I appreciate having participated in an internship program at a car-selling company, which offered me an opportunity to apply my business analytics skills. My project involved taking advantage of business data such as customer age, car model, location, and nature of the purchase, then analyzing these to reveal patterns used to make business decisions. I applied my data analysis and visualization skills into practice to identify customer characteristics that predict a purchase and marketing insights such as demographics. Through the internship, I learned about the innovative, dynamic system of data management that effectively provided updated information on the whole supply chain. The internship experience gave me a platform to execute business analytics knowledge in a car-selling company, and I intend to apply the lessons learned in an even more vibrant space.
Project Work Planned
The project seeks to understand more about the customers who purchased the organization’s products and the various traits the consumers portrayed. Details collected in the project include customer name, age, location, consumption time, and the model of the car they purchased. My objective for the project is to evaluate the efficacy of big data analytics and visualization in boosting sales and marketing in the automotive industry. I intend to use data visualization to translate the data into a visual context that is easy to interpret and pull insights from. Visualization will enable me to work within a clear framework, enhance the understanding of my audience, and enable me to tell a good story. My presentation will be all-rounded to include wide-ranging information, such as whether the cars were bought on cash or loan.
Graduate Student Skills Used
The skills used were business analytics interacting with SQL and statistical languages. My graduate skills of altering data within a table during analysis contributed to the organization’s visualization. I previously did not think I could use my skills to find patterns in consumer’s lead conversations and drop-offs. Car Family Auto Group LLC dissects communication data to understand and enhance customer communication, effectively optimizing their car sales. Considering my graduate studies and internship experience, I can summarize information about vehicle supply chains, customer behavior, and parts for seamless business operation. The summary of customer information may include separating clients into those in the US, not in the US, and future buyers. Gaining knowledge from repeat clients will improve understanding of retaining clients. Apart from the data analysis skills, I can utilize data visualization to create a better experience of the information in a way that disentangles presentation and decision-making.
Project Work Completed
The completed project gives insights into how a company can leverage data to find more clients and retain existing ones. I practiced using data analysis and visualization to recognize emerging trends and respond rapidly on the grounds of what is interpreted. Dynamic data management systems store, manage and track business information. The completed work does this well, understanding previous and current clients. The results are used to provide a pattern that is used to predict future business. Apart from their probability of purchasing cars, further information such as relationship status, price per consumption, and hometown provides individualized knowledge. The data results were used for advertising when specific car models that appeal to the popular group are considered.
Value Added to the Company
Considering that the company I work for is only four years old, I used my theoretical data mining and classification skills to improve the company’s data management. Before I joined Car Family Auto Group, they only collected inferential and predictive data. I introduced descriptive, diagnostic, and prescriptive data analysis that proved fundamental in sales and management. My educational background in business analytics became handy as I used some raw data to make potential decisions. I introduced a new perspective that led the company to gain an interest they seek to manipulate in the future. The new view was an eye-opener that they promised to leverage for the long term.
Next Steps and Career Plans
Upon graduation, the following steps and career plans involve possibly getting employed in a vibrant environment where I can implement my business analytics background and skills and then possibly attain further education. I look forward to working with Cars Family Auto Group. LLC comes with the benefit of competitive pay and a vibrant work environment. In this regard, I would like to use business analytics to analyze even more data and create viable patterns to make sound business decisions. I want to pursue further education at some point, which will expose me to even more knowledge and allow me to become competent in the field.
Conclusion
Thus, I used my graduate skills, like data analysis, to add value to the company even as I seek employment in a more vibrant environment. I work in business analytics, and the internship happened in a relatively new and small company. I did a project that involved analyzing customer data like age, relationship status, and car models they bought to make patterns that help understand their behavior. Over time, the following steps involve working in a vibrant workplace with more clients and employees so I can implement the business analytics background even more.
An accident is an event that happens unexpectedly but this does not imply that they cannot be prevented from occurring. The truth is that most accidents that happen along our roads can be prevented. If we first know the causes of car accidents along our roads, we can then find appropriate measures to be taken to avoid them from occurring.
The UK Car Accident Statistics Report
In the United Kingdom, there are over 40,000 accidents cases recorded per year.
In the report, at least 3000 people die every month
Over 30,000 cases have been reported as seriously injured and taken to hospitals for treatment
About 9990 cases reported in 2011 involved drunk drivers
Accidents in the year 2011, had cost the UK economy about £15 billion
The following are some of the main causes of car accidents:
Equipment failure. The braking system may fail to work properly after the discs have become very hot and therefore become difficult to stop during emergencies.
Car tires may also be worn out and hence make the car to be imbalanced
Poor steering system makes it difficult to avoid some obstacles and therefore cause collisions.
Poor roadway design makes it difficult to drive
The roads may have some obstacles that block the visibility of pedestrians especially when the road has many corners
The presence of many speed bumps can limit the speed of car and hence make it unstable when travelling at high speed.
Two lane roadways make it hard to drive and may cause head on collisions
Poor weather
Snow along the roads can make the vehicle lose balance
Heavy rains can lead to poor visibility on the roads
Poor maintenance of roads
Debris and potholes may cause some minor accidents along the road due to poor maintenance of the roads
Behavior of drivers and pedestrians
Some drivers may cause accidents after drinking or using mobile phones while driving which can distract them.
Driving at high speed is also a major cause of accidents as it becomes difficult to control the vehicle.
Deliberate prevention of an overtaking car by aggressive drivers
Car accidents prevention measures
Once the causes have been known, the following measures can be taken to avoid accidents along the roads:
Regular maintenance of the vehicles
The car should be taken for regular check ups by skilled mechanics after every 500 miles of travelling. The mechanics should also check the braking system, steering system and the tires.
Roadways should be properly designed
Avoid two way lanes and if possible try to have few speed bumps
The roads should not have many obstacles along the way
Reduce speed during bad weather to enable easy control of the vehicles
Road repair and maintenance. This will ensure that any potholes and cracks are filled. Any debris on the roads should be removed as soon as possible.
Immediate reporting of any aggressive drivers on the roads. The traffic police should take appropriate measures to the misbehaving drivers.
Avoid overtaking other vehicles traveling at high speed
Avoid taking improper turns on the roads which may lead to accidents
If all the above mentioned measures are taken, they shall help to reduce the number of car accidents along the roads and therefore save many lives.
For more than a century, one of the key possessions of a successful person has been defined as a car. The American dream cannot be complete without it, and neither can the European. The meaning of cars can range from mere means of transportation for a busy employee or the one taking the family out on a picnic to an item of prestige and luxury, confirming the status of its owner.
Following the traditional stereotypes, society ascribes different gender attitudes to cars: as a rule, cars are seen connected with the rougher sex. But as the redistribution of gender roles takes place, women are becoming more and more involved with owning and driving cars, which leads to reconsideration of traditional female and male attitudes towards automobiles. Obviously, nowadays the standard female and male attitudes to cars can be described as connected with the notions of practicality and entertainment correspondingly.
Paradoxically enough, contradicting the widespread idea of women going rather for design than quality of their automobile, facts show that an average female places immense importance on the practical aspect of her car.
According to the research conducted by Forbes, the new-car registration data for United States for September 2009 to late January 2010 testifies that the majority of women go for “practical crossovers like the Kia Sportage and the Honda CR-V” (Elliot 1). Such interest to reliable practical models can be explained to a certain extent by female unwillingness to involve in the complex maintenance procedures which may be more frequent with cars of a less practical and more aesthetic profile.
All the manipulations with oiling, wheeling, and other mechanical maintenance procedures are traditionally viewed as ‘the guys’ things’ and are not typical for a female to perform. Therefore females prefer reliable models which run low risks in terms of technical maintenance.
On the contrary, in their choice of car the males appear to digress from the rationality and practicality traditionally ascribed to them, and to strive for explicitly brawny and powerful models.
The same study has showed that the “list of the top five autos most popular with men is dominated by trucks, from the heavy-duty Ford F-350 to the lightweight Ford Ranger” (Elliot 2). The desire of power is not bolstered with any practical consideration, since the overly powerful vehicles are actually never used to their full capacity.
But the inherent need to physically dominate provokes men to acquire most powerful cars even if there is no need for that force in practical conditions. Maintaining the image of a ‘tough guy’, a male simply needs to know that his automobile in capable of almost incredible towing loads.
This instinctive desire of power explains why Camaro — 426 horsepower in the SS version — is the most popular non-truck among male buyers (Elliot 2). As remarked by Aaron Gold, a Los Angeles-based automotive journalist, “A guy will say, ‘Let me get this BMW because it’s really fast and will make people think my penis is bigger. […] A guy will say ‘I can do zero to 60 in six seconds!’ Well when was the last time you went from 0 to 60 in six seconds?!” (as cited in Elliot 2).
This illustrates the male mode of thinking and the male attitude to cars as a means of stating, expressing and promoting their masculinity, as well as establishing their social dominance by inherent automobile power which is hardly applied in practice.
The aforementioned difference in female and male perception of car as a practical or an entertaining item reflects the corresponding interpretations of car functions. By large, women tend to perceive cars as purely utilitarian, functional devices. The qualities women seek in car first and foremost are comfort, safety, and relative inexpensiveness.
Comfort in female perception is not connected with luxury and splendor but is a sign of the car’s reliability. Connected to it is safety, which guarantees both physical and emotional comfort. A demonstrative example for the female demand for comfort and safety is the presence of such safety measure as child lock system.
The latter is needed since women perceive cars as a means of transportation for not only individuals but also their families, in particular, children. Women are not prone to spending huge amounts of finance on car maintenance; therefore they opt for reasonably-priced models, spending their money on fashionable clothes or designer interior instead.
On the contrary, men perceive cars as an important detail of their image and the sign of their social success and prestige. Instigated by the need to possess a vehicle representative of their achievements, men choose large upmarket models that inspire respect from the others. In this desire to secure a high social status, men do not care how large sums they spend on maintenance of their giant and are ready to invest almost unlimitedly in the token of their prestige.
As a designer bag or tasty interior are important to women, so is a luxury car significant and revealing of male success and ability to lead and dominate. Therefore, men spare no finance to achieve and maintain their status by such a means of demonstrating their accomplishment as their personal car.
The image of the car as perceived by women is therefore that of a ‘working horse’. The most widespread application of cars by women are taking children to kindergarten or school, doing the shopping or taking the family out for a picnic.
The task of getting the woman to work is almost lost in those family-related activities and does not presuppose showing off a new luxury model in front of the colleagues. Exceptions can be made for higher-level business ladies, but their perceptions are by large influenced by the stereotypes typical for male-dominated world, therefore they cannot be taken into account for discussion of purely female attitudes to cars.
Opposed to women’s utilitarian perception of car as a means of transportation for meeting everyday needs, men possess a much more personalized view of their vehicles. It is not infrequent that men feminize their cars and call them “my babe”, which reflects a high level of intimacy between a man and his car. A Craze for Cars article reflects the typical kind of indestructible bond that establishes between men and their cars: “He knows your likes and dislikes.
He knows your strengths and weaknesses. You told him the things you can never share with your best friends also” (Tereza n.p.). Men tend to view cars as their partners and friends, and often invest not only money but also emotional energy in them. Moreover, contrary to female perception of cars, men tend to see them as ways of entertainment and thus undertake ‘fun drives’ simply to feel the power of the engine growling in the heart of their four-wheeled monster.
Attitudes to cars reflect typical perceptional differences of the two sexes. While women interpret cars as practical, utilitarian objects that are created for work, men tend to see their automobiles as powerful expression of their masculinity and social prestige, and therefore often undertake a personal approach to the four-wheeled friend. It should be remarked, however, that with the gender roles changing throughout the time, typical male and female attitudes to cars tend to merge, acquiring a more unified character for both genders.
The study employs survey method of research as the means of data collection. The method complies with the topic of the work since it regards the university bus transit and requires the assessment of students’ responses to the innovation. Therefore, in this part, the basic advantages of survey-based analysis are provided as well as the appropriateness of the method’s use is described.
The research design, which relies on survey methodology, includes a complex estimation of the responses that are received through putting specific questions to the target cohort of society. Therefore, in this investigation, the primary subjects of the study are students, who are interrogated on the issue of bus transit.
The methodology has an extreme popularity in both qualitative and quantitative research studies, for it provides a solid background for the outcomes summarization. In fact, every world invention, which has ever been developed in the life of global society, relies on surveys for it evolves from the needs of the community that find their form in the preferences and positions of the citizens. Consequently, the employment of survey research method is a vital part of introducing the innovation to the global public (Schuttleworth par. 6).
The advantages, which define survey methodology, stem from versatile aspects. First, such design of data sampling is quite easy in use. Specifically, no special equipment or costs are needed so that to sustain the research and to set the results in the objective reality. Second, survey research designation is extremely flexible (Mirzaee par. 4). Thus, one can verify the data input by verifying the group orientation, the parameters of questioning, and the standards of data interpretation. Therefore, through the application of surveys, one may receive the outcomes, which apply to different sides of the research subjects. Changing the target of the research equals to examining contrastive angles of the study area, which plays a critical role in the qualitative research designs (Kelley 261).
It has to be noted that there exists a group of survey errors, which have to be taken into consideration by our group, throughout the process of questionnaires’ assessment. First, this type of data sampling is vulnerable to non-observation errors. In other words, it is stated that sampling frame is often too restricted, due to the incomplete examination of viewpoints. In this context, it is implied that the opinion of every student, who can potentially be affected by bus transit, must be analyzed. An inadequate distribution of surveys may result into the creation of the distorted image of research outcomes (Trochim par. 5). The second group of survey mistakes refers to the poor estimation of the results. In other words, it is critical developing the appropriate questionnaire design so that it facilitated instant understanding and was perceived correctly by the subjects of the investigation.
It is acknowledged that poor understanding of the survey points usually results in neglected attitude towards answering the vague question. Therefore, the students, who will be interrogating, may choose to provide any answer, even if it does not apply to their true opinions since they will not be eager to spend much time trying to clarify what is the actual point of the question. From the other side, our group has to be careful about the interpretation of survey answers. Sometimes, when the subjects are required to provide complete verbal answers to the questions, they might make themselves unclear. Therefore, the investigators have to struggle through trying to deduce the meaning of the answer. The problem may be evaded if the group chooses to create multiple choice questionnaires (“Survey Research” par. 5).
Therefore, it is acclaimed that our group needs to create a consistent plan of survey design so that to match the organization of the questionnaires to the purpose of the study. The process includes several steps. First, it is critical making a consistent evaluation of the population cohort. In this case, it is the target group of students, who can benefit from bus transit. It may be beneficial to acquaint the students with the objective of the survey prior to introducing the questionnaires. This stage may assist in understanding whether the students perceive the information on the survey forms correctly. Second, the group of investigators must select the questions for the surveys. Specifically, it is significant to make sure that the answers to the identified questions might help to illicit the investigated issue. Moreover, the respondents have to understand the meanings of the survey questions so that to respond to them adequately. Third, the points have to be verified before the students respond to them. Mainly, if some students need additional consultation or explanation of the questions, it is critical delivering some help to them. Finally, the group has to hold an assessment of biases, which focuses on the potential distortion of the survey outcomes, which may arise if the students have some specific interests in the realization of bus transit (“Guide: Survey Research par. 7).
Therefore, one may conclude that the realization of survey research applies to the study design for it assists to back up the research results. However, the preparation of the questionnaires has to be careful and well-planned so that to avoid any distortion of results.
Works Cited
Guide: Survey Research 2014. Web.
Kelley, Kate. “Good Practice in the Conduct and Reporting of Survey Research.” International Journal for Quality in Health Care 1.5 (2005): 261-266. Print.
Mirzaee, Amin. 3 Types of Survey Research, When to Use Them, and How They Can Benefit Your Organization. 2014. Web.
Schuttleworth, Martyn. Study Research Design. 2014. Web.
Survey Research 2015. Web.
Trochim, William. Selecting the Survey Method. 2014. Web.
Cars used in Formula One racing have undergone several modifications since the inception of the racing sports. Nevertheless, they have maintained fundamental elements of physics in designs. Physics plays a critical role in the design of Formula One racing cars. Contemporary Formula One cars have greatly borrowed design elements of aerodynamics. Engineers have ensured that the car is as fast and safe as possible with adequate down force and limited drag.
The engine designs achieve optimization qualities with fuel that can release as much power as possible without affecting the engine functions. The tires are design to withstand prevailing weather conditions. These incorporated elements of physics are what make Formula One cars different from others.
Introduction
Formula One cars have resulted from tremendous efforts of engineers working steadily to understand design concepts that could provide speed and safety simultaneously. Over the last decades, Formula One cars have undergone minor redesign and changes with impressive outcomes, but they have always maintained the basic design of open wheel and a single seat. As technology changes, engineers have seen it necessary to enhance capabilities of cars and drivers.
Figure 1: a Cooper T51 – mid-engine Formula One car.
The dynamic structure of the car
Formula One car engineers apply extremely complex aerodynamic approaches in designs. They aim to achieve high efficiency with similar performance of airplanes. The car has rear and front wings, which can easily generate adequate force to propel it off the track. However, these wings are fixed upside down to ensure stability of the car, keep it on the ground, enhance efficiency when negotiating corners and avoid toppling. Hence, the fast laps propel the car, but cannot lift it (Axerio-Cilies and Iaccarino par. 3).
Figure 2: Formula One Car Structure.
In down force, engineers have applied similar principles used in airplane wings for Formula One cars. In the case of cars, the design achieves down force rather than lift, and Bernoulli’s Principle has been useful. The Principle applies physics to achieve the role of car wings. Air moves at different speeds on both wings and at different distance because of the shape of the wing, which creates pressure difference. The resultant pressure balances the wing and makes it move in the direction of lower pressure (Cook par. 3).
Both wings fixed on Formula One cars have abilities to generate almost 70 percent of the total down force needed. This role makes the wings necessary parts of Formula One cars. Today, designers have ensured that wings are skillfully designed in a complex manner to maximize efficiency.
Figure 3: An example of a modern front wing Formula One car.
Engineers must determine how to reduce drag in their designs. Drag is a force that opposes the movement of the car. In this case, they must consider all elements of the car and the driver in order to limit drag. Specifically, they consider “the driver’s helmet, linkages for suspension components, external fixtures and hardware, which are all designed to reduce drag on the car” (Cook par. 5).
Engine design
Today, there are stringent regulations to ensure that all Formula One cars have similar engine specifications (Groote, “Formula One engines” par. 3). Car engine is the only source of power for the car in addition to the Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) introduced in 2009. KERS is a component of the chassis that harnesses waste energy generated during braking and changes it to electrical energy for extra power.
The Energy Recovery System (ERS) was unveiled in 2014 Formula One season as an upgrade of the KERS technology (Cook par. 2-3).
There are critical engine optimization requirements that make the design technical. First, engineers must achieve higher volumetric efficiency. They can achieve such optimization because of significantly higher intake manifolds. The turbo chargers used in Formula One cars can exceed the 100% volumetric efficiency found in normal cars. Second, Formula One cars have optimized thermal efficiency. The design of the “chamber, ignition timing, thermal coatings, plug location and chamber design all affect the thermal efficiency” (Groote, “Formula One engines” par. 10). Third, engineers have enhanced mechanical efficiency in Formula One cars. Designers account for rocker and bearing frictions, piston skirt area and other movable components of the car. They restrict internal engine friction to enhance power production.
The exhaust in Formula One cars is also designed to ensure maximum efficiency. For instance, its length matches horsepower requirements. Moreover, it can withstand extreme temperatures of over 12000C.
Most Formula One car engines have three various methods of engine designs with regard to the position of the cylinder. Inline engines are no longer used in Formula One cars because they are longer and need heavy crankshaft. Boxer engines have cylinders that are placed opposite each other. They are the best approaches for building car engines. Finally, V-type engines are the most common in today’s Formula One cars. The regulatory authority allows engines to be placed at 900 in V8 models. V-types engines are difficult to build and require careful consideration because of possible combustion issues. Therefore, its basic balance at the right angle is mandatory.
Crankshaft design depends on the type of the engine on a Formula One car. A complex engine design like the V8 requires equally different crankshaft design.
Formula One cars could have low thermal efficiency and therefore require an effective method of cooling internal combustion engines. While Formula One cars have similar cooling systems like ordinary cars, the spacing and aerodynamic requirements for racing cars have totally different positions (Groote, “Formula One engines” par. 10).
A transmission system for cars is the transitional point from gears, car systems, rotating engine power to wheels. It, however, focuses on the gearbox and differential within the gearbox system. The transmission system is made of carbon fiber and mounted firmly on the rear part of the car engine.
Fuel
Formula One cars use “gasoline as a fuel for their engines” (Groote, “Fuel” par. 1). The fuel is mixed with air within the cylinder to produce combustion, which creates potent force. The design of the combustion system enhances fuel distribution within the chamber to produce explosive for maximum power. At the same time, the design of the combustion chamber ensures fuel efficiency. The design must ensure maximum power production without interfering with the system durability and fuel economy.
Formula One cars have “deformable fuel tanks manufacture from puncture-proof Kevlar to dramatically limit the risk of any fire during an accident” (Groote, “Fuel” par. 12).
Tires
There are three different types of Formula One car tires. There is a tire for dry surfaces (F1- Country par. 1). It consists of “660 mm in external diameter and 350 mm wide with four longitudinal grooves of at least 2.5 mm reinforced with the Depth Regulations” (F1- Country par. 1). Tires have symmetrical grooves that run at the center with a gap of 50 mm. The dry tire for Formula One cars is a new concept. The dry tire concept has achieved limited ground contact and ensured firm grip from the rubber grooves and the track. The focus on tires aims to ensure safety of Formula One cars, especially when negotiating corners (F1- Country par. 1).
There are conditions such as moderate rain that do not necessarily require the use of wet tires and therefore intermediate tires are needed. Such tires are used in a wide range of conditions and tracks. For instance, they must remove water film on a drying track and remain stable on a dry track without wearing fast. For this reason, intermediate tires have sculptures (F1- Country par. 2).
There are also wet tires for Formula One cars. Wet tires are designed for rainy tracks and wet surfaces. They have greater constraints on compound. Wet tires are designed to “evacuate the film of water which infiltrates between the tire contact area and the track” (F1- Country par. 3). Too much water film may cause the tire to “lose grip, which could result in aquaplaning” (F1- Country par. 3). All different types of tires can be used in the race. While one tire is intermediate, the rest are suitable for soaked tracks. However, the race director must declare the track wet for such tires to be used in the race.
Additionally, most Formula One tires are filled with nitrogen-rich gas without moisture to maintain constant pressure irrespective of the prevailing temperature. Nitrogen is also used because it can hold tire pressure for relatively longer time than air (F1- Country par. 3).
Conclusion
Physics continues to play critical roles in the design of Formula One cars. Concepts of physics are incorporated in the dynamic structure of the car, engine design, tires and fuel to enhance efficiency and safety at optimized performance.
Works Cited
Axerio-Cilies, John and Gianluca Iaccarino. Grip or Aerodynamics: The Fluid Mechanics of Formula 1 Wheels. n.d. Web.
Governments develop superior programs and policies that have the potential to influence economic performance or development. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been on the frontline to promote laws and initiatives that continue to transform the lives of many citizens. The region’s growth has increased steadily within the past two decades. This is a clear indication that most of the policies implemented in most of the member states are effective and sustainable. This paper describes the lessons and ideas that can be learned from different GCC states in an attempt to formulate effective policies.
Saudi Women Driving and Impact on the Cars Market
Policy Analysis
One of the outstanding policies that have attracted the attention of many countries focuses on the empowerment of Saudi Arabian women and allowing them to drive (Al-Sharif 12). This announcement is seen as a new beginning for the state since the existing laws make it impossible for females in the state to achieve their potential. For many years, Saudi Arabia has been described as a country whose leadership style oppresses women and makes it hard for them to lead quality lives. In this conservative state, the new policy is expected to transform the lives of many individuals.
According to this new policy that was stated in a royal decree, women were to begin driving from June 2018. The move is expected to improve the country’s international relations and reputation. After many years, the country’s top leaders have finally acknowledged the fact that women should be empowered and guided in an attempt to achieve their potential (Alamri 19). However, some skeptics have indicated that the policy might have detrimental effects. For example, they have argued that many women might get stranded or kidnapped after their cars’ engines stall.
Impact on the Cars Market
Over the past two decades, the economic performance of many GCC states has been impressive. Analysts and experts have acknowledged that most of the policies designed and implemented in such countries are capable of empowering people and encouraging them to engage in various economic activities (Chulov). With Saudi Arabia boasting of a rapid economic growth rate and mineral resources such as oil, the new policy is capable of maximizing women’s potential and stimulating different markets.
To begin with, many women have been acquiring new competencies in an attempt to engage in various economic activities. Some are also earning competitive salaries. This is a clear indication that the country is shifting in accordance with the current wave of internationalization. With the new policy in place, chances are high that more women will be willing to purchase their own cars (Alamri 49). Once the change takes effect, the car market will record a positive performance more than ever before. As more women decide to buy cars, importers and assemblers in the country will be in a position to achieve their business aims.
Experts have revealed that the policy might increase the average sales of vehicles by over 38 percent (Alamri 84). The market will also perform positively within the next one decade. The law is also expected to promote new changes in the economy that will have direct impacts on the country’s car market. For instance, more women will embrace new roles and jobs in different regions across the country. It is also agreeable that women from other nations across the region and the globe will be willing to invest in Saudi Arabia.
The number of players or marketers in this segment will increase significantly. More people will be able to select the best cars from different brands. Vehicles that are designed specifically for women will find a new market in the state. This development will transform the situation and make it possible for the country to achieve its economic goals (Rezaian). The market for accessories and spare parts will also increase significantly. More people will find new employment opportunities in the industry. This is a clear indication that the country will record positive economic performance results.
Lessons for the World
The case of Saudi Arabia should be studied carefully by the rest of the world. This is the case because the state has been introducing appropriate policies that are informed by the changes experienced in the international business environment. Although the country has been performing positively in terms of economic growth, the introduction of the new policy will transform the situation and deliver meaningful results (Rezaian). The participation of women in various economic activities will increase significantly (Al-Sharif 83). They will also be empowered to pursue different economic goals and initiatives because they will not have to pay males to drive them.
The world should scrutinize the issues revolving around this policy carefully. This is the case because the new change is an idea that challenges existing cultural practices. For many years, women have been required to engage in domestic activities and take good care of their children and husbands (Al-Sharif 83). As the wave of globalization continues to revolutionize various economic practices, there has a need to develop appropriate programs that can empower more people and make it easier for them to deal with the obstacles facing them.
This kind of empowerment will make it easier for women in Saudi Arabia to engage in numerous roles such as leadership. They will create the best environment for young girls and empower them to achieve their potential. Every developing country should consider this classical example from the GCC and implement evidence-based programs to empower its citizens (Hubbard). For instance, new initiatives that have the potential to empower underprivileged individuals such as women and the disabled can be introduced.
Conclusion
From June 2018, Saudi Arabian women will be able to drive and own cars. The above discussion has revealed that many GCC member states are implementing appropriate laws and policies that can transform their citizens’ experiences. The discussed policy will make it easier for women to engage in numerous economic activities and eventually improve the attractiveness of Saudi Arabia’s car market.
Works Cited
Alamri, Hani Eid A. Strategies of Legitimization: The Case of Women Driving in Saudi Arabia. Newcastle University, 2017.
Al-Sharif, Manal. Daring to Drive: A Saudi Woman’s Awakening. Simon & Schuster, 2017.
In The Short Bus: A Journey Beyond Normal Jonathan Mooney describes his experience of growing with impairments, which are commonly considered as serious obstacles to the educational process – dyslexia and ADHD. Despite them, he successfully overcomes his disability, graduating from Brown University with a degree in English. However, his overcoming is not the central point of this book. Willing to claim his solidarity with the other ones who have been labeled “disabled,” he undertakes a trip across America on one of those short buses, which take kids with impairments to schools. During his journey, he interacts with different disabled people, and what he learns from this interaction is the primary theme of the book.
Although most of his meetings are beautiful and inspiring stories, some of the encounters represent the communicational issues that are inevitable in interaction with the people, who have been isolated from the society due to their disabilities. For example, Ashley, a deaf and blind girl, “has spent most of her life without natural language. Nor has she really been educated” (Mooney 117), and it seriously affected her ability to communicate according to common, “normal” patterns. Another factor, which vastly impacts the girl’s behavior, is Ashley’s experience in the public school, where kids treat her both with fear and rejection as if she is contagious (Mooney 111). This example represents a fundamental communicational problem because if people around Ashley perceived her as a unique human being, who deserves the same attitude, her integration into society would be a lot easier. If I were placed in similar situations represented in the book, I would have welcomed people to discuss different solutions that they can propose to eliminate issues of misunderstanding in communication. Accordingly, group counseling techniques such as seminars or coaching sessions on personal development can become optimal strategies for collectively finding appropriate solutions that enhance communication between people of different backgrounds and viewpoints.
In general, The Short Bus: A Journey Beyond Normal provides a lot of material for my professional growth. Throughout the book, Mooney is elaborating his general idea of imbalance and indistinctness of the definition of the norm. Disability is a complex phenomenon, which affects different spheres of social interaction, and it “can no longer be considered in isolation from the psycho-emotional aspects of disability oppression” (Hernandez-Saca and Cannon 6). The educational system should also be changed, and since many communicational problems derive from labeling people as disabled, “it is a moral imperative to destigmatize disability in our schools” (Valente and Danforth 56). Moreover, the steps should be taken in the direction of a broader inclusion of people with the impairments into the social life, because isolation and detachment drive an immense level of difficulty and embarrassment. It is possible to combine previously mentioned suggestions into the statement that “people with disabilities can succeed in a position of power within the classroom in general and, as applied to the current study, specifically within the university classroom” (Mulderink 8). Such an initiative would bring a profound change in the current situation.
On the grander scheme, the book by Jonathan Mooney is a thought-provoking reading, which can provide a lot of help for both disabled and non-disabled people, because the author, reinforcing his point of view with many examples, emphasizes the fact that the equal treatment is the basis for healthy communication.
Works Cited
Hernandez-Saca, David, and Mercedes Cannon. Disability as Psycho-Emotional Disablism: A Theoretical and Philosophical Review of Education Theory and Practice. Springer, 2016.
Mooney, Jonathan. The Short Bus: A Journey Beyond Normal. Henry Holt Company, Inc., 2008.
Mulderink, Carrie. “Living Communication Pedagogy: Instructors with Visible Disabilities.” Opensiuc. 2016, Web.
Valente, Joseph Michael, and Scot Danforth. Life in Inclusive Classrooms: Storytelling with Disability Studies in Education. Occasional Paper Series 36. Bank Street College of Education, 2016.
There are usually several defense tactics that can be applied in a court of law in the event of a criminal case. A defendant may use contributory negligence as his or her defense against a plaintiff in a lawsuit. This is where the plaintiff is fully responsible for the incident that may have brought about an injury or accident. It applies when the plaintiff fails to take appropriate measures to minimize the effects of the accident or deliberately exposes him or herself to the injury.
Voluntary assumption of risk is also a defense strategy that may be used by a defendant. Here, the plaintiff must have been fully aware of the risks involved in a cause of action but he or she went ahead and did it anyway. This may be termed as a complete defense as it gives the defendant an automatic exoneration whereas the plaintiff is left with no choice but to withdraw his or her lawsuit. Illegal act, on the other hand, is a defense strategy that may be used by a defendant if a plaintiff is harmed while involved in an illegal action.
This too is a complete defense. This is because the plaintiff stands no chance of winning the case in which he or she gets physically harmed while engaging in unlawful activity. In such incidences, the injured persons are merely compensated for their injuries without making any profits from the lawsuit. Finally, there is the consent defense which involves intentional torts. Here, the plaintiff agrees to the tort committed and is never in a position to claim any form of compensation for the injury attained from the act. However, the consent provided by the plaintiff must be genuine and fully informed to meet the requirements of a consent defense.
In the case study of Christopher K. Jameson, who allegedly caused a four-car accident while attempting to make a phone call, we can note that nearly all the four types of defense strategies mentioned above may not be applied successfully in a court of law if all the four defendants initiate a lawsuit against Jameson. For instance, Jameson may not use contributory negligence as a defense tactic against David, Justin, or Haddad.
This is because the three-car owners had absolutely nothing to do with the accident. They did not expose themselves or their cars to any risk since they all parked at their rightful places. Additionally, neither of the car owners was in a position to take any measure that would have minimized the effects of the accident. Illegal acts may also not be successful when applied by Jameson as a defense tactic. This is brought about by the fact that all three car owners hit by Jameson’s car were not engaged in any illegal activity. Their cars were all parked at their rightful parking places. Subsequently, consent may not succeed as a defense either.
This is because David, Justin or Haddad would not have consented to any intentional act that might have caused the accident. Voluntary assumption of risk would, however, favor Jameson in his case. This is driven by the fact that David, Justin, and Haddad, whose cars were directly or indirectly hit by Jameson’s car, must have been aware of the risks associated with parking on the roadside but they went ahead and parked their cars there anyway.
Inspiration: Accuracy in Fuel Economy Standards Act H.R. 6643 (IH) Problem to be Addressed
Proposed bill
Preamble
Due to the current dependency of the U.S. on fossil fuel resources which has resulted in an uptake in lung-related diseases within the country, this bill proposes the implementation of a hybrid car subsidy to lessen fuel dependency and clean up the atmosphere.
Body
Cost
The proposed bill shall have an annual cost of $400 million (negotiable and to be increased based on demand) to provide a subsidy on a set amount of hybrid cars
Application
Application of subsidy will be done on a distributor level with the government assuming a portion of the cost of sale
Enactment Clause
This bill will go into effect 1 year from March 1, 2014, at which point the subsidy will be applied to all hybrid car sales.
The Problem
The U.S. currently has two main problems that adversely affect its population; the first is its dependency on fossil fuel resources while the second is the pollution that comes from such a dependency. Current studies that have examined trends in the development of population-specific ailments have noted a correlation between the rise in lung-related diseases with the increase in pollutants in the general environment, specifically from motorized vehicles. This is due to the particulates that are released which make their way into the lungs of pedestrians resulting in long-term complications if exposed to sufficient quantities over the course of their life.
While there have been some attempts at addressing such an issue, such as efforts to increase government-regulated fuel efficiency standards for motorized vehicles by Congressperson Todd Russell Platts of Pennsylvania, the fact remains that automobiles are the main source of pollutants in America today. Unfortunately, such a problem is compounded by America’s dependency on fossil fuel resources which means that aside from making cars more fuel-efficient, there are relatively few ways of curbing the current trend in diseases that occur due to inhalation of particulates released by automobiles.
How does the proposed bill address the issue?
The proposed bill addresses the issue by providing a greater subsidy towards hybrid car production and sale (Armstrong, 90). Hybrid cars have two selling points which they use in order to appeal to consumers, the first is that hybrid models have a lower carbon footprint as compared to other cars and, as such, help to promote environmental conservation while the other selling point is the supposed future cost benefits accrued through fuel savings.
By subsidizing hybrid cars and promoting their use to the general public, the government can in effect curb the current trends in fossil fuel dependency and lung-related diseases (York, 3). The primary role of the government in this instance is a promoter and financier of hybrid car popularization among the citizens of the country.
Why is this an appropriate activity for the Federal Government?
The federal government has a vested interest in ensuring the continued safety and security of the local populace within the country. Knowingly facilitating the dependence of its local citizenry on fossil fuel resources could lead to catastrophic consequences in the future should gas prices go up or if pollutants in the atmosphere reach critical levels (Chupp, Myles, and Stephenson, 120-133). It is due to this that facilitating less dependence could result in a better local environment for American citizens due to fewer pollutants in the air and possibly lower gas prices as well.
Costs and Benefits
Hybrid vehicles such as the Honda Insight or the Toyota Prius have gained considerable market shares within the past few years due to the greater fuel economy they possess which leads to fewer emissions being released into the atmosphere. In fact, recent sales reports from various dealerships scattered throughout the U.S. indicate that though hybrid car sales encompass only 3% of new car sales within the U.S. the number is expected to rapidly increase as the cost of production goes down and more models are offered to the general public. While hybrid cards may seem expensive now, the fact remains that in the long term they help to address the current problem of fuel usage within the U.S.
Estimate on Proposal Costs
The estimated proposal costs on hybrid cars subsidies are based on an uptake ratio of 100,000 cars within 1 year as estimated by Montlake (2013) who explained the potential uptake of hybrid cars (Montlake, 5). The proposed subsidy is $400 million a year resulting in a $4,000 discount for every hybrid car sold. While $4,000 may not seem like much at the present, this can still make hybrid cars far more appealing to consumers due to their lower cost.
Why did I sponsor this bill?
I decided to sponsor this bill due to the constant increase in fuel prices I have been noticing lately as well as the number of cars I see on the road that constantly release smoke in the air.
Who will be adversely affected?
The most likely to be adversely affected are car manufacturers that do not sell hybrid cars since they will experience lower sales rates.
Primary Beneficiaries
The primary beneficiaries will be pedestrians and car owners since they will be able to save on fuel prices and breathe cleaner air.
Other potential consequences
Some potential consequences of the bill come in the form of more care manufacturers shifting towards hybrid car development so that they can avail of government subsidies.
Works Cited
Armstrong, Lisa. “Perks We Love.” Working Mother 30.7 (2007): 90. Print.
Chupp, B. Andrew, Katie Myles, and E. Frank Stephenson. “The Incidence Of Hybrid Automobile Tax Preferences.” Public Finance Review 38.1 (2010): 120-133.
Montlake, Simon. “China’s Auto Industry Eyes Subsidies For Electric, Hybrid Cars.” Forbes (2013): 5. Print.
York, Tom. “Study Estimates SDCC’s Economic Impact In Billions.” San Diego Business Journal 34.40 (2013): 3.Print.
Automated vehicles (AVs) attract the likelihood for direct investments and social benefits (Faisal et al. 52). They can enhance mobility for adults, children, handicapped, and underserved people. The technology can expand access to employment and health care, relieve congestion, and improve fuel economy. However, without proper governance policies and structures, AVs might worsen transport issues.
Legislators and policymakers are now presenting and enacting legislation on vehicles during the first phase of development. Collaboration is necessary between the neighborhood and private industries to establish laws and regulations that encourage the secure and efficient performance of automated vehicles (Faisal et al. 55). Therefore, policies must be enacted to make sure that AVs do not undermine societal benefits.
Federal laws and regulations must conserve the power of nations, regions, and states to allow investors to pursue legitimate objectives. These agents of change play a vital role in the safe and efficient installation of AVs. Any preemptive policy ought to be prevented so that unintentional liabilities do not transfer to municipalities. For example, when security criteria and laws for AVs lack road frameworks and designs that encourage AV installation. Thus, the proposed policy will promote interoperability of automated vehicles and AV structure across assets and architecture boundaries.
Policy Recommendations
With the development of automated vehicles, it is imperative to enhance human-machine integration and establish the framework for liability accidents systems (Firnkorn and Martin 7). Regulators and policymakers are engaged in decisions concerning the governance of AVs. Recognizing and balancing the possible societal benefits of AVs will support effective regulatory standards. Leveraging investor’s strength and identifying their flaws would solve the challenge of delivering effective AV policies and affecting the manners that this technology is deployed. Good governance is vital to ease market entry and ensuring accountable deployment of AVs.
There is an immediate requirement to specify Dubai’s national, state, and local responsibilities in AV management, since the present regulatory landscapes comprise overlapping and ambiguous establishments. When frameworks and designs are explained, policymakers can embrace a liberal and a conscientious strategy to AV development, supporting creativity, and experimentation, and adopting laws that improve society.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) rank nine in the readiness index for automated vehicles because of its value on consumer approval rating (Faisal et al. 53). The UAE leads other nations on road quality and the change readiness of its infrastructure, information sharing, and willingness to adopt new policy standards. Policymakers know the value of harmonizing AVs regulations, although it is not a simple task. Harmonization facilitates innovation to disperse among nations, therefore, conveying the societal benefits. Policy harmonization allows investors to redirect their energy in the technological invention, eliminating the burden of regulatory compliance (Faisal et al. 54).
Thus, policy harmonization supports legal confidence and certainty. Policy integration can be a lengthy and intensive procedure because most countries resist the option to cede their sovereignty by altering regulations established on specific contexts (Coppola and Maurizio 49). However, the Emirate Council can use complex tools and models, which facilitate harmonization without requiring a shift in the legislation. The policy proposal to maximize the societal benefits of autonomous vehicles in Dubai draws its data from the advantages of AVs.
Road Safety
Human error is an integral contributor to road crashes, unlike AVs, where computers make superior diving decisions. These complex systems can sense, understand, and respond much quicker than individuals react. It anticipates that self-driving vehicles may radically enhance street safety. AVs transportation will be efficient since it would integrate with management facilities, road infrastructure, and assets. Thus, an effective AVs policy will enhance the smooth functioning of vehicles, improved comfort, and reliability of public transportation.
Lower Cost of Transportation
Steam lined mapping and travel planning will reduce fuel costs and automobile efficiency. It is expected that the automobile ownership model might change from a single control of shared ownership. The expense of transport is anticipated to decrease by 45 percent.
Improved Productivity
AVs transportation could spare time spent cruising for drivers performing other jobs. If AVs become fully deployed, new automobile designs can optimize passenger efficiency, supplying workstations, rest pods, and entertainment units. It is anticipated that the AVs would increase human productivity by 15 percent.
Proposed Policy on the Code of AVs Testing
To facilitate technological growth for societal benefits, Dubai must enact policies for autonomous testing programs that permit rapid development and live presentations. The British testing law is a liberal approach that removes evaluation licenses since the vehicles are secure and roadworthy concerning their collision testing and insurance. The USA testing program is a license-based policy that allows explicit controls for the automobile operator but provides user independence to conduct public presentations. This proposal will consider a level-based strategy that unites a liberal and encouraging approach of automotive sellers while allowing a controlled licensing and acceptance process to ensure public safety.
The policy on the code of AVs testing will enforce standards in analyzing autonomous vehicles. Automated vehicle testing will be conducted in stages to guarantee general security and efficiency. Upon fulfilling all safety laws and standards, the technology should be approved for public roads. This policy can examine, design, and execute an incorporated testing facility that will hasten this procedure and attract investors to take part in Dubai’s autonomous vehicles development.
Proposed Legislative Reform
The aim of legislative reforms centers on human safety. The laws on social protection will be integrated with the testbed, along with other foreign regulatory authorities (Chen et al. 123). The law permits experts to observe and report AVs challenges during public presentations. The policy provides coverage for investor’s confidentiality and the passenger’s rights to privacy. Therefore, the legislative law will prioritize the standards of the on-board data recorder. The proposed legislation will cover the transition to an automated driver and the board’s review of references to a legal driver. This law influences the duties to be suitably certified, careful, and free of alcohol and drugs. Remote operators who recover deficient transit vehicles will be regarded as legal motorists when in control of a car or truck.
The regulatory action will define the responsibilities and obligations between different complex systems that affect the automobile’s awareness and decision-making. Under this law, they will be modalities for collaborative integration with global bodies to create a group of harmonized regulations (Faisal et al. 60). The code of AVs testing should be effective to enforce close observation and identify solutions that show the capability AVs to recover from minimal threat state when the need arises. The assessment and certification of applications and programs introduce a selection of new legal conditions that represent the passenger automobiles and service models.
Policy on Automobile Connectivity
Having a real-time connection between automobiles and the system architecture is an integral necessity for fleet operations and other teleoperation or distant services necessary for commercial vehicles and privately owned automobiles. The policy introduces regulations on signal period and time, which reduce frictional energy and enhances flow via signalized junctions. Under this regulation, AVs will enjoy real-time traffic requirements, work zones, traffic events, and conditions. AVs may also enjoy prognostic demand modeling and route dispatching to empower efficient management of each vehicle.
Policy on Cyber Security
AVs cyber protection requires resilience during unforeseen system occurrences such as network failure, the resistance against deliberate cyber-attack and invulnerability of aggressive intention such as terrorist attacks (Faisal et al. 65). Most global regulatory authorities have tried to establish an agreement on the cybersecurity layout that enables the convergence of complex systems blueprint with operational and infrastructure solutions. As a result, Dubai must enact privacy and security standards consistent with global best practice. Legislation must be enacted to empower officers to detect and punish cyber attackers.
The constitution of the UAE shields private rights and property. Therefore, AVs investors must adhere to regulations and global practice, honor passenger privacy rights, and accept substantial obligations for cybersecurity attacks. The proposed policy will allow AV owners, operators, and investors to share information during cyber-attacks and upgrade all automobile system architecture.
Policy on AVs Liability and Insurance
Insurance of AVs concentrates on the vehicle’s systems and application interface with links architecture and other complex assets (Faisal et al. 67). Formerly the driver bears the obligations linked to the automobile unless it is demonstrated that there had been an equipment defect from the manufacturer. Some authorities are advocating a ‘no-fault coverage’ where the insurer manages the liabilities.
However, some jurisdiction accepted some existing legal mechanisms to link the automobile maker and the service provider. Since AVs technology evolves and becomes universal, the elimination of human error will prevent road incidents, reduce insurance costs, and compensation plans. Thus, UAE policy concerning insurance must be revised to assign liability to the AV owner or investor. The policy proposes a single insurer model instead of relying on commodity liability regulation to link with investors.
Policy on Road Design and Digital Mapping
3D electronic mapping of streets is a necessity for the secure operations of autonomous automobiles (Coppola and Maurizio 48). The technology provides data for real pictures during shuttles using a digital architecture called SLAM. The mapping policy for AVs must include street markers and road signs that are physically installed and programmed for visual comprehension besides being encoded into electronic maps. If implemented, this policy can provide a substantial price reduction and facilitate AVs development.
Policy on System Readiness
The operational testing of AVs will be conducted under global best practices. AVs manufacturers have undertaken substantial work along with the associated standards for automobile interfaces have been modified from the top standards bodies in Europe (Faisal et al. 69). In contrast, system preparation is slow as it relates to services efficiency and delivery. It reflects the immaturity of the control policy and the absence of standardization laws.
The policy will support the development of an effective management plan and operations capacity in different cities. Dubai ‘connects cloud’ may be utilized as the hosting system for automobile programming, routing payment, and data software (Cottam 16). Policy on system preparedness and operational testing will facilitate AVs deployment and include the positive ranking of its readiness index.
Policy Features
Concerning policy preference, it should be highlighted that the efficiency of indirect management options will severely diminish after the AVs installation. Providing quality public transport distribution is viewed as another powerful management approach. However, decreasing costs for private transport bridges the cost gap between commercial and private transportation (Chen et al. 100). This attribute makes it difficult to compensate for the negative characteristics of public transportation, like transfers, monitoring, and privacy issues. Therefore, in situations where AVs create inter-modality, it is empirical proof that shows the consequences of price gaps in transportation.
A negative user cost of commercial transportation is not an alternative since it creates unreasonable heights of induced demand, far higher than the current experience. To mitigate the outcome of inefficient legislative reforms, Dubai authorities must modify its laws to guarantee efficient commercial transportation. The government may increase financial funds for subsidizing public transportation, even higher than the current value as these subsidies are justified by the prevention of adverse externalities from personal transport.
Another option to regulate AVs would be to enforce that a physical driver is used in all autonomous vehicles. However, such enforcement is adverse and negatively affects the benefits of autonomous vehicle transportation. While these constraints would permit the technologies for mobility-impaired passengers, they will hinder vehicle sharing and autonomous parking (Dia and Farid 290). AVs should not be preferred over private vehicles because they do not exhibit social advantages to warrant such benefits. However, banning car use would be too restrictive and could hamper the benefits connected with AVs.
Autonomous vehicle development can expand access to employment and health care, relieve congestion, and improve fuel economy. However, without proper governance policies and structures, AVs might worsen transport issues. Legislators and policymakers are now presenting and enacting legislation on vehicles during the first phase of development. Collaboration is necessary between the neighborhood and private industries to establish laws and regulations that encourage the secure and efficient performance of automated vehicles. Therefore, policies must be enacted to make sure that AVs do not undermine societal benefits.
Summary of Policy Proposal and Law
Policymakers know the value of harmonizing AVs regulations, although it is not a simple task. Harmonization facilitates innovation to disperse among nations, therefore, conveying the societal benefits. Policy harmonization allows investors to redirect their energy in the technological invention, eliminating the burden of regulatory compliance. Thus, policy harmonization supports legal confidence and certainty. Policy integration can be a lengthy and intensive procedure because most countries resist the option to cede their sovereignty by altering regulations established on specific contexts. However, the Emirate Council can use complex tools and models, which facilitate harmonization without requiring a shift in the legislation.
Policy on the code of AVs testing: This policy allows researchers to examine and execute an incorporated testing facility that will attract investors in Dubai. The policy on the code of AVs testing will enforce standards in analyzing autonomous vehicles.
Legislative reform: The evaluation and certification of applications and programs introduce a selection of new legal conditions that represent the passenger automobiles and service models.
Policy on automobile connectivity: The proposed plan will allow AV owners, operators, and investors to share information during cyber-attacks and upgrade all automobile system architecture.
Policy on AVs liability and insurance: The policy proposes a single insurer model instead of relying on commodity liability regulation to link with investors.
Policy on road design and digital mapping: This policy can provide a substantial price reduction and facilitate AVs development.
Policy on system readiness: Policy on system preparedness and operational testing will facilitate AVs deployment and include the positive ranking of its readiness index.
Works Cited
Chen, Yuche, et al. “Quantifying Autonomous Vehicles National Fuel Consumption Impacts: A Data-Rich Approach.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 122, no. 1, 2017, pp. 134-145.
Cottam, Bobby. “Transportation Planning for Connected Autonomous Vehicles: How It All Fits Together.” Journal of the Transportation Research Board, vol. 2672, no. 52, 2018, pp. 12-19.
Dia, Hussein, and Farid Javanshour. “Autonomous Shared Mobility-On-Demand: Melbourne Pilot Simulation Study.” Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 22, no. 3, 2017, pp. 285-296.
Faisal, Asif, et al. “Understanding Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review on Capability, Impact, Planning and Policy.” The Journal of Transport and Land Use, vol. 12, no. 1, 2019, pp. 45-72.
Firnkorn, Joerg and Martin Müller. “Free-Floating Electric Car Sharing-Fleets in Smart Cities: The Dawning of a Post-Private Car Era in Urban Environments?.” Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 45, no. 3, 2015, pp. 1-11.