritative political parties. The mentioned countries have effectively maximized political space by means of altering political powers and substantially uplifting the active participatory practices by the democratic parties. The act of cropping up of new political parties and submergence of the alternative political and social movements marked a new political era. With this new era all the events that occur under revolutionary activities respond to the demands of legitimate marginalized majorities in political regime (Vanden17).
The influential masses in Latin America under the restricted revolutionary collective action have contracted towards the rule of elite in various ways. The resistance of the European rule by the Latin America has attributed to various uncountable uprisings and other resistant forms by the masses under the Europeans’ exploitation. The current uprising slavery situation in Haiti was facilitated by Toussaint L’Ouverture whereby majority of the political parties were suppressed with the return of masses to their initial positions of subaltern. However, these political outbreaks became rare and common movements of vanguard dominated with the influence of urban elites. The element of urban elite involvement led to the rising of the revolutions that resulted to successful measures in countries like Chile, Bolivia, and Cuba among others as stated by Vanden (18).
Another revolutionary collective action challenges were depicted in Argentina during her terror caused by the clash between the far left and the far right. The event took place in 1970s of which its impact is currently being felt because it left the country torn apart. The occurrence of event was not strange to the country as stated by Goodwin (54). The bitter part of a revolutionary action in Argentina has also been reflected in the 2000 Blaustein’s film entitled as Spoils of War (Botin de querra) which reveals the period during which a dirty war was experienced in Argentina as from 1976-1983. The film is a flashback of historical events on war that led to family displacement with the increased rate of children adoption. The movie partly expresses the act of reuniting children with their relatives due to loss of their parents in the massacre. Taking a suffering instinct of Italy becomes a good example of explicit revolutionary impact of collective action. Italy has suffered for a reasonable significant years as a result of frequent brutal attacks by the fascist groups and other terrorist organizations like the Red Brigades.
The country did not abandon her lawful principles of fighting against the terrorist attacks imposed on her. With that encouragement attitude, Italy managed to scoop out all terrorists thus resolving her problem through a lawful court. This approach gave a liberal and fair hearing to the accused in relation to the rights and duties of an individual. Echeverria (27) viewed this clash as the Latin American cultural core in Argentina. The slaughterhouse being apolitical rampaged allegory; it reviews the barbaric nature of Rosas and his henchmen during the argentine’s clash in search for a civilized collective action revolution. The same concept was presented by partnoy (19) but in a script version. She narrated of the children’s disappearance during the Argentine’s clash that resulted to a revolutionalized nation. Another incident that Italy experienced with bitterness was the act of kidnapping Aldo Moro a security forces solid member. This act affirmed general Chisea Della that a common public figure believed to be a suspect was tortured and that was an injustice practice to the innocent one (Goodwin 56).
A revolution in under-developed countries in the current world has become a conflict domineering element over the last half of the 20th century. It is clearly argued that, revolutions (great social revolutions) like those that affected France and Russia in 1789 and 1917 respectively are among the few and most recognized challenged countries with collective actions. Such revolutionary actions in France led to the collapse of eastern European communists in 1989 as stated by Goodwin (57). This is considered to be the most preferably revolution that was ever presumed in the European historical events. This has been basically achieved through abandoning of the traditional ancient parties that were formed in 20th centuries thus developing participatory and authoritative political parties. The mentioned countries have effectively maximized political space by means of altering political powers and substantially uplifting the active participatory practices by the democratic parties. The act of cropping up of new political parties and submergence of the alternative political and social movements has marked a new political era. With this new era all the events that occur under revolutionary activities respond to the demands of legitimate marginalized majorities in political regime.
Works Cited
Echeverria, Esteban. The Slaughter House. San Francisco: Las American Pub. Co. 1992.
Gilbert, Alan. The Latin American: crossing currents. Michigan: Latin American Bureau. 2007.
Goodwin, Jeff. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
Partnoy, Alicia. The Little School: Tales of Disappearance & Survival. Washington D.C: Cleis Press. 1998.
Vanden, Harry E. Social Movements, Hegemony, and New Forms of Resistance. London: SAGE Publishers. 2007.
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