Category: Vehicles

Executive Summary

This business proposal is submitted by the LaBanze Bus Services to the government of the UAE to offer transport services during the 2020 World Expo event to be held in Dubai. The UAE government stand to benefits from the LaBanze’s transport services since it covers the major cities such as Dubai, Abudhabi, Alain, RasAlkhaima, Fujairah, UmQuwain, and Sharjah.

LaBanze has enough fleet and offer very competitive prices. The automated system, free tour guiding, and 24 hours emergency response makes this company qualified to offer the transport services. Besides, the company has accreditation and past successes of the magnitude of the World Expo. LaBanze guarantees efficiency and quality of the transport services which matches the UAE’s current global standards.

Introduction

LaBanze Bus Services has been in operation for the last twenty years. The company has a fleet of well maintained buses and tour vans that operate in all regions across the UAE. The headquarters of the company is in Ajman.

The company has since established an expansive transport network in the major cities such as Dubai, Abudhabi, Alain, RasAlkhaima, Fujairah, UmQuwain, and Sharjah (Kothari, 2013). The company was ISO certified in the year 2007 due to its quality transport services.

The needs for the LaBanze’s transport services

The organization of an expo with the magnitude of the World Expo in the year 2020 is very demanding and requires good experience in order to maintain the high standards that the UAE has showed the world.

In fact, in terms of transportation, there will be need to have an efficient and reliable transport provider since more than 10,000 expected visitors will have to be moved from the airports to hotels and then to the Expo center. These are the need which the LaBanze Bus Services will address;

1. Provision of reliable and comfortable means of transportation for the more than 10,000 visitors expected in UAE in 2020 during the World Expo.
2. Provision of secure and state of art transportation services to promote the UAE as a country of standards and prestigious tourism.
3. Provision of the general logistics of transportation such as emergency response, tour guiding, and meals on transit at the most competitive prices.

Proposed solution: LaBanze fits the bill

Given the opportunity, LaBanze will adopt the automated system of passenger transportation from the airports to the hotels and then to the Expo centers. Upon alighting at the airport, the company’s support staff will give each visitor an electronic gadget which is the size of a phone. This gadget will direct the customer to the bus or van to board depending on his or her destination.

Besides, the gadget will display options provided by the LaBanze Company such as executive and ordinary transport, the hours when the vehicles will be passing a street, and the choice of meal the visitor might want before boarding the vehicles.

The gadget also has a live Google map of the streets and the position of the visitor and the position of the buses to board. This strategy will reduce the cost that the government of UAE will incur by hiring visitor guides.

Among the deliverables that the LaBanze Company promises include reliable and comfortable transportation, instant response to call for extra duties, and a single billing for the entire duration of the expo.

In addition, the company is flexible to any changed in dates, hours of picking the passengers since it has a large fleet of vehicles. Since the company is currently rated as one of the best in terms of safety standards, there will be no major incident or disappointment on the side of the government and the visitors (Hisrich, 2011).

Benefits of using the LaBanze’s services

LaBanze Bus Services proposes to offer the above services to the government of the UAE during the entire duration of the 2020 World Expo. LaBanze’s has a fleet of more than five hundred cars, vans, and buses which are fitted with the latest communication gadgets, comfortable seats, and 24 hours emergency response unit.

Having been in operation for more than ten years, the company has a proper understanding of the logistics behind transport service and has very responsive employees who are well trained on safe driving, tour guiding, and responding to the demands of the clients.

The company has embraced modern technology in ticketing and monitoring the movements of its fleet. Finally, the company has the most competitive pricing for its private and corporate customers (Scarborough, 2012). Therefore, the company is in a position to efficiency provide all the transportation logistics for this global event.

The LaBanze Bus Services was ISO certified in the year 2007 due to its high standards in safety and efficiency. Besides, the company has won the Dubai Green Transport Award for the last three conservative years due to its long term strategy of using very efficient vehicles that emit very minimal smoke. In addition, the company has a clean bill of health in terms of the UAE transport sectors standards (USCS, 2012).

During the 2008 Dubai open marathon, LaBanze Company single handedly provided the transport services to approximately 8,000 visitors. There was no negative incident reported and most of the customers have since submitted positive response to the company’s online platform. Currently, the positive online rating is at 86%.

Costs and guarantees

LaBanze proposes a fee of AED 300 and AED 150 per day for the buses and vans respectively. This value is inclusive of the tax. The preferred payment method for the company is through electronic wire transfer to its bank account in the Dubai Commercial Bank branch.

The payment for the transport services will have to be remitted 14 days after the end of the trade expo. The LaBanze Company will only be responsible for direct costs related to vehicle repair and maintenance. Therefore, visitors will be responsible for any secondary damages or costs in the process of transportation.

From the above calculations, LaBanze’s proposed cost of delivering transports services during the entire period of the World Expo is AED 122,500. The company can give a discount of %7 percent of the total cost the government will have to incur.

Thus, LaBanze Company will charge AED 113,925. Since the event will occur seven years from today, the final payment will have to factor in the market swings such as exchange rate fluctuations and taxes (Janus, 2008). The company guarantees safety and reliability of the transport services due to its expansive network within the UAE. Besides, the 7% discount is one of the best offers in the transport services market in the UAE.

References

Hisrich, R. (2011). Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Janus, P. (2008). Pro Performance Point Server 2007: Building Business Intelligence. Alabama: Press Intel.

Kothari, M. (2013) About UAE. 2013. Web.

Scarborough, M. N. (2012). Effective Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Approach. New York, NY: Pearson Education.

USCS. (2012). Doing Business in the UAE. Web.

Most people make choices about the type of automobile they buy based on different factors, which range from personal opinions to the characteristics of the particular automobile. This paper is going to compare and contrast SUVs and motorcycles in order to determine the better options.

Sports utility vehicle (SUV)

These vehicles are known to be very stable on the road due to their four-wheel-drive nature. The design of the SUV varies. Earlier models had two doors with removable tops. However, due to the demands from customers, the model was created to have four doors. The design normally consists of an engine compartment, passenger and cargo compartments.

There are three categories of SUVs. The first type is referred to as the compact SUV. It is built with a smaller passenger and cargo space. It also has a higher gas mileage. The second one is the midsize SUV. It has more cargo and passenger space and has lower gas mileage. The third one is the full-size SUV. It has larger cargo and passenger space and even lower gas mileage (Bradsher 60).

The distinguishing feature of the SUV is that it can be used in remote areas due to its four-wheel-drive nature. It can be modified for recreation and motorsport and are among the most luxurious cars. In terms of safety, the SUV can be regarded as unsafe. This is because of its sporty nature. It was designed for high speeds.

However, there are some models that are known to be safer in case of an accident. On the other hand, motorcycle are considered more unsafe when compared to the SUV. This is especially when the user does not wear safety clothing. SUVs are also known to guzzle more fuel than other automobiles. Fuel consumption of SUVs and motorcycles is not even comparable since the motorcycle is much more economical. It is more expensive to acquire an SUV than it is to acquire a motorcycle.

Motorcycles

A motorcycle is a two-wheeled, single-track motor vehicle. Their designs normally vary depending on usage. It can be used for travel, sporting, racing, cruising and so on. There are three main types of motorcycles. The first is the street. These include the cruisers, sport bikes and scooters.

The second one is the off-road model. The third one is for dual purpose. Motorcycles are cheaper than SUVs. They are also more commonly used around the globe. The unique aspect of the motorcycle lies in its construction and fuel economy. The construction of the modern motorcycles is standardized and they are relatively cheaper to produce. This is when compared to the SUV.

Motorcycles, as compared to the SUV, cause more accidents and in most cases, the accidents are fatal. According to fatality analysis reporting system, the number of fatal crushes for motorcycles is four times higher than for cars (Setright 16). Due to the better fuel efficiency of the motorcycles, they are the least distractible to the environmental.

In terms of repair, motorcycles are very much easier to deal with as compared to the SUVs. This is because the engine is more accessible than that of the SUV. Maintenance of a motorcycle is comparatively less costly. Motorcycles are much easier to park than the SUV and take up a very small space. This makes it very hard to miss a parking spot for a motorcycle even in the busiest places. A motorcycle can maneuver easily in traffic unlike the SUV.

In conclusion, motorcycles have many advantages in terms of cost, maintenance, fuel consumption and access. This makes it more suitable to use than the sport utility vehicles (SUVs).

Works Cited

Bradsher, Keith. High and Mighty: SUVs – The World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way. New York: Sage, 2004. Print.

Setright, John. The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats. London: Guinness Superlatives, 1979. Print.

Introduction

There are two main options for buyers of cars in the contemporary world because gasoline and electric ones are prevalent. Despite the fact that the first type is the most common one, there is a growing tendency to choose “eco-friendly” vehicles. There is a necessity to compare and contrast electric and gasoline cars to discover which one is the most attractive offer. This essay will examine both options according to the set of indicators, which are price, maintenance costs, and convenience and safety of use. The conclusion about which type of cars is better in general and is recommended to purchase will be made.

Comparison of Electric and Gasoline Cars

Electric cars are a relatively new type of cars intended to reduce CO2 emissions and be cost-efficient. These vehicles are powered by electricity, and last years they became a significant competitor for familiar gasoline cars in which gas is used as fuel. The first challenge for buyers., which makes electric cars a less attractive option, is their cost that is higher than regular vehicles’ prices (“Is an electric car right for you?” n.d.).

Although there is a positive tendency to making electric transport more affordable, they still cost around $30000-$40000 (“Is an electric car right for you?” n.d.,). Therefore, initial expenses are greater for future electric car owners.

On the other hand, maintenance cost is that make long-term using a car more or less attractive. It is possible to state that a full battery’s cost of an electronic vehicle (EV) is $6.86, while an average gasoline car’s tank may require $40 to fill (Hearst Autos Research, n.d. para. 19. Despite the mentioned fact, EVs can drive only 50-100 miles, while regular transport can cover three times greater distances (“What is an Electric Car?” n.d.,). Costs of technical maintenance for EV are also lower, as there is no necessity to lubricate and conduct other procedures for their engines (“What is an Electric Car?” n.d.,). Therefore, EVs are cheaper for long-term use, while gasoline cars are better at driving for great distances.

Buyers of EV are usually individuals that care for the environment. One undisputable benefit of having an electric car is that they produce no emissions, as electricity is an eco-friendly source of energy (“What is an Electric Car?” n.d.,). Moreover, it is safer to drive EVs as they have a lower center of gravity that makes them more stable on the road than regular cars (“What is an Electric Car?” n.d.,). Simultaneously, there is less risk for EVs to explode in comparison to gasoline ones because of the engine’s specificity. In addition, noise pollution is also reduced in electric cars that can also be vital for some owners. Therefore, EVs are safer than regular vehicles for the environment and users.

However, there is a related disadvantage that prevents most customers from buying an EV. Recharge points are common in cities, especially developed ones, while it is challenging to find a gas station where the filling of EV is possible (“What is an Electric Car?” n.d.,). It is also a matter of time, as the number of such stations is increasing over the years, but the lack of recharge points is still a significant difficulty.

Conclusion

Both types of cars have their pros and cons, and this situation enables to form a certain conclusion about which one is better for different purposes. EVs are safer, eco-friendly, and their maintenance is cheaper, but they are not convenient for long-distance drives. Gasoline cars have lower prices, and the frequency of their filling is three-time less than EVs charging. However, they are not safe for users and environments. For now, it is better to use EVs for short drives and gasoline cars for long journeys.

Works Cited

Hearst Autos Research. “Electric Cars vs. Gas Cars: Everything You Need to Know?”Car and Driver, Web.

Is an electric car right for you? The Personal, Web.

What is an Electric Car?Conserve Energy Future, Web.

Electric cars have only recently begun to compete with the internal combustion engine, but they have been actively used by drivers for more than a century. These cars were especially popular at the turn of the 20th century but lost their popularity when Ford’s moving assembly line increased the availability of passenger cars (Simpson 2021). The use of electric vehicles has several advantages, including their environmental friendliness, service cost, and interesting history of the emergence of exciting technology.

The structure of an electric car is not inferior to ordinary passenger cars and may even be considered safer than the usual models. The main structural elements of an electric vehicle are battery, electric motor, transmission, on-board charger, inverter, DC converter, and electronic control system. The device of an electric car implies the absence of a clutch and gearbox, which is why they accelerate more smoothly and climb the slope easier (Magnusson 2017). Such a car does not contain engine oil and spark plugs, which reduces maintenance costs. Electric cars also don’t make much noise, drive quietly, and don’t produce noise pollution. The engine also consumes no energy when the vehicle is stationary. The transmission of an electric car is quite simple. Thanks to the onboard charger, the vehicle can be charged from the household electrical network. Thus, a simple and understandable car device can serve as one of the reasons for their ubiquity.

Climate scientists claim the electrification of vehicles is one of the best ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fully electric cars move with the help of a large electric battery and do not produce exhaust gases. Electric vehicles are becoming more eco-friendly over time, despite the more intensive battery manufacturing process. Common gas-powered cars are the least climate-friendly option, as long-term costs and emissions cover a wide range. It reduces the risk of death from an accident and from the effect of exhaust gases on a person’s lungs. According to Dr. Tranchik’s estimates, the production emissions of electric vehicles will be compensated for six months, depending on the cleanness of the power system in which the car is charged.

Electric cars enjoy less popularity than gas-powered vehicles due to their higher initial cost. The battery capacity price should also be considered since a car that can last longer on its charge will cost more. Nevertheless, actual research shows that electric cars help drivers save money in the long run. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology team calculated the cost of the vehicle’s full life (including the purchase price, maintenance, fuel) and found that electric cars cost their owners much cheaper (Penney 2021). Today, electric vehicles are becoming safe, affordable and, produced by major brands, are starting to be sold in large volumes. The world leader in sales of such cars is Norway, which has a plan to stop selling fuel cars by 2025. A similar policy is followed by New Zealand, which is concerned about the state of the environment. The dissemination of such research would help reduce the financial costs of using cars.

The spread of electric vehicles requires infrastructure development and increased accessibility. Despite the fact that electric cars are already becoming more common on the roads, only some countries are close to their widespread use. Nevertheless, electric machines will be an excellent replacement for traditional gas and will improve the situation of the environment.

References

Magnusson, S. (2017). New Zealand electric car guide. Sigurd Magnusson.

Penney, V. (2021). Electric Cars Are Better for the Planet – and Often Your Budget, Too. Web.

Simpson, J. D. & Barligen, W. (2021). The history of electric cars. Web.

Executive Summary

Research is very crucial before making any conclusions or taking a step of action to meet certain objectives. The paper presents the opinions given by commuters and university students having their own cars in a bid to investigate why commuters chose to commute while others chose to use their cars to school and work place. To garner the information, the researchers employed interviewers and questionnaires.

Enough data was gathered on opinions and views of the target audiences. The increased use of private vehicles poses environmental challenges because of the gas they emit in the environment. To reduce the effects that come with tail-gas emission from the vehicles such as health complications and climate changes, stringent measures are required. Global warming is one of the effects that result from emissions of the gases.

Many target audiences cited various reasons that made them use private cars as opposed to public transport. These included, time saving, peer influence, delays caused by public transport, inadequate time, and lack of enough sitting spaces in buses. There are few public transport buses to match the high population. The campaign was formulated after gathering enough data on commuting in Sydney.

The campaign strategy included the use of different ways to trigger a change of behaviour. This included the use of posters, billboards, name cards, and calendars. These strategies helped to trigger change in behaviours as the number of private cars reduced.

This was evidenced through the reduction of the number of car in the car parks. The campaign strategy can be improved to ensure that many people change their behaviours to use public means in their transportation.

Introduction

The design project research seeks to find out why students and commuters prefer using their private cars for commuting instead of using public transport. The effect of private cars is the main aim of the study. This research is important because it will help to identify various problems besides enhancing the understanding of behaviours and feelings of the target audience.

Furthermore, this research project will be helpful in coming up with affable measures to trigger behaviour change among the concerned audience. This campaign targets a sub-cultural group within Sydney: university students and commuters who have personal cars. This subgroup often prefers using their private cars to commute to their places of work, as well as to the university.

Therefore, this research seeks to find out the reasons and implication of the choices. It further seeks to test whether they can change from using their private cars. The key message to the target audience is to find out why this subgroup prefers using their private cars instead of the public means. The major reason for carrying out this research is to find amicable solutions to the problems the target audience goes through.

The campaigns aim to respond to the increased cases of environmental pollution caused by the increased level of gas emissions resulting from the high usage of private cars. According to Suthanaya, preference to use either private means or a public means is related to the distance from the suburb to the central business district (28).

Many people who live near Sydney or within a radius of 20 Km from the central business district would prefer to use public means of transportation, as opposed to those living far from their places of work (Suthanaya 28). Therefore, this research project is useful, as it seeks to provide an insight on why commuters and students prefer to use their private car.

The campaign aims at changing this perceptions and making students and commuters use public transports to help reduce the effects of environmental pollution. Therefore, the focus of the research remains intact regardless of the study findings carried out sometimes in 2011.

It is important since it will help me to find the problem of this target group besides helping in setting or designing affable campaign initiatives that are able to trigger positive changes in the behaviour and attitude of the target group.

Revised Research Strategy

To obtain good results, the research strategy employed included interviews and questionnaires. Research questions were administered to various respondents in Sydney. However, before carrying out the interviews and or administering the questionnaires, a plan was created, which identified the location of the study (Manzini 3). A population, which consisted of commuters and University students was also identified.

A simple random sample was done to get the required sample population. Questionnaires were administered to various students who used their vehicles in different universities. Other questionnaires were given to commuters working in various organisations that were selected randomly. Questions were then formulated to guide the research study (Duc, Jalaludin, and Morgan 289). Examples of questions included

1. Why do you use private cars as opposed to public buses?
2. Why do you use your car when going to your place of work or to school?
3. Why would you spend a huge amount of money to buy gas instead of using public transport that is cheaper?

The questions aimed at finding out the reasons why this group of audience preferred using their cars instead of public transport. Other subsidiary questions were also relevant. These included:

1. Can you change or switch to public transport?
2. What do you think contributes to environmental pollution?
3. Is your car environmental-friendly?
4. How many times do you use your car to commute on a weekly basis? How do you perceive public transport?

Many questions were answered. In general, respondents cited lack of reliability of public buses for their continued and persistence use of private cars. The high population made it very difficult for them to wait at the bus stop. The presence of few available buses was a factor that made them wait for as long as 30 minutes. Therefore, they lost a lot of time on roads, a case that forced them to use private means.

Furthermore, many said that they understood the effects of gas emissions but could not leave their cars at home. They were wiling to use public transport if their services were improved. Some of the questions were not answered sufficiently such as the reason behind their option to spend more money buying gas and maintaining their cars instead of using the public transport.

Even though the response was low, the reason was likely to be their level of income. Many commuters are middle-income earners.

Therefore, they had the capability of buying cars. Likewise, most students are employed as part-time workers while others come from well-to-do families and hence their ability to access or buy cars. In the research, no change was experienced. The questions were enough to cover the area well as required.

Early Phase Research Evaluation

In the early phase of the research, the bulk of the research was surveys that included field surveys. Interviews and questionnaires were also used to solicit information from various target audience. During this stage, questioners were given to a sample of students who used their private cars to report to the university.

From the research, students provided different reasons why they chose to drive than using public means to go to school and work. Using public means is hectic because of the many people who scramble for spaces in buses. People are forced to stand due to inadequate seats.

The time it takes to wait for a train or a public bus is long. Other students and commuters preferred driving themselves to their places of work and school because it was more convenient as opposed to waiting for a bus. Even though it was sometimes expensive to drive one’s own car compared to using public transport, they could not use public transport.

Others drove because their colleagues always came to their work place and at school with their cars. Peer influence made some of the students use private cars. Feeling a sense of proud also contributed to the use of private cars.

Therefore, this study helped me understand various problems and issues that led students and commuter to use their private cars hence giving me a hint on the best strategy to use in my campaign to trigger behaviour change. The exercise further acquainted me with skills and knowledge in research. I became aware of how to carry out interviews and questionnaires.

It also helped me gain confidence and skills on how to carry out a campaign to compel the audience to use public transport for the good of the society. Various research methods are used to find out solutions to various problems. These include observation, questionnaires, and interviews among others. They have strengths and weaknesses.

According to Crouch and Jane, observation, as a research strategy, allows a researcher to observe or engage the field to find out what is happening in a given situation (‘Methods in Ethnographic Research’ 92). The researcher immerses himself in the research setting borrowing from the past and the present to have multiple perspectives on a given circumstance (Pruitt and Jonathan 312).

Some of the strengths of observation research strategy include its practicability. The researcher can experience a first-hand information. The weaknesses include the possible changing of behaviours by the participants because of the perception that they are being observed (Terrell 254).

The results are based on individual judgment: they are not objective. A questionnaire is yet another research method that is used to solicit information. Advantages of using questionnaires include its being less expensive and easiness of administering. The weaknesses of using questionnaires include the probability of leaving questions unanswered because they require more time (Hunter 11).

Interviews have some strengths. One of the strengths is that it allows the interviewer to ask many questions to get responses on the spot (Shove 6). Many questions may be asked and answered.

The emotional reactions of an individual are manifested, which help the interviewer to come to constructive conclusions. Weaknesses include the much time required to prepare questions are well structured to avoid misunderstanding. It also requires a lot of time, which may affect the process.

Design Project Prototype Test

The simple research exercises that I used to test my strategic design/campaign with my intended audience included field surveys and websites. To ensure that my campaign was successful, I used multiplicity of methods and strategies to convey my message. The aim of the campaign was to make the commuters and university students use public transport to conserve the environment.

One of the procedures used included the use of posters. Poster were placed on various billboards and in busses containing messages that appealed to commuters to use public means as opposed to private means. The consequences of using private means were also provided, which included environmental pollution that could cause global warming and other health effects.

I also used name cards, which had information about the benefit of using public means as opposed to private means. It contained a logo and at the back and some information about the public transport, which was visible. I also used a special calendar that I mailed to the target audience. It was aimed at recording the number of times the target audience used private transport as well as public transport.

The major reason for doing this was to reach many target audiences to influence them use public transport as opposed to private means. Private cars users did so because of various reasons. They indicated that they could change (Crouch and Jane ‘What do Designers and Researchers Do? 23). For instance, some used private cars because of peer influence and time. However, they could adjust.

Hence, the campaign aimed at triggering behaviour change to conserve the environment. This experience made me learn new things especially how to stage a campaign that can trigger behaviour change. I learnt how people react to certain stimuli or information that affects them. Through the campaign, many people changed their perceptions about private cars by giving environmental issues a second thought.

Campaign Evaluation

The campaign achieved its mission. The strategy employed contributed a lot in attainment of the mission. The use of printed photographs that were placed in strategic locations such as bus stations helped to convey the message to the target audience. The use of calendars and name cards further played a crucial role in the campaign. The cards and calendars were mailed to the target audiences in the various places.

They helped to pass the message well. The message was concise and to the point thus making it easy to understand. The target audiences were educated and professionals, as they understood the effects of the tail-gas emissions. This boosted the campaign. The challenge the campaign faced was the negative attitude the target audience had already formed in their minds.

Many agreed that it was cheaper to use public transport as opposed to private means. However, poor public means made them use private. In general, the campaign was a success. The campaign incorporated visuals, which added weight in the campaign. Various pictures and photographs placed in different places showed how environment was being polluted through tail-gas emissions that came out of cars.

The pictures played a role in triggering behaviour change (Rose 15). Based on the feedback received, the power of the strategy and visuals was evident. A good number of university students and other commuters have begun using public means of transport.

This is evidenced from the reduction in number of vehicles in parking areas. However, this campaign is increasing the number of public vehicles on the roads. An increase of these public buses will also cause negative impacts on the environment. Hence, a plan B is required to ensure sustainability in the conservation of the environment.

Works Cited

Crouch, Christopher, and Jane Pearce. What do Designers and Researchers Do? Thinking, Doing, and Researching, Doing Research in Design. London: Berg, 2012. Print.

Crouch, Christopher, and Jane Pearce. Methods in Ethnographic Research: Observation. Doing Research in Design. London: Berg, 2012. Print.

Duc, Hiep, Bin Jalaludin, and Geoff Morgan. “Associations between air pollution and hospital visits for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly in Sydney using Bayesian statistical methods.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 51.3(2012): 289-303. Print.

Hunter, Louise. “Challenging the reported disadvantages of e-questionnaires and addressing methodological issues of online data collection.” Nurse Researcher, 20.1(2012):11-20. Print.

Manzini, Ezio. “Design for Sustainability: How to Design Sustainable Solutions.” Sustainable Everyday Project 1.1(2006): 3. Print.

Pruitt, John, and Jonathan Grudin. Personas: Practice and Theory. Design Studies: Theory and Research in Graphic Design. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Print.

Rose, Gillian. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 3rd ed. London: SAGE, 2012. Print.

Shove, Elisabeth. The Design of Everyday Life. Oxford: Berg, 2007. Print.

Suthanaya, Peter. “Analysis of Journey to Work Travel Behaviour by Car and Bus in the Sydney Metropolitan Region.” Civil Engineering Dimension 13.1(2012): 21-28. Print.

Terrell, Steven. “Mixed-Methods Research Methodologies.” Qualitative Report, 17.1(2012): 254-280. Print.

Technology is important into determining cars and their viability in this twenty first century. Japanese cars happen to be the best cars in comparison to those of America, the comparison includes viability in terms of technology, economy and sensitivity to the environment.

Background of Origin of Cars

Cars are four wheeled vehicles that use motor to move. These four wheeled drive have had a long history since their invention. Modernity has played a major role in the development of these vehicles. Technology which has proven to be the most celebrated medium for rapid change has had a lot of impact in the automobile industry. It is the main reason for the development of the current most valued and classy cars in the market. Additionally, technology has led to the creation of the most environmentally friendly cars.

Due to the effects of the production of pollutants in the environment, people have endeavored to own cars that environmentally friendly. However, there are those who do not mind the effects that the cars pose to environment and have decided to go for the classic type of cars that are not friendly to the surrounding.

This unfriendliness is in terms of air and sound pollution. The differences in the taste for cars have led to the argument comparison of cars in Japan and the United States of America. Some people think that Japanese cars are better while others fill that America has the best cars.

America

America has had a long history of owning the best manufactured goods in the whole wide world. In the past, most African countries and other countries from other continents used to buy their automobiles from United States of America. This is because America was stereotyped as a super power hence anything from the America was ideal.

This led to the increase in the economic status of America and also the popularity of the country as a whole. Moreover, many sales were made by America in the past that are incomparable to Japan. The high turnover of sales has been used as to be the best business ideology of what is exemplary. Globalization also has had a stake in the marketing of these cars to the rest of the world. Having an economic goodwill means being the best in the economic world or sector (Bellis 52).

America has a taste for the appearance rather than the basics of environmental friendly products. Although it is fashionable to have these classy products, it is not fashionable to be in a polluted environment. Several years back there were calls by different lobby groups that advocate for environmental protection in America which saw a paradigm shift to innovation that was at least environmental friendly production.

Japan

On the other hand, Japan has been topping the list on the world’s car trade in terms of manufacturing the best cars ever. This can be confirmed by the awards that Toyota and other automobile industries in Japan have achieved in most recent times.

Although they did not feature in the past record of best car manufacturing companies, their advancement in the industry was slow but sure in business. Theirs was a thought of more environmental friendly products. This has been seen in their love for current technology that is reliable in terms of fuel efficiency, speed and weight .

Technological advancement from the East is more environmental friendlier than in America. In addition, Japan makes cars that are more durable and have better mileage. These characteristics are very significant to any buyer in this current generation. Japan too has an advantage over America due to its geographically predisposition. It has had the opportunity to make cars and at the same time get access to fuel easily as compared to America (Domingo 201).

Conclusion

Both America and Japan are the world’s most respected countries in terms of the automobile industry. It is true that their works have been experienced worldwide. In terms of comparison there is one that comes first followed by the second? Americans have refused to come second to Japan.

They keep on saying that their works are second to none. This can only be proved by statistical collection from all parts of the world. This is because the rest of the world are countries all consumers of products from these industries. Going by facts, it is true to say that Japan exceeds America in terms of viable vehicles.

The only challenge is that most people tend to support America but going for the truths Japan is really great. This can be proven by checking on yearly listings for the best company (Lutz 25-39). Japan fortunately or unfortunately has had many awards and still ranks high for being the best country with the best automobile industry. Many awards have been worn in a raw by companies such as Hyundai, Toyota and many automobile industries in Japan.

In addition, Japan still shows ability to remain at the top. The country is composed of highly intelligent individuals when it comes to innovation. This has given the companies an advantage over the companies in America. However, America is also promising in terms of technological development. They are not ready to be left behind. This kind of competition is healthy because it results into quality rather than quantity.

Annotated Bibliography

Bellis, Mary. The Car and its Origin. Tokyo, Japan: Manga Publishers. 2011.

Bellis explanation of cars is in term of advancements. To her, new forms of cars have been cropping in day after day. This is because change has been rapid and has called for advanced products.

This is why most companies have resulted to go for current technology to manufacture cars. America was one of the inventors of cars and has been advancing as the days go by. She adds that they have translated from simple vehicles that only used steam engines to the most complex that use electricity. This has been good progress according to Bellis except for the pollution that has arisen many years after the inventions.

The pollution has produced a lot of health risk effects and has also negatively influenced the environment. Therefore, to Bellis, Japan stills stand out as best car manufactures since their cars are both environment and economic friendly. America also has made some stepping stones in the industry but Japan is rating high in the world listings.

Lutz, Bob. Comparison between Cars in America and Japan. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007.

Lutz argument is based on fuel consumption. His work reflects on cars that are more efficient in using petrol. He says the current economy requires efficiency and affordability. The most fuel efficient vehicles have been made by both the Americans and Japanese. To Lutz both America and Japan are great competitors in the world of Automobile forms. He says both countries have greatly advanced than any other country in the world.

The only thing that is pulling America down is on the issue of pollution. This is very critical because the industry can lose market because of the simple effect of polluter cars. Lutz continues to say that Japan has also managed to put up their companies in the United States of America. With the Japanese reputation of good management, they have been able to run these companies in the Diaspora without greater effects.

This is quite commendable for the Japanese automobile industry. Lastly, Lutz adds that the America is more alienated to models rather than environment friendly manufactured cars. It is quite unfortunate but thank God they have been mobilizing for most advanced automobile items.

Domingo, Rene. Car Management: Management and Business in Asia. New York: Blackwell Publishers, 2009.

Domingo says that Japanese good management skills in car industry have developed for more than a century. This development has been slow but sure. To Domingo all companies in Japan are successful in the automobile industry. The Japanese have kept a good track record on their inventions and the building up of customer friendly cars. He continues to say that the Japanese are hard working and they are tactful. Other countries work hard but they keep on failing.

This is because they are not result oriented. In addition, Domingo says that Japanese are more sensitive to the environment than the Americans. This can be seen in the way global warming has mostly affected the United States of America. He also says that without checking on the negative environmental factors that influence the surrounding, then technological advancement is of no better use. Therefore most automobile industries should be able to manufacture environmental friendly cars.

Works Cited

Bellis, Mary. The Car and its Origin. Tokyo, Japan: Manga Publishers, 2011. Print.

Domingo, Rene. Car Management: Management and Business in Asia. New York: Blackwell Publishers, 2009. Print.

Lutz, Bob. Comparison Between Cars in America and Japan. Waterloo, NO: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007. Print.

Introduction

The background of the present luxury car is extremely expensive, frequently the custom-bodied luxury sporting cars of 1920s to 1930s. Normally made by Bugatti, Alfa Romeo, Delahaye, Lincoln, Delage, Cadillac, and Mercedes-Benz among others, these highly stylish status cars were preferred by aristocrats, film stars, gangsters and playboys for projecting elegant and profligate images.

Two such examples were Mercedes-Benz SSK and Duesenberg Model SJ, very expensive and fast automobiles which avoided both complete sports performance and pure luxury in support of unique mixture of style, power and craftsmanship which combined to create cars that resulted to status symbols (Knowles 5).

This idea of luxury has evolved in diverse shapes since the start of civilisation. Its function was only vital in ancient eastern and western empires like it is in present societies; with obvious variances amongst the social classes in past civilisations, the use of luxury was restricted to prestigious classes and whatever the less privileged could not have was considered to be luxury (Knowles 5).

In economic terms, a luxury good’s demand raise exceeds proportional adjustment in revenue, plus it contrast with necessity good, which demand does not connect to income (Knowles 7). Luxury goods normally have “high income elasticity of demand” (Freepaper.com) as individual become rich; they increasingly buy luxury goods, which imply that decrease in income will result to decline in demand.

“Income elasticity of demand” contrast with income, plus its signal changes at diverging income levels but to be precise, the luxury good may turn out to be normal good or inferior good at varying income levels (Freepaper.com). For the firm to charge a higher price to the consumers it must carry out price discrimination, which is the purchase or sale of varying units of service or goods at price discrepancies indirectly matching to variances in cost of supply (Armstrong 14).

The question whether price discrimination is an ethical issue is a subject which when seeking the answer, one must comprehend the reasons why firms find this particular practice acceptable, whilst amongst the consumers it is perceived to be unfair.

In modern business world cultural division amongst those who recognize price discrimination to be acceptable and just way of conducting business, plus those who differ. However, Christians may be traced on the two sides of the division, where indifference does not play part. Price discrimination is recognised as ethical when efficiency is a matter of concern, plus fairness or justice does not matter (Chen 11).

Discussion

Price discrimination

Price discrimination can be found on a company’s ability to differentiate amongst its buyers, according to their demand characteristic differences for specific products. The price discrimination becomes perfect if the company is capable of discriminating more (Armstrong 14).

In economics, for price discrimination to exist, three conditions should prevail in order for the company to be able to profit from price discrimination: the company should have the marketplace power, the company should be able to differentiate amongst buyers according to their demand-linked characteristics plus it must be capable of restricting the resale between customers with low and high demand elasticity (Econpage.com).

The company can charge each buyer (a or b) differently based on their demand of elasticity or either split the buyers into submarkets, with every submarket having its demand curve and autonomously maximize gains in every submarket (c) (Econpage.com).

Source: (Econpage.com)

Three major classes of price discrimination exist; one is the personal discrimination where prices are charged to consumers based on the differences amongst individual buyers, while the second is group discrimination which applies inter-group variances plus product discrimination which charges product in a discriminating way.

A luxury good will normally use the product discrimination, where the product is priced high based on its quality which enables the firm to attain a huge mark-up with high quality product compared to low quality goods (Econpage.com).

Economists merely considered price discrimination as proof of monopoly practice, thus an indication of failure of the market. Monopolists may utilise price discrimination just to increase their earnings, or utilize it as entry barrier to new entrants in the market. Any method basically makes all things bad.

The only occasions to make discrimination, are few instances which ensure goods ease of access that the marketplace will never support in any situation (Econpage.com). The degree of price discrimination reduces as new entrants in the sector increases, thus price discrimination may also apply in an oligopoly market structure, which is mainly subjected to few manufacturers, each having a certain market control (Armstrong 15).

Price discrimination splits the link between costs and prices, where prices must be linked to costs since price mirror costs on relative scarcities of commodities (Chen 12). Therefore, prices cannot be depended on as indicator of shortage to the clients on where they must cut down. However, the majority of price-sensitive consumers in discrimination may come across an incremental-cost charge, whilst others might not.

The sellers utilize price discrimination to increase earnings above the competition level and the high earnings ordinarily play the function of drawing new entrants in the sector; in case barriers exist no new entrants will follow. These barriers may include price discrimination, higher fixed costs and patents. In case higher earnings do not draw new entrants, then normally there is no social function and may merely be alleged as unfair, this is an indication of monopoly power (Econpage.com).

Price discrimination can be used to support requirement of higher fixed cost goods that may not be offered by the marketplace and may be accepted as fair in specific situations. For instance, luxury goods such as cars may appeal based on the fact that discrimination is practiced according to the product quality or model.

Poor individual will actually get a break in this type of practice, as the product discrimination is progressive in the allocation effect (Econpage.com). It also account for the common opinion that individual will purchase the luxury car when they have more income or has income increases, thus high prices will discourage individual from buying such cars. In case the high prices for wealthier discourages the most economical amongst them from purchasing the luxury car, the price system may be said to be inefficient (Chen 13).

On the other hand, all transactions or trades are just or fair only if they deliberate on either side, to be precise, so long as no bodily coercion was engaged to compel either party to engage in trade (Tiemstra 11).

A consummated transaction implies that the parties recognize themselves to be at an advantage after trading than if they had not traded at all. This therefore, makes the trade just despite how unequally the earnings from the transaction are divided amongst the parties, and notwithstanding how unevenly it may deal with equals (Tiemstra 11).

Conclusion

The justice assumes that even must be treated evenly. Besides, unrestrained justice would propose that the suitable reward for a manufacturer of products is recouping the production costs, with the opportunity cost of investment and time taken in that business.

In such a case earnings will be allocated equally between seller and buyer, and no party will exercise uneven power over the other, resulting to efficient allocation of resources.

For that reason, price discrimination must be alleged to be off beam, plus prices must mirror production costs. Particularly, it’s unethical for businesspersons to utilise their power in market to extort from consumers the bulkiness of value they gain from consumption of the product.

Work Cited

Armstrong, M. “Price discrimination”, 2006. Web.

Chen, Y. “Oligopoly price discrimination by purchase history”, 2005. Web.

Econpage.com. “Price discrimination: A summary”, 2009. Web.

Freepaper.com. “Arctic Monkeys Luxury car Market Trends”, 2011. Web.

Knowles, M. “Luxury news: Market Trends”, 2008. Web.

Tiemstra, J. “Price discrimination and fairness”, 2011. Web.

Automobiles have always been the most common form of transport for personal use for centuries. The explanation for this is the freedom of movement both in the city and between them. The idea of moving everywhere within the capabilities of a car is the crucial factor explaining why people use this type of transportation on a regular basis, every day. This speech describes the positive aspects of electric vehicles and the reasons why they are more beneficial financially and environmentally for society.

However, with the development of society, mechanical engineering is also developing. Every year, more and more brands are producing new models of cars that are struggling with competition in the international market. Indeed, electric cars could not fail to appear. A large number of top-selling automobile brands have concluded that it is time to introduce electric cars to the international market and familiarize society with such innovation. Humanity accepted such an innovation, but the prominent opinions were divided into two sides. The first side is the people who believe that electric cars are unnecessary and state that stationary internal combustion engines are better and more efficient. The second side is the people who claim that electric cars are the best invention of humankind, for which the future is coming. Thus, the two main points of view were built in opposition, and their struggle has been going on since the release of the first electric car.

Speaking about the environmentally beneficial properties, it is possible to state that the most vital property is ecological safety. The purely battery-powered vehicle does not produce exhaust gases and any local emissions. “The same is true for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (which can be plugged in and charged with electricity), at least when operating in electric mode” (BMU, 2021). The use of electric vehicles does not imply such problems that significantly affect the environment’s preservation. Thus, the negative impact of electric cars on the environment is zero percent. In addition, it is possible to say that electric cars produce less noise, which does not bother you or the people around you.

What is more, there is a number of beneficial properties on the financial side:

1. In most countries, the tax on the use of electric cars has been abolished.
2. The cost of charging an electric car is much lower the cost of gas-using cars. Moreover, there are many free charging stations for electric car batteries all over the world.
3. Maintenance of such a car should be done less often because the design of the electric engine is more straightforward than the design of the internal combustion engine.

Referring to these facts, it can be concluded that electric cars are cheaper in the process of using them.

To sum up, though the existence of electric cars has proved to be a highly controversial issue, it is possible to say that they are a good way of greening the planet and replacing conventional cars. Electric cars entered society suddenly and began to be used everywhere by millions of people. They opened up a way to the world of the future, marking the prerequisites for the electrification of the household sphere of humankind. The number of fast-charging stations for electric cars is increasing every year. The demand for electric vehicles is growing more and more, so scientists predict reasonably rapid industry growth by 2030.

References

BMU. (2021). How Eco-Friendly Are Electric Cars? Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). (1-24). Web.

Humanity will fundamentally change the idea of transportation in the nearest future. The automobile industry is developing exceptionally actively, and if previously unmanned cars seemed a fantastic future, today they are becoming a new reality. The cars that numerous people are accustomed to will be replaced by more intelligent and advanced vehicles. Therefore, in 20 years, self-driven cars may become the primary means of transportation on public roads. Undoubtedly, this raises multiple questions and concerns, the primary of which is safety. However, technology is the engine of progress, and despite all the risks, self-driven vehicles are the future’s reality.

Technology and its advances have always made people’s lives easier. The first examples of the self-driven technology are all driver assistance systems. These include parktronic, cruise control, blind spot monitoring, and lane control. Due to them, one relies less and less on driving skills (Robert 687). The development of such technologies began in the 80s of the twentieth century. German scientist Ernst Dickmanns produced the first smart car based on the Mercedes-Benz Vario (Robert 687).

Inside the capacious van, it was possible to install a computer, which controlled the wheel turning control, throttle and brake system, and video cameras, allowing computers to receive information about the situation on the road. The creation of such an advanced vehicle marked the beginning of the Eureka project, and this is where the new era of the automobile industry began.

Even nowadays, questions about the emergence of self-driven cars arouse public curiosity. Most well-known car companies are talking about creating and testing their models. The American corporation Google has become the most advanced in this regard (Robert 688). Unmanned cars will be able to change the world globally and make it safer. The transition to a new type of transport will affect numerous areas, and this transition will have both positive and negative sides. It is the reduction of the number of accidents that is the main argument in favor of self-driven cars. According to AT Kearney, unmanned vehicles reduce the likelihood of accidents by 70% (Robert 687). Statistically, the number of deaths and accidents involving cars driven by drivers is many times higher than that of drones.

The reduction in accidents on the road is achieved because a self-driven vehicle does not knowingly violate the rules of the road. It never goes beyond its assigned task. A human, unlike a car, oversteps the rules, which not infrequently leads to disastrous consequences (Lal 19). Driving at forbidden traffic lights, speeding violations, driving in a state of intoxication – the artificial intelligence of the car excludes all these factors. Likewise, the computer can process information and make decisions much faster than humans. On the road, where the situation can change in an instant, quick reactions and correct actions can increase the level of safety.

Humans are prone to fatigue, sleepiness, and inattention, negatively affecting driving qualities. Technical vision organs allow moving at anytime of the day without any difficulties (Lal 19). Various sensors, video cameras, and other technological innovations make it possible for the car to recognize objects in poor visibility. It enables a vehicle to measure the distance to them, calculate the trajectory of movement, and choose the optimal speed.

Another argument in favor of self-driven cars is the possibility of unloading roads. A modern megalopolis has numerous cars, making substantial traffic jams and congestion a significant problem when saving time. A self-driven car vehicle determines the exact information about the congestion of certain streets so that it can easily choose the best route (Lal 23). Moreover, the city will eliminate the problem of a lack of parking spaces due to the autonomous parking system, which will independently identify a free parking space, and the car will take it without the driver’s participation. It will lead to an increase in the capacity of roads.

Self-driven vehicles can even reduce the cost of transporting goods and passengers, saving fuel. For example, if five cars are lined up in one column on the highway, the fifth car will consume 30% less fuel than the first (Lal 29). One car will use more fuel to overcome wind resistance at speed than a column of trucks already in the air stream. If a driver operates only the first automobile, and the others are unmanned, then there will be savings on wages and taxes.

However, one should assess its risks before entrusting the future and life to a new vehicle. A considerable disadvantage of the uncrewed auto is that its use in the future will deprive millions of people of their jobs. The creation of mobile cab services by well-known companies such as Uber and Yandex has provoked negativity from cab drivers worldwide (Lal 26). Soon, self-driven vehicles will deprive cab drivers of their jobs. According to estimates, about 4 million drivers will become unemployed, and transportation will become a fully automated sphere of activity. At the same time, the development and testing of new machines requires the involvement of many people, which will create new jobs and professions.

The next drawback is the lack of a legal framework for regulating self-driven vehicles. The concern is how to legally determine who will be at fault in case of an accident. Currently, drones are prohibited in most countries because the development of laws to regulate such vehicles is at an early stage (Lal 19). Moreover, some cars still have minor technical defects and shortcomings due to deficiencies in vehicle design and financial costs. General Motors has identified a defect in the ignition switch, which caused the engine to turn off unexpectedly. A large number of automobiles had to be recalled because of this incident. Such defects can bring significant losses to the company.

Nevertheless, the American legislature may pass a law exempting self-driven cars from liability. Since 90% of accidents are caused by driver error, using self-driven cars should lead to a drastic reduction in road injuries and fatalities (Lal 28). It leads to a positive result, despite the small number of accidents due to technical failures. Other technological innovations have already demonstrated similar statistics. For example, airbags save more lives than they destroy due to faulty triggering. Another possible disadvantage is the high price due to the internal technical filling of the auto (Lal 24). All kinds of autonomous control systems are technological innovations.

Therefore, the price of such equipment is exorbitant for the average user. Besides, numerous people do not want to give a large sum for a car, which is entirely controlled by a computer, because society does not particularly trust new technology.

However, recent developments in the automotive industry show that progress does not stand still. The first cars, which replaced horse-drawn carriages, made people wary and perplexed. Nowadays, no one is surprised by such a vehicle. Unambiguously self-driven cars will be a new step in the development of automobile transport because their appearance is only a matter of time. Considerable advantages outweigh the risks, and one can conclude that unmanned transport is the necessary stage of progress to improve people’s lives.

Works Cited

Lal, Anish. “Deep Learning Models for Object Detection in Self-Driven Cars.” Integrating Deep Learning Algorithms to Overcome Challenges in Big Data Analytics. CRC Press, 2021, pp. 17-38.

Robert, Lionel. “Are Automated Vehicles Safer than Manually Driven Cars?.” AI & Society, vol. 34, no. 3, 2019, pp. 687-688.

Introduction

The interest in the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), or better known as drones, has increased in the defense industry, particularly in military, where they are primarily designed for carrying various military operations. UAVs offer a more efficient and less risky way of carrying military operations when compared to the typical manned aircrafts.

The Department of Defense of the United States of America defined an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle as a powered aerial vehicle sustained in flight by aerodynamic lift over most of its flight path and guided without an onboard crew. The UAVs are operated by remote control devices in which the pilots and/or controllers are stationed on a ground, mainly in a military base.

According to the arms control treaties, UAVs include aerodynamic drones and remotely controlled vehicles but excludes ballistic and semi-ballistic vehicles, artillery and cruise missiles that are viewed as nuclear delivery systems.

Purpose

Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance forms the core aspect of the use of UAVs due to its ability to endure longer loiter time, flexibility on positioning targets and the difficulty for opponents to detect the UAVs. The long endurance ability of the UAVs plays a vital role in surveillance.

This increase the efficiency of the UAVs in intelligence gathering when compared to the manned platforms. According to Roland and R. John (2005), the roles of UAVs tend to vary depending on the sector and difficulty level of the military operations. They notes that there are two sectors of military operations.

These are civilian and commercial sector. The UAVs employed in the civilian sector tend to focus on the aerial traffic monitoring, weather forecasting, communication relay, border management, maritime patrol, crime prevention, and various environmental monitoring such as bush fire. On the other hand, the commercial purposes of UAV include tasks such as agricultural and fisheries management, freight of goods, pipeline monitoring, and aerial photography.

The UAVs are also are employed in critical areas where minimal contact with friendly forces exists. With manned aircrafts, operating in an unfriendly territory increases the chances of fatal disasters. This introduces for creating highly advanced drones equipped with onboard cameras used to observe and relay various targets from the ground to the control room with high level of accuracy. This enables the control base stations to assess the targets and mitigate any damage that may occur in the course of operations.

With the advancement in technology, the UAVs involvement in civil duties increases as the safety level for civilian use is ensured, as shown in Figure 1.2. The cost of running military operations is also reduced as most of the operations become automated while the need for technical support, for example, has been omitted.

With all these in mind, UAV allows greater flexibility over flight control while enhancing its performance through enabling a series of military applications with improved signal and data processing, enhanced remote communication, and integrated avionics that serve UAV as a necessary option to air force.

Small Picture Ethics

Unmanned aerial vehicles require code of ethics in their operation. Specifically, people need to rate the popularity of the aircraft with reference to the accrued benefits they offer citizens and the nation as a whole. In this description, the author will use the Australian Computer Society code of ethics in explaining the ethics in relation to unmanned aerial vehicle.

Australian computer society is an association that includes professionals from information and communication technology department. The objective of the code of ethics is to make advancement in excellence for information and technology. Their other objective is to help in developing the resources of information and communication technology of the Australian nationalities.

The code of ethics came into existence in the year 1966 from five state societies. The core and values of the code of ethics include priorities, competence, honesty, social implications, professional development and information technology profession (ACS foundation , 2012).

The first value talks of priority. Under this value, an Australian must give the interest of his or her community a first place above the personal or sectional interest. The interest to give priority is the continuity of services of information technology and communication for the sake of safety.

Unmanned aerial vehicle embraces this value through the advanced communication system through the remote sensing mechanism. Unmanned aerial vehicle has different remote sensing function, which include the electromagnetic spectrum, biological, gamma ray, and chemical sensors. All these sensors are very useful in the communication process. Likewise, they use high technology in delivering their communication signals. Accrediting the technological information used by the aircrafts attributes to the Australian code of ethics.

The second value entails competence. Under this value, an Australian must work competently and diligently for others. This relates to the services that the aircraft provides for the Australian citizens. Unmanned aerial vehicle has a number of benefits that positively affect the lives of the Australian citizens.

The most important benefit the aircraft gives is surveillance. Unmanned aerial vehicle has surveillance ability for livestock monitoring, mapping of the wildlife, provision of home and pipeline security, anti- piracy and road patrol. The competitive nature of the commercial, aerial surveillance gives the aircraft a wide range of benefits to the nation. The services the aircraft gives to the community bears weight that needs credit.

The third value is honesty. Under this value, an Australian must embrace honesty as a moral in the presentation of skills and services. This relates to the services that the citizen will give to the nation. Likewise, one can examine the services provided by the unmanned aerial vehicle in terms of this value.

Use of remote sensing gives accurate information to the militaries concerning the visual spectrum, detection of airborne presence and analysis of air concentration. Giving out correct information concerning the situation of the environment embraces the value of honesty (Brown, 1993).

The fourth value is social implications. Under this value, an Australian has the work of striving hard with the intention of improving the quality of life of others affected by the field of work. People will always work with the goal of positively reaching out to the lives of other people.

Likewise, unmanned aerial vehicle works with the intention of enhancing the quality of life of those affected by the work it provides. The aircraft main purpose is for defense and the military people use the machine to detect danger prior attacking a place. The service that the aircraft provides positively enhances the quality of life of the military.

The fifth value is professional development. Under this value, an Australian has the mandate of striving with the aim of enhancing his or her own professional development and that of others. This will depend on self-confidence. Giving out a beneficial service will mean exploring the professionalism within an expert.

The result will be a benefit to the third parties. Unmanned aerial vehicle works in a similar manner. Their function of scientific research enables the aircraft develops resistance through development using new technology. Likewise, the scientist gains the knowledge from the researched activity. The ability of the aircraft to penetrate through dangerous areas gives the scientist a knowhow on the undiscovered things.

The last value is information technology profession. Under this value, the Australians have the authority to enhance the integrity of information technology profession with respect to their members. Individual do not work alone, but have to seek the assistance of other professionals.

Unmanned aerial vehicle works with the same spirit. Considering that it lacks a pilot, the aircrafts depends on the control of a pilot located away from the structure. In this context, the machine has to get assistance from a pilot for it to give accurate information (Cassidy & McGrady, 2001).

Big Picture Ethics

Ethical standpoint is a moral perception that people have on a certain culture. In this context, it represents the moral view that people will have on the unmanned aerial vehicles. People have a different perception regarding the benefits they get from the machine. This may vary with the regions keeping in mind that unmanned aerial vehicles are present in certain regions.

Ethical standpoints are very critical in decision-making. They help individuals identify and define issues, while pressuring them to thinking in a systematic way. This means that they will have a chance to view various issues with different perspectives thereby providing a guideline for decision-making.

Ethical standpoints exist in different types including ethical relativism, divine command theory, utilitarianism and deontology and virtue ethics. This segment will give the main differences among the five ethical standpoints with a little description of each (Kamm, 2007).

Ethical Relativism

Ethical relativism is an ethical standpoint, which asserts the non-existence of principles, which are universally valid. In this view, all the moral principles are valid relative to the preferences of different cultures. The society within the defined culture gives out rules, which serve as a standard measure of judgment. The individual within the society will have to respect the rules given by their culture and make use of them in the decision-making process.

One advantage of this approach is the tolerance the standpoint brings of other cultures. The rules help in building the societies with the ways they perceive things thus preventing them from falling apart. However, most cultures, which use this ethical standpoint, lack dynamism. This means that their ways of decision-making as per their rules limits their exploration of the current ways, thereby confusing their perception of current deeds with what ought to be done (Kjellberg & Ivanhoe, 1996).

Devine Command Theory

The second ethical standpoint is the divine command theory. Under this standpoint, the moral determinants are dependent on God, who is supreme. The people who follow this approach depend on the laws that God as the standards of decision-making. The act, which will obey the law of God, is right while the act, which disobeys the laws given by God, is wrong. They consider God to be a supreme being who knows it all.

The benefit of this stance is the equality it brings to individuals. This means that all the individuals who trust in God will have to use the same approach in decision-making. However, this approach may not give a true, benefit to the individual as people arbitrarily depend on some interpretation that has no true divine authority (Paul, Miller and Paul, 2008).

Utilitarianism

The third ethical standpoint is utilitarianism. Under this approach, individuals judge the action right or wrong depending on the consequences of the actions. In this context, the right actions represent those, which give the greatest balance of contentment over discontent. If the actions do not bring happiness, then the individual will not accept the activity. With this concern, individual happiness is equally significant.

One benefit of this stance is that promotes the well-being of humans as it attempts to lessen the suffering they may encounter. The happiness encountered after the activity will help in making judgments. However, people have different preferences, and an individual’s good may happen to be another’s evil. This makes it hard to make precise prediction on the consequences; thus making collective judgment hard (Pasztor and Emshwiller, 2012).

Deontology

The fourth ethical standpoint is deontology. Under this stance, individual emphasize on the moral rules and obligation. This means that judgment will be a collective opinion to the society. For instance, if people are not in agreement with the rule, then the imperative is not morally acceptable. This means that the collective opinion of the people does not permit the rule. Individual using this stance put emphasis on autonomy, justice and other acts that justifies the applicability of the rule.

This rule is important as it gives an exceptional moral status for the society who embraces it. The rules, which appear to be applicable, end up being universally accepted. However, these rules do not give a clear definition of living things. Some rules may only benefit individuals at the expense of other living things; that is, the rules appear are abstract.

Virtue Ethics

The last ethical standpoint people use in making judgment is the virtue ethics. Under this approach, morals are considered internal. This method relies on the thinking capacity of people with intelligence capacity. Virtue ethics, as a way of making judgment, pursues the provision of good individuals who perform well out of impulsive goodness. The method gives emphasis on living well while achieving distinction.

One advantage of this method is that it internalizes the moral behavior of an individual. A person will make a personal judgment internally to give an opinion of the activity, internally. However, this method does not offer guidance that is useful in resolving ethical dilemmas. This means that the judgment done internally will not be helpful in solving ethical dilemmas.

Use of UAV in Relation to the Ethics

Making a decision on the best activity is highly dependent on individual perspective and the ethical standpoint of the given culture. This will, give an impact on how the activity is beneficial to both the societal and individual level.

Concerning the unmanned aerial vehicles, people have a different perception concerning their benefits to society. Their judgments will also depend on the perspective of overall opinions, and this specifically depends on the accrual benefits to society.

In describing the ethical stance of people, use of unmanned aerial vehicles will be the basement criteria. However, this depends on the approach they will use in making judgments. In this context, the author will discuss the current use of UAV in relation to deontology, relativism and ethical pluralism.

Under deontology, individual emphasizes on moral rules and obligations. This means they have to get a general willingness of people for the rule to be permissible. Relating the above to the use of UAV, people will have to be conversant with how beneficial the aircraft is to the society. In making the judgment on this, an analyst will have to get the rating of the people to the new aircraft. This is dependent on different benefits that people consider as universally accepted.

The first benefit that has a high rating is the remote sensing ability. The aircraft has various remote sensing functions like electromagnetic sensors, gamma ray sensors, chemical sensors and biological sensors. Each part has distinct application that is very beneficial to different people. For the people in the defense department, electromagnetic spectrum is viable. This feature is good for detecting dangerous attacks as they contain visual spectrum with a connected radar system. Universal agreement on the use of radar in the defense department gives the aircraft a high rating.

Likewise, the machine has biological sensors, which sense the presence of airborne microorganisms among other biological factors. This is very useful to the health of an individual.

Similarly, the chemical sensor, which sues the laser spectroscopy in analyzing the concentration of an individual element in the air, helps in determining the safety of people. Considering that air is saturated with different elements, some may be harmful to the health of a person. Thus, by use of UAV, one can know the place to be without any harm.

Considering the above advantages, the defense team and the biologists can enter a certain area after considering it safe for humans. The collective opinion of the defense team on the benefit of the aircraft allows the machine to operate, thereby making their judgments on deontology approach.

Another way of making judgment relates to relativism approach. This approach, as explained earlier, operates on non-existence universally valid principles, but rather depends on the cultural tastes. In the current decade, technology happens to be a principle that people embrace.

The innovations of many things that positively affect the lives of individuals make life easy to operate. This means that, an activity, which will appear to embrace current technology, will be of importance to the society (Shafer-Landau, 2003).

With the struggle of many nations renovating their structures with relevance to new technology, UAV came out as a surprise to many nations. The ability of the aircraft in detecting a number of things prior invasions proves beneficial to the society, specifically the military department. The technology of using remote sensing in many activities guarantees the safety of people. The aircraft also, uses the latest technology of operation, that is, the pilot will not accompany the aircraft, but rather will use a remote control to navigate the aircraft.

The main idea is to make a prior visit to ensure knowledge on the place prior attack. Likewise, the aircraft has the ability of searching and rescuing people without people personally going to the place. The technology used in making the aircraft predominantly assists the military people in their operations.

For a country, which embraces technology, unmanned aerial vehicle is the best for their defense. As noted earlier, most nations currently embrace technology in everything they perform, and developed countries like China, America among others come up with innovations, which assist in various practices.

As universally accepted by culture, technology is the way forward to make things easy, and with the innovation of the unmanned aerial vehicle, individuals will make their judgment using relativism approach, basing their decision on technological approach.

The last way to make a judgment on unmanned aerial vehicle will be in relation to ethical pluralism. Ethical pluralism is a theory, which asserts that many principles of ethics exist. It is a theory of nature of values which humans follow, making up their moral lives. In this context, humans take the rule as it appears, and have no mandate of reducing the value of the rule. From the onset, most countries with unmanned aerial vehicle normally use the aircraft for fighting (Raz, 2003).

This is evident from the structures incorporated to the aircraft, which the military uses for attacks, for instance, the Hellfire missile that the MQ-1 Predator UAV has. United States uses the aircraft for hitting ground targets. The first use of armed predators was in 2001 during the war of Pakistan and Uzbekistan. Their main aim was to assassinate high profile people in Afghanistan. Additionally, the military used predator based UAV in killing al-Qaeda terrorists in Yemen in the year 2002.

From the ethical definition, war is an activity that destabilizes the peace and safety of people within a region. The initiation of war within a community brings negative impacts to the development of the region; thus, people consider it as a bad moral. The notion that it is bad to harm, remains an unchanged rule that has value to the morals of people. This means that the human race will have no mandate of reducing this rule of harming people as a vice to a moral.

With this context, any counterattack that assists in the prevention of harm in a community is considered safe. This means that, with the invention of unmanned aerial vehicle, human race have a reason to smile, as they have a guaranteed safety. Thus, with the benefit that the aircraft brings to the community, people will take the initiative of judging positively the existence of the aircraft.

UAV design and development happens to be a worldwide concern with manufacturers moving across the globe. The first people to initiate this technology were United States and Israel. The main manufacturers of the industry are the Northrop Grumman and General Atomics. Ever since the development of the aircraft, different nation embrace the technology in their military.

Nations in Australia also embrace the technology with major manufacturing companies located in different parts. As part of their activity, unmanned aerial vehicles gives intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition support for overland operations. Currently, the Australian army owns two tactical unmanned aerial vehicles (Shah, 2009).

Future Use

In the management of unmanned aircraft vehicles, nations have to develop unique features with recent technologies. This will enable them have a first hand in attacking their enemies. As a point to consider, the nations have to interconnect with the best technological providers who will give directions on the current technology to use.

The future of unmanned aerial vehicles remains to be wide as the expectation of nations is the growth of the industry by 2020. This follows rapid development of military, commercial and civil application of the product. In the same line, the National Airspace System will change distinctly for the next 16 years.

The introduction of new technologies and procedures will trigger the change. Among the future changes, include the formation of a system that manages information exchange among users of air traffic management. Likewise, the industry wishes to introduce a 4-D navigation system that will boost the service quality. The industry also needs to come up with alternative separation procedures that will help in improving the services that the aircraft provides (Stahl and Foreman, 2004).

Among other futures that the industry wants to embark on include stratospheric telecommunication airship, high altitude imagery, border patrol, surveillance in maritime, improvement in the environmental sensing among others. In implementing this future development, the industry faces different challenges among being legal, ethical and private challenges.

In developing the UAV in a complex unit, Australia among other internationals face legal problem. The main legal problem faced by the nations is the restriction of flight space as under different jurisdictions. Likewise, the flight areas are very small. This limits the unmanned aerial vehicles from entering the restricted areas.

The restriction by the state of the region may hinder the operations of the military. Likewise, differences in states, which have a common goal of manufacturing the vehicle, may interfere with the operation of the opponents. This is quite common in jurisdictions, which are under surveillance of militia groups.

Ethical of developing unmanned aerial vehicles continue to build positively. However, this may give a negative impression of the nation. A nation that specializes on manufacturing weapons remains to be a threat to other nations. Ethically, people may form a negative judgment upon the safety of the nation.

Considering that countries in Australia, America among others continue to manufacture the aircraft with intended future development, they pose a threat to their own nation. This, ethically, may present a negative judgment towards the safety of a nation. Likewise, the opponents, who mainly are the terrorist, will continue to develop alternative means of counterattacking them, thereby rendering their technological improvements null and void.

Despite the industry facing challenges from the legal and ethical sector, they also have privacy issues. As an industry that manufactures an aircraft used in the military action, the manufacturers should embrace high level of secrecy. The secrecy will have to be their strength in developing unique vehicles with certain features that will be used against their opponents.

This may be a future challenge that these industries face, as workers are people one cannot trust. With the personal gain that an individual has, one can sell the secrecy of the company to an opponent thereby realizing the building block of the products. Handling matters with privacy is a big problem that requires attention. Nations should ensure that people working in the industry embrace the privacy of the company at any cost (Waller, 2005).

Individual Opinion

From a personal point of view, unmanned aerial vehicles are very important aircrafts, especially for the military groups. This represents the level of technology that people are adapting, from manual to automatic. Development in technology gives room for quality production of services and goods with fewer services. Focusing on the technological benefits of the aircrafts, defense department of the United States, Australia, among other nations have guaranteed their citizens safety.

Likewise, the military, contrary to former aircraft that was manual, have protection from initial attacks from the opponents. The presence of sensor fusion, which combines information from different sensors, helps in making passing the message to the military on the condition of the opponents. The communication system, which coordinates to other agents in the of imperfect information channel, is exclusively clear.

Additionally, the presence of trajectory generation, which determines the optimum control operation in a certain path, is a very important feature in military action. These among other benefits of the aircraft to people are an important factor that nations should embrace. As a nation that needs to guarantee her citizen safety, the government should consider deployment of unmanned aircraft vehicles.

Despite the numerous benefits that these nations accrue from the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, they always suffer some challenges. These, however, are the challenges that they anticipate in the future development of the industry legal, ethical and privacy challenges.

From a personal perspective, legal challenges are hard to avoid, as these are dependent on the way the two nations interrelate. In an event where the two nations remain to be enemies, the invasion might prove very hard for the invasion, and this may trigger total war between the two countries. Despite this, nations should device very strong waves that can detect the action of the opponents without taking the aircraft physically to the location. Likewise, all sensors need to be very strong and upgraded for high sensing capability.

Concerning the ethical challenges, nations should ensure that the citizens do not panic at the manufacture of the airlines. The panic may lead to a wrong judgment on the safety of the nations. This may jeopardize the lives of the citizens. In manufacturing these vehicles, the nations should ensure a high degree of privacy and ensure the whole exercise remains classified.

Biography

ACS foundation., 2012. Australian Computer Society. Web.

Brown, C., 1993. Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives. London: Routledge.

Cassidy, E. G. and McGrady, A. G., 2001. Media and the Marketplace: Ethical Perspectives. New Jersey: Institute of Public Administration.

DoD., 2009. In U.S. Department of Defense. (chap. Unmanned Aerial VehiUAV). Web.

Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. Ministry of Defence plans new wave of unmanned marine drones. Web.

Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. Drones by country: who has all the UAVs? Web.

Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. The legal dilemma over drone strikes: justified killings or war crimes? Web.

Kamm, F. M., 2007. Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kjellberg, P. and Ivanhoe, P. J., 1996. Essays on Skepticism, Relativism and Ethics in the Zhuangzi. London: SUNY Press.

Pasztor, A. and Emshwiller, J., 2012. Drone Use Takes Off on the Home Front. Web.

Paul, E. F., Miller, F. and Paul, J., 2008. Objectivism, Subjectivism, and Relativism in Ethics: Volume 25, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Raz, J., 2003. The Practice of Value. New York: Oxford University Press.

Shafer-Landau, R., 2003. Moral Realism. A Defence. Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc.

Shah, P. Z., 2009. Pakistan Says U.S. Drone Kills 13. York Times, 12-15.

Stahl, M. J. and Foreman, S. M., 2004. Ethical Perspectives: Sexual Boundary Issues and the Chiropractic Paradigm. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Waller, B. N., 2005. Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Longman.