Category: Vietnamese

Since I was a little girl, my parents have fostered in me how valuable it meant when it comes to helping other people, especially less fortunate people by taking me to nursing homes in which I could take care of them and giving gifts to disabled people in our neighborhood. I have realized and observed volunteering plays a crucial role in me. Volunteering to me is about making a real difference to the world. In today’s heterogeneous world, many people are busy chasing their goals and earning means of livelihood in bustling cities. Nonetheless, it is unquestionable that to better the world needs more helping hands of those who want to dedicate themselves for a world without hunger, poverty, homelessness than well-off millionaires enjoying luxurious lifestyle. That can explain why the more civilized and educated humans are, the more likely that they get involved in contributing to making underprivileged communities less destitute.

There are some vital motivations why I am active in the Vietnamese community. First and foremost, I long to see my community grow strong and stand still abroad as we are just a small community in USA. Being able to be interconnected through social and cultural gatherings and events would give us ample opportunities to understand more about each other, thereby being more tied up and attached. I strongly believe that if I were not as active as I am now within the community, I could not have the ability to set an example for others to follow. With my leadership persective, I hope that more and more Vietnamese youngsters would be more involved in voluntary world and they would deem it as what they really ought to possess in life to be future leaders not only in the community, but worldwide. Secondly, I yearn for honing various skills, especially communication skills because it would stand me in good stead in the future. I attach an emphasis on it since I want to land a fantastic job thanks to the proficiency in communication, which I can significantly enhance by doing as much as good things for the community. Moreover, I could meet great people having the same interest and mindset to converse with and widen my networks of contact for future developments.

As the world becomes smaller, the more people should be more aware of the importance of being active in volunteering. By doing so, more people would be aided and more benefits would be added to the growth of communities. I have seen many real positive changes since I got participated in Vietnamese voluntary campaigns.

Without a doubt, the United States of America has, throughout recent world history, been considered to be one of, if not the biggest, superpowers and fiercest fighting forces in the world often using “military power as a means of political influence”. With this being said, a highly relevant question is how did a superpower lose a conflict to militarily weaker force in Vietnam, and how did this failure affect its ability to assert political influence through militarised means? The aim of this research essay is to address this question using various viewpoints, such as the United States’ (US) military failure to adapt, along with its counter insurgent strategy, and, finally the public opinion at home that would ultimately shape the war. Furthermore, the essay will also discuss limitations found in trying to assert political influence via military means, providing explicit reference to American failures in Vietnam

The primary issue that can be identified as being of significance, causing major problems in the leadership of US forces and how the conflict in Vietnam was to be fought, resulting in failure to adapt.This is demonstrated in the large volume of differing political and strategic viewpoints that were in place during the conflict. This is evidenced in the various leadership phases and differing plans proposed, which further complicated matters as the “United States had to fight two armies at once, the North Vietnamese (Conventional army) and the insurgents (Vietcong)”. Thus making it significantly more challenging than previous wars. In addition, the first phase of leadership is by US Army General William Westmoreland who recieved command of forces in South Vietnam in early 1964 at the same time, as 50,000 more ground troops were to be sent to Vietnam. “Westmoreland did understand the dual nature of the threat he faced, yet he believed that the enemy main forces were the most immediate problem. (Arndade, ”..This can be considered a strategic move as “the military was effective against conventional warfare and was successful against the North Vietnamese Army”.

However, it ultimately failed to effectively combat the Vietcong insurgents. As a result of this, Westmoreland chose to use a search and destroy method, using conventional warfare tactics to combat the threat of insurgents. Unfortunately, these search and destroy tactics, for the most part, “produced no lasting effects and were irrelevant to security in the villages”. In response to the war effort, a study known as “The Program for the Pacification and Long Term Development of South Vietnam, also known as PROVN” was created. “The purpose of the study was to create a new doctrine that would result in a successful operation”. Congruent with Milson’s (2011) perspective, this study revealed that “the Army needed to cease the current course of action and commence a campaign to win over the population)”. Moreover, at the time it could be said that the “US army was ‘organizationally disposed against learning how to fight and win counterinsurgency warfare, and that as a result, “Westmoreland dismissed it” limiting US military/political influence.

Following Westmoreland’s departure General Creighton Abrams assumed responsibility of his role. Abrams was a member of the staff that developed PROVN, and, as such, “PROVN became the touchstone for the entirety of operations, operations reconfigured for the conduct of ‘one war’ with population security as its goal” Whilst Abrams strategy for the war was progressing, it is evident that it was not done quick enough. Consequently, in mid 1969 Nixion “changed the strategy to train the South Vietnamese forces to become capable of providing security without the aid of the United States” Following this, Abrams, having formed the opinion that the war was winding down due to Nixions change in policy “encouraged the South Vietnamese to follow this strategy’ of counterinsurgency, in order to beat Insurgent forces. Additionally, Nixions policy change limited Abram’s ability to test and trial new forms of counter-insurgency methods as the numbers of troops in Vietnam declined – along with the fact it was no longer the main priority. Ultimately, these actions and occurrences can all be considered to be contributing factors that led to major problems in Vietnam. Quite simply put, the infighting and stubbornness of the leaders, in resisting change from a conventional force/ strategy, culminated in a distinct failure to adapt to a capable force.

Thus, this highlights a major failure of the US counter insurgency effect, and, in fact reveals opposition to the core premise of an insurgency, which is the ability to rapidly adapt. Therefore, it is apparent that this provided proof that whilst the US may be able to win battles, it cannot effectively impose its political influence.

There are different ways to recruit and hire high-quality employees in Vietnam that companies can use if they have been formally established. Due to some existing problems that are common when employing Vietnamese employees, many companies employ foreigners to occupy certain positions.

A Vietnamese company is allowed to hire foreigners to work as managers, executive directors, experts, and skilled labor where local job seekers are not able to meet production and business requirements. Vietnamese representative offices are also able to hire staff directly; such is not the case in some other Asian countries such as China.

Typically, at the beginning of the year employers will determine the demand for foreign workers for each position lacking capable Vietnamese workers. They then send a report on the findings to the President of the People’s Committee of the province or where the head office of the employee is situated to secure a written approval. A written approval is required before an employer can employ a foreigner to fill a vacancy in the company. During the process, any change in the labor demand for foreign workers should be reported to the President of the People’s Committee of the province. The President will issue written approval to the employer for the employment of foreign workers for each position.

The employer company is required to get approval for the employment of foreign employees in each position before official recruitment. The required approval occurs 30 for 40 days from the date of application by the President of the People’s Committee of the province and is included in the application dossiers of the work permit, which in turn has to be submitted within 15 working days before the foreigner is to begin work in Vietnam.

Another common procedure is that of outsourcing the recruitment and hiring process to a third party. Outsourcing helps companies in Vietnam to introduce their company to the public job market and attract a significant number of job seekers from within Vietnam and abroad alike. These third parties are often referred to as recruitment agencies and there is an ample number of them operating in Vietnam. They allow companies to avoid the frustration of searching for competent job seekers in Vietnam or foreign countries. Companies outsource the recruitment and hiring process to recruitment agencies who in turn take to social media and their websites to advertise the vacancy.

Job seekers have the opportunity to apply to available jobs as long as they meet the requirements. The recruitment agencies will usually display the criteria for the available positions and request that the job seekers submit their CVs. Most of these agencies are located in Ho Chi Minh City, but others are located in other cities of Vietnam.

The steps involved in hiring a Vietnamese employer by a foreign company are different from those of the typical hiring process. There are four steps a foreign company must take to employ a Vietnamese job seeker.

Step 1: Employment Request

A written request needs to be submitted by foreign employers to Vietnamese employee recruitment agencies before they can hire Vietnamese employees. These agencies will submit such requests to governmental agencies and expect a reply in 20 days. Upon receipt of a successful reply, agencies are required to post a given entity’s information to the public after 10 days.

Step 2: Recruitment

Within 15 working days of posting information, authorized agencies must select the appropriate Vietnamese employees and present them to the foreign employer.

Foreign organizations or individuals in Vietnam are eligible to recruit Vietnamese employees without the use of a recruiter if authorized agencies fail to do so within the time limit.

Step 3: Contract and Notification

Upon the signing of the labor contract with the Vietnamese employee, foreign employers must inform in writing and enclose a copy of the labor contract to Vietnamese employee recruiting agencies within seven working days.

Step 4: Compliance

Foreign employers must provide biannual, annual, or unscheduled reports upon request concerning the recruitment of Vietnamese employees to Vietnamese employee recruiting agencies and other appropriate governmental bodies.

A company can recruit foreigners only if the vacant position requires specific skills that are not found locally. As the need for foreign employees has to be justified, companies are not allowed to bring in foreigners for positions that can be occupied by locals.

That being said, it is not difficult to substantiate the need for a skilled foreign employee. For example, having many English-speaking clients is a sufficient reason for hiring an English-speaking foreigner.

As has been mentioned, Vietnamese companies need a reason for hiring a foreign national instead of a local employee. Hiring foreign workers is justified if the position has some specific requirements that cannot be found in Vietnam. For example, those who need an employee with proficiency in a particular language, technical skills which might not be available in Vietnam, or specific international experience, a foreigner might have to be hired.

The submission of a foreign labor use report and a reason for hiring are enough when hiring foreign employees. No extra documents are required. However, the report is to be submitted 30 days before the expected start of employment or earlier.

A work permit is required for a foreigner who wishes to work in Vietnam and the permit must be applied for at the local Labor Department. Besides the work permit, the foreigner will need to have a residence permit and business visa to legally stay in Vietnam while employed there.

Unlike many other countries, Vietnamese permits such as visa exemptions, business visas, and resident cards are not sufficient to provide foreigners with any automatic rights to work in Vietnam.

Instead, according to the Labor Code of Vietnam, a work permit is required for each foreign individual before the foreign individual can be rightfully employed in Vietnam.

A work permit is mandatory for foreigners who work in Vietnam for more than three months. This permit is valid for up to 12 months and can be renewed afterwards. Work permits may not be needed for contracts or employment of less than three months. To get the work permit, the foreign employee is expected to have higher education and sufficient work experience in the relevant field.

The work experience requirement for employees working as executives in a managerial position is three years. For non-managerial positions, a Master of Business Administration degree or a similar document would also be able to substitute if the executive does not have enough work experience.

Concerning directors, one year of experience in the field usually suffices. For investors, a work permit is not required according to Vietnamese law.

The problem that often surfaces with regard to work experience is that candidates do not have any documentation to evince their previous work experience. It is important that the previous employer confirms that the employee has had work experience prior to this period. A suitable document would be an employment record book or an experience letter.

Documents Required to Apply for a Work Permit

To apply for a work permit in Vietnam, an applicant needs to prepare the following documents:

• Application
• Medical examination certificate
• Criminal record certificate for the past six months
• Work experience certificate
• Legal copy of the applicant’s passport

There is a need to legalize all the required certificates in the country of issuance.

The application process for a work permit begins when employers submit a foreign labor use report 30 days before the employee starts working. Employers then submit a work permit application dossier. This will usually take about 15 to 30 days to be assessed, depending if the application is rejected or accepted. If a work permit application is rejected, employers need to submit additional documents required by the authority; if the application is accepted, a work permit will be issued. Once the process has been completed, the employee will then be legally employed and can start working.

There are some specific situations in which foreign employees may work in Vietnam without a work permit. Foreigners do not need to hold a work permit if they are:

• Members of the board of directors of a joint-stock company in Vietnam
• Owners of a single-member limited liability company in Vietnam
• Members of a multiple-member limited liability company in Vietnam
• Salespersons performing service sales activities for a non-Vietnamese company in Vietnam
• Lawyers holding a law practice license issued by the Ministry of Justice

Conversely, if there is need for a work permit for a particular job position, failure to obtain a work permit for the employee in question is illegal and the penalty will be borne by both the illegal foreign worker and the employers. The illegal foreign worker will be deported and the employers will also be subject to a penalty as prescribed by the Vietnamese law.

The acquisition of a work permit lets one apply for a temporary resident card. One can request to receive it after receiving the work permit; it is valid for the same duration as the work permit.

There is no need to acquire a work permit if the foreigner’s employment in Vietnam lasts less than three months. In such a case, holding a business visa is enough.

However, sponsorship or an invitation letter from a business partner in Vietnam is required. It is a convenient option for those who are staying in Vietnam for a relatively short time.

Helping to elucidate regulations on recruitment agencies in Vietnam are several pieces of legislation that have been issued over the past several years – all of which guide or direct the implementation of Vietnam’s current labor code.

Decree No. is the main piece of legislation that should be referenced because it details the implementation of various articles of the Labor Code with regard to recruitment and management of Vietnamese employees by foreign organizations within Vietnam. The scope of this decree spans the recruitment, employment, and management of Vietnamese employees by their foreign counterparts. In recent times, Decree No. 75 has been supported by further information issued under Circular No.

The main sources of employment law in Vietnam are the following:

1. The Labor Code
2. The Law on Sending Vietnamese Laborers to Work Overseas
3. Government decrees, ministerial circulars and decisions, provincial decisions and guidelines
4. Collective labor agreements, company rules, and individual contracts
5. The Supreme Court’s annual practice summaries and guidelines which are collectively referred to as the labor laws. Vietnamese labor laws apply to all individuals working for Vietnam-based organizations or Vietnamese individuals, regardless of their nationality.

Basic contractual law and enterprise, or corporate, law provisions may also govern certain matters. Vietnamese labor laws are also applied when Vietnamese companies send their employees to work abroad as per the Law on Sending Vietnamese Laborers to Work Overseas.

Due to difficulties associated with hiring Vietnamese job seekers, most companies in Vietnam often hire staff from abroad after having followed the specified rules. Some of these difficulties are the high rate of job turnover, emigration of the workforce to other nations, lack of English and technical skills, and difficulty in relocation.

Although existing employees can be trained to acquire a skillset in order to meet the demands of the business, doing so often takes much longer and tends to be costly.

If a company in Vietnam would like to recruit foreigners as their employees or partners, it needs to follow certain official processes in order to comply with the Vietnamese laws which are not needed in hiring a local.

Employers have the responsibility to register all employees at the tax revenue department once employees are hired. Foreign residents in Vietnam are subject to a progressive income tax ranging from 5% to 35%.

However, both foreign employees and employers alike are responsible for the health insurance tax (3% from the employer and 1.5% of the employee’s salary). In addition, the employer will also need to pay the social insurance tax (3.5%) and trade union fee (2%).

Which countries send the most foreign workers to Vietnam?

The most recent statistics have shown that there are over 80,000 foreign workers in Vietnam. Foreign workers from China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan are the most numerous. Together, they form approximately 71% of all of Vietnam’s foreign workers.

Many recruitment agencies exist in Vietnam. They help companies employ those seeking a job. Some notable recruitment agencies in Vietnam include Metasource, Faro Job Recruitment, Manpower Vietnam, and Robert Walters Vietnam.

Cultural competence is an expected component of professional nursing practice. Culturally competent care means conveying acceptance of the patient’s health beliefs during assessment and while sharing information. Demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the client’s culture, health-related needs and culturally specific meanings of health and illness. Culture has a powerful unconscious impact on health professionals. A nurse who understand his/her client’s cultural values, belief, and practice is in a better position to interact with his/her clients and provide culturally acceptable care that improve opportunities for health promotion and wellness.

Vietnamese are a southeast Asian ethnic group with approximately 1.2 million living in the United States and the majority arrived since 1975. Vietnamese in America differs substantially depending on the primary and secondary characteristic of culture. They place a high value on education and accord scholars an honored placed in the society. The teacher is highly respected as a symbol of learning and culture.

Arabs trace their ancestry and traditions to the nomadic desert tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. They share a common language: Arabic. Most are united by the religion of Islam. Despite these common bonds, great diversity exists among Arabs related to religious preferences and other primary and secondary characteristics of culture. Arabism and Islam are intrinsically interwoven with some elements of Christianity so that Arabs, whether Christian or Muslim, share some basic tradition and beliefs. It is important to know their religion to understand an Arabian client’s cultural frame of reference.

The Vietnamese language is a single distinctive language with northern, central and southern dialects, and it is understood by any individual speaking any of the dialects. It is the only language of the Asian mainland that is regularly writing in the Roman alphabet. If an interpreter is needed during the patient care or assessment and a qualified interpreter is not available. It is best to use an elder female fluent in English when asking about female health related issues instead of a child interpreter. Men are usually comfortable with any gender to interpret for them, while teenagers prefer an unrelated friend.

Arabic is the official language of the Arab world, but it has a variation in dialects, words and meaning in different Arab countries (e.g., Egyptian – Arabic). Yemenis speaks a local version of Arabic which is not widely understood by another Arab world. Arab professionals and business people usually speak English fluently. Although English is a common second language in the Arab world, communication barrier can be a problem in a healthcare setting. It is encouraged to speak clearly and slowly, giving time for a translation. It is best to use a qualified interpreter when necessary and preferably a same sex interpreter. Avoid using a family member if possible, because sometimes family members tend to edit or limit messages to protect the patient in some sensitive discussion.

When performing head to toe assessment on people of Vietnamese be aware that the head is a sacred part of the body that should not be touched. If you must touch the head during assessment, you need to first provide an explanation and ask for permission. During the conversation, looking at another person in the eyes may be deemed disrespectful and they tend to speak with a soft tone, the nature of the language structure makes them to speak fast. For the Arab Speech is loud particularly when is involve a serious discussion, an observer might misunderstand it to be argumentative or aggressive. For a Vietnamese hugging and kissing are not seen outside the privacy of the home, women are not likable to shake hands, men usually shake men hand and wait for the women to extend her hand for a greeting likewise with Arabs. Traditional Vietnamese prefer more distance during personal and social relationships.

Arabs like to be addressed by their titles and their first names. During a conversation with an opposite sex, Arabic people avoid standing close, maintaining steady eye contact and touch. When talking to an Arab sitting or standing properly is critical, to do otherwise shows lack of respect.

Arabs have a strong patrilineal tradition, women are just there to support the men as a subordinate. Interaction with husband and wife is formal in an open place. Older male assumes the role of decision maker, gender plays a big role. Men are the breadwinners, protectors and decision makers for the family while the women assume the responsibility of the children’s care, education and maintenance of their marriage by attending their husband needs. The success or the failure of an Arab children are attributed to the parental influence and upbringing. Arabs believe in physical punishment as a way of discipline a child, explain child abuse law in United State to Arab family as needed. Sexual activities without marriage or pregnancy out of wedlock is a shame to the Arabic family and the parents may disown the child.

Vietnamese are family oriented, men deals with the matters outside the home while the women are responsible for the care of the home. Vietnamese wife is expected to be helpful and respectful to her husband and his parents as well make healthcare decisions for the family. Vietnamese are expected to be devoted to their parent even after their death they are expected to worship their memory. The eldest male child is responsible to enforce the ritual. Vietnamese sees a pregnancy out of wedlock as a shame to the family.

Most of marriages in Arabs are annul on grounds of consanguinity which prone Arabs for genetic disorders, such as the Mediterranean fever. It is characterized by a recurrent fever, peritonitis or pleurisies. Tuberculosis, malaria trachoma and typhoid fever are common with new Arabic immigrants. Most Arabs have dark or olive colored skin, blonde or auburn hair, blue eyes and fair in complexion. During a skin assessment for jaundice, cyanosis and pallor on dark skinned Arab, assess the oral mucosa and conjunctiva. Arab men and woman usually wear gown and robe to cover their body, most of the young women will not do pelvic exams because of the concern for the potential loss of virginity. Some Arabs will take a shower every day while some will not, Some Arabs women may refuse to get a shower postnatally or during menstruation, they think they are harmful during that period. Some Arabs are reluctant to use foreign bathrooms, they need orientation and encouragement. Arabs prefer to use water for peri care after use of bathroom because they believe that the toilet paper is not enough. They may use a urinal or a commode if provided with a privacy. They expect the family and the hospital personnel to provide a total care for them when they are sick.

Leprosy and lactase deficiency are the genetic diseases found in Vietnamese people, betel- nut pigmentation may be found in some adults due to chewing of chau, mainly on the older women, they use it due to its narcotic effect on gums. Vietnamese skin color is pale ivory to dark brown. Some of Vietnamese new born will have Mongolian spots on their lower back. Skin care and hygiene are very important, especially peri care. Vietnamese like to have a shower every day and most will prefer to use a bathroom for urination and defecation than using a bed pan. Vietnamese family will want to assist in providing self-care to their family even in the hospital. Some Vietnamese wear Western attire, but a typical Vietnamese woman wear clothing that will only expose her head, hands and feet.

Arabs prefer to eat food with their right hand, eating is important for recovery when they are sick especially a hot soup, they may avoid mixing milk and fish, sweet and sour in meals as it is unhealthy when they are ill. Some Arabs observe Ramadan, Muslims fast, which they will not eat and drink from sunset to sunrise. Vegetables simmered with tomato sauces, chicken, lamb, beef or fish and rice are their common food. Arab prefer to make their food from scratch, and they prefer to kill the animal they need for meat like goat or chicken them self especially the Muslims Arabs.

Vietnamese prefer to use chopsticks for meals, white or polished rice provide 80% of their daily calories, they serve rice with a salty, marinated fish sauce. Their diet may be deficient in iron, calcium and excessively high sodium. They prefer hot foods and beverages when they are sick and avoid cold juice and drink. They prefer to cook their food from scratch.

Vietnamese people accept death as normal part of life. Most Vietnamese prefer to die at home than in the hospital. Many will not want artificial prolong life but their relative do have a problem to consent to terminate an active intervention. Having a family conference and providing information help them in making decision. When a Vietnamese die the family gather around the body of a deceased relative and express great emotion. Traditional mourning practices include wearing of a white cloth for 14 days. Cremation is accepted.

Arabs accept death as God’s will. Muslims will turn the bed to face the holy city of Mecca and after the death the deceased is washed three times by a Muslim of the same sex. The body is wrapped in a white material and buried as soon as possible in a grave. Cremation is not practiced.

Majority of Arabs are Muslims, they believe in combining spiritual medicine, daily prayer and conventional medical treatments.

Most Vietnamese are Buddhists, Confucianists and Taoists. Few are Catholics. They have an altar in their home and practice the daily prayer and believe in spiritual healing.

Vietnamese believe that harmony and balance with the two basic opposing forces cold or hot. An excess of either may leads to sickness or discomfort. For example, diarrhea and some fever diseases are due to an excess of cold, while skin problems like pimples are cause by hot. Most Vietnamese will try home remedies before seeking professional assistance when they are sick. Vietnamese accept blood transfusion and averse to organ donation.

Arabs believe that good health is the ability to fulfill one’s roles. Sicknesses are attributed to an inadequate diet, shift of hot and cold, emotional and spiritual stress. They may be reluctant to seek for medical care. Arabs may accept a blood transfusion but will not agree with organ donation. Arabic people may not accept exercise to keep healthy.

The implications for providing culturally competent care for Vietnamese and Arab clients are creating an avenue for them to accept care that improve the opportunities for health promotion and wellness.

References

1. Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Ananeh-Firempong, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497553/
2. Giddens, J. F. (2017). Concepts for nursing practice. St. Louis (Missouri): Elsevier.
3. Lipson, J. G., & Dibble, S. L. (2008). Culture & clinical care. San Francisco, CA: UCSF Nursing Press.
4. Purnell. (2009). Guide to Culturally Competent health Care. F A Davis.

As we know, problems appear everywhere, in many different forms. And of course, Vietnam, our society is not an exception. There are such lots of problems, even big, or small. Every day, we have to deal with the scam, school violence, bribery and so much more that I can’t even count. But the problem which is highly condemned by society is called food unsafety – also as known as dirty food.

Dirty food is a common term that refers to unidentified, unsafe foods, or containing chemical substances which exceeding the permitted level, or be put in un-cleaned food containers. More dangerous, dirty food is usually made from the material that was contaminated at the beginning: vegetables are pumped with stimulants, then watered a large amount of pesticide, pork is injected with salbultamol to create more lean, then soaked in chemical for one night and those pork will “transform’ into beef. There are many other ways of ‘dirty food manufacturing technology’ that we have no idea about. Every day, every hour, dirty food is gnawing on the health of our community. Consequently, someone has said that the road from the stomach to the graveyard has never been so short like this. This problem is no longer a problem of a person, a family but it has became a national and international problem. It raises our insecurity, obsession and also, impotence. Each time sitting on the dinning table is once we bet with fate, our life depend on the word “chance’. One of the most famous dirty food transportation and production cases have been discovered occurred in November 2015, when more than six tons of foul-smelling animal organs were found on a truck bound for Hanoi from Ho Chi Minh City.

Dirty food is now raging everywhere and causing serious consequences. The first consequences is that human health is being ruthlessly violated. At a mild level,dirty food causes food poisoning. This is the only disease that can be cured. But despite being the easiest to cure , it also causes digestive disorders or mild neurological disorders, according to some doctors. For example, there were 2000 people who suffered with food poisoning in 2018, according to Bao Moi, a famous news website. At higher levels, dirty food leads to acute poisoning, more serious, if it becomes a chronic disease, it will lead to death. This is indeed the shortest path from meal to final resting place. Even if dirty food does not lead to immediate or immediate consequences, it is also a poison that causes cancer, infertility. In 2018, Vietnam was placed in 99th place with the rate of 151.4/100,000 people who suffered with cancer.[3] More painful, if the pregnant women have these toxic in there bodies, it will cause the baby to become deformed. As a result, dirty food is destroying the future and lead to personality decadence in the society.

What causes the problem of dirty food? The main reason that is the greed and “blurred vision” for the profit of the dirty food-sellers. Dirty food is rife around us, but there’s no way to distinguish it. It is not only sold on the streets, in markets, dirty food with clever ability to wriggle is also sold into supermarkets that consumers trust. What could be more evil than making money on health and life of the people?

Facing with the stressful, the solutions depend in ourselves. Each of us needs to be a wise consumer, we need to know how to choose and cook food carefully. First, people need to pay special attention to eating cooked food, drinking boiled water. Please know how to choose, only buy food with full labels, long expiry date, clear origin,or have no strange taste, no rancidity, or being rotten. Food producers, processors and traders need to comply with state regulations to ensure food hygiene and safety. They have to take responsibility for their products with consumers and society.Both producers and consumers need to learn about banned substances, about signs of distinguishing dirty food and clean food. Only when we have self-awareness in protecting ourselves and protecting the community, could help us in our daily lives. There is no better way to abandon dirty food than producers who take their own responsibility for the community. The agencies also need to have strict and effective laws. Each student also needs to protect his or her own health by saying ‘no’ to unidentified food and drink. It is also important to understand clean food standards and ask adults to use safe products.

In conclusion, Vietnamese should be aware from dirty food, the main cause of cancer and lots more diseases. We have to carry out our duty, that is to unite against unsafe food. More important, those solutions that I have offered should be applied.

Several weeks ago, I have got a chance to visit Vietnam Women’s Museum for a better understanding of the roles of Vietnamese women in daily life throughout generations. The term “Men build the house and women make it home” means that men are breadwinners who take charge of earning money and shoulder financial responsibilities in the family, while women are accountable for taking care of children, preparing meals for the family. However, Vietnamese women have to take more responsibilities than those. Vietnamese women had to live by the ‘four virtues’: hard work, beauty, refined speech, and excellent conduct. Besides, in addition to being a wife, a mother of the children they are an insufficient military source in wars against invaders, especially through the two fights against the French and American colonialism.

Vietnam Women’s Museum is located on Ly Thuong Kiet Street, 500m from the Old Quarters. It was established in 1987 and run by the Vietnam Women’s Union. The museum preserves and displays tangible and intangible cultural heritages of Vietnamese women as well as reflecting Vietnamese women’s contributions to history and society. Since being publicly opened in 1995, it has held a variety of successful exhibitions and welcomed millions of visitors from different countries.

The museum has four floors with three main sections: Women in Family, Women in History and Women’s Fashion. In the museum’s lobby on the first floor, there is a big statue of a Vietnamese mother carrying her son on shoulders. This statue is named “Mother of Vietnam”, which is the symbol of the museum. She seems to be trying to protect her child from difficulties and dangers. This statue won the first prize in a sculpture competition organized by the Museum and the Fine Arts Association of Ho Chi Minh City in 1995 as it shows the beauty and strength of Vietnamese women. Looking up to the ceiling, there are colorful conical leaf hats that are the symbol of Vietnamese women.

The second floor is devoted to the image of women in the family, featuring different topics: marriage, childbirth and family life from wedding ceremonies, wedding costumes for women of all regions to the local rituals and customs related to women. The 3rd floor reflects Vietnamese women in history and their contributions and sacrifices for national independence. The top floor shows women’s traditional costumes throughout history from different ethnic minority groups in Vietnam. These costumes reflect the skill and sophistication of Vietnamese women in dressing. What impressed me most is the image of women in history. The Women in History section shows Vietnamese women from 1930-1954, Southern and then Northern Women from 1954-1975, Unification, Vietnam’s Heroic Mothers and Portraits of Contemporary Women. The exhibition not only focuses on introducing the role and participation of generations of Vietnamese women in the nation’s resistance wars against foreign invaders but also refers to all aspects of everyday life of women in war: the stories of life, their contributions and victories and their sacrifices for national independence. Besides, the image of women in history with good qualities and bravery is shown through short films.

There are some representatives of female icons in Vietnam through the centuries such as Triệu Thị Trinh, Bùi Thị Xuân, Nguyên Phi Ỷ Lan,… Needless to say, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi are the very first females that stood up against the domination of the North (Han Dynasty) over Vietnam in 40 AD and took control of Vietnam for three years. They witnessed how cruel the North had been treating their people and they also are daughters of a general, so they were able to practice and improve their fighting skills since a very young age. Their victory marked the very first independent of the North of Vietnam. That lead to the important role of women in the Vietnam War since millions of Vietnamese women fought against the French in the 1950s and the United States in the 1960s and 70s. In the Vietnam War more than half of the region commanders were women. Some Vietnamese women have held high positions of authority such as Nguyễn Thị Bình – a Vietnamese communist leader who negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference. In the period from 1930-1954: since the end of the 19th century, many anti-colonial movements ended in failure.

Founded in 1930, the Vietnam Communist Party led the battle for independence. Women played a significant role in this battle and created different organizations such as the Women’s Association for Liberation, Women’s Association for Democracy and Vietnam’s Women Union. They fought against colonial and feudal forces, demanding socio-economic and democratic rights. In 1945, they participated in the uprising against the local power, contributing to the August Revolution. In 1946, during the re-invasion of Vietnam by the French, the entire nation joined the resistance. It encouraged women to work and actively resist the French pressure by engaging in battles and assisting the construction of the country. Many of them took part in the war and ensured supplies for armed forces. They contribute greatly to the victory against colonial rule.

Were the U.S.’s decision of commitment in Vietnam flawed? From what I have read about the Vietnam war, what I keep coming back to is the United State’s basic misunderstanding about what it was that the Vietnamese (North and South) were actually fighting for. The United States saw themselves as taking a stance against the “march of communism” while the NVA and the NLF were actually having a war in pursuit of their independence and reunification. Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist before he was a communist. This was not acknowledged at the time. He was a nationalist leader who saw communism just as a suitable mean to mobilize the Vietnamese people against first the French, then the Japanese, then the French again and finally the Americans. I

think the U.S. failed to understand the lessons from the second French occupation defeat in Vietnam and as a result, they drew all the wrong assumptions about the nature of Vietnamese insurgency and resistance. In many ways, it was also the inability to understand Vietnamese motivations for conflict correctly that led the United States to eventually go the same way as France had gone ten years before. Along the way, Cambodia became a casualty, so did Laos. I might also argue that if France had been prevented from reasserting colonialism status of the Indochina after World War II, perhaps all of what followed – almost thirty years of incredibly bitter and bloody war across South East Asia – could have been avoided. Millions of lives might not have been lost. As a result of the domino theory, the United States got involved in the Vietnam War in full support of the non-communist dictator who was in South Vietnam.

This was done with the aim of ensuring national security in the country. The U.S. supported the idea of communism in the domino theory with the fall of other nations in Southeast Asia, hence leading to the collapse of those countries which were posing a threat to the United States and ensuring that they have the national security.

The United States also did not take into account the differences between communist countries. For example, even though China is Vietnam’s ally, their conflict in the past affected the relationship between them. Vietnam still takes China supply but still being cautious of China. Another thing is that nationalism is side by side with the Vietnamese communist leaders. In fact, they did not allow the Chinese troops to fight in Vietnam or let them get too close to Hanoi. Moreover, the disagreement of the idea that between China and the Soviet Union, who should become the leader of the Communists.

Pre-modern Vietnam was a turbulent time marked by constant struggles of subjugation, war, and actualization. With Vietnam being such a rich area full of diverse cultures, largely due to the imperial rule by the Chinese, we see many facets of this small south-east Asian country through careful examination of the facts. The path they went along, which was similar to other developing countries, yet distinct resulted in such an interesting nation bearing striking resemblance to China in many areas. Ultimately, Pre-modern Vietnam has many striking features thanks to its extensive history and unique circumstances.

Vietnamese history starts just about at the point they entered Chinese rule. Being subjugated by China for over a thousand years, they shaped the course of Vietnam’s development greatly, as Vietnam was originally a colony dependent on China until they spread out and occupied more land. Despite being under their rule and influence for so long, the Vietnamese remained a distinct people, never having assimilated into being Chinese, this is something they are extremely proud of. They find it extremely offensive when they are referred to as Chinese. Another thing they are proud of is that they never gave up fighting against Chinese subjugation, they would rebel every 50-100 years during the millennia-long rule.

Despite being unsuccessful every single time, the never give up attitude becomes a major point of pride for the Vietnamese people, inspiring many urban legends and folk songs throughout their history. Something interesting about Pre-modern Vietnam is that some rebellions were led by women, which to many people, would be unthinkable, especially when you consider the period. Furthermore, we must consider that the Vietnamese were not solely victims as they are commonly portrayed. They were indomitable people who committed terrible attacks several times throughout their history, such as the massacre of the Chams. After such a long-ruling period by the Chinese, the independence that the Vietnamese gained was quite shallow, and civil wars broke out constantly until 1009 when the Ly Dynasty was founded, naming the kingdom to Dai Viet in 1054.

Due to China ruling over Vietnam for a thousand years as well as being a direct neighbor, and quite a large one at that, they had extremely influenced the political, cultural, and social development of Vietnam, somewhat similar to how heavily japan had influenced Korea or how other countries nearby had been heavily influenced by India. In Southeast Asia, Vietnam is just about the only country to have been so influenced by China. Even though they were ruled over, the Vietnamese were attracted to the Chinese for their rich culture and adopted so many aspects. Vietnamese borrowed Confucianism as a way of life, their system of writing is based on Chinese characters and even the idea of a meritocracy. Furthermore, their food culture is very similar as they are the only southeast Asian country to use chopsticks, just like China. They also practice the same form of Buddhism as China and other east Asian countries. Their initial form of government after independence from the Chinese was based on the Chinese government. Interestingly enough, the Vietnamese people are quite loose with their religious ties and have no shame about attending religious events that don’t coincide with their own.

Something Vietnam does that is quite different from western culture is that they truly reset the elderly, and have a lot of veneration for elders. For example, it is never acceptable for an elderly person to be struggling in public without assistance, someone should always rush to help them as soon as possible. In the United States, the elderly are usually thrown into homes and seen as a burden to their younger family.

However, In Vietnamese culture, the elderly are given a great deal of respect and are taken care of by their kids, even ancestors long gone are to be honored every once in a while. For example, nobody is allowed to eat until the grandparents have been served and started eating. Furthermore, Vietnam has a very patriarchal society, and women are typically made to do all household chores. Education is extremely important in Vietnamese families, as kids are conditioned to perform extremely well in school and parents work demeaning, laboring jobs to support this so that in the future their kids will be able to take care of them. Furthermore, much like in China, boys are preferred to girls in Vietnamese families, as they carry on the family name, so you know you and your ancestors will continue to be venerated.

Girls become part of the man’s family, leaving their original behind. so parents are discouraged from raising them in this sense, because they will take care of a girl for almost two decades only for her to leave their family behind for another man’s, leaving nobody to care for her in her old age, thus making girls a liability. The intricacies of Vietnamese families are very fascinating and founded within the ideas of Confucianism.

Vietnamese history provides us with insight into a very proud and well-founded nation. While the heavy influence from China is extremely apparent, Vietnam has continuously remained distinct from them creating its own unique culture. They still hold disdain towards the Chinese however. My favorite example was from our lecture where Professor Asselin told us of a Vietnamese man who had held a visceral hatred towards the Chinese his entire life, but it turned out that he was mostly Chinese himself after a DNA test and ended up in a two-month depression. To summarize the Vietnamese spirit, Ho Chi Minh once said, “It is better to sacrifice everything than to live in slavery. ”

Every country, each nation has its own culture, characteristics, and traditional costumes. For example, Japanese women are proud of their beautiful kimonos with silky textiles, or Indian women always impress us with their colorful silky Sari. Then, Vietnamese women, from the past to the present, always walk along in the gracefully traditional long dress called “Ao Dai”. There are many different styles of Ao Dai from the past, but to the present, Ao dai is a long flowing dress worn over a pair of long palazzo pants. This beautiful soft speaking long dress was designed to express the perfection of the curves on a woman’s body by the tight hugging bodice and the split extending into two long flaps in front and back. Even though ao dai has a variety of forms and designs, the formal dress most often used for competition is a form-fitting tunic that slit into the front and back from the waistline to the knees (Vu 3). This design is also the most iconic design when Vietnamese think of ao dai because it seems to have its own unique way to exaggerate the beauty of the small body of a Vietnamese woman.

Differing from the Japanese Kimono or Indian Sari, the Vietnamese Ao Dai has evolved to be able to suit both traditional and modern styles. Ao dai now can be used as a business dress, school uniform, or to receive a guest at a formal celebration. Women only need to pair it with white silky or soft fabric pants and a pair of high heels. The unique feature of this traditional costume is the upper part hugged tight to the body but the two flaps are loosely flowing down on a wide pair of silky pants making the dress effortlessly to wear. In these modern days, ao dai is not just a formal garment for holidays but it is also rising to become an iconic symbol to present Vietnamese businesses. For example, Vietnam Airline, a government corporation use ao dai with a sky blue collar and a Mandarin-style collar as their official uniform for flight attendants. In addition, many businesses in Vietnam including banks, hotels, and travel agencies encourage their feminine employees to wear ao dai because it certainly embraces a dignified and attractive image of a Vietnamese brand for the companies (Vu 3). Ao dai is also worn most of the time by female officials working in the government during press conferences or summits. Of course, ao dai not only represents the beauty of Vietnamese women, but it also becomes a symbolic design for Vietnamese Americans through the Vietnamese ao dai beauty pageants contests( Lieu 128).

Symbolically, ao dai always aroused the homesickness and timelessness that connected with the image of a beautiful “Vien Dong pearl” in the 1950s for which many Vietnamese throughout the fall of Saigon. Since Asian cultures are quite strict on how women should represent themselves, the split from the waistline is designed to make the person feel comfortable and gracefully shape the feminine look with the soft texture of silk without revealing any skin on her body. For such purposes, the ao dai is absolutely highly personalized (Avila 53). Ao dai is quite similar to a tuxedo or a prom dress in which each piece should be customized for one person only based on their body measurements rather than throwing a mass production on the design. The artistry of making ao dai is to carefully measure the fabric or silk and fold them correctly so the measurement will be exacted every inch during the cut (Avila 53). As a result of the dexterity of designers, the ao dai has magnified the gentle beauty and expressed the intimate character of a Vietnamese woman. With the upper part often closed-necked, the dress shows a respectfully discreet appearance but also shows the delicate shoulders and slim arms of a woman. With clever and precise cuts, the upper part of the dress shows the healthy body of a Vietnamese girl, and at the same time, the two flaps flowing in the wind create a gentle graceful image of Ao dai. Many Vietnamese poets and foreign visitors were “enchanted by the traditional Vietnam concept of female beauty: innocent, frail, chaste, shy, and soft-spoken”. The ao dai conjures up a romantic image of a high school girl in a white silk dress with a sheepish smile walking along with her puppy love (Vu 5). Nhien T Nguyen, a poet, and an MD wrote a poem for his wife which express the beauty of ao dai:

“The sky is beautiful this Saturday morning.

You are lovely in your new dress

Which is a gift from our dear friend who lives afar.

Gracefully flowing are two long flaps of your silk dress

Which is your new purple Vietnamese Áo Dài.

This dress arrived after gliding through clouds and winds.

This dress carries to you the heart of our very dear friend.

This dress wraps in our Vietnamese national spirit.

This dress wraps in my excited loving heart.

With your wedge sandals, you walk graceful steps

While a gentle breeze caresses your long silk pants and dress.

As the morning breeze lifts your shoulder-length hair

You stroke your hair with opening smiles on your lips.

Fresh sunshine makes your rosy cheeks prettier.

Love flows in your gaze and your passionate smile.” – Nguyen, My Pink Ao Dai

In the book “ Ao dai: a modern design coming of age”, Robin Treen wrote about how ao dai has become a historical symbolic icon of Vietnamese in the eyes of foreigners. Ao dai is the embodiment of the Vietnamese people which expresses the character of a loving and gentle woman (Treen 5). Ao dai represents the women of a war-torn country where women suffer from hardship and scarifies. Through each period and each stage along with the development of history, Ao dai always existed in time and always be an indispensable part of Vietnamese culture. As was mentioned in the introduction, Ao dai was first worn by only royalty and wealthy families. Even when we put ao dai as a logo for a store, most of the time the designer will try to keep the characteristics of ao dai: the skinny shoulder and two flaps at the bottom of the dress. For example, the logo of the store Ao Dai-Bao Han in San Jose, the logo is just a combination of contour lines, however, we can still see the image of a Vietnamese woman wearing the ao dai walking in the wind. With the culture changing from being affected by the Chinese, the western culture during the 20th century really blew in some fresh air to the Vietnamese culture and allow women to have a chance to improve their social position and wear clothes that have a beautiful fashion meaning. Ao dai is a symbolic design that really presents the beauty of the woman whenever a person looks at it. Discreet, charming, and sometimes sexy are important factors that make ao dai become Vietnamese pride. It is not just a “long shirt”, but it also becomes the symbol of the Vietnamese woman’s traditional costume which creates an indispensable traditional design that represents Vietnamese culture. After doing research and learning about Ao Dai’s history, I cannot be more proud of the country where I am from. Vietnam has been a war tone country for more than a thousand years and yet we still try to make something become unique to our own. For the next research paper, I would choose a topic about the woodblock print in Dong Ho village because it is one of the most famous visual art in Vietnam.

Vietnam is a country that has changed rapidly in just a short amount of time. History has a lot to tell about the long, narrow country that shares its borders with China, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand. After the Vietnam War, the country was restored and filled with hope. From the French colonization to the Vietnam War and even the current postwar era, these drastic changes in the social environment have led to many changes in the culture as well. These changes contributed to the different foods and traditions in every region of Vietnam. Despite being well-influenced by their neighbors and their changes, Vietnamese culture is well-cultivated by the combination of its lifestyle, cuisine, education, and religion.

Similar to other developing countries, lifestyles differ between rural areas and urban areas of Vietnam. Although there are differences between the young and the old, aspects of life continue to remain the same. Like many other southeast Asian countries, Vietnamese people are well known for their kindness, friendliness, and hospitality (‘Vietnamese lifestyle overview’). For this reason, the importance of family is an important part of the Vietnamese people’s lifestyle (‘Vietnamese lifestyle overview’). Traditionally, most families in Vietnam have both parents working, so it’s the grandparents’ responsibility for taking care of them. With that being said, respect for the elders is essential and comes a long way, not only in the family but also society in general. Considering that Vietnam is an agriculture-based economy, there are more people living in rural areas than in urban cities. It is stated that most civilians live in the countryside from lowlands, mountain areas, and the coastal line (‘Vietnamese lifestyle overview’). These rural areas can be characterized by their bamboo-hedged villages, green paddies, and farmers with conical hats. Vietnamese villagers survive through their farming, raising livestock, and with the help and support from others. Vietnamese people are known to be very hard-working. It is an attribute given that they often have to endure many natural disasters and harsh conditions of their tropical environment. In fact, a large number of people consider working in industrial places or the city, instead of working with the conditions in the fields. Also, the youth would often choose to pursue higher studies in the bigger cities rather than doing manual labor. Although many rural people seek to live a better life in these bigger cities, living expenses can be very difficult to manage. The Vietnamese lifestyle in urban areas is considered to be very modern and complicated (‘Vietnamese lifestyle overview’). Generally, most families would find higher-paying jobs or even as far as working two jobs to make ends meet. The lifestyle in the city is influenced by industrialization and modernization (‘Vietnamese lifestyle overview’).

Due to its rich food culture, Vietnam offers one of the best cuisines to many people and tourists around the world. Vietnamese cuisine is well-cultivated and diverse due to its geography and influences. Vietnamese cuisine was historically influenced particularly by the colonial French and Chinese culture (“Vietnam”). In fact, the country’s geography is also apparent in its cuisine. Take a look at the country’s food production, for example, a majority of its products are seafood based. Geography plays such an important role because of how vertically it stretches along the South China Sea. However, the South China Sea is not the only important factor in the cuisine, the influence also comes from its neighboring countries. For example, the northern part reflects the Chinese cooking heritage by specializing in noodle soups and soy sauce-based dishes, which differ drastically from the spices used in other regions (Puma 2019). Central Vietnam is more abundant with fresh produce, which uses a variety of spices and to serve more vivid and colorful dishes (Puma 2019). Lastly, southern Vietnam, most heavily influenced by Thailand and Cambodia is often known for its sweet and spicy dishes similar to Thailand’s cuisine (Puma 2019). The different specialties in each of the three regions make Vietnamese cuisine very well diverse and versatile. Vietnamese cuisine has many signature dishes but perhaps the most famous and recognizable foods are Phở and Banh Mi. Many Vietnamese dishes are often burst with complex flavors, showing us a culture of many influences. Phở can be described as a noodle soup that consists of soft rice noodles, flavorful and fragrant broth, and a few herbs and spices (Puma 2019). There are many types of Pho out there, but Phở Bo and Phở Gà are the traditional and most popular ones. Other types are Phở Bò Viên and Phở Tôm but are lesser known. Banh Mi is also another universal dish that is very well known. Banh Mi is a Vietnamese sandwich that has a crispy French baguette as its base and a variety of grilled meats and pickled vegetables. Specifically, the sandwich itself consists of red pork meat, cucumbers, cilantro, and pickled carrots. Colonial contact with the French brought over the baguette, and the combination of the two cultures created a food item that’s recognizable in its own right and is now being eaten globally (Puma 2019).

In Vietnam, getting a job is very crucial when you are trying to provide for your family. Finding a job, on the other hand, can be stressful and competitive, partly due to a strong education system and scarcity of jobs. The Vietnamese have high respect for learning and higher education, that is because the government has always set aside a significant portion of its budget for education (Hays). Education in Vietnam is authorized on a national level by the Ministry of Education and Training (TransferWise 2017). The education system is divided into three stages: preschool, Primary school, and Secondary school. Pre-school in Vietnam isn’t mandatory, but if parents would like to enroll their kids they would have to select from a list located at their local education office. Pre-school education for kids, ages ranging from 3 to 5. Kindergarten is also available but mainly in larger cities and the fees are reasonable (TransferWise 2017). Primary school is required by law to last about 5 years between the ages of 6 to 11 years old. This stage of schooling is provided free of charge, resulting in 95% of children enrolled in the beginning years (TransferWise 2017). The curriculum is focused on basic subjects like Math, Science, Social Studies, Physical Education, and the Vietnamese language. Lastly, Secondary school is not mandatory but students that wish to pursue secondary school must take an entrance exam. Students in secondary school aged from 11 to 18 years old. Competition for these schools is extremely intense.

Vietnamese people also value their religious beliefs just like their education. Vietnam can be classified as an atheist country, because of its communist regime (AlbeeNing 2018). Nevertheless, most Vietnamese people are not atheists but believe in a combination of three religions: Buddhism, Catholicism, and Confucianism. Buddhism was introduced in Vietnam in the second century BC (AlbeeNing 2018). Buddhism remains the most popular religion in Vietnam, generally because of its traditions as well as its philosophy from other faiths like Confucianism and Taoism. While most Vietnamese today would identify themselves as Buddhists, not many of them participate in Buddhist rituals (AlbeeNing 2018). Catholicism was first introduced in the late 16th century. This influence was strengthened by the French during its colonial rule (‘Vietnamese Religion: Inside Asia Tours’). Catholicism is by far the most widespread Christian church in Vietnam. Confucianism is not a religion but rather a social behavior (AlbeeNing 2018). The teachings are about god but mainly focus on how one should conduct one’s life. The values of Confucianism are important to Vietnamese people’s view of life and family.

Overall, the country of Vietnam has much to offer whether you are a local or a visitor. The Vietnamese culture is a blend of traditional and contemporary values; the aroma of the food, the harmony of many religions, and the family-oriented relationships are what make it interesting. Through its lifestyle, cuisine, education, and religion, Vietnam is a wonderful and industrious country with a fascinating culture that deserves to be visited.

Work Cited

1. AlbeeNing. “Religion in Vietnam.” Asia Highlights, 4 May 2018, https://www.asiahighlights.com/vietnam/religion.htm.
2. Hays, Jeffrey. “EDUCATION IN VIETNAM.” Facts and Details, http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9f/entry-3457.html.
3. Puma. “Regional Differences in Vietnamese Cuisine – North, Central, and South.” The Christina’s Blog, 30 Apr. 2019, https://blog.christinas.vn/regional-differences-in-vietnamese-cuisine/.
4. TransferWise. “The Vietnamese Education System: An Overview.” TransferWise, TransferWise, 31 Aug. 2017, https://transferwise.com/gb/blog/vietnamese-education-overview.
5. “Vietnam.” Food in Every Country, http://www.foodbycountry.com/Spain-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index/Vietnam.html.
6. “Vietnamese Lifestyle Overview.” AloTrip, https://www.alotrip.com/about-vietnam-culture/vietnamese-lifestyle-overview.
7. “Vietnamese Religion: Inside Asia Tours.” Vietnamese Religion | Inside Asia Tours, https://www.insideasiatours.com/southeast-asia/vietnamese-culture/religion/.