Category: Vitamins

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome has become a common condition amongst populations recently. Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of conditions that work to increase an individual’s risk of diabetes, stroke, or developing heart disease (Patwardhan et al., 2017). Metabolic syndrome specifically has shown the potential to lead to cases of dyslipidemia (Wang et al., 2012). Dyslipidemia refers to the advancement of levels of either or both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or triglycerides (TGs), which plays a part in the advancement of atherosclerosis (Morvaridzadeh et al., 2021)³. According to a report by Xi et al (2020), the condition is higher in men compared to women; the authors state that dyslipidemia is common among individuals with obesity, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. According to Rochlani et al. (2017), the condition affects an estimated fifth of the population within the US and a quarter of the European population.

The report also indicates gender and race-based differences in regards to the variation of prevalence of MetS. The condition is 57% higher among African-American women than African American men (AlAnouti et al., 2020). The findings also reveal that Hispanic women had a 26% chance of experiencing (MetS Jin et al., 2020). MetS, also referred to as insulin resistance syndrome, syndrome X, Reaven syndrome, or “the deadly quartet,” are various clinical conditions (Mohamad et al., 2016). Coupled with inflammatory dermatoses like lichen planus, psoriasis a hidradenitis suppurative, MetS is commonly linked with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (Khosravi, 2018). Currently, the therapeutic alternatives available for dealing with MetS revolve around discrete treatments for hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia (Kelishadi, et al., 2014). Additionally, other interventions include regular exercise and dietary control measures (Javed et al., 2019). Some of the common clinical consequences of the condition include cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Wang et al., 2020).

Managing Dyslipidemia

Management of dyslipidemia is an integral part of improving the health of those at high risk. According to a review by Zodda et al. (2018), currently, statins represent the first-option therapy as they indicate the ability to lower the risk of significant vascular activities by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Nonetheless, due to adherence to statin therapy or statin resistance, the majority of the patients fail to attain the LDL-C target levels. Some of the second-choice drugs combined with statins include nicotinic acid, fibrates, and ezetimibe.This combination can be adopted if the lipid targets set are not attained.

For patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and statin intolerance at very high cardiovascular risk, the anti-PCSK9 drugs, including alirocumab and evolocumab, ensure an effective remedy. The review by Zodda et al. (2018) reveals the impacts of two novel lipid-lowering agents in the management of homozygous FH by limiting LDL-C values and lowering the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Alternative management practices include avoiding smoking, consuming a diet rich in fiber, regular exercise, and consuming a diet with low Trans saturated and saturated fats (Jafari et al., 2016). Vitamin D represents a group of fat-soluble secosteroids critical for enhancing individuals’ lipid profiles and cardiovascular health. Foods rich in vitamin D include fatty fish, egg yolk, and cod liver oil (Hafez et al., 2019). The deficiency of vitamin D indicates a key link to the development of cardiovascular disease and different cardiovascular risk factors like dyslipidemia (Gunasegaran et al., 2021).

Vitamin D Status and Metabolic Syndrome

Globally, there has been concern over vitamin D status, the existence of vitamin D deficiency, and insufficiency (Gasparri et al., 2019). An individual’s vitamin D status can be assessed by measuring the circulating 25 -hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] concentration. Literature by Tangoh et al. (2018) reveals that a score of 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/L (≥30 ng/mL) is sufficient, while insufficient/deficiency levels were considered to be <75 nmol/L. Amongst adults, vitamin D levels of 20 nanograms per milliliter or above represent normal levels of vitamin D (Pinkas, et al., 2017). A review by Park et al. (2018) shows that low serum vitamin D is linked with different types of metabolic illness like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, insulin resistance and obesity. According to Park et al. (2018), different investigations reveal a connection between deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Sufficient levels of vitamin D help the body burn more calories (Angellotti et al., 2019).

Scope of the Research

The study aims to determine the role of vitamin D status in modulating dyslipidemia in patients with metabolic syndrome. The study seeks to cover various studies, investigations, and surveys that explain the role of vitamin D in reducing the Risk of Lipid Profile. The research will review the studies around the topic of interest done within the last ten years. This study intends to focus on providing evidence of how vitamin D interacts with lipid levels and vitamin D and lipid profiles in metabolic syndrome individuals (Khayyatzadeh, et al., 2018). Finally, the study will offer its limitations and recommendations regarding the link between vitamin D and lipid profile among individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Research Question

What is the correlation between Vitamin D and lipid profile in individuals with metabolic syndrome?

Research Objective

To find evidence that justifies the positive correlation between vitamin D and Lipids.

Research Methodology

For starting this study, about 50 high-quality papers were selected, the authors of which published them over the past ten years. These works on human studies were subject to careful review and screening. This study looks for a correlation between vitamin D and LDL, a vital marker for the development of cardiovascular disease. The keywords of identification include vitamin D, lipid profile, lipids, vitamin D supplementation, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C.

Results and Discussion

Vitamin D Properties Relative to Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is associated with atypical lipid levels, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (Karamali et al., 2017). A study conducted on 3183 Korean children and adolescents linked dyslipidemia with vitamin D deficiency and reduced physical activity (Song et al., 2020). The survey results linked HDL-C to boys who are obese or overweight (Aliashrafi et al., 2019). Similarly, girls with low vitamin D had a higher dyslipidemia occurrence than the boys (Nouri Saeidlou et al., 2017). According to the study’s findings, the reason behind the positive link between 25OHD and HDL-C is elaborated by the link between apolipoprotein A-1 and vitamin D. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D subdues apolipoprotein A-1 gene manifestation by changing the actions of coactivators or corepressors (Milajerdi et al., 2020). Additionally, Apolipoprotein A-1 is the primary element of HDL-C. Therefore, the ability of vitamin D to sustain sufficient levels of apolipoprotein A-1 has been recommended as a potential mechanism for the positive correlation between vitamin D with HDL-C in the youth (Liu et al., 2021).

Cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death today, with atherosclerosis being the pathology linked with heightened cholesterol levels (Huang et al., 2021). A review by Warren et al. (2021) explains vitamin D metabolism as a contributory factor; the relationship between vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism can be explained by the defined feedback mechanisms and interactions. The two mechanisms: calcitriol (1,25(OH)D), which enhances INSIG/SREBP mediated feedback; calcidiol (25(OH)D), which inhibits HMGCR activity; and VDR inducing CYP7A1 action, are all steady with the observation that vitamin D insufficiency promotes total cholesterol and LDL-C. The review also observes that vitamin D supplementation suppresses total cholesterol and LDL-C.

Vitamin D and Lipid Profiles with Metabolic Syndrome People

Different human trials tend to link vitamin D with varying lipid profiles among individuals with metabolic syndrome (Fernández-Arroyo et al., 2019). A clinical trial conducted by Liyanage (2017) investigated the impact of high-dose vitamin D on patients with triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and total cholesterol (TC). Considered findings indicate heightened serum HDL level within six months of therapy of high dose vitamin D in patients with early diabetic nephropathy (Farag et al., 2019). Similarly, a randomized, double-blind placebo trial on 55 vitamin D deficient women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) revealed that Calcium, vitamin D, and K co-supplementation had beneficial effects on markers of insulin metabolism, serum triglycerides, and VLDL-cholesterol levels (Jorde & Grimnes, 2011).

Various mechanisms can elaborate on the beneficial impacts of combined calcium-vitamin D supplementation on serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol levels (Alves et al., 2021). The intake of Calcium can result in reduced absorption of fatty acids and increased fecal fatty acid content through the development of insoluble calcium-fatty soaps in the gut (Öhlund et al., 2020). This situation, in turn, reduces serum triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol levels (Moghassemi & Marjani, 2014). Additionally, heightened intracellular Calcium in the liver leads to stimulating microsomal triglycerides transfer protein (MTP), leading to reduced VLDL-cholesterol levels and serum triglycerides (Dibaba, 2019⁴⁰).

Administration of vitamin D has shown significant contribution in enhancing the lipid profile of subjects. According to a randomized trial by Samaranayake (2020), strict dietary intake and physical activity plans show improvement in body composition and anthropometric and metabolic profiles. Additionally, another trial by Holt et al. (2022) reveals high dose vitamin D supplementation has a beneficial impact on the homeostasis of glucose and HDL cholesterol levels amongst infertile men. A study by Garcia et al. (2019) also reveals a positive correlation between administration of Vitamin D and improvement of total levels of cholesterol, apolipoprotein B100, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Possible mechanisms by which vitamin D may affect lipid metabolism are the suppression of the expression of enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase with a consequent decrease in cholesterol synthesis (Almaghrbi et al., 2021). Alternatively, the influence may be indirectly by raising calcium absorption, which enhances a reduction in TC by conversion into bile acid (Ferreira et al., 2020).

Limitations and Recommendations

Different clinical human trials seek to identify the impact of vitamin D on the lipid profile of individuals with metabolic syndrome. The majority of the research findings reveal a positive correlation between vitamin D administration and the improvement of lipid profile among vitamin D deficient subjects (Hauger et al., 2020). However, the primary limitations that affect the study revolve around the differences in quality and significance of certain research to a clinical question (Hama et al., 2021). Controversial findings by AlAnouti et al. (2020) reveal that vitamin D supplementation (VDS) does not affect blood lipids in adults with MetS. These research findings indicate further research is needed to ascertain whether vitamin D supplements affect blood lipids in adults with MetS (Challoumas, 2014).

The research review articles have the potential of biasness due to the impact of the author’s viewpoints. There might also exist some gaps within the literature searching activities that can lead to the omission of crucial research or errors in data translation (Ponda, 2012a; Ponda, 2012b). This situation occurs from primary literature to summarization within the review, where one can fall to misinterpretation or misrepresentation of source data issues (Bašić et al., 2019). Nonetheless, vitamin D supplementation is recommended for individuals experiencing unhealthy lipid profiles (Dziedzic et al., 2016).

Conclusion

The metabolism of cholesterol and vitamin D has a complex relationship. Evidence indicates that heightened cardiovascular risk is linked with a deficiency in vitamin D. Different clinical trials explain the interaction of vitamin D and lipid profiles of the subjects. These studies help our understanding of the relationship between vitamin D and lipid profiles for individuals with metabolic syndrome. However, further research is needed to ascertain the effect of vitamin D on improving lipid profiles of individuals with MetS, as contrary research findings exist.

References

AlAnouti, F., Abboud, M., Papandreou, D., Mahboub, N., Haidar, S., & Rizk, R. (2020). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile in adults with the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrients, 12(11). Web.

Aliashrafi, S., Rafie-Arefhosseini, S., Lotfi-Dizaji, L., & Ebrahimi-Mameghani, M. (2019). Effect of vitamin D supplementation in combination with weight loss diet on lipid profile and Sirtuin 1 in obese subjects with vitamin D deficiency: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.Health Promotion Perspectives, 9(4), 263-269. Web.

Almaghrbi, A., Altarrani, M., Elmighrabi, N., Bakoush, H. M., & Elmabsout, A. A. (2021). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose homeostasis, BMI and lipid profile in diabetic patients with vitamin D deficiency. Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research, 3(3), 25-35. Web.

Alves, A. G. P., Cruvinel, B. A., Schincaglia, R. M., Godoi, L. S., & Silva, M. S. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation reduces serum lipids of children with hypertriacylglycerolemia: A randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled crossover trial.Nutrition, 89. Web.

Angellotti, E., D’Alessio, D., Dawson-Hughes, B., Chu, Y., Nelson, J., Hu, P., Cohen, R. M., & Pittas, A. G. (2019). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.Clinical Nutrition, 38(5), 2449-2453. Web.

Bašić, J., Vojinović, J., Jevtović-Stoimenov, T., Despotović, M., Sušić, G., Lazarević, D., Milošević, V., Cvetković, M., & Pavlović, D. (2019). Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism influences lipid profile in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.Clinical Rheumatology, 38(1), 117-124. Web.

Challoumas, D. (2014). Vitamin D supplementation and lipid profile: What does the best available evidence show?Atherosclerosis, 235(1), 130-139. Web.

Dibaba, D. T. (2019). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition Reviews, 77(12), 890-902. Web.

Dziedzic, E. A., Przychodzeń, S., & Dąbrowski, M. (2016). The effects of vitamin D on severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and lipid profile of cardiac patients. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 12(6), 1199-1206. Web.

Farag, H. A. M., Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J., Muhammad, B. A., Esmaillzadeh, A., & El Bilbeisi, A. H. (2019). Effects of vitamin D supplementation along with endurance physical activity on lipid profile in metabolic syndrome patients: A randomized controlled trial.Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(2), 1093-1098. Web.

Fernández-Arroyo, S., Hernández-Aguilera, A., de Vries, M. A., Burggraaf, B., van der Zwan, E., Pouw, N., Joven, J., & Castro Cabezas, M. (2019). Effect of vitamin D3 on the postprandial lipid profile in obese patients: Anon-targeted lipidomics study.Nutrients, 11(5). Web.

Ferreira, P. P., Cangussu, L., Bueloni-Dias, F. N., Orsatti, C. L., Schmitt, E. B., Nahas-Neto, J., & Nahas, E. A. P. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation improves the metabolic syndrome risk profile in postmenopausal women.Climacteric, 23(1), 24-31. Web.

Garcia, M., Seelaender, M., Sotiropoulos, A., Coletti, D., & Lancha, A. H. (2019). Vitamin D, muscle recovery, sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle atrophy. Nutrition, 60, 66–69.

Gasparri, C., Perna, S., Spadaccini, D., Alalwan, T., Girometta, C., Infantino, V., & Rondanelli, M. (2019). Is vitamin D-fortified yogurt a value-added strategy for improving human health? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(10), 8587-8603.

Gunasegaran, P., Tahmina, S., Daniel, M., & Nanda, S. K. (2021). Role of vitamin D‐calcium supplementation on metabolic profile and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 47(3), 1016-1022. Web.

Hafez, M., Musa, N., Atty, S. A., Ibrahem, M., & Wahab, N. A. (2019). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile in vitamin D-deficient children with type 1 diabetes and dyslipidemia.Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 91(5), 311-318. Web.

Hama, A. H., Shakiba, E., Rahimi, Z., Karimi, M., Mozafari, H., & Abdulkarim, O. A. (2021). Vitamin D level, lipid profile, and vitamin D receptor and transporter gene variants in sickle cell disease patients from Kurdistan of Iraq. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 35(9).

Hauger, H., Laursen, R. P., Ritz, C., Mølgaard, C., Lind, M. V., & Damsgaard, C. T. (2020). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European Journal of Nutrition, 59(3), 873-884. Web.

Holt, R., Petersen, J. H., Dinsdale, E., Knop, F. K., Juul, A., Jørgensen, N., & Blomberg Jensen, M. (2022). Vitamin D supplementation improves fasting insulin levels and HDL cholesterol in infertile men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 107(1), 98-108. Web.

Huang, S., Fu, J., Zhao, R., Wang, B., Zhang, M., Li, L., & Shi, C. (2021). The effect of combined supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids on blood glucose and blood lipid levels in patients with gestational diabetes.Annals of Palliative Medicine, 10(5), 5652-5658. Web.

Jafari, T., Fallah, A. A., & Barani, A. (2016). Effects of vitamin D on serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical Nutrition, 35(6), 1259-1268. Web.

Javed, Z., Papageorgiou, M., Deshmukh, H., Kilpatrick, E. S., Mann, V., Corless, L., Abouda, G., Rigby, A. S., Atkin, S. L., & Sathyapalan, T. (2019). A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, hormones, and liver markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Nutrients, 11(1), 188. Web.

Jin, B., Qian, L., Fu, X., Zhu, J., & Shu, J. (2020). Influence of vitamin D supplementation on lipid levels in polycystic ovary syndrome patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of International Medical Research, 48(8). Web.

Jorde, R., & Grimnes, G. (2011). Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids.Progress in Lipid Research, 50(4), 303-312. Web.

Karamali, M., Ashrafi, M., Razavi, M., Jamilian, M., Akbari, M., & Asemi, Z. (2017). The effects of calcium, vitamins D and K co-supplementation on markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in vitamin D-deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 125(05), 316-321. Web.

Kelishadi, R., Farajzadegan, Z., & Bahreynian, M. (2014). Association between vitamin D status and lipid profile in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 65(4), 404-410. Web.

Khayyatzadeh, S. S., Mirmoosavi, S. J., Fazeli, M., Abasalti, Z., Avan, A., Javandoost, A., Rahmani, F., Tayefi, M., Hanachi, P., Ferns, G. A., Bahrami-Taghanaki, H., & Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. (2018). High-dose vitamin D supplementation is associated with an improvement in several cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescent girls: A nine-week follow-up study.Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 55(2), 227-235. Web.

Khosravi, Z. S., Kafeshani, M., Tavasoli, P., Zadeh, A. H., & Entezari, M. H. (2018). Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on weight loss, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in obese and overweight women: A clinical trial study.International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 9(63), 1-9. Web.

Liu, W., Wu, Z., Zhu, D., Chen, G., Yan, G., Zhang, S., Chen, F., Khan, B. A., & Hou, K. (2021). Vitamin D and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 8. Web.

Liyanage, G. C., Lekamwasam, S., Weerarathna, T. P., & Liyanage, C. E. (2017). Effects of high-dose parenteral vitamin D therapy on lipid profile and blood pressure in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 11(2), 767-770. Web.

Milajerdi, A., Ostadmohammadi, V., Amirjani, S., Kolahdooz, F., & Asemi, Z. (2019). The effects of vitamin D treatment on glycemic control, serum lipid profiles, and C-reactive protein in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International Urology and Nephrology, 51(9), 1567-1580. Web.

Moghassemi, S., & Marjani, A. (2014). The effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile and blood pressure in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial.Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 19(5), 517-521. Web.

Mohamad, M. I., El-Sherbeny, E. E., & Bekhet, M. M. (2016). The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35(5), 399-404.

Morvaridzadeh, M., Agah, S., Alibakhshi, P., Heydari, H., Hoseini, A. S., Palmowski, A., Toupchian, O., Abdollahi, C., Rezamand, G., & Heshmati, J. (2021). Effects of calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation on the lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Therapeutics, 43(9), 274-296.

Nouri Saeidlou, S., Vahabzadeh, D., Babaei, F., & Vahabzadeh, Z. (2017). Seasonal variations of vitamin D and its relation to lipid profile in Iranian children and adults. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 36(1), 1-7.

Öhlund, I., Lind, T., Hernell, O., Silfverdal, S. A., Liv, P., & Karlsland Åkeson, P. (2020). Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk markers in young Swedish children: A double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing different doses of vitamin D supplements.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111(4), 779-786. Web.

Park, J. E., Pichiah, P. B. T., & Cha, Y.-S. (2018). Vitamin D and metabolic diseases: Growing roles of Vitamin D.Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 27(4), 223–232. Web.

Patwardhan, V. G., Mughal, Z. M., Padidela, R., Chiplonkar, S. A., Khadilkar, V. V., & Khadilkar, A. V. (2017). Randomized control trial assessing impact of increased sunlight exposure versus vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile in Indian vitamin D deficient men. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(3), 393. Web.

Pinkas, J., Bojar, I., Gujski, M., Bartosińska, J., Owoc, A., & Raczkiewicz, D. (2017). Serum lipid, vitamin D levels, and obesity in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in non-manual employment.Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 23, 5018-5026. Web.

Ponda, M. P., Dowd, K., Finkielstein, D., Holt, P. R., & Breslow, J. L. (2012a). The short-term effects of vitamin D repletion on cholesterol: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 32(10), 2510-2515. Web.

Ponda, M. P., Huang, X., Odeh, M. A., Breslow, J. L., & Kaufman, H. W. (2012b). Vitamin D may not improve lipid levels: A serial clinical laboratory data study.Circulation, 126(3), 270-277. Web.

Rochlani, Y., Pothineni, N. V., Kovelamudi, S., & Mehta, J. L. (2017). Metabolic syndrome: Pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds.Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, 11(8), 215–225. Web.

Samaranayake, D. B. D. L., Adikaram, S. G., Atapattu, N., Kendaragama, K. M. D. L. D., Senevirathne, J. T. N., Jayasekera, H. D., & Wickramasinghe, V. P. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation in obese Sri Lankan children: A randomized controlled trial.BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 1-11. Web.

Song, K., Park, G., Choi, Y., Oh, J. S., Choi, H. S., Suh, J., Kwon, A., Kim, H.-S., & Chae, H. W. (2020). Association of vitamin D status and physical activity with lipid profile in Korean children and adolescents: A population-based study.Children, 7(11). Web.

Tangoh, D. A., Apinjoh, T. O., Mahmood, Y., Nyingchu, R. V., Tangunyi, B. A., Nji, E. N., Azhar, A., & Achidi, E. A. (2018). Vitamin D status and its associated risk factors among adults in the Southwest region of Cameroon. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2018, 1–9. Web.

Wang, H., Xia, N., Yang, Y., & Peng, D. Q. (2012). Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lipids in Health and Disease, 11(1), 1-9. Web.

Wang, L., Liu, X., Hou, J., Wei, D., Liu, P., Fan, K., Zhang, L., Nie, L., Li, X., Huo, W., Jing, T., Li, W., Wang, C., & Mao, Z. (2020). Serum vitamin D affected type 2 diabetes though altering lipid profile and modified the effects of testosterone on diabetes status.Nutrients, 13(1), 90. Web.

Warren, T., McAllister, R., Morgan, A., Rai, T. S., McGilligan, V., Ennis, M., Page, C., Kelly, C., Peace, A., Corfe, B. M., Mc Auley, M., & Watterson, S. (2021). The interdependency and co-regulation of the vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism.Cells, 10(8). Web.

Xi, Y., Niu, L., Cao, N., Bao, H., Xu, X., Zhu, H., Yan, T., Zhang, N., Qiao, L., Han, K., Hang, G., Wang, W., & Zhang, X. (2020). Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among adults aged ≥35 years in northern China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1). Web.

Zodda, D., Giammona, R., & Schifilliti, S. (2018). Treatment strategy for dyslipidemia in cardiovascular disease prevention: Focus on old and new drugs.Pharmacy, 6(1), 10. Web.

Overall, the classification of vitamins is based on such a criterion as their solvability. One can distinguish two broad groups, in particular, fat-soluble vitamins such as A or E and water-soluble vitamins like folate or biotin (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2012). Certainly, these organic compounds can be divided into other classes; for example, one can use such a criterion as the functions that they perform. However, the first approach is more widespread.

Vitamins play a critical role for the growth and functioning of the body at various pre-natal and post-natal stages. For example, they are involved the chemical reactions that are vital for the formation of bones. In this case, one should speak primarily about vitamins D and K. In turn, its shortage of these chemical compounds can impair the development of a fetus. Secondly, vitamins are necessary for normal blood-clotting (Insel, Ross, McMahon, & Bernstein, 2010, p. 388).

Apart from that, they are important for many cognitive functions such as memory or attention. For example, the shortage of B vitamins can impair the functioning of the brain. One should also remember that vitamins act as antioxidants that shield the organ from the detrimental effects of free radicals (Insel et al., 2010, p. 388). These examples indicate that these compounds are involved in various physiological processes.

Overall, fat-soluble vitamins can be viewed as lipid-like molecules which can be solved in fat (Insel et al., 2010, p. 388). For instance, one can mention vitamins A, E, D, or K. These chemical substances can be derived from various types of food. For instance, vitamin A can be found in dairy products such as milk or butter. Additionally, fish is an important source of vitamins A and D. Moreover, vegetables like carrots or broccoli can contain fat-soluble vitamins. These are some of the main sources that can be identified.

One can also discuss the specific role of fat-soluble vitamins. For example, vitamin A performs such roles as gene transcription, bone metabolism, and anti-oxidation. Its deficiency can lead to such problems as hyperkeratosis, night-blindness, and keratomalacia (McClatchey, 2002, p. 444).

In turn, the toxicity of vitamin A takes place when the intake exceeds 500,000 milligrams per day. Its overdose is associated with such symptoms as nausea, intracranial pressure, or muscle weakness (McClatchey, 2002, p. 444). These are the main detrimental effects that can be mentioned.

Apart from that, one can speak about vitamin D. One of its roles is to activate the innate immune systems. Secondly, it reduces the risk of a cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, its deficiency is associated with such as disorder as rackets (McClatchey, 2002, p. 445). Provided that a person ingests excessive amount of this vitamin, he/she can develop hypocalcaemia (McClatchey, 2002, p. 445). This is the main toxic risk that should be taken into account.

Furthermore, one should speak about water-soluble vitamins. They are stored in the watery compartments of different foods. One of their distinctions is that they do not require lipoprotein carriers (Insel et al., 2010, p. 388). This group includes vitamins of the B group, and vitamin C. These nutrients can be found in meat, vegetables such as avocados or broccoli, fish, and dairy products.

One can provide several examples of examples of water-soluble vitamins. In particular, vitamin B₁ or thiamine is related to various physiological activities such as carbohydrate metabolism, the transmission of electrolytes, or various enzyme processes.

Among its major deficiency risks, one can distinguish Korsakoff’s syndrome or dry beriberi (McClatchey, 2002, p. 445). It should be mentioned that the toxicity of thiamine is very low. However, the daily intake of this nutrient should not exceed 7000 milligrams per day, because this overdose can lead to headache and insomnia.

In turn, riboflavin or vitamin B₂ is important for the production of blood cells and body growth. Its deficiency is associated with such risks as anemia, cheilosis, or glossitis (McClatchey, 2002, p. 445). At present, researchers have not identified the toxic effect of this nutrient.

Finally, one should speak about vitamin B₃ which is also known as niacin. This organic compound performs several functions. In particular, it is involved in the production of the DNA. Secondly, it reduces the accumulation of plaque in the arteries. Moreover, it facilitates the reactions, which are necessary for the work of the digestive system.

Its major deficiency risks include pellagra as well as dementia (McClatchey, 2002, p. 445). This vitamin can also become toxic, and its overdose can result in such problems as histamine release or pruritus (McClatchey, 2002, p. 445).

Reference List

Grosvenor, M. & Smolin, L. A. (2012). Visualizing Nutrition: Everyday choices (2th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

Insel, P., Ross, D., McMahon, K., Bernstein, M. (2010). Nutrition. New York, NY: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

McClatchey, K. (2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

The publication “Low Vitamin D Linked to Increased Risk of Premature Death” by Corrie Pelc and published by Medical News Today on October 25, 2022, is targeted at educating the general health consumer. Audience targeted by the article is the general public on how to adopt healthy lifestyle habits. The overall purpose of the report is to define Vitamin D, highlight sources of Vitamin D, and explore the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and premature mortality. The material is published on the Medical News Today web page.

The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) outlines seven categories of clear communication index and evidence-based criteria for evaluating public communication materials. Categories of clear communication index, including the Main Message and Call to Action, Language, Information Design, State of the Science, Behavioral Recommendations, Numbers, and Risks, will evaluate the general consumer publication. Although the publication contains the main message, partly reading “About 1 billion people globally have a vitamin D deficiency,” and placed in the first section with visual clues of boldface, it does not contain a precise Call of Action (Pelc, 2022). Moreover, the language of the main message is expressed in passive voice and is hence inaccurate. While some information is designed in bulleted lists, most content is organized in small paragraphs with sub-headings. The source of the subject matter is acknowledged with an authoritative primary source. Two behavioral recommendations for appropriate sun exposure and seeking medication are at the end of the article. Moreover, the material emphasizes the numbers and risks relevant to the primary message.

Overall, the strengths of the publication are the language, information design, state of science, behavioral recommendations, numbers, and risks categories. However, I would prescribe incorporating a Call to Action and hierarchical organization of the main message. Additionally, an active rather than passive voice in the main message and call to action would render the article more potent.

Reference

Pelc, C. (2022).Low vitamin D is linked to a higher risk of premature death, research shows. Medical News Today.

Introduction

Based on a vitamin A deficiency, xerophthalmia is a condition that results in dry eyes. If left untreated, it may develop into patches on the eyes or impaired vision. Moreover, the corneal of the eyes may be harmed, resulting in vision loss. Toddlers are more likely to experience a vitamin A shortage. It can impair a child’s development, negatively impact crucial organs, and exacerbate other illnesses or infestations. Lack of vitamin A throughout a child’s developing years can result in xerophthalmia or early blindness. Children who suffer from illnesses like measles and lung problems may be lacking vitamin A (Eye Wiki, 2022). These pathogens raise a child’s risk of developing xerophthalmia.

Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is a necessary nutrient that can be used to treat it. Its key purpose is to keep the eyes strong and the vision clear. Furthermore, it reinforces one’s immunity and defends the body’s vital tissues, such as the lungs and heart. Vitamin A is not formed by the body; vitamin A-rich diets and supplements must be expended. Since vitamin shortages are more widespread in poorer nations than in the United States, this condition is more prevalent there (Feroze & Kaufman, 2022). It is critical to consume sufficient vitamin A for good health.

Visual Images

Different xerophthalmic phases such as night blindness and bitot’s spot are regarded as health issues and medical symptoms of vitamin A inadequacy. According to research done on students in Eastern Ethiopia to determine how many kids suffered from xerophthalmia or any other covariates, 14.60% of kids had xerophthalmia, 2.80 had XIB, and 14.20 had vision problems (Wodaye et al., 2016). Among the clinical symptoms of vitamin A deficiency is nighttime blindness, which is a condition that makes it a challenge or impossible to see in fairly low illumination and is quite frequent in impoverished nations throughout pregnancy. The crucial kind of vitamin A that constitutes plasma and serum is retinol. Among these ranges, serum or blood retinol is balanced and might not match well with vitamin A ingestion. Blood retinol measures replicate hepatic vitamin A repository if they are significantly weakened or vastly elevated. Consequently, plasma retinol is the best means for dictating whether a group has asymptomatic vitamin A insufficiency.

The primary factor in both infant blindness and avoidable vision is xerophthalmia. The cornea, the outermost part of the eye, begins to dry out and wrinkle. Night blindness, corneal scarring that impairs the ability to see in low light, is another sign. corneal ulceration or wounds, bitot’s patches, or white spots upon the conjunctiva, as well as corneal weakening. Problems from it include rupture, eye impairment, and withered, non-functional eyes.

Retinal color keratinization, thickness and non-wetting of the cornea, goblet neuronal loss, and interface manifestation of secretions with decreased tear secretion, cornea perforation or keratomalacia or localized dissolving, and hemorrhage are the contributing factors to xerophthalmia. Depending on the type and quantity of vitamins and provitamins consumed, the person’s capacity for absorption, distribution, and retention, and their physiological requirements, the reason for this vitamin A deficit can be extremely complicated. All of these elements can be significantly changed by diseases that at first glance appear unconnected, which affects the person’s vitamin A concentration.

Pre-schoolers in several impoverished nations are at threat of vitamin A insufficiency due to inadequately diverse diets, uneducated mothers, and poor cleanliness. According to a diagnostic study conducted at two primary care hospitals in North India, 4.43% of kids between the ages of 2 and 6 have xerophthalmia (Mishra* et al., 2017). Widely acknowledged as a major contributor to cataracts and a significant public health issue amongst Indian kids, vitamin A insufficiency. High rates of visual loss can be used as a tracking tool to create focused programs and as a way for society to track the vitamin A condition of its residents, especially after an initiative. For lengthy viability in enhancing the vitamin A level of children among all age categories, healthcare education is required for nutritional diversifying to include veggies and fruits.

The conjunctiva has a dull, dry look with some minor wrinkling, which is indicative of sclera xerosis. It may be mild and challenging to diagnose medically, and it is brought on by the death of glandular tissue and inadequate glycoprotein release.

Corynebacterium xerosis, a gas-creating microbe, is combined with desquamated, keratinocytes skin cells to generate bitot patches. They seem like triangular areas of hazy, frothy aggregates that are commonly found on the bulbar cornea at the angles of three and nine; they are more frequent throughout time.

If left untreated, corneal xerosis may result in cornea perforation and dissolving. The most serious condition of xerophthalmia is keratomalacia, which is the peeling off of the corneal by liquefaction apoptosis. In a short of days, this can extrude and damage the corneal. A kid who seems to be in generally good health but suffers keratomalacia must be probed about any recent influenza or dysentery symptoms, as these conditions could quickly reduce vitamin A reserves that are currently low.

The lack of vitamin A is a serious concern, especially for kids in underdeveloped nations. The incidence of vitamin A insufficiency generally in India is 17.54%, according to a report focusing on kids aged 12 months (Kundu et al., 2021). Extended breastfeeding periods are associated with a lower incidence of VAD in toddlers. In contrast to kids in wealthier economic sectors, youngsters in lower economic segments are more likely to have vitamin A. Children with the least amount of dietary variety are 18.63% more likely to have VAD. There is a social and demographic imbalance among Indian children with VAD. Increased maternal education and prolonged nursing may reduce the incidence of VAD in offspring. Kids must consume food with at least a minimal variety of diets. Children who are malnourished and anemic have higher VAD incidence rates.

Conclusion

In several underdeveloped nations, health systems include providing vitamin A supplements to all children. Healthcare education initiatives must focus on consuming foods high in vitamin A. The physician could advise one to consume more foods that are yellow in color and high in beta-carotene. Additionally, they might advise including dairy, beef, and green foliage vegetables in one’s diet. Regarding non-dietary instances of xerophthalmia, fundamental illnesses such as liver disorders and bowel inflammation must be addressed. If there are additional causes for a patient’s xerophthalmia, the doctor can help address those issues.

References

Feroze, K. B., & Kaufman, E. J. (2022). Xerophthalmia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. National Library of Medicine. Web.

Kundu, S., Rai, B., & Shukla, A. (2021). Prevalence and determinants of Vitamin A deficiency among children in India: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. Web.

Mishra, D., Gulati, M., Bhushan, P., Mohan, N., & P, B. S. (2017). Prospective clinical study to find out epidemiology of Xerophthalmia in children in a tertiary care centre in India. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. February 7, 2023, Web.

Wodaye, A. Y., Beyene, A. S., & Roba, H. S. (2016). Prevalence of Xerophthalmia and associated factors among school age children of Fadis, Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia: School based cross-sectional study: Semantic scholar. Journal of public health and epidemiology. Web.

Xerophthalmia. (2022). EyeWiki. Web.

Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and ocular manifestations. (2020). GrepMed. Web.

Introduction

Fruits such as mangoes, pineapples, berries and papaya have diversified tastes and flavours and make excellent sources of various minerals and vitamins in the diet (Rababah, Ereifej, & Howard 2005, p. 4445). Among the numerous antioxidants found in fruits, vitamin C has the most significant biological role in the human body. Vitamin C helps to decrease levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and to fight inflammations. In addition, vitamin C is a predictor of heart disease, threat of arteriosclerosis, as well as, various forms of cancer. L-Ascorbic acid is both an anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger. It is found in various citrus fruits and leafy vegetables (Brevard, Marques, Renfroe, Lee, & Gloeckner 2010, p. 760).

Vitamin C is necessary for human growth and repair of tissues, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels through the formation of collagen. The ease with which vitamin C oxidizes causes it to diminish faster in fresh fruits than in processed ones, when cooked or stored in the open air (Vasco C, Ruales J, & A 2008, p. 817). Ascorbic acid is freely soluble in water, which means tinned fruits retain their vitamin C in the liquid. Vitamin C is slightly acidic and is partly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in Chloroform, ether and benzene (Rickman, Barrett, & Bruhn 2007). The formula for ascorbic acid is C₆H₈O₆. Its structural formula is shown in figure 1 below:

Lack of vitamin C causes Scurvy, which is characterized by weakness and small hemorrhages all over the body that cause the skin and gums to bleed, as well as loosening of teeth. Since human beings cannot store vitamin C in the body, it should be replenished on a daily basis, with a minimum requirement of 30 mg (Connell, Zoellner, Yadrick, Chekuri, Crook, & Bogle 2011).

Over 80% of vitamin C in the human diet is obtained from fruits and vegetables. However, fruits face rapid deterioration after cropping due to their high moisture content. As a result, fruits undergo various processing activities in order to reduce their moisture content, which also reduces microbiological activity. Reducing water activity improves the stability of fruits by reducing both physical and chemical reactions that occur during storage (Miller & Knudson 2012, p. 14).

Research suggests that heat treatment of fresh fruits during processing causes a significant loss on vitamin C; however, canning preserves the remaining nutrients level over a long time relative to fresh produce (Rickman, Barrett and Bruhn 2007, p. 936). The amount of vitamin C in fresh products begins to reduce immediately after harvest. Research suggests that the level of vitamin C loss depends on crop variety, as well as, grower processes that have a direct impact on vitamin C content (Koyuncy & Dilmacunal 2010, p. 96).

A variety of techniques can be used to determine vitamin C in fruits (Koyuncy & Dilmacunal 2010, p. 97). This experiment employs the new calorimetric technique that uses Folin phenol reagent to compare vitamin C content in fresh and processed pineapples and strawberries.

Project Aims and Objectives

Aims

• To determine the vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content of fresh, frozen and tinned (canned) pineapples and strawberries using new calorimetric technique that uses Folin phenol reagent.
• To compare vitamin C content in fresh, frozen and canned pineapples and strawberries.

Objectives

• To measure vitamin C content for fresh, frozen and tinned pineapples and strawberries
• To compare vitamin C content of fresh fruits (pineapples and strawberries) with literature values of vitamin C.
• To evaluate the influence of processing (freezing) and thermal processing (canning) on vitamin C retention for pineapples and strawberries

Experimental Design

This experiment will be comparing the content of vitamin C in fresh, frozen and canned fruits (pineapples and strawberries) using the direct calorimetric technique. The direct colorimetric method of is based on the assessment of the level to which a 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol solution is decolorized by ascorbic acid in sample extracts and in standard ascorbic acid solutions. The dye is slowly reduced by various interfering substances.

Equipment

• Refrigerator
• Test tubes
• Paper filters

Reagents

1. 2% Metaphosphoric acid
2. Distilled water
3. Dye solution: dissolve 100 mg of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol dye in hot distilled water at around 85 – 95^oC. Add 844 mg of sodium bicarbonate to the mixture. After they have dissolved, cool it and obtain a 100 ml solution. Filter and dilute 25 ml with 500 ml of distilled water.
4. Standard ascorbic acid solution: use 100 mg of ascorbic acid to make 100 ml with 2% phosphoric acid (HPO₃). Dilute 4 ml of this solution to 100 ml with 2% HPO₃ (1 ml = 40 μg of ascorbic acid)

Sample preparation

For strawberries

• Purchase fresh, frozen and canned strawberries products at a local grocery store.
• Sort the berries to remove the ones that are either too small or excessively ripe.
• Place the fresh berries on plastic boxes with perforations.
• There will be four replicates for each treatment administered.
• Tinned strawberries will be refrigerated at a temperature of 273K and about 95% relative humidity for 1 week.
• Frozen strawberries will be refrigerated at a temperature of 253K and about 95% relative humidity for 1 week.
• Fresh berries will be stored at room temperature (21^oC)
• Analysis of the fruits will be conducted on 2 day intervals.

For pineapples

• Purchase fresh and canned pineapple products at a local grocery store.
• Remove the cores from the fresh pineapples
• Cut the pineapples into slices of 5 mm thickness and place them in a circular tray of diameter 125 mm and 15 mm height.
• Store half of the fresh pineapple slices at room temperature (294K)
• Place the other half of fresh pineapples in a refrigerator at 273K and around 90% relative humidity
• Conduct tests on 2 day intervals, as the samples remain in storage.

Preparation of sample

For the solid (semi-solid fruit pieces): blend 50 to 100 g of sample with an equal weight of 6% HPO₃ and make up an aliquot of the macerate to 100 ml.

Alternatively,

Fruit juices sample: use 10 or 20 ml of sample and make up to 100 ml with 2% HPO₃. Filter the mixture

Standard curve

• Dry the test tubes.
• Pipette the requisite volume of standard ascorbic acid solution -1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4 and 5 ml and make up to 5 ml with the requisite amount of 2% HPO₃.
• Add 10 ml of dye with a rapid delivery pipette
• Shake and take the reading within 15 to 20 seconds.
• Set the instrument to 100 % transmission using a blank consisting of 5 ml of 2% HPO3 solution and 10 ml of water.
• Measure the red color at 518 nm or a wavelength nearest to the required wavelength using a suitable filter.
• Plot graphs of absorbance against concentration.

Sample

• Place 5 ml of the extract (or less made to 5 ml with HPO₃) in a dry test tube.
• Add 10 ml of dye and measure as in standard.

Elimination of interference due to Sulphur Dioxide

The presence of Sulphur dioxide in sample reduces the indophenol dye and thus interferes in ascorbic acid analysis. To eliminate interference in the sample due to SO2, use the formaldehyde condensation procedure given below:

• Put 10 ml of filtrate in a test tube
• Add 1 ml of 40% formaldehyde and 0.1 of HCL
• Keep for 10 minutes and titrate as before

Data analysis

Calculation

Note the concentration of ascorbic acid from the standard curve and calculate the ascorbic acid content in the sample as given below

Identify the vitamin C content and draw a graph of absorbance (750 nm) against vitamin C concentration (μg).

• Compare vitamin C content of fresh pineapples and strawberries with the literature values.
• Compare vitamin C content in fresh, frozen and canned pineapples and strawberries

Time plan

Gantt Chart

References

Brevard, P, Marques, K, Renfroe, M, Lee, R & Gloeckner, J 2010, “Differences in antioxidant levels of fresh, frozen and freeze-dried strawberries and strawberry jam”, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 759–769.

Connell, C, Zoellner, J, Yadrick, M, Chekuri, S, Crook, L & Bogle, M 2011, “Energy Density, Nutrient Adequacy, and Cost per Serving Can Provide Insight into Food Choices in the Lower Mississippi Delta”, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.

Koyuncy, M & Dilmacunal, T 2010, “Determination of Vitamin C and Organic Acid Changes in Strawberry by HPLC During Cold Storage”, Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 95-98.

Miller, S & Knudson, B 2012, Nutrition & Costs Comparisons of Select Canned, Frozen and Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Michigan, Michigan State University.

Rababah T, Ereifej K & Howard L 2005, “Effect of ascorbic acid and dehydration on concentrations of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, and color in fruits”, J Agric Food Chem vol. 53, pp. 4444–4447

Rickman, J, Barrett, D & Bruhn, C 2007, “Review: Nutritional Comparison of Fresh, Frozen and Canned Fruits and Vegetables. Part I. Vitamins C and B and Phenolic Compounds”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 930-944.

Vasco C & Ruales J 2008, “Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of major fruits from Ecuador”, Food Chem, vol. 111, pp. 816–823.

What happens when you do not take Vitamin C?

The term scurvy is not limited to pirates saying “Arrr!” in movies and TV shows but is actually a disease that is caused by vitamin c deficiency. What you have to understand is that Vitamin C plays an important role in the body since it is required in the production of collagen which is a type of protein used in the connective tissue of all animals (Broihier, 1998).

Without sufficient levels of vitamin c within the body, the connective tissues within the flesh start to break down resulting initially in lethargy and spongy gums and slowly building up to the creation of open wounds on the body, a subsequent loss of teeth, a severe fever then death. The only way to stop the symptoms or prevent the onset of scurvy altogether is to consume vitamin c, thankfully most modern-day diets include a healthy supply of items rich in vitamin c thus resulting in only a few cases of scurvy per year.

Importance in the Body’s Immune System

Aside from the necessity of vitamin c in staving off the effects of scurvy, it is also a necessary component in the body’s immune system (Smart pills, 2005). Various studies have determined that vitamin c plays a crucial role in strengthening the immune system enabling it to fight off a variety of viruses and infections.

People who either consume very little or no vitamin c at all are more likely to get sick, contract severe illnesses, or have generally poor health as a direct result of their immune system being too weak to sufficient fight the number of pathogens and bacteria encountered by most people on a daily basis (Broihier, 1998).

Effects as an Antioxidant

Free radicals within the body are often caused by a variety of sources such as excessive exercise, pollutants in the air or even through external injuries. The problem with having free radicals lies in the fact that they often cause adverse effects on the body such as increased risks of cardiovascular disease, hypertension and a variety of other negative physical effects (Citric acid and its benefits for the heart, 2009). One of the best ways of getting rid of free radicals is through the use of antioxidants such as vitamin c.

Where can you get Vitamin C?

Natural Sources

The best source of vitamin c comes directly from a variety of fruits and vegetables such as oranges, carrots, cabbage, lemons, limes, tomatoes etc (Zevnik, 2011). In fact a vast percentage of the fruits and vegetables that a person eats on a daily basis actually contains the daily allotment of vitamin c needed in order to stay fit and healthy. While animal products such as beef, pork and chicken do contain “some” vitamin c, these amounts are usually quite small and cannot fulfill the daily allotment needed by a full grown human.

As such, it is advised that people eat a diversified diet containing a large percentage of fruits and vegetables with a moderate amount of meat in order to keep up with their daily nutritional needs. Natural fruit juices in particular, such as orange, pineapple, lime and varying types of citrus fruits, are recommended as an excellent source of vitamin c that is both delicious and convenient to consume.

Artificial Sources

For those of you that grew up with health conscious parents, it is almost certain that you were fed some form of dietary and vitamin supplements. Whether in the form of pills, pellets or chewable tablets, these artificial sources of vitamin c were manufactured primarily from glucose which is a plant derivative. Through a process of fermentation where ascorbic acid is extracted and mixed with various flavors and solidifiers, the end product is an easy to eat product that enables a person to fulfill their daily allotment of vitamin c (Dolby, 1999).

Do note though that artificial sources of vitamin c are not isolated to vitamin supplements in pill form. Various products on grocery shelves today contain varying amounts of vitamins such as vitamin c due to marketing initiatives aimed at targeting the health conscious market as well as the fact that many organic sources of food naturally contain trace amount of this particular type of nutrient.

Can you take too much vitamin c?

The recommended daily allotment of vitamin c, as determined by the WHO (World Health Organization) has been set at 2,000 milligrams per day (Smart pills, 2005). It is often the case though that people who take vitamin c supplements often considerably exceed this amount due to levels of vitamin c found in most foods today.

What you have to remember though is that vitamin c is water soluble and is easily broken down by enzymes within the body. As such, even if you were to take 5 times the recommended dosage a person would not feel any ill effects whatsoever. Do note though that while taking too much vitamin c does not cause any adverse physical problems, it does have a certain impact on body in the form of diarrhea due to the water retaining effect of ascorbic acid.

Reference List

Broihier, K. (1998). Vitamin C earns an A’ for health benefits; do you get enough? (cover story). Environmental Nutrition, 21(6), 1.

Citric acid and its benefits for the heart. (2009). Nutrition Research Newsletter, 28(12), 5.

Dolby, V. (1999). Vitamin C & bioflavonoids. Better Nutrition, 61(3), 20.

Smart pills?. (2005). Prevention, 57(2), 79.

Zevnik, N. (2011). eat smart. BERRIED treasure. Better Nutrition, 73(8), 46.

This is the time of when it pays to be health conscious. In the pre-modern age there was no need to be extra careful in what one eats. But in the 21^st century a less vigilant person can be in deep trouble because changes in the atmosphere and the availability of food an easily make a person sick. This is because his system is already in need of vitamins and minerals that are no longer available in his or her diet. The solution of course is to eat vegetables, fruits and meat sources such as beef, chicken, fish and lamb that can supply the required daily allowance needed for optimum growth and repair of body tissues. But before this can be done there is a need to understand what the difference between vitamins and dietary supplements.

According to one report, “Vitamins do not share a common chemistry, but they do share certain characteristics. They are all organic nutrients that are necessary in small amounts for normal metabolism and good health” (Nidus, par. 1). Still there is still confusion when asked to compare Vitamins and dietary supplements. The capsules taken in as dietary supplements are similar looking to the vitamins in capsule forms that are also readily available in drugstores and pharmacies. Moreover, the nutritious component of fruits, vegetables and meat products are also called vitamins. It is common to hear someone say that carrots are rich in Vitamin A and that citrus fruits are rich in Vitamin C.

In order to clarify this matter there is a need to break down related concepts into the following:

• There are naturally occurring vitamins found in plant and animal sources;
• Dietary supplements are products containing vitamins, minerals, herbs etc.

According to the Dietary Supplement Health Act of 1994 dietary supplements it must be one or any combination of the following substances:

• a vitamin;
• a mineral;
• an herb or other botanical;
• an amino acid;
• enzymes or tissues from organs or glands;
• a concentrate, metabolite, constituent or extract.

Examples of Vitamins Examples of Minerals

• Vitamin A
• Vitamin B₆
• VitaminB₁₂
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin K
• Calcium
• Chromium
• Folate
• Iron
• Magnesium
• Selenium
• Zinc

There are two kinds of vitamins and dietary supplements. As far as human consumption is concerned there are two kinds of vitamins, the first type are those that can be found as naturally occurring organic nutrients that can be found in plants and animals. The second type of vitamins are those that can be manufactured by the human body such as Vitamin D, K, and B). When it comes to dietary supplements there can be also two types. The first one contains only one vitamin and the second type contains multiple ingredients that may include a vitamin, a mineral or enzymes.

Conclusion

Vitamins and dietary supplements can be understood from the point of view of human consumption and what is needed for healthy living. When it comes to vitamins there are those that can be manufactured by the human body. Therefore those vitamins that cannot be manufactured by the body must be acquired through the eating of fruits, vegetables and meat products. The consumption of these types of food is called the diet. Therefore those essential vitamins and minerals that are not included in the diet must be acquired using dietary supplements.

As the name implies dietary supplements is needed to supplement the diet. Whatever is missing in the daily food intake must be supplemented by dietary supplements. Depending on the need of the person the dietary supplement can contain one vitamin or a combination of vitamins, minerals, herbs, etc. This is the basic description of what constitutes a vitamin and a dietary supplement.

Works Cited

Nidus Information Services, Inc. “What Are Vitamins, Carotenoids and Pythochemicals?” New York City.

Nidus Information Services, Inc. “Report #39: Vitamins.” New York City.

Office of Dietary Supplements. “Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets.” National Institute of Health. 2009. Web.

The importance of Vitamin C

Vitamin C is also known as the ascorbic acid and is a necessary nutrient for people and other animals. It is among the most essential vitamins for the human health. The nutrient is soluble in water and is not stored in the body of human beings. Vitamin C is an antioxidant which assists in body protection against pollution. It also promotes the development of healthy cells, normal tissues and repairs injuries as well as helping in the absorption of calcium (Institute of Medicine, 1997).

The major function of ascorbic acid is that it assists in synthesizing collagen. This is an essential component of blood vessel, bones and ligaments. Ascorbic acid is also essential for the development of healthy gums and assists in safeguarding against infection. Since it is excreted from our bodies regularly, it becomes very important to supply it at the same rate.

Vitamin C in the diet

Any diet without vitamin C should be considered incomplete as the nutrient serves to prevent a number of diseases and enhance the immune system. These factors are pertinent to the roles played by other nutrients in our bodies. The vitamin can be taken with or without other foods and can be available in supplement form.

In your diet, vitamin C remains the core nutrient to facilitate quick absorption of other nutrients. As noted earlier, ascorbic acid is soluble in water and thus acts as the medium through which some of the insoluble elements with nutritional value can be absorbed in our bodies. In addition, the availability of vitamin C makes it a substitute to other rare vitamins which enhance the same functions in our bodies. Therefore, it enriches the diet through various mechanical and nutritional functions that other vitamins cannot support.

Disease prevention

In prevention of the many diseases related to nutrition, Vitamin C is paramount as the nutrient has served protective role predominantly. In the old days, ascorbic acid was referred to as ‘antiscorbutic factor’ as it assisted in the prevention of scurvy (Carpenter, 1988). In those days when the disease was discovered, vitamin C obtained from lime prevented the gums and skins of sailors from swelling. Even today, ascorbic acid has been the only nutrient that prevents the disease from affecting us.

Moreover, the role of disease prevention played by ascorbic acid extends beyond the gums and skin. The optimal intake of the nutrient is associated with the prevention of cancer, heart diseases, joint ailments and cataracts (El-Sokkary & Awadalla, 2011). The nutrient attains its protective outcome by working as an antioxidant and safeguarding our cells from any damage based on oxygen. Structures of our tissues that contain fat are especially reliant on ascorbic acid for protection.

The nutritional value of vitamin C

These arguments suggest that the nutritional value of ascorbic acid is the development of a healthy body. The nutrient enhances body systems such as the immune system, blood system and the digestion process. Another nutritional value of ascorbic acid is the significant interactions it has with a number of essential minerals in our bodies (Institute of Medicine, 1997). Optimal intake of the nutrient can influence copper metabolism in our bodies.

The nutrient can substantially enhance metabolism and the absorption of iron, even at small amounts. Ascorbic acid also has significant interaction with other vitamins. While vitamin A is less toxic in the presence of ascorbic acid, vitamin E has been identified to work better with vitamin C in its antioxidant effect. Ascorbic acid is the only vitamin that interacts with both the vitamins and minerals for the benefit of our bodies. Interactions of other vitamins with minerals have been associated with toxicity of the human body.

Sources of vitamin C

The major sources of vitamin C are the citrus fruits such as orange, lemon and grape fruit (Fediuk, 2000). Other fruits containing the nutrient are mangoes, kiwi fruit, papaya, strawberries, pineapple, watermelon, blueberries and raspberries. Vegetables are also good sources of the vitamin and include green and red pepper, sweet and white potato, winter squash, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, spinach, turnip greens and cabbage.

Some cereals are also reinforced with vitamin C. However, ascorbic acid can be destroyed easily when preparing, storing and cooking food. The preservation of the nutrient requires the following of some precautions. The fruits and vegetable would serve better if taken in their raw forms. Boiling, steaming or simmering foods in water for a long time can destroy the nutrient.

Prepared fruit juices should not be refrigerated for more than two days. Other sources such as potatoes should be cooked without peeling off the skin. Any fruit or vegetable should not be soaked in water as ascorbic acid is very soluble in water.

Daily requirement of vitamin C

The recommended daily intake of vitamin C for a normal healthy person is 90 milligrams. However, this intake is influenced by other factors such as age, gender and lifestyle. In addition, pregnancy and ailments are also significant factors that can determine the amount of ascorbic acid an individual can take. However, the best way of getting daily requirements of important nutrients including ascorbic acid is to ensure that you take a balanced diet that involves a variety of products. The dietary reference intake for the nutrient is as follows:

It is also recommended that individuals who smoke and at any age should take higher amounts of vitamin C approximately by an additional 35 milligrams daily. Moreover, pregnant women or nursing mothers should take the vitamin in higher amounts. While individuals in these categories should take optimal amount of the vitamin to prevent diseases, a balanced diet should provide enough amount of the nutrient for a normal person to be free from diseases.

When we lack vitamin C

When we lack vitamin C, the synthesized collagen becomes too unstable to do its functions and hence risk getting scurvy. This disease is characterized by spongy gums, loose teeth, pale skin, poor healing and bleeding from nose membranes. Other effects include swollen and painful joints, dry and splitting hair, coarse and dry skin.

The symptoms of ascorbic acid deficiency are fatigue, weight loss, powerlessness, weakness and gloominess. Very low levels of the nutrient may result into hypertension, gall bladder ailments, cancer, atherosclerosis and stroke (Kurl et al, 2002). Therefore, high levels of the nutrient could be required when one has a fever or infection.

References

Carpenter, K. J. (1988). The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.

El-Sokkary, G. H. & Awadalla, E. A. (2011). The protective role of vitamin C against cerebral and pulmonary damage induced by Cadmium Chloride in male adult albino rat. The Open Neuroendocrinology Journal, 4(1), 1-8.

Fediuk, K. (2000). Vitamin C in the Inuit diet: past and present. Web.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on International Nutrition–Vitamin C in Food Aid Commodities. (1997). Vitamin C Fortification of Food Aid Commodities: Final Report. New York, NY: National Academies Press.

Kurl S. et al. (2002). Plasma vitamin C modifies the association between hypertension and risk of stroke. Stroke, 33(6), 1568-73.

Introduction

Many people in different parts of the world are currently taking a wide range of health or dietary supplements. Some consumers take these compounds occasionally and others daily (Pacier and Martirosyan 101). The common supplements available include botanicals, enzymes, vitamins, and herbs. Consumers can use different forms of the supplements such as powders, tablets, capsules, energy bars, and drinks. The common vitamins believed to boost the functioning of the body include vitamins E, C, and D (Marik and Flemmer 13).

Some supplements can be relevant for individuals who lack certain compounds and nutrients in their diets. For instance, researchers have indicated that folic acid can be used to decrease chances of defects during childbirth. Heart disease has been minimized through the use of omega-3 acid. However, analysts and researchers have been divided over the use and effectiveness of health supplements. This paper gives a detailed analysis in order to establish whether people really need these vitamins and health supplements.

How Supplements Work in the Body

Studies have indicated that every health supplement consumed by an individual will definitely be used in the body in one way or another. The ingested compound will promote the functioning of the body and ensure a number of scarce nutrients are available. Every product marketed as a supplement will have various contents, ingredients, and flavors (Marik and Flemmer 16). The manufacturer will suggest the quaintly that should be consumed by the targeted individual. More often than not, healthcare workers will be required to guide the consumer in order to take the right amount.

Individuals who do not eat healthy or nutritious food materials might benefit from these health supplements (Pacier and Martirosyan 101). When such supplements are consumed, they will be digested and used in the body to promote functioning. More often than not, the vitamins and supplements will be absorbed into the bloodstream and support the functioning of the body. The key ingredients will be responsible for some of the major body activities and boost immunity. For instance, vitamin D and calcium can be included in the health supplements to keep the bones of the user stronger. Bone loss can also be reduced through the use of calcium. As indicated earlier, folic acid can be recommended to minimize chances of birth defects (Marik and Flemmer 17). Unfortunately, most of these supplements have been observed to contain various active ingredients.

Do People Really Need these Supplements?

The use of compounds labeled as health supplements is something that received undivided attention from researchers, scientists, and nutritionists. These issues have emerged because the supplements have been observed to present both opportunities and risks to the individuals who use them. Quality is the first issue that should be considered before determining the effectiveness of these products. Dietary supplements are usually unique and complex in nature. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been using different regulations to ensure these compounds are healthy and acceptable. However, the ingredients contained in the supplements have been increasing significantly. Consequently, people have been consuming more nutrients than they might expect (Guallar et al. 7). The consumption of excess nutrients can result in numerous health challenges.

Some dietary compounds and supplements can be used to manage various health conditions and promote the health of an individual (Yap et al. 1840). Some vitamins have been supported by health professionals because that can produce positive results. For example, vitamin B folate is helpful to childbearing women. A woman who consumes adequate amounts of the vitamin will have increased chances of giving birth to a healthy child. Some supplements rich in calcium and iron can boost the functioning of different body organs. Compounds that contain omega-3 fatty acids can help individuals who have heart disease. The fatty acids should be obtained from fish oils in order to function effectively.

Although scientific evidence supports the use of some dietary supplements, the biggest question is whether people should consume the compounds. A number of studies have been done to explore the challenges associated with these supplements. Studies have indicated that it was wrong for people to consume most of the products marketed by the nutritional supplement industry (Guallar et al. 7). It is undeniable that the players in the industry have always supported the effectiveness of such compounds. However, evidence show conclusively that the food materials present numerous health problems.

A study conducted by Oxford University in 2014 indicated that many people who took vitamin supplements had increased chances of dying prematurely (Mourali par. 7). The vitamins were found to offer no support or protection against cancer, stroke, or heart disease (Mourali par. 7). Another study observed that supplements had no benefits to the user. It was also indicated that the supplements were associated with increased mortality rates. Individuals who consumed increased levels of iron supplements recorded high mortality rates (Mourali par. 3).

A combination of vitamins and excess supplements has been identified as a risk factor for various cancers. Additionally, studies have indicated that there is not benefit from supplements and minerals aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease or cancer (Veasey et al. 6119). A study by Mourali indicated that individuals who consumed fish oils as supplements were at risk of developing different complications such as prostate cancer (par. 18). Men who consume vitamin E and selenium supplements were also found to have higher chances of developing the cancer.

Vitamin D tablets and supplements have been challenged because they have been associated with poor outcomes. Nutritionists have indicated clearly that individuals who have low levels of vitamin D are the ones who lead poor lifestyles. The problem can only be addressed by getting enough sunlight instead of consuming the vitamin supplements (Marik and Flemmer 17). The strategies embraced by manufacturers and marketers of these supplements encourage more people to consume huge quantities. Consequently, the persons have exposed themselves to a wide range of conditions and cancers that affect their life outcomes.

Some compounds will interact with various prescription drugs and eventually result in numerous health problems (Marik and Flemmer 18). For instance, vitamin K has been found to minimize the effectiveness of coumadin in the body. This is a blood thinner compound that aids in the clotting of blood. Supplements grouped under the antioxidant bracket such as vitamins E and C can reduce the adequacy and efficiency of chemotherapies intended to treat cancers.

Socio-Economic, Legal, and Marketing Aspects

There are various legal, marketing, and socio-economic issues governing the production, marketing, and consumption of vitamins and supplemental compounds. To begin with, the use of these compounds has been associated with changing social behaviors and lifestyles. More people are leading inappropriate lifestyles and using supplements to boost their well-being.

This practice has led to numerous health problems. Social problems such as obesity and diabetes have been linked with the compounds. Most of the individuals who die prematurely due to the negative implications of these supplements disorient the economic sustainability of every community. The government incurs numerous expenses and costs in an attempt to regulate the industry (Veasey et al. 6123). The costs incurred when supporting individuals who are affected by these compounds continue to increase.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implements stringent laws and guidelines to dictate the production of different vitamins and supplements. Unfortunately, the agency has not managed to record positive results due to the complexity of the issues associated with the industry. Efficient laws will be required in order to minimize the detrimental implications of these compounds (Veasey et al. 6123). The area of marketing has a share of the problems associated with the health supplements sector. Manufacturers have been using inappropriate messages and lies to attract more customers. New regulations will therefore be needed in order to deal with these problems.

Conclusion

This discussion shows clearly that the health supplements industry is reshaping people’s behaviors, eating habits, and outcomes. Although the consumed supplements have been known to present various benefits, the undeniable fact is that such products have adverse effects on the human body. The detrimental impacts of these supplements outweigh the benefits (Yap et al. 1841). It would therefore be appropriate for human beings to eat healthy food materials, balance their diets, and engage in physical exercises. These approaches will maximize their well-being and reduce cases of premature deaths.

Works Cited

Guallar, Eliseo, et al. “Enough is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements.” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, 2013, pp. 1-13.

Marik, Paul, and Mark Flemmer. “Do Dietary Supplements Have Beneficial Health Effects in Industrialized Nations: What Is the Evidence?” Journal of Parental and Enteral Nutrition, vol. 36, no. 2, 2012, pp. 1-19.

Mourali, Amir. “The Dark Truth about Nutritional Supplements.” AlterNet. 2015.

Pacier, Callen, and Danik Martirosyan. “Vitamin C: Optimal Dosages, Supplementation and Use in Disease Prevention.” Functional Foods in Health Disease, vol. 5, no. 3, 2015, pp. 89-107.

Veasey, Rachel, et al. “The Effects of Supplementation with a Vitamin and Mineral Complex with Guaraná Prior to Fasted Exercise on Affect, Exertion, Cognitive Performance, and Substrate Metabolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Nutrients, vol. 7, no. 1, 2015, pp. 6109-6129.

Yap, Constance, et al. “Vitamin D Supplementation and the Effects on Glucose Metabolism During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Diabetes Care, vol. 37, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1837-1844.

Introduction

The new “vitamin-enriched” bottled water to be launched in the market requires a critical environmental analysis to guarantee its success in the realms of sales and market penetration. Since the target market segment includes athletes aged between 10 and 30, the PEST (political, economic, social, and technological factors) analysis will facilitate the study of the market’s external environment (Birkholz 43). Fundamentally, any product, which intends to succeed in the market, must observe numerous micro and macro environmental forces so as to stay competitive. Evidently, numerous businesses globally have identified, scrutinized, and adopted their respective environmental forces capable of affecting their endeavors. These signify the aspects and provisions of PEST in a business venture, which relates to the aspects of identifying, studying, and ceasing opportunities in virgin markets with creativity, risk taking tendencies, and novelty.

Political Factors

Political factors affect businesses considerably. It is a critical necessity in setting up and operating a new venture. The prospected product must consider the political factors within the intended locality, region, or internationally in order to offer a relevant, legal, and meaningful business. Government policies and political forces tend to affect the nature and orientation of any product in the marketplace (Wiegel 163). A new product must consider what provisions the territorial government intends to offer for the businessmen and to what extent. Considering such provisions will ensure that the intended product (vitamin-enriched bottled water) thrives within the market and the industry at large.

Considering such provisions will ensure that the concerned organization understands its environment better; hence, can make critical business decisions in regard to business trends and political requirements. Evidently, this factor considers the degree of intervention that respective governments allow within the market. Concurrently, this will allow the concerned business to know what business is legalized within a given territory and which ones cannot perform. These issues will help a new venture in making critical business decisions before investing massively in a business and introducing the new product (vitamin-enriched bottled water) in the market. As a macro environmental factor, political factors thrive to provide the market with the business frameworks and the recommended stipulations. Political factors can affect numerous business provisions and sales of certain products as indicated before. This includes infrastructure, the nature of the workforce, education within the territory and other social factors that are necessary for a new venture. A new product in the market requires viable infrastructural provision, which is a key factor in any meaningful business. The way the product will perform in the market is a subject of political influences.

Economic Factors

New products require considerable economic provisions for their survival. Precisely, economic factor is a key issue required in setting up and operating new businesses and promoting new products. Evidently, the organization will have to consider the aspects of interest rates charged by the immediate financial institutions. Such interest scale might influence the nature of businesses to be operated within a given environment. It will also affect the price of the vitamin-enriched bottled water. Additionally, it is crucial to consider how the government policies will influence the economic factors within a business territory. It is the mandate of every business to observe the interest rates charged by the financial institutions. This might influence the aspects of borrowing critical capitals for running businesses and manufacturing the new product in large quantities to meet the growing market demands. Higher interest rate might disfavor the new business hence will affect the growth and sales of the new product.

Another requirement worth consideration in the economic factors incorporates the general economic growth of a country/region as it influences the buying trends of the targeted customers. For instance, economic crisis will affect the sales of the new product if not properly managed. Additionally, economic factors influence the business trends and the market nature. Precisely, the economy of the nation will obviously affect the expenses, revenues, and other business provisions (Birkholz 65). From this argument, new products in the market must consider the economic aspects of the targeted country. An important provision in this context relates to the aspects of economic growth and other viable opportunities in the economic realms. Precisely, viable economic growth translates to higher incomes of the citizens with subsequent increase in demands of the company’s products. This will eventually increase the revenues and profitability of the concerned business. Thus, it is crucial for a new venture to consider the economic aspects of a given country before investing heavily in the vitamin-enriched bottled water.

Another important economic consideration is the inflation rates of a country. New businesses require stable economic progresses with limited inflation cases. Higher inflation rates mean that employees of any organization will demand escalated wages and cost of operations will also be higher. Additionally, the demands for the vitamin-enriched bottled water will diminish leading to massive losses to the business. Another factor worth consideration is the exchange rates of a given currency when compared to the rest. Loose and fluctuating currency value might affect the sales of vitamin-enriched bottled water tremendously especially when it is marketed and sold internationally. The conversion rates might reduce the net income of the business. Precisely, economic factors are important considerations to make before the set up and operation of any new venture since the factor can either favor or disfavor the concerned business.

Social Factors

It is vital for any new business venture to consider the social aspects of any given market before establishing, marketing, and selling its products in such territories. Evidently, the social trends of a given country might affect its economic trends, business orientation, workforce composition, and the nature of pays. New products require viable social factors. Some social aspects discriminate the sale of some products. This can be evident with the vitamin-enriched bottled water (Morden 86). It is decisive to consider such provisions before trading discriminated products. Studying and understanding the social aspects of a given locality will obviously help the business to make critical decisions on how to establish and operate its business provisions. The sale of products depends on the social beliefs of a given community upon a given commodity. The targeted market segment (athletes aged between 10 and 30) might discriminate the product on social grounds. If prejudicial beliefs disfavor the vitamin-enriched bottled water, its sales will reduce significantly compared to the rest. Before the start up of any business, the owners must consider numerous factors with regard to social provisions. Additionally, the living trends in a given country or locality can also affect the business factors with regard to operations and business ventures.

The consumers’ attitude towards the vitamin-enriched bottled water is a subject of social factors. This might affect the sales of the product as it favors others. Thus, it is crucial for the business to consider the consumer perceptions/behaviors before venturing into the business. Such consideration will help the business to know the products to sell, where, and when. Determining the nature of business will also dictate the social provisions necessary for the establishment and operation of a new venture. As a macro environmental factor, social provisions are important in any business following their vitality, applicability, and relevancy in various businesses and territories. The demographic variability will affect the buying trends of customers, and the nature of goods to avail in the market. This signifies the need to consider the social factors of a given environments before introducing the vitamin-enriched bottled water in the market.

Technological Factors

The emergence and ratification of technology has helped numerous businesses to explore varying markets globally. A new venture requires a viable technological provision in the realms of its operations and production of commodities. Technology is critical since it dictates the nature and trend of any business. It will also dictate the marketing and sales of vitamin-enriched bottled water. It is the mandate of the business to consider the aspects of technology since it is relevant to the current competitive markets. Introduction of the vitamin-enriched bottled water into the market demands the technology in the contexts of its production and promotion. Additionally, the world’s market has become quite competitive that conventional products can hardly survive in the current market trends. It is crucial to consider such aspects in the business realms especially in the new venture (Wiegel 142).

Technological approaches in the business realms have simplified the business aspects in varied contexts. The mode of transaction, production, and communication among the business stakeholders has improved considerably due to the emergence and embracement of technology. Hence, any business venture and new products require the aspects of technology as a macro environmental factor in the corporate realms. Recognition and ratification of technology is a contributor to the competitive advantages that the business might consider in its endeavors. Precisely, technology is required in order to create novel commodities into the market and emerge with fresh business processes. The business must outdo other industry players by introducing the ne vitamin-enriched bottled water, which is technologically and nutritiously advanced. Conclusively, new technological trends will benefit the business and its customers with profitability and satisfaction respectively.

The Firm’s Strategy

The organization intends to consider and handle the external environmental factors critically to ensure that the new vitamin-enriched bottled water thrives in the market. Considering the PEST provisions will front varying requirements in this context. As indicated before, PEST will provide 4 critical macro environmental forces required by this organization in order to understand the market trends and other business provisions for the new product (Morden 123). Strategically, the business intends to address the political issues comprehensively since they can be a major barrier to the establishment and marketing of the new vitamin-enriched bottled water. Concurrently, the firm prospects to establish its economic aspects, social provisions, and technological advancements.

Conclusion

PEST signifies environmental forces that every new business must consider before venturing into an industry. This provision is necessary for any business to understand the market and factors that would affect the business if not managed properly. It is crucial to consider various business factors, which will determine the fate of the new vitamin-enriched bottled water in the market. Importantly, considering and observing the macro environmental factors will ensure that the new product meets what the market requires.

Works Cited

Birkholz, Andreas. Business Analysis of Web.de Ag. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2007. Print.

Morden, Tony. Principles of Strategic Management. Aldershot: ASHGATE, 2007. Print.

Wiegel, Wladimir. Survival Factors of Newly Founded Firms: Theoretical Frameworks and Empirical Evidence. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2011. Print.