Category: Water

Introduction

While the worlds population tripled in the 20th century, the use of renewable water resources has grown six-fold[1]. It is estimated that the population will grow by another 45% in the next half a century. This combined with urbanization and industrialization makes it more important to protect water sources to ensure demand does not exceed supply. Increased demand for water today has resulted in adverse damages to the environment and has put the lives of future generations at risk.

Background of the study

Rio de Janeiro, simply known as Rio, is the second-largest city in Brazil [2]. Its economy also ranks second after Sao Paulo. The state has a population of more than 15 million people. It is also the second-largest economy in Brazil. It is highly industrialized and experiences high traffic of visitors. The result is a high demand for water and other natural resources. Recent estimates reveal that future generations may not have enough drinking water. It is estimated that the current water supply can only last up to 2025. Considering this, the need for urgent measures is inevitable.

Problem statement

In the current rate of use, as well as the consensus reached by the governing officials in Rio de Janeiro, there will be enough potable water until 2025. The estimates were made last year and sparked debate over the future of the region. With such estimates, there must be an effort to increase the resource of water past the estimated time for future generations. According to Paulo Canedo, a water expert at the Federal University of Rio de Janiero, the general problem across Brazil is scant attention paid to urban sanitation and water treatment¹. The country has gone for decades without seeing any major investments in their water systems. The World Health Organization estimates that 30 million people in Brazil come in contact contaminated water each year. The number of deaths arising from water related diseases is also on the rise. Like many other regions across the world, Rio de Janiero is threatened with a continued degradation of suitable water use.

The project will be aimed at addressing mitigation, cleaning, and protecting the current and future water supply for Rio de Janiero. This proposals hypothesis is; unless something is done in Rio de Janiero, there will only be enough potable water until 2025.

Objectives

The objectives of this research project will be to:

• Study the role of pollution in the problem
• Establish the relationship between population and water security
• Research on the role of different stakeholders in dealing with the problem
• Identify possible solutions to the problem

Significance of study

The significance of this study will be to:

• Improve awareness of the public on threats that face future generations if the problem is not addressed.
• Come up with solid and long-term solutions to the problem of a possible water shortage in future
• Improve public understanding of the role of different stakeholders in achieving the set objectives in the water ministry

Literature review

In his article, Hinrichsen addresses the role of pollution in water security problems. According to the author, the issues can be interpreted in many ways and can be beneficial or destructive depending on the way it is handled. He argues that the impact of the population is many at times felt in the consumption of natural resources such as water. An increased population means more demand for water, meaning more exploration of current water sources and other natural resources, which affect water availability. A higher population also means an increased demand for food which means more demand for cultivation land. This could lead to the destruction of forests and other natural habitats to create more room for agriculture.

Payne addresses the issue of pollution. The author argues that if the current trend continues, the world may run out of clean drinking water in the next few decades. From his argument and research, it is evident that water pollution is a major concern even though there is legislation put in place in many countries. Most countries laws require that industrial wastewater be treated to given standards before being drained into the government water treatment system. Unfortunately, many businesses do not pay attention and release dirty water to the sea, rivers, and other water bodies expected to provide clean drinking water for human beings and animals.

Rondinelli Michael helps the reader understand the importance of conservation, not just for water but for other environmental concerns. The author explains how individual measures can be used to minimize damage caused to the environment. For example, educating people about carbon emissions enables them understand how simple environmental measures can benefit them and even earn them money.

The authors argue that by measuring and being aware of our carbon emissions, we are not only able to minimize it but also able to educate the people around us about the same. Being cautious of carbon emissions includes being able to ask ourselves questions any time there is an environmental concern over any decision. Simple examples include evaluating whether it is really important to have a fridge on the whole night and how we affect the environment by leaving a computer on when we are not using it. The authors point out that it is such simple measures which will protect our environment and our water bodies.

Glenn explains water treatment processes and the role it plays in preserving water. According to him, recycling is the best solution to water shortage. The author explains primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment processes. He also takes the reader through different physical, chemical and biological treatment methods and how they can be used to preserve water. Sewage treatment still remains a significant challenge for many countries and yet if resolved effectively, it can help a country recycle 100% of their dirty water and utilize it for different reasons.

The Central Intelligence Agency provides statistics on Brazil and its different states such as Rio. The statistics provide population distributions, economic developments and industrialization in the states. Punch on the other hand takes the reader through research techniques, including how to collect and sample data. The author explains different sampling techniques and how to analyze data.

Issues in water conservation

Level of pollution

Rio de Janiero is currently ranked amongst the worst in environmental issues in Brazil. In 1999, it was ranked among the worst in terms of gas emissions and in 2002, it was among the worst states in Brazil in terms of environmental releases². Its water, land and air experience high levels of pollution from the over twenty chemical producing companies in the area. Top three polluters include DSM Chemicals N.A inc., PCS nitrogen fertilizers L.P. and International paper. Other heavy polluters in the region include Solvay advanced polymers and several other bricks companies.

However, the state experiences high levels of air pollution than any other form of pollution. Gases with biggest percentages released to the environment include nitrate compounds, ammonia and methanol from the companies mentioned above. The air will sometimes appear as smoggy or filled with soot which in real sense is as a result of high levels of air pollutants. Water pollution is a major concern even though the clean water Act in the country requires that industrial waste water be treated to given standards before being drained to the government water treatment system³.

As a result of such high levels of air pollution, residents are exposed to high risks of contracting diseases such as cancer, kidney problems and respiratory complications such as asthma and bronchitis. Water pollution on the other hand exposes people to diseases and leads to large volumes of wastage. People living in such areas are also at a high risk of contracting skin complications and other organs toxicity as a result of water pollution. The state definitely needs to reconsider their environmental policies and implementation criteria to ensure the residents are not exposed to such high risks of health complication, and future generations are protected from water shortages.

Role of NGOS

In many regions today, conservation efforts are driven by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Many are funding and supporting all aspects of conservation from basic tasks such as research to protection initiatives. Conservation schemes at the community level are now common, forming alliances with governments to encourage conservation from the grassroots level. These non-governmental organizations support and coordinate grassroots movements and sponsor environmental education initiatives to ensure that everyone takes responsibility for the environment around them, starting with the most basic step such as planting a tree or using water and energy wisely in homes.

Recent trends of governments decentralization have resulted in control of forest resources and environmental concerns being left to local governments and agencies ⁴. The outcome of such initiatives has been local people being involved in decision making processes and the whole community benefiting. The efforts also allow the NGOs to reach a bigger number of people at the same time. In recent times, more and more local groups are assuming the role of promoting sustainable development while those living in and around forests are now responsible for them and benefit directly from their own efforts ⁵. Grassroots movements have proven to be the efficient way to reach masses and create awareness on conservation efforts.

Pressure on forests, extreme climatic conditions and the need to preserve the environment, have been the drive behind the formation of majority of the NGOs. Their formation helps create a disturbance to loggers and developers who are only interested in exploiting water bodies, forests and forest land ⁶. A good example is the Amazon forest, which has been reduced by 20% in the last ten years. They create disturbances by protesting, reforming conservation laws at the local level and educating each other on the benefits of conserving the environment. They are also directly involved in researching and trying out new ideas that would make environmental conservation better and easier.

Managing population

It is estimated that the world has a population of over 6.8 billion people while Rio de Janiero has a population of more than 15 million people⁷. The same statistics indicate that in Rio, there is a new birth every 2 minutes, a death every 5 minutes, an international immigrant moving in every 40 minutes and in total, there is a net gain of one person every 10 minutes⁸.

Population growth is one of the major challenges facing Rio de Janiero today and the way it is dealt with now will determine how it affects the future of its water sources. The issues can be interpreted in many ways and can be beneficial or destructive depending with the way it is handled. The impact of population is many at times felt in consumption of natural resources such as water. An increased population means more demand for water which means more exploration of current water sources and other natural resources, which affect water availability.

A big population also means increased demand for food which means more demand for cultivation land. This could lead to destruction of forests and other natural habitats to create more room for agriculture. The rate at which the Amazon rainforest is diminishing is estimated to have grown by 69% in the last two years. Since a large population means a larger settlement space, the demand for land could be too high to allow a balance between settlement, cultivation and preservation of water sources. An increased population could also mean more production and industrial activities, factors that result in a higher demand for water⁹.

Methodology

The research methodology applied in this research project will be designed to achieve the set objectives of the paper. It will include study of books, academic journals, online articles, past projects by different authors, government statistics and interviews with experts in the water and environment departments. It will also include a study of various works on water crisis management in different regions of the world. A study on demographics and the economy of Rio de Janiero will be done to understand the background of the problem. It is evident that there are enough works and research projects done on how to manage and protect water bodies, perhaps from a realization that water shortage can be a big threat for the development and progress of a country. To prevent such crises and minimize possible damage, many countries have realized that the most important factor is preparedness. As a result, a lot of attention is being focused on how to stop such a situation from happening.

It is also clear that many countries are spending a lot of money to ensure safety of their water bodies and other natural water supplies. Information from various reports by governmental and non-governmental organizations will be useful in understanding how much Rio is putting towards the same. These reports will prove very effective and relevant in trying to understand this papers concept. Recent and past books and research papers by different authors have been helpful in understanding the extent of the problem, and will be used to understand possible solutions.

Questionnaires will be the main source of primary data. The target population will include chief directors in Brazilian water authorities, government and officials in the water department, directors and staff in water related government and non-governmental water organizations, as well as regular citizens. The survey type adopted will ensure sampling is done from the target population.

In total, 300 questionnaires will be distributed among the target population. All participants will be 18 years and above. 20 questionnaires will be given to chief directors in different government water institutions. 30 will be given to directors in the same bodies and organizations. 20 coordinating directors and 20 finance officers in these organizations will also be among the sample population. 100 questionnaires will be distributed among environmental organizations, both government and non-governmental. The rest of the questionnaires will be spread among the normal population. This is aimed at ensuring that everyones view is heard. The questions will be easy and straight forward, making it easy for all the participants to answer them regardless of their level of education.

Another method of data collection to be used in this research will be interviews. There will be interviews with the minister of water in Brazil, chief director in Rio de Janieros water board, coordinating director and finance director in the same board, as well as project engineers and staffs in the body. There will also be interviews with officials in the environment department and other government organizations responsible for conservation of natural resources. Non-governmental organizations dealing with preservation measures will be involved in the discussions to help understand what the locals have to say about the issue. The purpose of these interviews will be to understand the role of different governmental institutions in managing water crises, and the water departments capacity to handle them when they happen. It will be meant to understand the countrys preparedness in case of a crisis, especially in terms of saving lives through available water reserve facilities. Views from fellow students will be collected to get their thoughts on the subject and how it affects them.

Data collection and analysis

In any study focusing on attitudes and perception, the importance of primary data cannot be over-emphasized ¹⁰. In this project, it is expected that at least 80% of the questionnaires distributed will be returned and filled correctly. Interviews will be scheduled early to guarantee enough time for preparation by participants. Secondary data will be very important and will be collected to augment the research. Before any data is collected, permission will be sought from different authorities such as the water board. An initial visit to these institutions will be important for introductory purpose, familiarization as well as seeking consent for the research project.

Data collection will be done by administering questionnaires as discussed above. The questionnaires will have approximately 15 questions divided into two sections. The first section will seek to establish the level of awareness on the problem. The second section will be aimed at collecting ideas on possible measures to curb the problem. Answers to close-ended questions will be analyzed in percentages while the others will be individually analyzed and discussed.

Sample investigative questions

Conclusion

While the worlds population keeps going up nothing much is done to protect the natural resources. The importance of clean water cannot be over-emphasized enough. While developed countries battle with pollution, developing countries battle pollution and a high demand for natural resources such as water¹¹. As a result, many countries are battling possible crises in future if radical measures are not implemented. One such region is Rio de Janiero, where estimates show that water available can only sustain the country up to 2025.

It is estimated that the world population will grow by another 45% in the next half a century. This combined with urbanization and industrialization, makes it more important to protect water sources to ensure demand does not exceed supply. Increased demand for water today has resulted in adverse damages on the environment, and has put the lives of future generations at risk¹².

Rio de Janiero is the second largest state in Brazil. The state has a population of more 15 million people and is highly industrialized. The result is a high demand of water and other natural resources. Recent estimates reveal that future generations may not have enough drinking water. It is estimated that the current water supply can only last up to 2025. Considering this, the need for urgent measures is inevitable.

Rapid population growth is one of the major challenges facing the city today and the way it is dealt with now will determine how it affects the future of its water sources. The issues can be interpreted in many ways and can be beneficial or destructive depending with the way it is handled. The impact of population is many at times felt in consumption of natural resources such as water. An increased population means more demand for water which means more exploration of current water sources and other natural resources, which affect water availability.

Issues of concern towards resolving this problem include pollution, population and conservation. This research project intends to gather both primary and secondary data and compile an analyzing of facts and information collected. The target population is diverse enough to ensure everyones opinions and suggestions are put into consideration

The research methodology applied in this research project will be designed to achieve the set objectives of the paper. It will include study of books, academic journals, past projects by different authors, government statistics to understand the scope of the problem. It will also include administering questionnaires and conducting interviews. Data collection will be done by administering questionnaires as discussed above. Answers to close-ended questions will be analyzed in percentages while the others will be individually analyzed and discussed. Limitations expected in the research include area of coverage and unwillingness by some government officials to corporate.

Bibliography

Barischon, Michael. Protecting the Environment. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2006.

Central Intelligence Agency. The world fact book, 2011. Web.

Cowen, Linda. The impact of corporate characteristics on social responsibility disclosure: A typology and frequency-based analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society 12 (1999): 111-112.

Hinrichsen, Dunson. Population and the environment: The global challenge, 2011. Web.

Louis, Regis. Rio De Janiero city. Footscary: Lonely Planet, 2010.

Marthy, Bruno. Environmental Standards and Global Environmental Accountability: A Developing Country Perspective. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2007.

Punch, Keith. Developing effective research proposals. London: SAGE, 2006.

Rondinelli, Michael. Environmental citizenship in local corporations: Social responsibility and sustainable development. European Management Journal, 18 (2000), 70-84.

Schmoll, Olver. Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking- water sources. London: IWA Pub, 2006.

Sturges, Payne. National environmental measures for minority and low- income populations. Environmental Research, 102 (2006), 22-54.

Tillman, Glenn, Basic water treatment: Trouble shooting and problem solving. Chelsea: Ann Arbor Press, 2005.

Unesco. Water for people, water for life: A joint report by the twenty-three UN Agencies concerned with freshwater. Paris [u.a]: Unesco, 2011.

World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water: Control in small-community supplies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.

Footnotes

1. World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water: Control in small-communitysupplies (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011), 112.
2. Unesco, Water for people, water for life: A joint report by the twenty-three UNAgencies concerned with freshwater (Paris [u.a]: Unesco, 2011), 344.
3. Glenn Tillman, Basic water treatment: Trouble shooting and problem solving (Chelsea: Ann Arbor Press, 2005), 111.
4. Payne Sturges, National environmental measures for minority and low-income populations. Environmental Research, 102 (2006) 22-54.
5. Bruno Marthy, Environmental Standards and Global Environmental Accountability: A Developing Country Perspective (New York: Routledge Publishers, 2007), 34.
6. Linda Cowen, The impact of corporate characteristics on social responsibilitydisclosure: A typology and frequency-based analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 12 (1999): 111-112.
7. World Health Organization,Guidelines for drinking water: Control in small-communitysupplies (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011), 112.
8. Dunson Hinrichsen, Population and the environment: The global challenge, 2010. Web.
9. Olver Schmoll, Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking- water sources (London: IWA Pub, 2006), 116.
10. Keith Punch, Developing effective research proposals (London: SAGE, 2006), 226.
11. Rondinelli, Michael, Environmental citizenship in local corporations: Social responsibility and sustainable development. European Management Journal 18 (2000): 70-84.
12. Michael Barischon, Protecting the Environment (New York: Routledge Publishers, 2006), 13.

Introduction

Olympia city has a comprehensive water conservation program which involves many projects. The city puts much effort in the conservation of water. To achieve this end, various organizations and agencies have invoked various procedures so as to meet the target. From educational programs to technological inventions the planners seize every opportunity to achieve the consumption of water. The programs have therefore been of great success.

Population, Temperature and Annual Precipitation Depth

Population

Being the largest city in the county of Thurston Olympia has a population of 4, 2514 according to the 2006 estimates. The citys population is much higher compared to the adjacent regions which have registered low population counts. Other demographic indications of the city include the marital status of the population. For instance those who have never been married account for 30.9% of the population, those married account for 47.3%, 1.6% have separated, 6.2 are widows and widowers and 14.1% are currently divorced (Municipal Council of Olympia, 2009)

Temperature

Olympia has a rich history in almost all aspects. The temperature of the city is approximately 48°F / 8°C. It experiences cloudy climatically patterns and sometimes the temperature rises to 52°F / 11°C, which has been documented as the highest.

Annual Precipitation Depth

Having been ranked as 13^th in the US, the city has an area of 18.52 square miles and an elevation of 221 feet above sea level. The city has an average annual precipitation of 59.59 inches.

Conservation in Olympia

The city which seems not to have a conservation plan indeed has a comprehensive plan of the reduction of the use of water. The main driving forces of the citys conservation efforts are its trend of growth coupled with its prospects as well as the persistent drought in part of the city (Sipes 2010). Increase in population and the lack of rain during peak season also drive the program to develop a water conservation program. This program includes the following:

• Rain barrel sale at subsidized price
• Low water use washing machine rebates
• Free irrigation check ups

The program has so far been a great success, according to local reports the use of water has declined even as the population rises. More and more people are letting their lawns to be brown during summer so as to save the amount of water utilized on the irrigation of the same. Apart fro m the fining system to discourage careless use of water the city has innovative strategies of ensuring compliance. For instance it uses night-time drive and water billing records to identify high water users and assist them to lower consumption of water. By following advice from conservation specialists most customers reduce their consumption levels by 20%. The program also applies to the commercial and government sector (Municipal Code Corporation, 2009).

What Olympia Has Done

Mandatory Practices

System Water Audit and Water Loss: The city gas enhanced the practice of implementing conservation measures by instituting the water audit system. Through this program the conservation officials conduct periodical analysis of the use of water (Lindenmayer, 2010). The misuse of water is recorded and remedial action taken. Mostly this program is executed with the aim of curbing the rampant misuse of water (Sipes 2010). The audit is conducted to enhance discipline in water use.

Water Conservation Pricing: Water pricing has two dimensions in its applicability as a water conservation gimmick. Firs and foremost the amount raised through the practice is used to fund the various processes and technologies used in water conservation (Government of Olympia, 2010). Secondly rain water is sold at a subsidized rate to encourage the use of rainwater. This in turn leads to the increase in the alternative sources of water for the city (Lawrence 2009). It is against this background that the harvesting of rain water is encouraged.

Prohibition on Wasting Water: The prohibition of wasting water was incepted to institutionalize the wise use of water program. Under this regulation is a punishable offense to indulge in activities that bring about a misuse of water resources.

Showerhead, Aerator and Toilet Flapper Retrofit: The installation of water conserving technology gadgets has been a major plank in the citys water conservation program (Baker, 2009). Under this process, gadgets like showerheads, toilet flapper and aerators are conformed to meet the water conserving requirements.

Residential Toilet Replacement Programs: The replacement of toilets in the residential settlements has picked up with increasing intensity. The idea is meant to install new toilet systems that are in line with the citys water conservation endeavors.

Water Survey for Single-Family and Multi-Family Customers: Water surveys are commonly performed by the authorities to ascertain the progress of the water conservation programs (Lawrence 2009). However the survey for single and multi user customers is unique in a way. This is specifically done to the companys water customers to monitor the citys water use status.

Water Wise Landscape Design and Conversion Programs: Water wise landscape design and conversion programs endeavor to develop means and methodologies that aid the conservation endeavors of the entire city (Sipes 2010). Parameters are installed bearing in mind the city water conservation efforts.

Voluntary Practices

• Residential Clothes Washer Incentive Program: The clothe washer incentive program endeavors to spur the introduction and use of water saving washing machines. This is a technology machine based program which seeks to replace existing washers with water conserving ones. Various incentives are offered to those who opt to make the necessary changes (Municipal Code Corporation, 2009) Athletic Field Conservation. This is a conservation module that focuses on the use of water for external purposes. Wise use of water is encouraged under the program in quite a number of means and methodologies (David 2010).
• Golf Course Conservation: Golf course conservation complements the field conservation endeavor in providing assistance for the conservation efforts based on exterior programs. The success of this aspect has been measured using various parameters.
• Metering of All New Connections and Retrofit of Existing Connections: In order to practically bring all water connections under the conservation program, the city embarked on the process of metering all new connections so as to succeed in the endeavor (Lawrence 2009). This goes along way in monitoring the progress of the water conservation techniques.
• Wholesale Agency Assistance Program: The program aims at offering general assistance to wholesale customers in a bid to effect conservation. The program works in diverse ways so as to achieve the goal and bring about wise water use.
• Conservation Coordinator: In order to have an administration for the entire water program, the city came up with the concept of conservation administrator (Lawrence 2009). The roles played under this umbrella include the administration and supervision of water conservation projects and plans.
• Water Reuse: The recycling of water is considered critical to the availability and conservation of water in the city. The reuse of water has always accompanied other vital programs in the citys conservation efforts.
• Rainwater Harvesting and Condensate Reuse: To affect the search for alternative water sources the harvesting of rain water and its subsequent reuse was incepted (David 2010). Under this program citizens are advised to tap rain water and make full use of the same. Incentives of various natures are given including the provision of free rain gauges.

Educational Practices

• Public information: Through education seminars and information the city of Olympia has perfected the art of spreading awareness about its conservation efforts (Lawrence 2009). The program is run so as to educate the public on the importance of the citys water conservation programs.
• School Education: The formal curriculum and extra curricular activity acquaints about the wise use of water and its implications availed to the students (David 2010). This is where the city has wisely invested in the future of its conservation prospects.
• Youth Program: The youth program mostly focuses on the youth to spread the awareness on the water conservation program (Government of Olympia, 2010).
• Online Water-Saving Information: Water conservation campaign has been extended to online. The information is relayed on the internet.

Other Forms of Conservation

Water Conservation Offers and Rebates

Ever since LOTT started its water conservation program a lot of progress has been made. Water flows have reduced drastically. This is an indication of the citys commitment to its water conservation program (LOTT Alliance, 2010)

Residential Toilet Program

The LOTT organization has been giving free efficiency toilet to take the place of the ordinary versions. The new ones save a lot of water in one flush thus affecting the wise use of water technique. The organization offers a variety of technologies for the customers to choose those that fit them.

Commercial Toilet Program

For the commercial sewer customers LOTT has high efficiency toilets. This has been a good way of saving water and reducing water bills. The customers consequently get to chose between the varieties of styles available.

Free Residential Water Saving Kits

Water saving kits has been in distribution for a long time now. Olympia city has therefore joined other cities in this practice. Funded by the LOTT the kit contains many facilities and instructions for water conservation.

Wash Wise Residential Washing Machine Rebates

The city has been forefront in encouraging its citizens to switch to water saving washing machines. The target is to save up to 8 000 gallons each day. To motivate customers the city offers rebates of up to $100.

The city of Olympia works with customers of all kinds to assist in the saving of water. This goes along way into saving money for the customers through reduced water bills (Olympia 2010). The government and other institutions also play a crucial role in the whole process. The whole project involves quite a number of programs. These range from rebates, to technology and irrigation check ups. However the city has very few industrial customers. Majority of its customers include commercial residential and institutional.

Water Smart Technology

On the installation of approved water efficient fixtures customers get rebates. The project has seen the replacement of many machines with water saving versions (City of Olympia 2010).

Water Efficient Irrigation

In order to bring an end to the overuse of water during the summer for irrigation purposes, Institutions and commercial customers subscribe to irrigation system check ups. This involves an inspection of the systems of irrigation so as to conform them to acceptable standards.

High Efficiency Toilet Program

Commercial sewer customers get support from the LOTT in the installation of the high efficiency toilets. The customers have an opportunity to choose between the many versions available.

Regulations and ordinances

Olympia has many rules regulations and ordinances in place to enhance its water conservation programs. However most information on the same cannot be accessed online thus making it difficult to state the in this paper. However the city has a number of ordinances to bring about strict observance of wise use of water and conservation.

Conclusion

The water conservation programs of the Olympia city are both comprehensive as well as involving. As a result the city has achieved great conservation as far as the flow and conservation of water is concerned. This is primarily due the fact that the move involves a range of projects whose implementation has carefully been selected. As a result the water and environmental future of the city lies in safe hands. The efforts of various agencies organizations and city leadership can therefore be said to be highly successful in meeting this end.

References

Baker, L., (2009). The Water Environment of Cities. New York: Springer.

City of Olympia (2010). Web.

Government of Olympia (2010). Web.

Lindenmayer, D., (2010). Forest Pattern and Ecological Process: A Synthesis of 25 Years of Research. Texas: CSIRO Publishing.

LOTT alliance (2010). Web.

Municipal Code Corporation (2009). Web.

Municipal Council of Olympia (2009). Web.

Olympia (2010). Web.

Sipes, J., (2010). Sustainable Solutions for Water Resources: Policies, Planning, Design, and Implementation. Washington: John Wiley and Sons.

Abstract

The water cycle is an important biogeochemical cycle that involves the movement of water on, below, and above the Earths surface. It comprises several processes that include evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. The cycle is affected adversely by human activities such as agriculture, deforestation, and abstraction of water from rivers and lakes. These activities lower the water table, increase soil salinity, and lower the amount of groundwater.

Introduction

The water (hydrological) cycle refers to the process by which water moves below, above, and on the surface of the earth through processes that include evaporation, precipitation, condensation, infiltration, and surface runoff (Nelson, 2003). It is one of the most vital biogeochemical cycles that are affected by changes in climatic conditions. The water cycle is driven by changes in temperature that alter the state of water at any given time, and as a result, facilitate its continuous movement.

The water cycle

The cycle can be effectively described starting with the process of evaporation. Energy from the sun heats water in oceans, seas, rivers, and dams causing its movement into the atmosphere as water vapor. The same process occurs in plants through a process called evapotranspiration (Nelson, 2003). As water vapor rises higher into the atmosphere, it changes from gas to liquid through a process known as condensation.

Concentration of water droplets in the atmosphere leads to formation of clouds that are moved about by air currents. Movement of air currents causes collision of cloud particles in the atmosphere, and as a result, clouds fall down to Earth as precipitation in the form of rain and snow. Precipitation that falls as rain flows back into water bodies while some seeps into the ground through the process of infiltration (Nelson, 2003).

The water that soaks into the ground replenishes aquifers that hold huge amounts of water. When snow reaches the Earth surface, it accumulates and forms glaciers and ice caps that comprise water in the solid state. When temperatures rise, frozen water melts and flows back into water bodies as surface runoff (Shiklomanov, 2009). A small amount of infiltration seeps back into the land surface as groundwater discharge and flows into streams and rivers.

On the other hand, some groundwater finds its way to the Earth surface as freshwater springs. Plants absorb some groundwater and use it in processes such as photosynthesis. This water is later released to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration (Shiklomanov, 2009). The process is repeated as weather patterns change.

Impact of human activity on water cycle

Humans interrupt water pathways through withdrawals and discharges that have great impact on the water cycle. Human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, construction of dams, urbanization, removal of groundwater from wells, and water abstraction from rivers and lakes has affected the water cycle significantly. Deforestation and agriculture reduce the amount of water vapor released by trees and vegetation into the atmosphere thus resulting in low amounts of rain (Nelson, 2003).

In addition, loss of ground cover makes land drier and causes increased run-off and leaching. Removal of groundwater lowers the amount of groundwater available and lowers the water table (Shiklomanov, 2009). In that regard, human activity affects both the quality and quantity of water. Over-extraction of groundwater for domestic and industrial uses leads to subsidence and alters the water cycle. Agricultural activities such as irrigation reduce water stores and increase the salinity of soil (Shiklomanov, 2009).

References

Nelson, R. (2003). The Water Cycle. New York, NY: Lerner Publications.

Shiklomanov, I. A. (2009). Hydrological Cycle. New York, NY: EOLSS Publications.

Introduction

Environmental conditions have profound effects on the well-being of the humankind. However, despite the recognition of their importance, they remain unaddressed by many business entities. Such an approach is considered undesirable both for the corporate and individual stakeholders in the long run. The following case study explores the effect of negligence towards water stewardship and provides recommendations on the roles of stakeholders in the process.

Conflict of Goals

In order to discuss the responsibilities of the stakeholders in the environmental issues of global warming, it is first necessary to identify the area where the goals of economic growth conflict with the concept of sustainable development. As can be seen from the case, the focal point is the rapid growth of economies in several developing countries. This assertion is corroborated by numerous reports by the environmental organizations and opinions of experts in the field, who point to links between the economic activities of specific countries and observed environmental effects. According to the consensus, China is one of the largest contributors to global carbon emissions (see Appendix A).

It is also widely believed that the magnitude of the effect is sufficient to impact public health within the country and, to some extent, indirectly influence the citizens of other countries (Wolch, Byrne, & Newell, 2014). A similar concern has been raised in regard to India  another major player emerging on a global scale. The massive adverse impact on the environment, including the areas of water and air pollution and carbon emissions, has been attributed primarily to the remarkable economic growth of the recent years (Glasson, Therivel, & Chadwick, 2012). The main reason behind the identified connection is the demand for energy.

A functional economic environment requires the presence of numerous systems, including transportation, communication, and banking, among others. Each of these systems requires significant amounts of energy for effective functioning. In addition, there is an ongoing trend towards the rapid increase in energy demands throughout the economy (see Appendix B). Currently, its production relies heavily on traditional methods, with fossil fuels being the main source of energy.

This method is considered among the primary contributors to the global warming due to massive carbon emissions resulting from it. While cleaner alternative sources of energy exist and are becoming increasingly accessible, many stakeholders still consider them prohibitively expensive and inefficient, especially in the short term. As can be seen, the conflict between the goals of economic growth and the concept of sustainable development stems primarily from the energy requirements and the reluctance to face additional costs associated with the introduction of sustainable energy sources.

Developing Countries Perspective

The described issues are particularly relevant for developing counties. Several causes can be identified as contributing to the issue. First, as was explained in the case study, developing countries experience more challenges in addressing the environmental needs due to the lack of required resources. According to the Kuznets Curve concept, the compliance with environmental regulations requires a significant amount of investment that is likely unavailable to the developing economies (Hamilton & Webster, 2015). While the effect weakens over the course of time, the early stage of development becomes the most challenging. Second, environmental change introduces numerous social and political challenges, each of which is sufficient to create an adverse impact on the countrys population.

For instance, poor environmental conditions inevitably lead to adverse health effects that can be effectively addressed only through a well-developed healthcare system. Since such systems are relatively uncommon for the developing countries, it is evident that the population is expected to suffer from a decline in public health (Watts et al., 2015). In a similar manner, the countrys agricultural segment is easily affected by the climatic changes, which in the case of developing countries has a direct impact on the well-being, and, in extreme cases, survival of the population (Laurance, Sayer, & Cassman, 2014).

Finally, the majority of the effects of environmental issues create financial challenges both at the corporate and the individual level by introducing additional expenses, which makes the populations with lower income especially vulnerable to the issue. As the developing countries are commonly associated with higher levels of poverty, it would be logical to conclude that the effect will be especially prominent.

Water Security Risks

The adverse effects of environmental factors discussed above can be exemplified by the water security concerns. Two main areas of concern can be identified. The first is the use of water for agricultural purposes by the businesses directly involved in the industry. In addition to the effects on the food supplies mentioned in the previous section, this factor impacts the profitability of the companies involved in food production.

Due to the fact that economies of some countries rely heavily on the agricultural sector, it is easy to see how the state of water resources can affect the GDP of the entire country. In addition, the effect can extend beyond the source country and influence the well-being of other stakeholders. As was mentioned in the case, the drought of 2010 in Russia had a profound effect on the prices of food across North Africa and the Middle East, both of which depended on the export of Russian wheat (Hamilton & Webster, 2015). While the effect on agricultural sector is relatively straightforward, its indirect outcomes, such as the political and social unrest resulting from the price changes, are less evident and cannot be reliably predicted.

The second area is the effects on local communities as a result of the industrial use of water. Unlike the agricultural sector, which uses the water mainly for irrigation, various industries utilize it for a variety of purposes, such as a coolant or a component in chemical processes. Water is also an efficient and cheap solvent, which makes it an attractive option in the manufacturing of various goods. Predictably, such treatment often leads to adverse effects such as industrial pollution. In the extreme cases, a significant amount of water resources are rendered unsuitable for consumption and sanitary purposes (WHO, 2013).

The issue is further aggravated by the fact that appropriate water treatment requires significant investment in equipment and staff training, which discourages the companies from responsible environmental practices (McElroy & Van Engelen, 2012). In addition, the adverse impacts eventually become apparent to the local population, which leads to the deteriorating reputation of the business responsible for the effect (Clarke, 2017). In some instances, this prompts companies to conceal their involvement and introduce other unfair practices. It should be emphasized that the described barriers to sustainable practices are widely believed to be short-term (IPCC, 2015). Nevertheless, the lack of strategic planning and an absence of corporate social responsibility practices often limit the corporate vision on the matter.

Stakeholder Responsibilities

The encompassing effect of water quality necessitates a response in the form of responsible practices. However, it should be understood that there is no agreement regarding the distribution of responsibilities on water stewardship. The main reason is the fact that water cannot be owed by any given entity in a sense familiar to businesses and is instead viewed as a common good (Roa, 2013). By extension, it is often assumed that while they have the right to use it on par with others, businesses have no responsibilities regarding the state of water resources. On the other hand, local population, which often suffers the most from the detrimental effects of improper business practices, lacks resources and time necessary to make an impact.

Finally, it should be acknowledged that the issue of uniform access and adequate quality of water is complex and encompassing enough to render piecemeal attempts ineffective. In other words, it requires a coordinated effort of several major stakeholders in order to achieve a noticeable result. From this perspective, for-profit companies should incorporate reasonable corporate social responsibility policies that would allow maintaining healthy business practices that do not compromise water resources in the region.

If designed and implemented properly, in the long term such practices are expected to yield numerous benefits for the business, including a consistent supply of labor force, availability of a crucial resource in the long run, and appositive image. The community should participate by forming activist groups that would raise awareness on the issue and gain sufficient traction to negotiate with influential organizations and businesses. In this way, they can communicate their interests and needs more effectively and achieve the desired result.

Conclusion

Water accessibility and quality are complex issues that require a comprehensive response. Despite the perceived barriers in the form of additional expenses, an appropriately planned response is expected to provide numerous long-term benefits both to the businesses and the local population. Thus, it is reasonable to recommend a collaboration between these stakeholders in order to achieve a favorable result without disrupting the performance and profitability of the organizations.

References

Clarke, T. (2017). International corporate governance: A comparative approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2012). Introduction to environmental impact assessment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Hamilton, L., & Webster, P. (2015) The international business environment (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

IPCC. (2015). Fifth assessment report (AR5). Web.

Laurance, W. F., Sayer, J., & Cassman, K. G. (2014). Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(2), 107-116.

McElroy, M. W., & Van Engelen, J. M. (2012). Corporate sustainability management: The art and science of managing non-financial performance. New York, NY: Routledge.

Roa, D. V. (2013). No water, no business: The importance of water stewardship. Web.

Watts, N., Adger, W. N., Agnolucci, P., Blackstock, J., Byass, P., Cai, W.,& Cox, P. M. (2015). Health and climate change: Policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet, 386(10006), 1861-1914.

WHO. (2013). Sanitation and drinking water. Web.

Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities just green enough. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234-244.

Appendix A

Emission Trends

Appendix B

Growing World Energy Demand

Water is a useful resource both for industrial and domestic purposes. As a part of their provisions to the citizens, many governments provide water through their corporations or companies that do the supply. In my town of St. Louis Mo City of Missouri State, contamination of underground water is most likely and that is why water supply is a subject to government policies. Precisely, drinking water is necessary for many human activities and animal consumption.

Contaminants which are found in underground water cause health hazards. The impurities include dissolved metallic compounds and microscopic parasites that pollute underground water. Corrosion of internal plumbing pipes and materials which come from service lines may result in the existence of lead in drinking water (City of St. Louis Water Division 4). Microscopic parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium that come from rivers and streams cause fever and diarrhea when they are ingested (City of St. Louis Water Division 3). Accordingly, it is important to treat underground water before drinking to ensure prevention of illnesses.

Due to its primacy in human daily life, the supply of drinking water is usually controlled by the government. In the whole of the US, there are confederate laws which govern eminence monitoring of water (City of St. Louis Water Division 2). Besides, there are water standards that are set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency which should be met by all water supplying companies (City of St. Louis Water Division 2).

Moreover, the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the water supply companies to send annual water reports to all their clients who receive water bills (City of St. Louis Water Division 2). The government interventions, therefore, act to streamline the water supplying industry and ensure the health and safety of the citizens.

In conclusion, the provision of water as a commodity has government interventions as well as health issues intertwined. Impurities which are found in untreated water may lead to illnesses and health complications for both humans and animals. Consequently, the federal government has come up with policies and laws governing water supply business. The issues which are related to groundwater are based on supply and consumption.

Work Cited

City of St. Louis Water Division. Consumer Confidence Report 2019. St. Louis City, 2019, pp. 1-8. Web.

Critical Analysis of the Issue

The deficit of clean water becomes more evident each year. As with most ecological disasters, the human intervention with nature is at the center of the problem. While World Health Organization, according to Martinez-Santos (2017, p.2), acknowledges that, the number of people using safe water supplies has been over-estimated, it still does not present an accurate representation of the situation. It is now known that, chemical water pollutants, like aluminum, arsenic, barium, manganese, lead, copper, uranium, lithium, nitrate and fluoride caused the most severe episodes of mass poisoning in history (Martinez-Santos, 2017, p. 6). Where these chemical compounds could have come from, remains an open question, however, it is quite obvious that some type of industrial production is involved.

However, according to Ibisi and Asoluka (2019), new, sustainable, and innovative solutions are already in the stage of implementation. Their study proposes usage of agricultural waste as a sustainable biosorbent for toxic metal ions removal from contaminated water (Ibisi and Asoluka, 2019, p. 52). Yet, since there are numerous attempts for implementation of such emergency innovations being taken, then there is an adequate reason for it.

The reason definitely being human-caused environmental changes, however, the driving force of the change are the stakeholders. Mitchell et al. (1997) go into great depth of explaining the stakeholder theory as well as describing stakeholders role, but in short, stakeholders are anyone involved in a business activity, voluntarily or not. Furthermore, according to Osobajo and Moore (2017), the relationship between a company and its stakeholders is double-sided. Stakeholders are interested in the continuation of the companys activities because it provides for them, but the business itself also relies on the stakeholders to continue functioning (Osobajo and Moore, 2017). Two main aspects arise from such a relationship: responsibility and mutual influence.

However, one of the lesser intuitive stakeholder, that is, in fact, present in any companys activities, is the planet itself  and namely, the state of the environment. As illuminated in the Rockstroms study, the planet has already reached a boundary that is driving it to imminent ecological degradation. Therefore, appliance of measures in alignment with the ideals of ERS are imperative. Sternberg (2017, p. 9) writes, a responsibility by stakeholders, to act so that their values concerning society are reflected in their actions. With great power comes great responsibility, therefore being a stakeholder does not mean mere dependence only, but also a means to alter the business behavior.

Current Status

SHSA is a company that is deeply concerned with the well-being of human beings. Thus, it would be logical to think that it would be on board in helping the issue with shortage of clean, safe drinking water. However currently, the organization lacks initiatives on that front, and it would be strongly advisable for them to take action. The current situation in the company leaves room for further improvement, achievable either through educational means or policy making.

Recommendations

• Top recommendation for the SHSA would be to join the discussion for the clean and safe drinking water accessibility across the world. This can be done through educating the patients and the employees about the reality of the water situation, the installment of charity boxes, the endorsement of water-conscious events and lectures.
• The organization should get involved in contribution of a part of their profit to the countries with scarce access to water and partner with water-producing companies to arrange a campaign to help the people in need;
• The company should remain transparent, open, and vocal about their efforts to affect the water issue; however, it should not make it a marketing strategy. The organizations actions should remain true to reality and they should provide significant and legitimate proof of their activities to anyone interested  whether it is a patient, a staff member, or a government official.

Reference List

Ibisi, N. E. & Asoluka, C. A. (2018) Use of agro waste (Musa paradisiaca peels) as a sustainable biosorbent for toxic metal ions removal from contaminated water. Chemistry International 4(1), pp. 52-59.

Martinez-Santos, P. (2017) Does 91% of the worlds population really have sustainable access to safe drinking water? Water Resources Development.

Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997) Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), pp. 853-886.

Osobajo, O. A. & Moore, D. (2017) Who is who? Identifying the different sub-groups of a secondary stakeholders within a community: a case study of the Niger Delta segion of Nigeria. International Business Research, 10 (9), pp. 188-209.

Rockstrom, J. (2009) A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, 461, pp. 472-475.

Sternberg, E. (2009) Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance, Journal compilation of Institute of Economic Affairs. Blackwell Publishing.

Introduction

The economy of the UK has improved drastically over the years. UK is now renowned a conducive area in which to carry out businesses and has risen in areas of food and drink technologies, medical devices and transport technologies for instance rail and aerospace (Gutnik, 1984). The bottled water rumble was an unexpected phenomenon in UK that occurred with rampant inflation and at the height of a downturn (Blumenfeld, et al., 2000). Though individuals did not have enough money in their pockets at the time, bottled water business become an immediate success.

Discussion

With the current economic climate in the UK, the issue of whether bottled water has become a luxury or a necessity has been raised since UK spends billions of Pounds on the manufacture of plastic bottles as well as purification of water (Blumenfeld, et al., 2000). The UK bottle water market as well as market for water coolers has improved 580 million litres to around 2 billion litres in a duration of 15 years, since 1993 (Philip & Tanner, eds., 2001). But studies have shown that with increased employment opportunities as well as affordable income by individuals in UK, bottled water has indeed become a necessity. This has been made possible with many areas now having bottled water as the only source of drinkable water (Daniel, 2008). A survey conducted in London and Midlands in 1992 revealed that out of 250 individuals, a quarter of those individuals never drunk tap water (Philip & Tanner, eds., 2001).

Despite it (UK) having the safest drinkable tap water as compared to most African countries and undeveloped countries, individuals are now more than ever willing to pay up to 1,300 times as much on bottled water (Blumenfeld, et al., 2000). Bottled water is all about health, hydration as well as purity and thus is a convenient way of bringing hydration (Gutnik, 1984). Currently, UK has about 113 bottled water corporations which range from ones located in garden sheds to hi-tech bottling industries (Ibid, 1984). Many restaurants in Britain are now offering bottled water as an alternative to tap water and people are now opting for this more than wine, spirits or fruit juices.

Since water is just water, what are most important are the chemicals and minerals contained in the product (Daniel, 2008). Despite people having the belief that bottled water comes from natural springs, studies have revealed that some do not come from there and is actually acquired from tap water. For instance, a bottled water company by the name of Marwin UK Ltd. sells a product called Purefect 95 (Blumenfeld, et al., 2000). Based in an industrial estate in Manchester, the company gets its water from a tap then purifies it within the company. Corporations dealing with water only subsist for their own profitable gains and pay little or no attention to the affordability of water or its quality (Daniel, 2008).

Private organizations are however coming up to try and convince the public of the hazards as well as health issues caused by bottled water. Corporations of bottled water are becoming privatized and this leads to the public having a right to access information concerning the quality as well as the standard of the water (Gutnik, 1984). Hence the private organizations are trying to make individuals go back to their old way of drinking tap water, saving costs along the way and thus making the bottled water just but a luxury.

Conclusion

Even though people in the UK can afford bottled water due to their current economic climate, tap water is still being recommended for use since it is much safer and cheaper. In the end, individuals will end up saving a lot of money and avoiding health related issues hence boosting the economy even further.

References

Ashley, Daniel 2008, Drinking Tap Water is Better for your Budget, The Daily Facts.

Blumenfeld, Jared and Leal, Susan 2000, The Real Cost of Bottled Water, San Francisco Chronicle.

Gutnik, Martin J. 1984, Ecology, New York: Franklin Watts, Inc.

Lamoreaux, Philip E., and J. T. Tanner, eds. 2001, Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use, New York: Springer Verlag.

The functions and sources of minerals

Minerals are found in coconut water and have a range of health functions. In the medical practice, these minerals have been applied as an intravenous fluid to address dehydration-related ailments such as influenza, cholera as well as dysentery. Fife (2011, p.42) states that the fundamental mineral elements found in coconut water are essentially similar to those in the same in human blood; thus, based on this ground, doctors directly inject coconut water into the recipients bloodstream.

Beyond the dehydration-related diseases, the patient can be treated for malnutrition (Fife, 2011, p.42). Coconut water is gaining popularity among athletes. Athletes are increasingly using coconut water as a natural rehydrating beverage instead of the alternate commercial ones (Fife, 2011, p.42).

Fife (2011, p.42) while citing the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference notes that coconut water is rich in minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron as well as sodium in the corresponding amounts of 24 mg; 250 mg; 25 mg; 0.3mg and105 mg, respectively. These are measured in quantity per 100 grams of the edible part.

Mofidi (2003, p.1650) has provided over 15 nutritional body minerals and trace elements; their functions as well as food sources. Fife (2011, p.42) explains that natural coconut water can be obtained as a readily packaged product in food health stores as well as sold by groceries in its natural form. Calcium is in important for bone and teeth development; muscle function; blood clotting and pressure as well as proper nerve activity.

Potassium functions in checking the acid-base body ratios and osmotic pressure; stimulate intracellular enzymes as well as muscle and nerve coordination. Magnesium provides ion balance within the nerves and muscles; bone mineralization and teeth longevity. Iron forms part of the blood hemoglobin that plays important role in the translocation of oxygen during body activity. Sodium plays a part in ion balance for optimal pH balance; stimulation of intracellular enzymes as well as nerve and muscle activity coordination.

The function of water in the body

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (2012) diagrammatically include some of the functions of water in the body including a check of body temperature; lower constipation as well as facilitating the excretion of body wastes from the kidneys and liver. Other water functions in the body include delivery of oxygen and nutrients to remote body cells; dampening body tissues like in the mouth, the eyes, and the nose; protecting body organs and tissues as well as acting as a solute for minerals and other nutrients to dissolve in order them readily accessible to the body.

Fife (2011, p. 42) implies that there is a general lack of awareness on the importance of coconut water as a natural provider of healthy water for rehydration and nutrition. Coconut water is prepared by crushing and pressing out from the coconut white. The coconut water appears like dairy milk and its taste may be indifferent from that of the coconut white (Fife, 2011, p. 42). The quantity of coconut water per 100 grams of an edible portion is 95gms. Other body nutrients derived from coconut water include carbohydrates and sugars, vitamins and proteins (Fife, 2011, p.42).

The general effect of dehydration on the body

The general effects of dehydration on the body include (but are not limited to) nausea, fatigue; lack of energy; headaches; thirst, dizziness as well as reduced metabolism. Others are reduced sweat or urine; heatstroke; poor concentration as well as the swollen tongue.

References

Fife, B. (2011). Coconut Water by Bruce Fife, ND. Natural health & Vegetarian Life, 42.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (2012). Nutrition and Healthy Eating. Web.

Mofidi, S. (2003). Nutritional Management of Pediatric Food Hypersensitivity. Pediatrics 111(3), 1645 -1653.

Bling H2O  the most expensive bottled water

Bling H2O water is the worlds most expensive bottled water. The brands creator, Hollywood writer-producer Kevin G. Boyd, targeted to sell it to the celebrities who highly esteem their bottled water. I have just heard about this product but I hope to see it soon since it is currently readily available to the public. Bling H2O, manufactured in a nine-step process from the water of a spring in Tennessee, is studded with Swaroviski crystals. The excellent packaging of the product makes it to be attractive. However, since the brand has a high retail price of averagely $55, I consider it only relevant to the rich people.

If this product were available to the consumers in Australia, it is likely to receive a mix of reactions. Traditionally, spending over $500 million on bottled water every year, the Australians have a liking for bottled water. Consequently, the introduction of this product in the new market will make some of the consumers to purchase it so as to have the experience of tasting it. Most consumers in the country are used to the local brands of bottled water.

Therefore, since Bling H2O is manufactured outside the country, some consumers can find it to be more appealing. On the other hand, some Australian consumers esteem geographic issues highly since they determine their values and perceptions concerning what to either buy or not buy. This implies that some of the consumers in the potential market can reject the new product as it fails to give them a sense of identification and pride.

Nonetheless, carrying out adequate advertisements centering on the nature of the new product, can surmount this difficulty. As of the end of March 2010, it is estimated that the population of Australia is growing at 1.8% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). The growing population signifies more spending. Therefore, Bling H2O is likely to record increased sales when introduced in the new market. Since the new product is more about maintaining ones status in the society, the high-spending Australian consumers are more likely to purchase it. In some places in Australia, such as Bundanoon, the selling of bottled water is no longer acceptable because of the effects it has for the environment.

However, perhaps the introduction of Bling H2O would change the perceptions of the environmentally conscious consumers to purchase the brand since it has less negative effects to the environment. Therefore, playing the role of a marketing manager, I think that the product has a good potential in the Australian market.

Bottled water industry in Australia

The Australian Bottled Water Institute (ABWI) is the agency that controls the lucrative bottled water industry in the country. The ABWI controls the bottled water industry by certifying water bottlers and suppliers in the region (ABWI, 2004). On the other hand, the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is endowed with the responsibility of ensuring that the production of bottled water is consistent in terms of safety, quality, and taste and all the bottled water manufacturers are supposed to comply with the guidelines issued by the agency without exemption. Australian consumers generally prefer bottled water as an option to other packaged drinks.

This is because they want to reduce the amount of calories they consume by drinking unsweetened, natural product, and it also gives them a more satisfying taste as opposed to the tap water that is readily available. In addition to the bottled water, other categories of bottled water that are available to consumers in the country include near waters, mineralized water, glacier water, rain water, purified water, natural mineral water, and filtered municipal water (Australian Beverages Council Limited, 2004).

The mineral water in the country is carbonated whereas near waters refers to a variety of products including flavoured natural spring water without sugar, or vitaminised waters that may be having reduced quantities of sugars or other different sweeteners. The bottled water industry in Australia, producing close to six hundred million litres of bottled water every year, is flourishing well (Alter, 2010).

Ethics of high prices for Bling H2O

The introduction of Bling H2O to the bottled water market has raised a number of ethical concerns. First, many consumers think that the market price for the brand is unrealistically high (Koutsoukis, 2007). Compared to the average price of bottled water, which is usually $2-4, most people think that it is highly priced. For example, 750-milliliter bottle of Bling H2O is priced at $40-60 (Said, 2007).

However, if I were the brand manager for this product, I would defend my marketing strategy by promoting its uniqueness in providing exquisite face that matches with its exquisite taste and outlining its thorough manufacturing process. Second, some people perceive that the product is more destructive to the environment. However, as a brand manager, I would object to this by illustrating that the Bling H2O bottle is fashioned such that it is reusable and refillable. Lastly, some individuals think that a bottle of Bling H2O does not guarantee it to be highly priced. Nonetheless, it is of essence to note that a bottle of the product is much more than a plastic container used in keeping water as it is studded with Swarovski crystals to give it its distinctiveness.

Reference list

Alter, L., 2010. Australias Prime Minister on Bottled Water. Web.

Australian Beverages Council Limited, 2004. Australian Beverages-A world of variety. Web.

Australian Bottled Water Institute (ABWI), 2004. What is ABWI? Web.

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010. Australian Demographic Statistics. Web.

Koutsoukis, J., 2007. The real cost of bottled water. Web.

Said, R., 2007. Bling H2O: Water Bottle with Swarovski Crystals for Rich People. Web.

Supply Chain Strategies: Dont Ship Air and Dont Ship Water

The appearance of the principles dont ship water and dont ship air was mainly determined by two aims: optimizing the performance of supply chains and making it more green. Thus, the principle dont ship water implies reducing the waste of water and allocating plants in such a manner that the distance of water transportations is minimal. The principle dont ship air implies reducing empty space in transportation trailers. Coyle et al. suggest that there are two ways of accomplishing these tasks. Firstly, the relevant equipment can be filled or close to it. Secondly, the size of the packages should be reduced by the size of the goods (Coyle et al., 2010).

These strategies have had a significant impact on the global supply chains. Even though in the past, the problem of water waste was not as significant as it currently is, companies would still express concerns about reducing the costs of their supply chains and optimizing their performance. Thence, it was in the period of the Silk Road that companies began allocating critically important sites close to the water sources in order to minimize the transportation distance. The problem of packing was also acute at that time. Experts claim that exceedingly large containers would not often match the size of the transported goods that led to significant financial losses (Coyle et al., 2010).

According to experts opinion, these two principles are still taken into account in working out modern strategies of supply chain functioning. Hence, for instance, more and more companies have to make a shift to dont ship air, dont ship water approach in terms of the design of their packaging and product. Thus, for example, the dont ship air axiom seems to be particularly important now as the increase in the amount of transported goods has obliged companies to reconsider their packaging designs (Russell et al., 2016).

A few decades ago, manufacturers would use packages the size of which was considerably larger than that of the product itself. It was done to make customers think they purchased a larger volume of goods for a lower price. Now that the conditions have changed, companies try to redesign their packaging to make it lighter and smaller.

Russel et al. note that this strategy shift signifies critical outcomes for the supply chain strategy in general. First and foremost, it assists in reducing the weight and the size of the products and materials without doing any harm to their convenience and function characteristics (Russell et al., 2016). In other words, consumers do not normally notice any crucial changes that could make them refuse to purchase a particular product due to the changes in its design and packaging.

Secondly, the shift to these approaches is of great significance from financial perspectives. Thus, the optimization of a products design helps to reduce the cost of freight and packaging, as well as to perform space utilization more efficiently. Otherwise stated, a products redesign allows shipping more goods in one truck or container and utilizing shelf space in a more cost-effective manner, which leads to a considerable increase in revenue.

It is reasonable to assume that the strategies described above will become critical in the future due to the increase in the goods turnover and the fuels cost. In their pursuit to receive larger returns and enhance the green image, companies will do their best to avoid selling air and water.

Reference List

Coyle, J.J., Novack, R.A., Gibson, B., & Bardi, E.J. (2010). Transportation: A Supply Chain Perspective. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Web.

Russell, D., Coyle, J.J., Ruamsook, K., & Thomchick, E.A. (2016). The real impact of high transportation costs. Supply Chain Quarterly. Web.