Category: YouTube

The internet video phenomenon has steadily gained popularity and continues to dominate the internet consumption arena with individuals opting to watch videos online as opposed to the now traditional television broadcasting hence spelling much doom for the latter. As competitor companies during their inception, Youtube and Google video came up with strategies to enhance their growth and likability. Youtube plunged into the market with a very liberal approach that would enable its users to watch countless video clips on its site (Karel et al., 2010). The users were also able to upload and share videos, an allocation that garnered the site much popularity making it the fifth most visited website by the summer of 2006. This immense success was largely attributed to the fact that the company had braced itself to counter any legal issues pertained to copyrighted content, their main field of specialization. Internet video hence achieved the kind of popularity and dominance it boasts of as a result of the sheer hard work and determination of these sites.

Google video on the other hand adopted a different line of endeavor at its inception mainly focusing on television captions with no allocation for actual videos. The site specialized in still images, text snippets among other read-only materials that enabled its users to be well acquainted with information regarding future events and shows. The site stepped up its mode of operation by adopting a user video interface to enable it to achieve its desired fete with users now able to generate and share videos on this platform (Conner, 2008).

To account for the failure of Google video; its imperative to substantiate the reasons that occasioned its decline in popularity as opposed to merely pointing them out. The restriction of user-generated content to the use of a downloadable plug-in from VideoLAN had an irreversible effect on the growth of the site since it troubled many users in its operation and hence necessitated their move to competitor sites which used faster and simpler technologies to watch videos (as sighted in Karel et al., 2010). Poor marketing strategies also contributed towards the failure of the site since despite the limited options it offered at inception coupled with the complexity in its operations, the company did not advertise the improvements it was making adequately and hence also kept prospective users at bay. The fact that users could only view still images of events as opposed to actual videos eventually proved to be a stumbling block too.

What is worth writing home about is the fact that both youtube and Google video employed various strategies, putting on offer lots of innovations to enhance their user base. Switching from the slow and complex plug-in used to watch videos to a much faster and less complicated flash technology was a considerable step in the evolution of Google video (Karel et al., 2010). The site also evolved to enable its users to watch and share videos online, an option not possible at its inception. Not mentioning the move by Google to add a link on its portal homepage to Google video would be quite an oversight since it largely contributed towards the growth of the site. The site also unveiled eight international versions which enabled it to achieve a wider appeal as a result of the broad spectra of diversity it now boasted of. The site incorporated various community features that enabled its users to add comments, labels, and even rate videos hence enhancing its interaction with users.

Youtube on the other hand came up with various strategies to enable it cut a niche for itself as a force to reckon with as far as internet video was concerned. In the run-up to its purchase by Google in 2006, it had undertaken considerable amounts of facelifts offering its users a lot more options to choose from. The site enabled its users to upload and share videos and other popular clips from various networks hence contributing immensely to its success. The addition of copyrighted materials from various media sources to its content also played an important role in the sites advancement since this enabled its users to get their hands on materials that would have otherwise been out of their reach (Strangelove, 2010).

In conclusion, a sleek preview into the youtube site currently reveals a display of elegance and maturity judging by its layout and organization. The homepage has been customized by the inclusion of portals entailing a broad spectrum of human interests including sports, entertainment, music, and movies just to mention a few (Karel et al., 2010). The inclusion of account creation and sign-in options also add to the exclusivity of the site since this enables users with registered accounts unlimited access to the sites data. Other services also available on the site like movie trailers and events yet to take place are also worthy of note since they add to its glamour. Users without registered accounts can not access most of the services like downloading certain materials from the site. Google video on the other hand boasts of a customized but rather plain site with a powerful search engine that can find any data at the request of a user. The site also offers the user various suggestions to enable them to get to their destination with ease. On the contrary, the site does not provide its users with insights in the absence of a valid account.

References

Conner, N. (2008). Google Apps:the missing manual.Carlfonia: OReilly Media, Inc.

Karel, C., Matt, S., & Jason, M. (2010). YouTube, Google, and the Rise of Internet. Miami:Kellogg school of management.

Strangelove, M. (2010). Watching YouTube:extraordinary videos by ordinary people. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.

Glossary

Web browser: An application that enables users to search for materials online and download them.

Blogging: Posting of information on the Internet, in particular on the blogosphere, which supports posts on a wide range of topics. Blogs could focus on politics, diet, education, fashion, and farming, among others.

Flash player: A type of media application that supports videos created in many formats. It should be downloaded from the Internet and installed on a computer.

Hard disk: A storage medium that is used for keeping data in computers. Its volume is measured in the form of gigabytes.

HTML5: A web language-based application that supports hypertext content. It is used to support video viewing and uploading.

RAM (Random access memory): A type of memory that supports running applications in computing devices. Its size correlates with the speed of a computer.

The Internet: A large interconnection of computer-based networks, which is designed to support communications across the world. The networks functioning is based on the principle of the Internet protocol suite that can link an unlimited number of computing devices.

Searching: An act of looking for resources online (Morris 546). In this context, it would involve typing the keywords of videos on YouTube to locate them by titles.

Uploading: An act of taking a video from a local storage medium, such as a hard disk, to the Internet. As a result, the video becomes available to watch on the Internet via a web browser.

Introduction

The adoption of technology has ensured that people can do things easier and more effectively. One of the greatest technologies that have gained pace in the last decade is the Internet. As far as YouTube is concerned, it is a website that was started by three people, who were former employees of PayPal (Burgess and Green 14). The firm has its headquarters in California, but it has a global presence due to online applications. It was created to enable consumers to search, upload, watch, and share short and long videos online.

The following technologies are important in using YouTube: flash player and HTML5 (Burgess and Green 76; Lange 362). The technologies are designed to support a wide range of video content, including clips (video and TV), video blogging and educational videos. It is important to note that anybody can upload a video to YouTube.

Over 90% of the video uploads are done by individuals. The remaining percentage is accomplished by organizations such as the BBC, Hulu, and other firms that collaborate with YouTube to offer their resources via the online application. Registration is adopted to ensure that potentially offensive video materials are not uploaded and viewed (Burgess and Green 65; Lange 367).

This instruction targets individuals who need to find and wish to upload video content on YouTube. Primarily, it is most suitable for short videos. Provided that the steps mentioned in the instructions are followed, anyone irrespective of their level of computer literacy will be able to locate and to broadcast a video on YouTube.

Materials for getting started

Before an individual can start to search or upload a video, it would be important to have the following materials (Burgess and Green 40):

1. A computer/computer device. A computer supports searching and uploading videos on YouTube. It can be, for example, a desktop computer or a laptop. However, it is important to take into account the specifications of computing devices, such as the size of hard disks, RAM, and speed. The features are significant because they determine the ease at which users can search and upload video content (Burgess and Green 25).
2. Video content. Short video material should be stored in a computing device or an external storage medium such as a flash disk. It should be saved in the right format so that it can occupy the least space. Smaller videos are also easier to upload because they require relatively limited Internet resources.
3. Internet connection. To access YouTube, an individual needs a stable Internet connection. The Internet can be obtained from various sources, including the use of modems and subscriptions to Internet service providers. The number of units that a person can upload and download per unit time determines the strength of connections. The number of units positively correlates with the speed. The Internet can also be accessed from LANs and WANs, or in places such as cyber cafes and other places that are characterized by WIFI (Burgess and Green 98).

Searching a video on YouTube

1. Turn on your computer. This is done by pressing the power button, which could be located differently depending on the computer model.
2. Connect external devices such as a modem and hard disk to the computing device.
3. Connect your device to the Internet by opening the right application, for example, a modem wizard, which provides the steps for launching the Internet.
4. Open a web browser, such as Mozilla. The Internet explorer could be a default browsing application in many devices, which might be changed based on the preferences of a user.

5. Type the word YouTube without the quotation marks in the space between the Google and Search. Once you are done with the typing, click the Search on the window. You will get several suggestions regarding the search word. However, you would be interested in accessing YouTube and not other linking sites (Burgess and Green 45). You would obtain a window like the one shown below.

6. Select the first option, which is www.youtube.com. The following window would be opened.

7. Search for a video on YouTube by typing the keyword(s) of the video. For example, in this context, Shakira would be searched on the website. Search words and terms have to be very clear (Morris 576). It is important to note that several options would be shown on the screen as demonstrated on the following window.

An individual would select a video that he or she would be interested in watching. However, it is important to take notice of the length of various videos so that one could be aware of the time required for watching. To access more videos, a person would scroll down the window.

Selecting a video. Once a person has decided which video to watch, he or she could click on the play button.

8. Watching a video. The selected video would be played on the computer until it ends. However, it is essential to note that the videos require relatively stable Internet connections, which would support continuous streaming.

Uploading a video

9. Creating a YouTube account. As earlier noted, users are required to register to be allowed to upload short videos. While still on the home page of YouTube, a user should click Create Account button that is located in the top right corner (Dachis par. 2).
10. Fill in all the information required for registration. It is advisable to use a Gmail email address because it would enable you to log into YouTube in the future without much trouble. Once you are through with the registration form, select the I Accept button (Dachis par. 3). You may also try to sign in to the existing account, provided that you know a login and a password.
11. After successfully logging in, you should see your name displayed in the upper-right corner. At this stage, it would be assumed that you have your video ready for uploading. Thus, it should be stored in a medium that would be easily accessed (Dachis par. 3).
12. Click on the Upload button that is adjacent to your username. That is the link to the page for uploading a short video (Dachis par. 3).
13. Two options will be availed on the new window. The first option is Upload video and appears yellow, while the second one is Record from Webcam. You are advised to click on the yellow option because your video would be ready and would not require the use of a webcam (Dachis par. 4).
14. Once you click the yellow option, a new window will appear, which will request you to select a file from the hard drive. Identify the video of interest and click the Choose button if you are sure that you have selected the right content. It is necessary to keep in mind that your video should be stored in the following formats: AVI, FLV,.ogv, WMV, MPEG-4, MOV, and 3GP, among others (Burgess and Green 98).
15. The selected video will start uploading. You would see the progress in the form of a percentage. However, the speed of the uploading process will be determined by the size of the video and the speed of the Internet (Dachis par. 7). In this context, a relatively fast Internet connection would be required. However, there is a limit of 15 minutes, after which upload is terminated even before it is completed. Interestingly, with an updated browser, it is possible to upload as much as 20GB of video content in the 15-minute duration.
16. Fill in the relevant information about the video, for example, the name and description (Dachis par. 8).
17. Once uploading progress reaches 100%, it implies that it has been completed; and the video is ready for viewing on the Internet. You may click a link at the top of the window to see the uploaded video (Dachis par. 9).
18. Alternatively, click your username after which you will be able to see the video in the list of your uploads.
19. At this stage, you may watch the video and share it with family and friends (Dachis par. 10).

Conclusion

YouTube allows users to search and upload video content for watching and sharing with friends and family members. Videos should be created in certain formats that are supported by online applications. This instruction provides clear steps about searching and uploading visual media content. They should be keenly followed to achieve the best results.

Works Cited

Burgess, Jean, and Joshua Green. YouTube: Online video and participatory culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Print.

Dachis, Adam. How to upload videos to YouTube (for beginners). 2011.

Lange, Patricia. Publicly private and privately public: Social networking on YouTube. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication 13.1 (2007): 361-380. Print.

Morris, Tonny. Understanding definitions, descriptions, and instructions. London, United Kingdom: Bedford/St. Martin, 2010. Print.

YouTube is an online video hosting and sharing platform available to people all around the world. The platform was established in 2005 as a way for people to upload and share videos with others. Over the years, it has amassed a massive userbase and is well-regarded as the biggest website in its sphere. Many people are working on YouTube at the moment, both as members of the company itself and as creators stationed on the website. People are able to publish music, video, art projects, commentaries, reviews, playthroughs of video games, and many other types of content, all of which are widely available for public acclaim and relative financial success. Monetization was a practice that was gradually adopted into the system, along with the various partnerships and deals that allow people to earn money from posting videos on YouTube. With the number of content creators, companies, and independent artists on the platform, as well as the inclusion of the ability to monetize problems of Fair use and Copyright have begun to emerge on the platform as well. Since the video-sharing platform is free, some people seek to profit off of others hard work, stealing and reuploading existing content, or masquerading it as their own, to gain notoriety. In other cases, malicious entities also abused the Copyright system employed by YouTube to take down videos they do not like unfairly, which is also a large problem. Both of these issues stem from deliberate misuse or misunderstanding of the concept of Fair use and Copyright. This review will focus on separately discussing the issues of Copyright and fair use as they are existent on YouTube, as well as discussing the legal cases that stemmed from their abuse.

Copyright is the law and the type of intellectual property which is used to credit authors of works of a non-physical nature. Copyright can be used to protect the original expression of the idea against theft, change, or other forms of infringement that can harm the creator. Copyright has gained traction in the digital age where online sharing of works has become more widespread and the need to properly credit and secure the rights of the author has become more apparent. On YouTube as a platform, creators are able to spread their work, retaining their rights as the makers of content. However, in reality, the law is rather difficult to enforce, partly because of the size of the platform and partly due to the ability of everyone to post videos. Content is constantly being stolen, reuploaded, and repurposed by people without permission. This is even more apparent in cases of intellectual properties of big corporations and companies or creators outside of the platform. Their works are being publicized and reproduced on YouTube, often without any kind of explicit permission, or even illegally. Online piracy has a tight connection with YouTube as a place where content can be freely distributed among the masses. The reporting system exists to amend this problem, but it is not without its flaws. Due to the sheer size of the platform, Copyright infringement requests are not reviewed by real people and are instead handled by algorithms that are unable to fully understand their use of copyrighted material, or the validity of the claims made (How YouTube Prevents Content Piracy  How YouTube Works). This makes the process of appealing for the Copyright infringement unregulated and unreliable. Manual reviews of claims by YouTube staff often take months and smaller creators are. Even unable to get in contact with people, therefore making their issues unresolved.

Fair Use is another important concept to understand in relation to YouTube and Copyright. The term is used to describe the legal usage of content that abides with the current copyright legislation. As it stands, content creators and the users of the website are able to use portions of other peoples content if they are used in a manner that does not devalue or detract from the meaning of the original. Content-based on reflection and response, such as reviews or commentaries, therefore, can use portions of original copyrighted material without infringement if the material of the review adds more value or transforms the original property in a sufficient manner (Fair use on YouTube  YouTube Help). Fair Use is established to allow people further creativity and transformation of work on the website as well as other parts of the Internet. The problem then arises from people who either misunderstand the use of Fair use or intentionally misinterpret the law to suit their own agenda. In many cases creators and companies disregard the basics of Fair use and demand their content be removed from videos that have used it legally, therefore impeding the work of creators and stifling the development of the platform. The automatization of Copyright infringement reviews that were previously mentioned further exacerbates the problem. As people are often unable to appeal the claims made against them and have no central authority to turn there. Complaints to. Any response to a Copyright infringement claim Goes directly to the person that filed the claim, therefore making the system of repealing Copyright strikes one-sided and unfair to innocent content creators.

Cases

Viacom Intl, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.

A multinational mass media company, Viacom, sued YouTube for multiple cases of Copyright infringement on its platform. The company has alleged that the site has Violates Copyright by allowing users to repost and publish videos that explicitly have content owned by Viacom (Viacom Intl, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.  676 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2012)). However, a dismissal was filed by Google, YouTubes parent company, and the case was later fully dismissed. Despite the fact that YouTube managed to escape paying the fine, the existence of this case displays the scale of the problem existing on the platform and the issues that many companies have with Copyright infringement.

Youtube, LLC v. Brady

A Nebraska man, Christopher Brady. Was sued by YouTube and forced to pay a fine of $25,000 For misusing the Copyright takedown system employed by the website (Lee, 2019). Using the ultimate complaint form issued by YouTube, the man has falsely claimed that a number of videos infringe on his rights as a copyright holder and has taken them down. The man then tried to extort money from creators for releasing their videos engaging in illegal activity (Lee, 2019). The actions of Brady have been possible due to the imperfections in the YouTube system. As well as his own personal responsibility. The lawsuit presents a good argument against YouTubes automatic Copyright system, as it is unable to distinguish between legitimate and falsified appeals.

Schneider v. Youtube, LLC

The case issued by Maria Schneider against YouTube brought up the issue of small creators having no ability to enforce their copyright (Errick, 2020). Bigger corporations, Creators, and entities are able to More fully regulate the scale of Copyright infringement on the platform as the YouTube staff often comes into contact with them and helps to resolve occurring issues. This, however, is not the case with smaller creators who are often left lead left in the dark about the operation of the website and are unable to effectively communicate with the Administration staff. The discrepancy leads to large amounts of works from content creators and artists being re-uploaded without any repercussions for offenders.

Personal Perspective

YouTube is a great platform for content creators and people all around the globe, allowing them to freely post the videos and garner an audience. However, the systems in place for protecting the rights of creators and bigger entities are flawed. An inability for requests to be manually reviewed leads to many cases of abuse and mishandling. Smaller creators suffer the most, as they have no power, influence, or voice to make their complaints heard, and their problems often get lost in a sea of information. The current Copyright infringement end fair use regulations employed in the site have to be subject to severe changes before they can be truly effective.

References

Google. Fair use on YouTube  YouTube Help. Google. Web.

YouTube. How YouTube Prevents Content Piracy  How YouTube Works. YouTube.

Viacom Intl, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.  676 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2012). Community. Web.

Lee , T. (2019). Man sued for using bogus YouTube takedowns to get address for swatting. Ars Technica. Web.

Errick, K. (2020). YouTube Sued by Content Creators For Copyright Infringement, Unfair Treatment  Tech. LawStreetMedia. Web.

Helvetica was developed in the year 1957, by a great designer named Max Miedinger with a contribution from Edouard Hoffmann. It is a broadly used sans-serif typeface in the whole world. Akzidenz Grotesk and other German and Swiss designs greatly influenced Helvetica. Helvetica has quite a long history. It gained its popularity in the 20th century due to the hard work of Swiss designers.

The Helvetica typeface is one of the most prominent typefaces in the world. It has been used for every communication process. It is global because it works excellent. Helveticas popularity in society is explained by the fact that this typeface assists in the reading process owing to the simplicity of the design.

A film is known as Helvetica on YouTube, which largely reflects on typography, and graphic design has been developed. This film reflects on the spread of one typeface as a part of a greater dialogue about its effect on everybodys day to day life. The film assesses built-up spaces in the main cities and the population that lives within them. The film draws our attention to the design, advertising, psychology, and communication and, thus, makes us appreciate thousands of words that we come across in our daily endeavors. Helvetica is a modification of the typeface with a more structurally integrated set of heights and widths, improved legibility, punctuation marks, and spacing in numbers.

Helvetica typeface is everywhere, it spells out tax forms, labels, street signs, and company logos. Nowadays we live in a media-saturated atmosphere that exposes us to a daily stream of information. Helvetica has many fans but not everybody is a fan because some people find it dull and boring. Many people are seen to complain about the font. This is greatly reflected in many users of google chrome who are complaining, especially on the font size. Many people are actually trying to find some means to rectify the problem, with some methods being more successful while others being less.

This is also present on YouTube, where some people are seen to complain of the typography known as Helvetica neue. It is important to note that the font is entirely used on YouTube to display the options and categories present. But in essence, Helvetica is seen as a simple clear typeface that represents the word it spells out. It is important to acknowledge that Helvetica is a true work of art. Many hands drawn fonts have been created in an effort to replace Helvetica. This was especially done by postmodernists in 1970s and 80s who tried to create something less boring and, thus, came up with several hand drawn fonts which they saw as being more expressive and honest.

In conclusion, Helvetica is a true work of art that has transformed communication through lettering. Just like it is common in most text books, street signs and advertising literature, it is also present on YouTube. It is present also in almost all the electronic communication media such as mobile phones. Therefore, it is paramount to realise the weight and simplicity of the letters which this font displays. It simply draws ones attention and, thus, it is used widely in advertisement, logos, signs, and textbooks, as indicated in the YouTubes short film the trailer. Helvetica is displayed in every corner of the world and, thus, is the most popular sans-serif typography.

Revenue plan

Market share of YouTube Corporation is close to 60% of all the internet video services. Originally, it is a big marketing operation service, as numerous entrepreneurs are uploading their commercial videos, and gain exposure from YouTube using viral video strategies. It is stated that 6.2 million tune into YouTube.com daily.

The pricing of the services entail the fee for uploading commercial video.

• YouTube General: $50K or greater spend on YouTube within 90 days.
• YouTube Brand Channels: $200K or greater spend on YouTube only.
• YouTube Contests: $500K or greater spend on YouTube only.
• YouTube Homepage Roadblock: $175K/day flat fee plus a $50K incremental spends on Google and YouTube over 90 days ($225K or greater total spend).

Premium flight dates may require a higher initial flat fee. (Barnes, 2009).

As for the revenues, Lastufka (2008) emphasize that YouTube has $500 million of revenues per year.

Marketing Budget

The personnel of the company is divided into technical and administrative parts. Originally, technical personnel is responsible for the proper functioning of the system.

This analysis presupposes the analysis of the marketing expenses in comparison with the Gross Profit in the context of the incomes and market share. Originally, the tendencies are represented on the graph, while the real situation is featured with the possible fluctuations.

Profit plan

The analysis of the profit plan generally entails the calculation of the net profit, taking into consideration the matters of sales revenues, margins, ROI, ROS and net marketing contribution.

Break-even analysis

This analysis presupposes the analysis of the marketing expenses in comparison with the Gross Profit in the context of the incomes and market share. Originally, the tendencies are represented on the graph, while the real situation is featured with the possible fluctuations.

Performance scorecard

Income Statement

Originally, the matters of Return on Sales are stated in the previous slide. In comparison with the previous year, the results of 2009 appear to be rather satisfying, and, it should be emphasized that the market of internet video advertising is rather stable, as the marketing performance and sales of YouTube are growing stably.

The only ratio, which should be paid attention here is the operating income.

• 2006  $ 30 400 000;
• 2007  $ 45 300 000;
• 2008  $ 80 500 000;
• 2009  $160 000 000.

Reference List

Barnes, S. (Ed.). (2009). E-Commerce and V-Business: Digital Enterprise in the Twenty-First Century (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.

King, N. J. (2008). Direct Marketing, Web Advertising, and Consumer Privacy: Ensuring Adequate Disclosure and Consent Mechanisms for Emerging Video Advertising Practices. Federal Communications Law Journal, 60(2), 229.

Lastufka, A., Dean, M.W. (2008) YouTube: An Insiders Guide to Climbing the Charts OReilly Media, Inc.

The internet video phenomenon has steadily gained popularity and continues to dominate the internet consumption arena with individuals opting to watch videos online as opposed to the now traditional television broadcasting hence spelling much doom for the latter. As competitor companies during their inception, Youtube and Google video came up with strategies to enhance their growth and likability. Youtube plunged into the market with a very liberal approach that would enable its users to watch countless video clips on its site (Karel et al., 2010). The users were also able to upload and share videos, an allocation that garnered the site much popularity making it the fifth most visited website by the summer of 2006. This immense success was largely attributed to the fact that the company had braced itself to counter any legal issues pertained to copyrighted content, their main field of specialization. Internet video hence achieved the kind of popularity and dominance it boasts of as a result of the sheer hard work and determination of these sites.

Google video on the other hand adopted a different line of endeavor at its inception mainly focusing on television captions with no allocation for actual videos. The site specialized in still images, text snippets among other read-only materials that enabled its users to be well acquainted with information regarding future events and shows. The site stepped up its mode of operation by adopting a user video interface to enable it to achieve its desired fete with users now able to generate and share videos on this platform (Conner, 2008).

To account for the failure of Google video; it’s imperative to substantiate the reasons that occasioned its decline in popularity as opposed to merely pointing them out. The restriction of user-generated content to the use of a downloadable plug-in from VideoLAN had an irreversible effect on the growth of the site since it troubled many users in its operation and hence necessitated their move to competitor sites which used faster and simpler technologies to watch videos (as sighted in Karel et al., 2010). Poor marketing strategies also contributed towards the failure of the site since despite the limited options it offered at inception coupled with the complexity in its operations, the company did not advertise the improvements it was making adequately and hence also kept prospective users at bay. The fact that users could only view still images of events as opposed to actual videos eventually proved to be a stumbling block too.

What is worth writing home about is the fact that both youtube and Google video employed various strategies, putting on offer lots of innovations to enhance their user base. Switching from the slow and complex plug-in used to watch videos to a much faster and less complicated flash technology was a considerable step in the evolution of Google video (Karel et al., 2010). The site also evolved to enable its users to watch and share videos online, an option not possible at its inception. Not mentioning the move by Google to add a link on its portal homepage to Google video would be quite an oversight since it largely contributed towards the growth of the site. The site also unveiled eight international versions which enabled it to achieve a wider appeal as a result of the broad spectra of diversity it now boasted of. The site incorporated various community features that enabled its users to add comments, labels, and even rate videos hence enhancing its interaction with users.

Youtube on the other hand came up with various strategies to enable it cut a niche for itself as a force to reckon with as far as internet video was concerned. In the run-up to its purchase by Google in 2006, it had undertaken considerable amounts of facelifts offering its users a lot more options to choose from. The site enabled its users to upload and share videos and other popular clips from various networks hence contributing immensely to its success. The addition of copyrighted materials from various media sources to its content also played an important role in the site’s advancement since this enabled its users to get their hands on materials that would have otherwise been out of their reach (Strangelove, 2010).

In conclusion, a sleek preview into the youtube site currently reveals a display of elegance and maturity judging by its layout and organization. The homepage has been customized by the inclusion of portals entailing a broad spectrum of human interests including sports, entertainment, music, and movies just to mention a few (Karel et al., 2010). The inclusion of account creation and sign-in options also add to the exclusivity of the site since this enables users with registered accounts unlimited access to the site’s data. Other services also available on the site like movie trailers and events yet to take place are also worthy of note since they add to its glamour. Users without registered accounts can not access most of the services like downloading certain materials from the site. Google video on the other hand boasts of a customized but rather plain site with a powerful search engine that can find any data at the request of a user. The site also offers the user various suggestions to enable them to get to their destination with ease. On the contrary, the site does not provide its users with insights in the absence of a valid account.

References

Conner, N. (2008). Google Apps:the missing manual.Carlfonia: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Karel, C., Matt, S., & Jason, M. (2010). YouTube, Google, and the Rise of Internet. Miami:Kellogg school of management.

Strangelove, M. (2010). Watching YouTube:extraordinary videos by ordinary people. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.

Introduction

Teaching and studying are both very complicated processes that demand great skills from those who teach and from those who are taught. Different people invent different ways of teaching; create teaching programs for the classes they have to teach and look for the most efficient methods for this. Some people keep to the point of view that the best way to study something is the so-called self-education when a person does not need any teacher to learn some material and use it in practice.

This is a valuable point of view that works in some cases, but it can not be applied to all situations and, because of this, can not be treated as the right one. The most useful point of view is that for any kind of studying a teacher is necessary whose role will be to present the most useful material to the students and to make them memorize it. To achieve that, teachers must use special means, and these means are specific for every single teacher.

The most modern teachers, with the development of technology, resort to using visual aids and different technological means in their classes. One of the means that can be helpful to any teacher is the Internet site YouTube that is specialized at videos of various topics and can provide a great amount of material for study of any kind. Our group created a project that is aimed at getting teachers acquainted with the modern technology and with the teaching potential of YouTube (Fahs, p.12). In this paper, we are going to present the process of creation of the material dedicated to this Internet means of study, including our aims, means used and difficulties faced while working on the material.

YouTube as Educational Source

To begin with, let us describe the material we created for educational purposes only. The web site dedicated to the educational opportunities that YouTube presents was created with the help of the software web 2. 0 which allows to achieve great quality of the material and spent less time, than doing this with another software, like for instance, HTML or web 1. 0. The source provides every visitor with the information necessary to be well acquainted with the opportunities that the site presents and teaches how to use the site YouTube with the highest degree of efficiency.

The source called “YouTube as Educational Source” deals with such points as ways to register at YouTube, ways to upload or download video from this site, certain useful information about the rules and restrictions of the site, as well as certain tips and recommendations for teachers who get interested in the work using the site in educational purposes in their classes. All the sections of the information are specifically marked and separated to insure the fast access and easy operation.

The source created by our group is also supplied with visual aids, including pictures, schemes and videos. The information is presented in a clear way without the odd sophisticated vocabulary in order to make the use of the site as easy and pleasant as possible.

Pedagogical Purposes

YouTube Technology

The usefulness of the source created by our group for the pedagogical purposes is evident. First of all, the site helps some teachers to come to know about YouTube and its opportunities. There are teachers who keep to the point of view that the old methods are the best in teaching. They still use the technology when one teacher explains the material and a group of students listens and tries to memorize all the information.

But they can be surprised at the wide range of opportunities that modern technology, and YouTube in particular, can offer (Fahs, p. 32). We tried to create the source that will be equally easy to operate for both experienced people who are familiar with the online media and for those who only start learning it. This is precisely the topic of the section of our source called the Website Description.

Registration

To be a confident user of YouTube, there are several steps that every one has to go through. The first of them is registration process, and our internet source provides clear and precise information as for how to register in YouTube. The section called Registration Steps is dedicated to this problem. Here teachers can find all the necessary information about the site and about how to become its member, as well as which benefit can one get from being a registered member of the YouTube site. The whole way of registration is at first outlined, and then the complete explanation of every step is given. From this section teachers can come to know how they can use YouTube in their classes where, for example, there is no access to the Internet (Sahlin, p.118).

Upload/Download Videos

To make the use of the educational videos that YouTube offers, there is another section of the site called How to Upload/Download a video file. Here, all teachers that get interested in the usage of YouTube in their practice, can find out the technology that helps to download videos from the wide range of videos of YouTube. This section is rather informative for teachers, as far as it allows them to use the videos in their teaching.

Moreover, a teacher can choose a necessary video to conform to the topic of the class and download it easily by means of using a Real Player from the site to his or her personal computer. There is also a nice opportunity to share videos by means of uploading them to YouTube. Thus, teachers can share their own experience in teaching and creating new techniques and methods, as well as learn the experiences of others by means of watching the videos teachers or students from other educational establishments and cities upload (Fahs, p.14).

Sources

Finally, the Bibliography section of the source created by our group presents the information about the sources we used in the process of creation lf the site, as well as the sources that everyone can use in order to improve his or her knowledge in modern technology and their opportunities in order to improve the teaching skills and the results of the teaching process, because it is widely known that students learn the material that is presented with the help of visual aids better than the material they have to read on their own or the material they are taught in class.

The section called About Us presents little teaching value, but it provides every visitor of the site with the information about the people that created the site and with the opportunity to contact the site creators in order to make improvements and eliminate defects that visitors can notice (Sahlin, p. 132).

Personal Challenges in Doing the Work

Group Work

It goes without saying, that the work over such an important project was connected with a lot of challenges that we had to take. The work in a group itself presents a challenge for any kind of assignment, and the work over such an educational material is not an exception to this rule. As far as our group consisted of several members we had to always meet together to work on the assignment we had.

For m personally, it was quite difficult because other members of the group did not always have time to meet because of some other activities they were busy with. Besides, their mobile phones were sometimes switched off, and sometimes it was quite expensive for us to hold long talks on the telephone. Thus, we had to find another way to communicate and discuss the problems that were inevitable during such an assignment. The way out was found in using the e-mail contacting to communicate between the members of our group. This way proved to be very fast and convenient as far as people had to spend less time by the work than they would have t while communicating directly.

This can be explained by the fact that among the students of our group there were many foreign students who had o go to their native countries for holidays or to visit parents and relatives. Therefore, they did not have opportunities to be present at the group meetings directly, but their answers that they sent by the Internet were very helpful for the general work of the whole group.

Another point that was difficult to cope with during the work, was that the students were busy doing their dissertations and they had little time for the group work. It was not surprising as far as the summer is the time when all courses come to an end and students have to show all that they learnt during the semester.

To make the work easier for the whole group of students, we decided to divide the work in several parts so that every member of the group could have less work to do and more time to complete his or her part of the work with the best quality. For example, one of us was busy with the design of the site that we decided to create, while other members of the group had to look for the information that constitutes the topics of the sections of our source.

As long as I was busy with the search of information about the ways to register at YouTube and about the means to upload or download videos from that site, I needed a constant access to the Internet. I do not have any ADSL to insure the good speed of data traffic; broadband is also out of my access. So it was quite difficult and time consuming to use the dial-up Internet a far as its speed is very low and to find some information, and moreover to download some helpful videos it took a lot of time and patience.

To speed the work up, I had to use the services of different internet cafes in my city. This was another difficulty as far as I had to spend time while finding the café with the highest speed of the Internet, and also it took me a lot of money as the services are costly and I needed a lot of time to find all the necessary information and compile it into a good piece of work that would be of help to the whole group work.

Finally, the most unexpected challenge that I had to face during the preparation of the material for the group wok was that I could not return to Manchester in time as I could not get the tickets for any flight earlier than the 4^th of August. This was so because of the summer holidays during which all airlines are so busy and there is no chance to book the tickets in advance. To overcome this, I had to spend more time and money in the internet café in order to communicate with my group and to be informed about the progress of the work.

Conclusion

To make the logical conclusion of the essay, I would like to state that the source created by our group is a good piece of work, as it has been created with skills and can help teachers considerably to modernize their work with usage of such technology as YouTube. It is a good educational source and the aim of our group work was to prove this fact and to give teachers and other people who want to get acquainted with YouTube and its educational opportunities.

Our work presents a detailed guide to the use of the site including its registration rules, uploading and downloading techniques and specific recommendations for teachers who plan t use it in their practice. Of course, I faced a lot of challenges, as well as my group, while doing the work but I managed to take them and thus, our group managed to submit a high quality project.

Works Cited

Fahs, C. (2007). How to Do Everything with YouTube (How to Do Everything) McGraw-Hill Osborne Media; 1 edition.

Sahlin, D. (2007). YouTube for Dummies. Publisher: For Dummies.

Glossary

Web browser: An application that enables users to search for materials online and download them.

Blogging: Posting of information on the Internet, in particular on the blogosphere, which supports posts on a wide range of topics. Blogs could focus on politics, diet, education, fashion, and farming, among others.

Flash player: A type of media application that supports videos created in many formats. It should be downloaded from the Internet and installed on a computer.

Hard disk: A storage medium that is used for keeping data in computers. Its volume is measured in the form of gigabytes.

HTML5: A web language-based application that supports hypertext content. It is used to support video viewing and uploading.

RAM (Random access memory): A type of memory that supports running applications in computing devices. Its size correlates with the speed of a computer.

The Internet: A large interconnection of computer-based networks, which is designed to support communications across the world. The networks’ functioning is based on the principle of the Internet protocol suite that can link an unlimited number of computing devices.

Searching: An act of looking for resources online (Morris 546). In this context, it would involve typing the keywords of videos on YouTube to locate them by titles.

Uploading: An act of taking a video from a local storage medium, such as a hard disk, to the Internet. As a result, the video becomes available to watch on the Internet via a web browser.

Introduction

The adoption of technology has ensured that people can do things easier and more effectively. One of the greatest technologies that have gained pace in the last decade is the Internet. As far as YouTube is concerned, it is a website that was started by three people, who were former employees of PayPal (Burgess and Green 14). The firm has its headquarters in California, but it has a global presence due to online applications. It was created to enable consumers to search, upload, watch, and share short and long videos online.

The following technologies are important in using YouTube: flash player and HTML5 (Burgess and Green 76; Lange 362). The technologies are designed to support a wide range of video content, including clips (video and TV), video blogging and educational videos. It is important to note that anybody can upload a video to YouTube.

Over 90% of the video uploads are done by individuals. The remaining percentage is accomplished by organizations such as the BBC, Hulu, and other firms that collaborate with YouTube to offer their resources via the online application. Registration is adopted to ensure that potentially offensive video materials are not uploaded and viewed (Burgess and Green 65; Lange 367).

This instruction targets individuals who need to find and wish to upload video content on YouTube. Primarily, it is most suitable for short videos. Provided that the steps mentioned in the instructions are followed, anyone irrespective of their level of computer literacy will be able to locate and to broadcast a video on YouTube.

Materials for getting started

Before an individual can start to search or upload a video, it would be important to have the following materials (Burgess and Green 40):

1. A computer/computer device. A computer supports searching and uploading videos on YouTube. It can be, for example, a desktop computer or a laptop. However, it is important to take into account the specifications of computing devices, such as the size of hard disks, RAM, and speed. The features are significant because they determine the ease at which users can search and upload video content (Burgess and Green 25).
2. Video content. Short video material should be stored in a computing device or an external storage medium such as a flash disk. It should be saved in the right format so that it can occupy the least space. Smaller videos are also easier to upload because they require relatively limited Internet resources.
3. Internet connection. To access YouTube, an individual needs a stable Internet connection. The Internet can be obtained from various sources, including the use of modems and subscriptions to Internet service providers. The number of units that a person can upload and download per unit time determines the strength of connections. The number of units positively correlates with the speed. The Internet can also be accessed from LANs and WANs, or in places such as cyber cafes and other places that are characterized by WIFI (Burgess and Green 98).

Searching a video on YouTube

1. Turn on your computer. This is done by pressing the power button, which could be located differently depending on the computer model.
2. Connect external devices such as a modem and hard disk to the computing device.
3. Connect your device to the Internet by opening the right application, for example, a modem wizard, which provides the steps for launching the Internet.
4. Open a web browser, such as Mozilla. The Internet explorer could be a default browsing application in many devices, which might be changed based on the preferences of a user.

5. Type the word “YouTube” without the quotation marks in the space between the “Google” and “Search.” Once you are done with the typing, click the “Search” on the window. You will get several suggestions regarding the search word. However, you would be interested in accessing YouTube and not other linking sites (Burgess and Green 45). You would obtain a window like the one shown below.

6. Select the first option, which is www.youtube.com. The following window would be opened.

7. Search for a video on YouTube by typing the keyword(s) of the video. For example, in this context, “Shakira” would be searched on the website. Search words and terms have to be very clear (Morris 576). It is important to note that several options would be shown on the screen as demonstrated on the following window.

An individual would select a video that he or she would be interested in watching. However, it is important to take notice of the length of various videos so that one could be aware of the time required for watching. To access more videos, a person would scroll down the window.

Selecting a video. Once a person has decided which video to watch, he or she could click on the play button.

8. Watching a video. The selected video would be played on the computer until it ends. However, it is essential to note that the videos require relatively stable Internet connections, which would support continuous streaming.

Uploading a video

9. Creating a YouTube account. As earlier noted, users are required to register to be allowed to upload short videos. While still on the home page of YouTube, a user should click “Create Account” button that is located in the top right corner (Dachis par. 2).
10. Fill in all the information required for registration. It is advisable to use a Gmail email address because it would enable you to log into YouTube in the future without much trouble. Once you are through with the registration form, select the “I Accept” button (Dachis par. 3). You may also try to sign in to the existing account, provided that you know a login and a password.
11. After successfully logging in, you should see your name displayed in the upper-right corner. At this stage, it would be assumed that you have your video ready for uploading. Thus, it should be stored in a medium that would be easily accessed (Dachis par. 3).
12. Click on the “Upload” button that is adjacent to your username. That is the link to the page for uploading a short video (Dachis par. 3).
13. Two options will be availed on the new window. The first option is “Upload video” and appears yellow, while the second one is “Record from Webcam.” You are advised to click on the yellow option because your video would be ready and would not require the use of a webcam (Dachis par. 4).
14. Once you click the yellow option, a new window will appear, which will request you to select a file from the hard drive. Identify the video of interest and click the “Choose” button if you are sure that you have selected the right content. It is necessary to keep in mind that your video should be stored in the following formats: AVI, FLV,.ogv, WMV, MPEG-4, MOV, and 3GP, among others (Burgess and Green 98).
15. The selected video will start uploading. You would see the progress in the form of a percentage. However, the speed of the uploading process will be determined by the size of the video and the speed of the Internet (Dachis par. 7). In this context, a relatively fast Internet connection would be required. However, there is a limit of 15 minutes, after which upload is terminated even before it is completed. Interestingly, with an updated browser, it is possible to upload as much as 20GB of video content in the 15-minute duration.
16. Fill in the relevant information about the video, for example, the name and description (Dachis par. 8).
17. Once uploading progress reaches 100%, it implies that it has been completed; and the video is ready for viewing on the Internet. You may click a link at the top of the window to see the uploaded video (Dachis par. 9).
18. Alternatively, click your username after which you will be able to see the video in the list of your uploads.
19. At this stage, you may watch the video and share it with family and friends (Dachis par. 10).

Conclusion

YouTube allows users to search and upload video content for watching and sharing with friends and family members. Videos should be created in certain formats that are supported by online applications. This instruction provides clear steps about searching and uploading visual media content. They should be keenly followed to achieve the best results.

Works Cited

Burgess, Jean, and Joshua Green. YouTube: Online video and participatory culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Print.

Dachis, Adam. How to upload videos to YouTube (for beginners). 2011.

Lange, Patricia. “Publicly private and privately public: Social networking on YouTube.” Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication 13.1 (2007): 361-380. Print.

Morris, Tonny. Understanding definitions, descriptions, and instructions. London, United Kingdom: Bedford/St. Martin, 2010. Print.

Introduction

Building a dialogue with the target audience is one of the key aspects of international relations. The specified process allows creating and cementing a solid rapport that would provide the premise for attracting broader audiences and keeping them loyal. For MNCs, the specified task is especially important and challenging since the broad range of cultures to which MNCs must appeal require prowess and efficacy in building a strong bond (Tarzi 238). With the emergence of digital innovations, MNCs must focus on exploring visual platforms that provide an immediate connection with a variety of audiences, therefore, encouraging the development of public relations. By integrating YouTube into the framework for public relations, MNCs will receive a chance to gain much greater traction in the global market, expanding the range of their audiences and appealing to them more effectively.

Problem Statement

Establishing functioning and long-lasting public relations remains a rater challenging issue for a range of businesses, particularly, MNCs. Apart from the necessity to keep in touch with the target population and respond to its needs, MNCs must maintain their reputation impeccable and unblemished, which is especially difficult when being in the midst of social media discussions. Taking active participation in the social media discourse will arguably help MNCs control the narrative surrounding their activities more thoroughly, while also building a massive communication channel for conversing with their target audiences. Creating a YouTube channel, where an MNC will feature its key achievements, address topical issues, and communicate with its target audience, providing feedback and offering support, will allow MNCs to flourish in the global economy. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the effects that a YouTube channel will have on the public image and PR strategies’ efficacy for MNCs is needed.

Literature Review

The existing studies indicate that the integration of YouTube-based PR strategies into the framework of MNCs will allow accomplishing two main goals. First, the proposed techniques will improve MNCs’ public image, helping organizations represent themselves in the best way possible and address possible threats in a timely fashion. Second, the inclusion of YouTube-based approaches to PR will help MNCs control the target economic setting better and locate the emergent trends much faster than a traditional approach to economic trend analysis would provide. Specifically, the study by Nye emphasizes the significance of a cross-cultural basis for approaching the assessment of a specific economic environment to a notable degree (171). The research by Tarzi confirms the specified assumption by pointing to the fact that the performance of MNCs is highly dependent on foreign investments, which can only be earned once MNCs appeal to the cultural specifics of the target countries (239). Therefore, there are strong reasons to integrate PR approaches rooted in the concept of social media analysis and select the visual medium as the most effective tool for appealing to the cultural sentiment.

The gravity of failing to meet the changing standards and trends of global trade has been studied and proven to be quite impressive by multiple authors. For example, the research by Ballor et al. outlines that understanding the nuances of sociopolitical dimensions has a strong impact on structuring an effective supply chain (582). Likewise, Kim and Milner determine social trends as critical in MNCs’ performance due to the overwhelming power of lobbying (3). Finally, by analyzing the China-U.S. trade relationships, Adams explains the necessity to keep track of the critical changes occurring in the socioeconomic context (54). Therefore, detecting emergent sociocultural and sociopolitical trends is vital to MNCs’ performance.

Research Question

The study in question will seek to answer several questions. First and most obvious, the approach to building a YouTube channel and, particularly, developing the content that will attract the attention of numerous and diverse viewers will have to be designed. It is believed that striking a balance between a popular science approach and the focus on an interactive dialogue with the viewer will be essential in creating the channel and attracting the target audience. Additionally, the research will seek to answer the question of how MNCs can utilize a YouTube channel to collect vital information concerning the changes in the global economic setting. Presumably, the specified goal can be achieved by performing a complex analysis of the responses provided by viewers, as well as the assessment of the concept supplied by similar channels located with the help o Google Analytics and the related tools.

Research Design

Since the study in question can be described as exploratory in its nature, the adoption of the qualitative research design is recommended. Specifically, the application of interpretivism and the inductive approach is recommended in order to dissect the issue of social media and its role in building a PR strategy for MNCs in the global context. The grounded theory approach will be utilized to create a platform for designing a viable framework for a sustainable YouTube-based PR strategy for MNCs in the global market. For this purpose, the cross-sectional approach involving the collection of data based on the outcomes of a case study will be required. Specifically, several cases of companies, namely, MNCs, incorporating YouTube-based strategies into their frameworks for building co0mmunication with customers will be considered. Thus, the advantages of using the specified framework will be identified.

Limitations

One must note that the assessment of the op0pportunities that YouTube provides to MNCs will be linked to several challenges and limitations. First, the selected research method will not allow for a large sample, which is why some issues and opportunities may be underrepresented and, thus, not discussed sufficiently. In addition, the study in question will likely produce the results that will be substantially difficult to generalize due to the nature of qualitative case studies and the information that they supply (Tarzi 239). Therefore, extrapolating the obtained information to make them function in different settings may represent a challenge. Nevertheless, the study under analysis sib bound to produce a notably positive and crucial outcome on the management of PR issues in MNCs, particularly, in the area o utilizing digital tools to control the emergent issues.

Significance

The described study is expected to have moderate significance on the performance of MNCs in the global context, as well as in specific markets. Namely, the study will point to the main opportunities that the use of YouTube provides for allowing target populations to relate to the company and its product. Therefore, the study results are believed to have a moderate importance in the selected area of research.

Conclusion

Understanding the impact of digital tools and especially the use of social media, such as YouTube, on the development and maintenance of PR for MNC is critical for boosting the performance rates within the specified organizations. Therefore, a study aimed at examining the impact that the integration of the identified medium has on MNCs and their ability to maintain an economic track of their performance and the essential changes occurring in the target setting is an important step of the analysis. By conducting this research, one will develop the strategies in which MNCs can use YouTube to analyze the target economic setting, determine key trends, and appeal to customers effectively.

Works Cited

Adams, John. The Role of Multinational Corporations in Sino-U.S. Relations AND International Affairs – Georgetown University. Web.

Ballor, Grace A., and Aydin B. Yildirim. “Multinational Corporations and the Politics of International Trade in Multidisciplinary Perspective.” Business and Politics, vol. 22, no. 4, 2020, pp. 573–586.

Kim, In Song, and Helen V. Milner. Multinational Corporations and their Influence Through Lobbying on Foreign Policy. Web.

Nye, Joseph S. “Multinational Corporations in World Politics.”Foreign Affairs, vol. 53, no. 1, Council on Foreign Relations, 1974, pp. 153–75, Web.

Tarzi, Shah M. “Third World Governments and Multinational Corporations: Dynamics of Host’s Bargaining Power.” International Relations, vol. 10, no. 3, May 1991, pp. 237–249.

YouTube is an online video hosting and sharing platform available to people all around the world. The platform was established in 2005 as a way for people to upload and share videos with others. Over the years, it has amassed a massive userbase and is well-regarded as the biggest website in its sphere. Many people are working on YouTube at the moment, both as members of the company itself and as creators stationed on the website. People are able to publish music, video, art projects, commentaries, reviews, playthroughs of video games, and many other types of content, all of which are widely available for public acclaim and relative financial success. Monetization was a practice that was gradually adopted into the system, along with the various partnerships and deals that allow people to earn money from posting videos on YouTube. With the number of content creators, companies, and independent artists on the platform, as well as the inclusion of the ability to monetize problems of Fair use and Copyright have begun to emerge on the platform as well. Since the video-sharing platform is free, some people seek to profit off of others’ hard work, stealing and reuploading existing content, or masquerading it as their own, to gain notoriety. In other cases, malicious entities also abused the Copyright system employed by YouTube to take down videos they do not like unfairly, which is also a large problem. Both of these issues stem from deliberate misuse or misunderstanding of the concept of Fair use and Copyright. This review will focus on separately discussing the issues of Copyright and fair use as they are existent on YouTube, as well as discussing the legal cases that stemmed from their abuse.

Copyright is the law and the type of intellectual property which is used to credit authors of works of a non-physical nature. Copyright can be used to protect the original expression of the idea against theft, change, or other forms of infringement that can harm the creator. Copyright has gained traction in the digital age where online sharing of works has become more widespread and the need to properly credit and secure the rights of the author has become more apparent. On YouTube as a platform, creators are able to spread their work, retaining their rights as the makers of content. However, in reality, the law is rather difficult to enforce, partly because of the size of the platform and partly due to the ability of everyone to post videos. Content is constantly being stolen, reuploaded, and repurposed by people without permission. This is even more apparent in cases of intellectual properties of big corporations and companies or creators outside of the platform. Their works are being publicized and reproduced on YouTube, often without any kind of explicit permission, or even illegally. Online piracy has a tight connection with YouTube as a place where content can be freely distributed among the masses. The reporting system exists to amend this problem, but it is not without its flaws. Due to the sheer size of the platform, Copyright infringement requests are not reviewed by real people and are instead handled by algorithms that are unable to fully understand their use of copyrighted material, or the validity of the claims made (How YouTube Prevents Content Piracy – How YouTube Works). This makes the process of appealing for the Copyright infringement unregulated and unreliable. Manual reviews of claims by YouTube staff often take months and smaller creators are. Even unable to get in contact with people, therefore making their issues unresolved.

Fair Use is another important concept to understand in relation to YouTube and Copyright. The term is used to describe the legal usage of content that abides with the current copyright legislation. As it stands, content creators and the users of the website are able to use portions of other people’s content if they are used in a manner that does not devalue or detract from the meaning of the original. Content-based on reflection and response, such as reviews or commentaries, therefore, can use portions of original copyrighted material without infringement if the material of the review adds more value or transforms the original property in a sufficient manner (Fair use on YouTube – YouTube Help). Fair Use is established to allow people further creativity and transformation of work on the website as well as other parts of the Internet. The problem then arises from people who either misunderstand the use of Fair use or intentionally misinterpret the law to suit their own agenda. In many cases creators and companies disregard the basics of Fair use and demand their content be removed from videos that have used it legally, therefore impeding the work of creators and stifling the development of the platform. The automatization of Copyright infringement reviews that were previously mentioned further exacerbates the problem. As people are often unable to appeal the claims made against them and have no central authority to turn there. Complaints to. Any response to a Copyright infringement claim Goes directly to the person that filed the claim, therefore making the system of repealing Copyright strikes one-sided and unfair to innocent content creators.

Cases

Viacom Int’l, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.

A multinational mass media company, Viacom, sued YouTube for multiple cases of Copyright infringement on its platform. The company has alleged that the site has Violates Copyright by allowing users to repost and publish videos that explicitly have content owned by Viacom (Viacom Int’l, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. – 676 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2012)). However, a dismissal was filed by Google, YouTube’s parent company, and the case was later fully dismissed. Despite the fact that YouTube managed to escape paying the fine, the existence of this case displays the scale of the problem existing on the platform and the issues that many companies have with Copyright infringement.

Youtube, LLC v. Brady

A Nebraska man, Christopher Brady. Was sued by YouTube and forced to pay a fine of $25,000 For misusing the Copyright takedown system employed by the website (Lee, 2019). Using the ultimate complaint form issued by YouTube, the man has falsely claimed that a number of videos infringe on his rights as a copyright holder and has taken them down. The man then tried to extort money from creators for releasing their videos engaging in illegal activity (Lee, 2019). The actions of Brady have been possible due to the imperfections in the YouTube system. As well as his own personal responsibility. The lawsuit presents a good argument against YouTube’s automatic Copyright system, as it is unable to distinguish between legitimate and falsified appeals.

Schneider v. Youtube, LLC

The case issued by Maria Schneider against YouTube brought up the issue of small creators having no ability to enforce their copyright (Errick, 2020). Bigger corporations, Creators, and entities are able to More fully regulate the scale of Copyright infringement on the platform as the YouTube staff often comes into contact with them and helps to resolve occurring issues. This, however, is not the case with smaller creators who are often left lead left in the dark about the operation of the website and are unable to effectively communicate with the Administration staff. The discrepancy leads to large amounts of works from content creators and artists being re-uploaded without any repercussions for offenders.

Personal Perspective

YouTube is a great platform for content creators and people all around the globe, allowing them to freely post the videos and garner an audience. However, the systems in place for protecting the rights of creators and bigger entities are flawed. An inability for requests to be manually reviewed leads to many cases of abuse and mishandling. Smaller creators suffer the most, as they have no power, influence, or voice to make their complaints heard, and their problems often get lost in a sea of information. The current Copyright infringement end fair use regulations employed in the site have to be subject to severe changes before they can be truly effective.

References

Google. Fair use on YouTube – YouTube Help. Google. Web.

YouTube. How YouTube Prevents Content Piracy – How YouTube Works. YouTube.

Viacom Int’l, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. – 676 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2012). Community. Web.

Lee , T. (2019). Man sued for using bogus YouTube takedowns to get address for swatting. Ars Technica. Web.

Errick, K. (2020). YouTube Sued by Content Creators For Copyright Infringement, Unfair Treatment – Tech. LawStreetMedia. Web.