‘From Within and Without’ a World of Utopia

An imagination of a world of utopia is one thing, amongst others that has always intrigued and struck me. This is because in such a world of imagination, I feel more realistic and scary, with all manner of ideas which encompass my thoughts. Such dystopian thoughts made the writing of the narrative “from within and without” inescapable, especially when almost all scenes seem intriguing, sometimes horrible.

My imagination of recent trends in globalization acted as an impetus towards writing the dystopian narrative. Being an ardent reader of dystopian narratives, I discovered in the course of research that though the turn of dystopian narratives had already been detected from previous decades of nineteenth century, the nature of dystopian world building has been changing (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13).

This has been attributed to varying changes in terms of politics, society and ideology (Desmet 20). In this regard, the almost Marxist twist which I employed in the narrative depicts the dystopian world in line with the Marxist critical assessment of capitalism that points out the ever decreasing “unlimited faith in the power of science” (Desmet 16). This was evident in the following extract from the narrative ‘from within and without’.

“…, this showed images and reflections of everything and everyone. These images were multiplied and reduced ad infinitum to make the intruders uneasy and oppressed when they learnt that the least of their gestures was being monitored. The design was unique as movement or sound echoed were projected from room to room and then to the ultimate professor’s room and surveillance station.

The professor was a man of highly sophisticated pleasures and not even the well versed prostitutes he employed for a couple of weeks knew the room where he slept. The soldiers on the ground floor had small non-obtrusive black boxes which were pager-size and strapped to their ankles.

Similar units were held dangling on their belts. These were tracking devices which transmitted the location and broadcasted the whereabouts of the wearer to a monitoring and surveillance center through GPS. Snipping off the rubber band on the device or vigorous movement would trigger an alarm….” (Page 3 of the narrative)

The Marxist twist is apparent in the way the lifestyle of the professor is criticized in terms of the lifestyle he leads. In a society that is almost capitalist in nature and laden with all manner of technology, the Professor still ends up being murdered ingeniously.

My research led me to appreciate the role of technological advancements that “knowledge accumulation leads to a better world socially and morally” (Desmet 7). This revelation was also compounded with the Platonian view I researched which revealed that though globalization has enhanced societal advancement, the resulting scientific and technological advancements have the potential to effectuate mammoth social changes e.g. that pursued by the assassin in the dystopian narrative.

This knowledge helped me to build the dystopian world in the narrative by differentiating the renaissance period and finally the current world. This was in line with the Platonian thinking which showed how scientific advancement could be achieved through understanding of the role of nature from a theoretical point of view (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13).

Therefore, my knowledge of scientific advances over time triggered a paradoxical thought on the future effects of scientific and technological output, especially regarding the manner in which they will be consumed (Kerby par. 1-13). Thinking along this line, I was able to capture effectively the use of advanced technology in the security apparatus of the narrative. This enables the reader to have great optimism regarding the security of Professor Smith.

In a twist of dystopia however, this appears not to be the case as Professor Smith is murdered in cold blood, amidst tight security (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13).

Thus the technological fiction I created in the narrative helped to support the dystopian thought that “technology is not only beyond the control of society but man is still largely unconscious of the profound revolution that he is bringing about” (Desmet 10). Thus the rising tensions on the pros and cons of adopting scientific technology helped me to shape the plot of the narrative e.g. where the assassin penetrates security even amidst impregnable security apparatus (Desmet 7-30).

Therefore, the knowledge gained, especially emergence of enormous variations in dystopian fiction played a great role for me to build the dystopian world in which the characters in the narrative live (Desmet 7-30). Through research, I was able to appreciate the fact that dystopian narratives depict criticism of the socio-political realities of the age and day when they were written (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13).

In line with this finding, the narrative ‘from within and without’ vividly depicted the effects of recent trends in globalization, such as state capitalism, the global economy and presence of conflicting interests and ideology (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13). This has been achieved by partial criticism of utopian constructions which disregard depressing realities of the world (Desmet 7-30).

As such, this enabled me to imagine a futuristic world laden with technology and where oppressive control of society and its perfect nature is maintained by characteristic technological control of dystopia (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13). For instance, the kind of control depicted in the narrative is moral, technological and almost totalitarian.

The technological dystopian control depicts the narrative as having dystopian character where societal control mechanisms seem to be dictatorial. In addition, the illusion of a perfect society is achieved and maintained through a dystopian-technological control (Desmet 7-30).

Other characteristics depicted in the dystopian narrative include use of propaganda e.g. by military to exercise societal control, control of information, autonomy and self-governing thought and innate environment comprising citizens is mistrusted (Desmet 7-30). For instance, the assassin is depicted as a dystopian protagonist with features such as feelings of enslavement, great effort for autonomy and disappointment with nations and socio-political systems (Desmet 7-30).

This enabled me to capture the assassin as one character who puts across the mood that something is amiss in the society he lives and therefore pursues a liberating mission through terrorism. In this regard, he assists the audience to recognize the negative aspects of a world that is built on dystopia (Kerby par. 1-13).

Amidst the hostility in the dystopian world I built in the narrative, the assassin pursues recoil, flight and compensatory hope which makes him achieve his mission (Desmet 7-30; Kerby par. 1-13). Thus he holds up a critical mirror which exposes the negative characteristics and effects and his feelings (highlighted towards the end of the narrative) (Desmet 13). This acts as a necessary precursor towards his pursuance of alternative options e.g. terrorism (Kerby par. 1-13).

The knowledge acquired through research also enabled me to apply successfully the concept of Darwinian evolution to technological entities instead of biological ones by introducing the dystopian perception that rising trends in technology could be perilous to the human race.

This is also in line with Desmet and Kerby who perceived technology as being increasingly being adopted in the 19th century leading to contradictory perceptions of the dangers alongside benefits of adoption of technology (Desmet 7-30).

‘From within and without’ is a satirical dystopian narrative which depicts superficial utopia, at the same time projecting shortcomings of a broken society. Any reader will be technically hard-pressed to say that the kind of world is centered on a gimmick acquired through proper building of dystopia. The kind of security system described in the narrative gives the notion that there is literally no place to hide and no where you will not be watched (Desmet 7-30).

Works Cited

Desmet, Fran. Perspectives on Dystopian Narratives. South Melbourne: Thomson Learning Press, 2010. Print.

Kerby, Anderson. n.d. Terrorism in North America. n.d. Web.

Raphael Hythloday’s Ideas in Thomas More’s “Utopia”

Identify and explain precisely the most important points and arguments Raphael Hythloday presents in Book One and Book Two

Raphael Hythloday in Book “Utopia,” discusses the probable chance of having an ideal world where societies work for the gain and benefit of each other. According to the scholar, resources and opportunities should be for communities and not private people; the scholar felt that private ownership of property is the main hindrance to the attainment of a utopian world.

Raphael Hythloday, in books one and two was of the view that the government and the state operate within an economy for the benefit of the societies, they are given power and authority to dictate the distribution of resources among communities. The writer feels that the nature of human beings is likely to exploit and accumulate wealth for themselves at the expense of others; the government should be the sole owner of property and people taken as laborers at the same level. The writer argues that if this were the angle taken then the world would be utopian.

A culture of a country determines the value and ideologies they hold; when the government assumes the role of controlling the economy then people are likely to accept the culture and solve differences in culture and social rivalry among them. He noted the role that domestic laws play in creating an equal society in legislative matters; he observes that the breakthrough got us only possible since the government has taken the ownership of constitutional power. The approach with law gives him the arguing point of why the same cannot be implemented across the board.

According to Raphael Hythloday, the government should take the central role of activities in their countries; the underlying ideology is the distribution of wealth. They aim at having equal distribution of wealth and do not recognize individual wealth accumulation. From this angle, it is a good approach aimed at ensuring that the national cake is shared among the entire population. There are no classes and the government is seen to choose the direction that the masses will go.

Sometimes, and it has happened most often, the actors in the government make some decisions for their interests. They may look at the interest of a few at the expense of the masses. Production is seen as not geared to profit-making and thus the adopted methods of production are in most cases, not the most efficient. The inefficiency limits the level of economy in the country; in this era of limited resources, these systems are not good for a country more so in the developing and less developed countries. They are meant to encourage a vicious cycle of poverty (More and Clarence 1-3)

Explain in detail why you agree with Hythloday or side with Thomas More

Thomas More has criticized the concerns brought about by Raphael Hythloday; he thinks that the world cannot attain utopianism with centralized control of resources. Thomas More supports the idea of a capitalist system of governance. The system does not limit the citizens to the amount of wealth that they can accumulate and gives them a level playing ground for wealth creation. Business in all sectors of the economy is enhanced; however, the economy creates a high competition in resources as people seek to win the limited resources, the result is some people gaining at the expense of others.

As much as the system by Thomas More can be seen in, some economies like China and the United States, some vices are seen to be associated with the system; the system encourages selfishness that results in corruption, secondly, the distribution of wealth is not uniform and the economy can favor small groups. Class (that is measured by how much one has) influences major decisions in these countries. It is common to get a large part of the population poor and resources centered on a small group.

Raphael Hythloday’s approach to the attainment of a utopian society is sound with a limited population growth rate and countries that have abundant resources, however the situation on the ground is different, resources are limited and need to be optimally utilized; this cannot be possible with Raphael Hythloday approach.

In 2011, if it were “possible,” would you base a society on Utopian ideals? Yes? No?

If it was possible to have a utopian world, then the world will be a better place to live in, people would be able to respect and value others despite their minor differences. Some international and national rivalries have been blamed on differences in power and resource distribution; with a utopian world, then such rivalries would be unheard of.

Some dangers can arise with a utopian economy; the system of production works with landowners and laborers, when utopianism has been attained, then the world would suffer from a lack of laborers and when available, the wage rate would be high. This leads to under and inefficient exploitation of natural resources; when resources are not effectively utilized, then the world will suffer a lack of essential comedies and deterioration of living standards (More and Clarence 23).

In my view, modern economies should have a hybrid governance system where the government intervenes in its country’s economic management but allows the private sector to drive the economy. The government should intervene to facilitate an appropriate economic growth rate and protect citizens from violation of their constitutional rights. Before making an investment decision, the government should consider the economic, political, social, global, and environmental implications of such a decision.

Works Cited

More, Thomas, and Clarence Miller. Utopia. New York: Yale Univ. Press, 2001. Print.

Popularity of Utopian/Dystopian Young Adult Literature

The utopia in addition to its derivative, the dystopia, is types of literature that explore both social and political configurations. Utopian literature explores or tackles the aspects of creating ideal humanity, or utopia as the general setting of the narrative. Dystopian is the contrary: invention or creation of a atrocious civilization, or dystopia.

Typically, most novels mix the two, commonly as a metaphor for the diverse directions the society can take in its preferences, ending with either one of the two likely futures. Both types are characteristically utilized in science narrative plus other exploratory genres, and are almost certainly by explanation a series of speculative fiction.

Young adult utopian fiction is often characterized by dictatorial regimes that subject their citizens to inhuman treatment. Other common themes include, separate authorities in competition for power and wealth, a religious significance attached to leaders, a protagonist who gets enlightened a starts an uprising and a lower class that are usually looked down upon.

Other common themes in utopian literature are degradation of one sex by the other and reduced personal contact between people usually due to technological advances (Bleiler 88).

Both genres try to extrapolate the direction of human life by predicting future. By painting horrible and disturbing scenes in dystopian literature, authors try to scare readers from certain practices and lifestyles. Such literature serve as warnings by helping humans to imagine the worst possible futures usually characterized by uninhabitable environment, despotic governments, wars and overpopulation.

On the other hand utopian literature tries to restore human hope by painting brighter future where there is abundance of peace and goodwill. The main purpose of utopian literature is to provide an escape from the real world which is probably why it popular with the youth and depressed persons. While the utopian world is too god to be true, the dystopian world is too scaring to be true (Nikolajeva 44).

In ideal cases, a piece of literature has a utopian setting with a few flaws that give it a dystopian twist. Authors and artists may use dystopia to criticize real life characters. Despotic regimes usually fall victim to this tactic to its metaphoric nature which ensures that authors can not be accused of sedition.

A common theme in dystopian literature is a scenario where the characters wish they could reverse time to the present day. This encourages the readers to be satisfied with the present life.

Several factors determine the audience of utopian literature as with all other types. Novels meant for teenagers such as The Harry Porter Series are characterized by easy language, hard-to-forget characters, fast plots and a theme of the young coming into a perfect o conflict with the older generation.

Such literature is meant to encourage the young to take control of the direction they want their life to take without over relying on their parents. While such sentiments may be mistranslated as an excuse for recklessness and rebellion it does not happen often since most youths are able to draw a line between the utopian and the real world

Utopian literature often begins with a political, social or economic revolution or a war that drastically changes the way people live and forces them to adapt to new, often extreme conditions. Dystopian literature often features advanced technology and less individual freedoms. People in dystopia depend on technology to run their lives.

Utopian literature has often been criticized for using obscene and immoral language and demoting family values. Other critics say that it opens the youth’s minds and encourages them to make independent and informed opinions on situations they might later face in life. A horde of other reasons has often been used to ban or censor utopian literature.

The reasons include claims that such books contain anti-establishmentarian ideas, violent scenes, sexually explicit language and morally decadent ideas such infanticide and drug abuse. The advantages of letting young people read utopian literature far outweigh the disadvantages since it is obvious the young people can not be protected from the harsh realities of the real world forever.

Young adults are often anxious about the future and understandably so. Shielding them from getting a glimpse of what a future world might look like denies them an invaluable right to information.

The argument that reading utopian and dystopian literature has a detrimental effect on their impressionable minds does not hold any water either. Youngsters come across more potentially harmful ideas through real life, television and computer games in their day to day lives.

It has been severally proved that censorship fuels curiosity and a sense of dissatisfaction and rebellion that is far worse that any utopian ideas that a young person could acquire. It therefore beats the purpose to blacklist’ ban or censor books simply because they contain extremist ideas. It’s also worth noting that not all utopian/dystopian literature has political overtones as it is widely believed.

Utopian literature acts a perfect platform for tackling contemporary issues such as human cloning, nuclear weapons and global warming. In her novel “The House of the Scorpion”, Nancy Farmer attempts to tackle the controversial topic of human cloning. The main character, Matt Alacran is a human clone that has to put with being treated as a pet or an object of fascination.

He feels compelled to live up to the expectations of his creators. Throughout the plot the writer takes the reader through a journey of self-discovery as Matt tries to figure out his role in the world (Farmer 44). The author uses several utopian and dystopian which are reminiscent of present day ghettoes, industrial and rural areas.

In the book, farmer uses extremes to help the reader imagine what the three settings would look, smell or feel like in the future. She describes “eejit pens” where the society’s workers live (Patai 88). Through Matt she describes the smells as horrible. These conditions are not unknown to the present world where the workers who are the economy’s backbones live in deplorable conditions.

The author latter describes the city of Aztlan which looks like what today’s developed cities would look like in the future. The city is a jumble of factories’ skyscrapers, roadways that wind up to the tops of buildings and a sea of hovercrafts. The contrast between the settings helps to spice up the plot.

The book is a perfect example of what good utopian book should entail a futuristic plot and imaginary characters that represent the present day society.

The main character, Matt, is depicted is as human clone who is torn between the human and animal identities. He longs for a normal human life but feels like a copy of someone whom he barely knows. He has human feelings but keeps being reminded of his animal nature as he was born of a cow.

His human side becomes especially evident when he becomes jealous when his girlfriend, Maria is snatched from him by another boy. The book explores other moral issues such as greed, obsessive ambition, human freedom, and the dangers and comforts that could result from technological advancement. The characters, through their sometimes bizarre actions provoke critical thought on human nature.

The book’s popularity among young adults could be explained by the fact the story’s main character struggles with his self image a struggle that most youths go through. The book effectively stimulates debatable opinions on the social, political, ethical and scientific issues.

Similar themes are featured in Katherine Burdekin’s, Swastika Night. The author creates a Nazist regime that alienates Christians and women and exterminates all Jews. Surprisingly the author started writing the book in 1930’s when the Nazis anti-Semitic ideas were only evident from Hitler’s Mein Krampf. The book’s prophecy later came to near fulfillment in what is now known as the Holocaust.

The Nazi regime allegedly killed six million Jews in concentration camps during the Second World War. This demonstrates that predictions made in utopian fiction are not as far fetched as they are often dismissed as. Perhaps it is this realization that drives authoritarian regimes and the older generation into censoring and banning utopian fiction.

The book is set seven hundred years after the “twenty years war” a metaphorical reference to the Second World War. At this time the Nazis rule supreme with a little competition from the Japanese with whom they share the world’s power. Hitler was adored and given a god-like status.

He has statues and portraits which depict him having a Zeus-like physique, complete with a towering frame and blonde hair. Demoralized in addition to being made to feel insignificant. Their sole function in life is reproduction and women who can’t play that primary role to perfection are considered worthless (Hintz,et al 141).

The author portrays the Nazis as homosexual misogynists who prefer boys to women for sexual pleasure. Women are locked in miserable breeding camps where their heads are shaved clean. The main protagonist, Alfred is a British national on a tour in Germany where he finds out about the origins of Nazi ideology from his German host.

He is surprised to see old photos of Hitler depicting him as a short, slightly potbellied fellow with dark hair. This shatters his belief in the sanctity of Nazism. He starts to see it as an extremist but fallible movement that has lasted beyond its time. He realizes that Hitler himself had a female companion whom he finds very attractive.

After reading a book given to him by his German host he starts reasoning. “I am a man who understands that while armed insurgence against Germany must be unsuccessful, there is another insurgence that must be successful… The rebellion of incredulity (pg 6). Your domain is placed together on the mentality side of it by Hitlerism.

If that happens to go, if the citizens no longer trust Hitler is supernatural being, you have nobody left but the military men. And the only thing that can do is but kill people. You can not make the people to re-trust if they do not want to.

And in the very end, no matter how many citizens you kill, so long as there are a number of them to persist, the uncertainty will continue to grow. And you can’t ever kill all the unbelievers, because, though you can search a man’s pockets or his house, you can’t search his mind” 1937.

The similarity of Hitler’s cult as displayed in the book to Christianity as we know it is hard to miss. The belief that he was born of thunder and he shall return when the last heathen man is converted is undebatably comparable to Christ’s second coming.

“And I believe that when all things are accomplished and when the last heathen man is enlisted in His Holly Army, that Adolf Hitler will come again in his martial glory to the sound of guns and aeroplanes, to the sound of trumpets and drums ” (pg 6).

Such sentiments and thinly veiled comparisons to established religions are often enough to scare parents, religious leaders and government into banning utopian literature. Some may argue that it encourages the youth to rebel from religion and even imply that the devil himself is behind the inspiration of the authors.

What the older generation seems not to understand is that it gives the youth a chances to consolidate their opinions and beliefs by doubting them. It’s hard to ignore the feminist theme explored in the book.

The author seeks to exaggerate the masculine-supremacy rhetoric of the Nazis, perhaps in an attempt to draw attention to the patriarchal nature of the society at that time. She writes of fundamental immutable laws of the Hitler Society which in part stated

As a woman is above a worm

So is a man above a woman

As a woman is above a worm

So is a worm above a Christian” (Burdekin7)

This also brought to light Hitler’s anti-Christian sentiments. The men in the book are displayed as lazy and authoritarian. When women attend their regular brainwashing sessions they are required to stay as their rumps would defile the temple of the most High Hitler.

They are encouraged to despise to despise Christian and are remind that it’s punishable to even imagine of coming into contact with them. A role reversal is displayed in boys being encouraged to keep long hair while women are required to be close shaved. Homosexuality is rampant and boys are treated as objects of desire. The role of boys of boys in Hitler is disturbingly similar to the altar boys in Roman Catholic worship.

The theme of education comes in connected with that of religion. Books that do not preach Hitler supremacy are banned and the SS is charged with the role of persecuting anyone who professes to anything but the Hitler Supremacy faith. This is meant to draw attention to the dangers of entrusting education to one entity such as the government.

The Hitler Worshipers lock women up only allowing them to venture out for brain washing sessions. The culture of banning controversial literature comes under criticism as the Nazi regime does anything possible to ensure that historical literature is destroyed.

It is fascinating how such a regime is threatened by a mere picture or a book. The book ends with Alfred being killed by the SS after it comes to their knowledge that he has discovered the truth.

The book ends with a theme of hope as Alfred passes on the secret to his son before his death. He hopes that the truth will spread and would one day lead to a revolution. The book successfully displays a regime built on nothing but lies and propaganda.

Burdenkin seems to be in favor of separation of the church, the government and the education system arguing that entrusting to one entity is tantamount to brainwashing. This book like other dystopian literature ends with the establishment prevailing over the rebel.

Jean DuPrau’s Ember series is another fine example of utopian literature that explores human flaws in an imaginary setting. The first book in the series is set in an underground city that was built by engineers to ensure the survival of the human should any happen on the surface. The city is supposedly self-contained as it is stocked with all the necessary resources and the power from an inbuilt generator.

The city’s builders are aware that the city can not sustain itself for more than 200 hundred years. They reason that this is a relatively safe period after which the residents can venture out to check on the humans above the surface. To ensure the eventual departure from the city, the engineers leave a list of encoded instructions in a box that is designed to open after 200 years.

The box is entrusted in the Mayor’s care and a tradition of passing it from one Mayor to the next is established. The box is passed in accordance to the culture but apparently the knowledge of its significance is not. One Mayor removes it from its rightful place and attempts to open it forty seven years before the designated time.

The Mayor’s attempt is unsuccessful and he unfortunately dies before returning the box to its nook. The box is somehow forgotten and the writer fast forwards the plot to 247 years after the opening of the city.

The resources are running out and the generator’s condition is deteriorating as it has outlived its designed lifetime. The city is plagued by frequent blackouts tht last longer each time. The city depends on generator for lighting that is especially important since the city relies on artificial light to run its greenhouses. The produce from the greenhouses supplemented with canned foods make up the residents’ diet. The canned food supply starts running out which raises the anxiety and desperation of the people.

During one of the graduation ceremonies at the city , two graduates are assigned roles they are dissatisfied with. Lina is made a Pipeworks Labourer while another graduate named Doon is made a Messenger.

The two agree to exchange their professions. Lina accidentally discovers the lost Mayor’s metal box which has already automatically unlocked as it was set to do in the 200th year. She is however unable to decipher the message since part of it has been destroyed.

She seeks Doon’s help and they gradually realize the paper contains instructions on how to leave the city. They resolve to follow the clues and leave the city but they have to use wit to do it without the knowledge of the people in power.

In the course of their journey they realize that the Mayor had been hording possessions and supplies while the rest of the city’s residents suffered from depravation. Their attempt to go public with the discovery puts them at loggerheads with the Mayor and his officials. They become fugitives as Poppy, Lina’s younger sister joins them in the expedition. They eventually reach the earth’s surface where they see the sky for the first time.

Perhaps too enchanted by the marvels of the world above the trio does not go back to the city. They however, tie the instructions to a rock and drop it back to the city where it is luckily discovered by Doon’s father.

The books title The City of Ember is most appropriate as it creates an image of a fire that is dying out. This is a metaphorical reference to the city’s unstable generator which flickers on and off like an ember. The main characters, Lina and Doon are teenagers who are dedicated to find a solution to the problems facing their city. This reinforces the books position as a young adult utopian fiction.

The author explores the theme of hope as the two relentlessly pursue their quest of finding a better future for their city. They are faced with numerous challenges as they expose the cities corrupt leadership. They are wanted by the city’s police which leaves them with no option but to find their way out of the city.

They have to negotiate a steep terrain in order to reach the world above which is made no easier by the presence of Lina’s toddler sister Poppy. Despite their youth, the two take practical steps to better their world.

Lina’s decision to take her younger sister along shows a sense of responsibility that is not common among teenagers of her age. The author may have meant to inspire today’s to take more responsibility in the world around and their families.

In the course of their journey to the world above the two discover that their parents had unsuccessfully embarked on a similar (Reber 28). Fate and destiny seems to have brought them back together which encourages them not to relent. They also wonder how the instructions ended up in their hands and not the hands of a mayor as the builders of the city had intended.

The fragility and unpredictability of human plans comes to attention. The very idea of the city itself and the survival of its residents depend on the contents of the box which are so mishandled to the point of being chewed by Poppy.

The author also criticizes the act of passing down of meaningless culture and rituals. The reason behind every culture or legacy should be well understood to those are expected to carry it forward.

The consequences of entrusting people with a culture that they don’t understand are displayed by the mayor’s carelessness when handling the box. Had the mayor understood its significance he would not have misplaced it which would have saved the people of the town a lot of unnecessary miserly.

Human greed and folly is evident in the current Mayor who stacks up light bulbs and supplies for himself. The mayor who is supposed to be a servant of the people is too selfish to notice that the bulbs will be useless when the generator finally collapses. Like all the greedy leaders he tries to use the police to silence Lina and Doon when they uncover his selfish scheme (DuPrau 26).

The plot shows the dangers faced by a people who are not adequately aware of their history as they can not predict their future. The people of the city believe that the builders built the city from nothing. They live in absolute ignorance of the world above them and therefore subject themselves to unnecessary suffering (Crossley 200).

The dangers of ignorance come to light as Lina, Doon and Poppy emerge from their world at night. They become very disappointed thinking that the generator of this world is exhausted too. However they still find the open sky and fresh air very appealing. There are overjoyed in the morning when the sun comes up reinforcing the theme of hope.

The three books show just why it makes no sense to ban utopian and dystopian literature. Readers who are old enough to understand a metaphor should be allowed to read as many ideas as they can. Parents who impose such limitations to their children limit their exposure to the harsh realities of the world. They deny them a chance of strengthening their opinions by exposing them to extreme hypothetical situations (James 56).

Discussion

Examining the manner the diverse authors have explored the diverse aspects of utopia and dystopia, it would be instrumental to argue that gender issues such as male chauvinism and feminity are given a broader consideration. This can be allied to the fact that the major forces that determine the social ties are linked to the two.

Therefore, the world of utopia as is presented in some of the narratives presents a candid picture of the world. In regard to the scope of science fiction and gender aspects both utopia and dystopia explores deeper elements the gender. This as is presented involves acts of heroism, and is well articulated in the young adult literature so as to make them visualize a society that calls for heroes.

Young adult literature examines diverse and in sometimes conflicting aspects of the society. As is presented in the examined books it is evident that the use of science to reflect on two aspects of the world is instrumental.

Considering the effect of the texture and the tone of the authors of such works as “The House of the Scorpion”, Swastika Night, The City of Ember the most outstanding features evolves within the axis of scope of creating alliances and forging identifications.

This illustrates why the authors of these books captures the mind of the young adults by exploring hope as well as sexuality which in end dwells on the borders of determining hero and heroine in both context of utopia and dystopia. Therefore, examining the elements of gender the novels engages the young readers to understand the significance of hope, sacrifice and unity in regard to such aspects as masculinity and feminism.

In contrast to adult literature, young adult literature provides dynamic approach to the way the young readers perceive the world. In regard to gender, girls are presented in a more open and resourceful context, While the boys are also competitive. However, in both instances the young readers are introduced to where in both the utopian and dystopian world the little protagonists are able to overcome unique challenges.

Therefore, exploring the dynamics of both utopia and dystopia gender is forged as an instrument of transition where in both cases the young adult is mostly viewed as the utopia in dystopia narrative. And this illustrates why the discussed authors have overcome the elements of hopelessness and generated a scenario where male supremacy or feminism is played out strongly.

Looking at the concept being examined young adult readers experience utopia or dystopia in home. But the radical thing is the essence of gender is illustrated by the way the young readers as well as the authors perceive the context of the aspects with caution. It is therefore apposite to argue that a rhetorical system is employed in the young adult literature.

The significance of exploring gender aspects shows how the authors inject elements of responsibility to both male and female. However, the role and projections of both young boys and girls is presented in simple and involving manner. Perhaps this explains why the elements of the dystopian society are illustrated as acts of restricting the growth of the human civilization.

Therefore, in the explored narratives the works offers thematic conventions which involve detailed and explicit studies. Too, the novels entail decisive pedagogical implications that compel the young readers to grapple with queries of a perfect society or the extreme imperfect communal organizations as well as their definite autonomy.

Both utopia and dystopia literature explores the romanticized elements of gender in young adult novels. The concept is commonly employed to create the key message in both genres.

Equally this approach established dynamic relationship between the young reader and the author. And that is why the greater features employed in exploring gender in the novels rests within using distinct sexuality and personality to seek identity and place in the society.

Works Cited

Bleiler, Everett. The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta,2000

Burdekin, Katharine. Swastika Night. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1985

Crossley, Robert. Dystopian Nights. Routledge, 2009.

DuPrau, Jeanne. The City of Ember . New York: Yearling, 2008

Farmer, Nancy. The House of the Scorpion . New York: Simon Pulse, 2004

Hintz, Carrie and Elaine Ostry. Utopian and Dystopian . NY: Routledge, 2003.

James, Kathryn. Death, Gender and Sexuality . New York: Routledge, 2009.

Nikolajeva, Maria. Literature for Young Readers. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Patai, Daphne. Foreword.New York: The Feminist Press, 1993

Reber, Lauren L. Dystopian Literature Brigham Young University, 2005

Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England

Synopsis

The literature under consideration is a review of the book Utopia authored by the famous Sir Saint Thomas More in which he presents to his audience an illustration of a politically and socially egalitarian culture. In this essay titled “Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society”, authors W. B. Gerard and Eric Sterling study the comparison presented by More in relation to the idealistic Utopian society and the monarchial English society of the then-contemporary Tudor England. They state that although Sir Thomas More’s treatise was based on a fictitious nation named Utopia and the 16th-century English society under the rule of King Henry VIII, his visionary perceptions are still as significant as they were during his era. Utopia is an unconventional amalgam of genres. It is an illustration of implausible travelogue, philosophical expanse, the satire of the then existent English social order, and most importantly a visualization of an idyllic and egalitarian society. More uses the speech of Raphael Hythloday’s in Book I to refer to the tribulations that encompass the English society, and in Book II, he highlights the Utopian culture and put side by side the political beliefs and social commandments of Utopia and that of England.

Is the title clear?

The article under consideration is titled “Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society”. The clarity of the title is quite evident as a reader gets an idea about the forthcoming matter of discussion in the exposition just by looking at the title of the dissertation. The article is based on Sir Saint Thomas More’s famous book Utopia. It deals with the evils of the monarchial rule in 16th century England under the regime of King Henry VIII and observes the comparison with the idealistic and communal Utopian society brought forth by the author. Thus, the subject of discussion is well represented by the one-liner heading.

What is the research question/thesis?

The matter of observance in this article is Sir Thomas More’s futurist perception of the social issues faced by the people in any existent culture or civilization. His fascinating endeavor to compare the tribulations in the English society with a fictitious nation named Utopia possessing an idealistic, egalitarian culture brings forth his concerns about these issues. The paper under contemplation highlights these concerns by reflecting on the juxtapositions presented in the book it reviews. It also brings out how relevant and reverberant Sir Thomas More’s ideas, perceptions, and thoughts are in even today’s contemporary 21st-century society.

What is the focus? Is the focus clear?

The article titled “Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society” does justice to the name it has adapted. The focus of the paper is primarily on the Utopian political and social framework, which brings out the perfection desired by the affiliates of any society. It contrasts these romantic features of the Utopian social order with the realistic evils and harms of the 16th century monarchial English society.

The focus of the article becomes clearer to the reader as he proceeds through the article and encounters actual comparisons between the Utopian and English societies. The reader identifies the troubles experienced by the poor of the 16th century English civilization and understands the idealistic view of the author by referring to the Utopian scheme of things.

Is the line of argumentation clear?

The authors of this article make an effort to bring out the reality, which was experienced by people of the English society under the command of King Henry VIII. The vast social gap between the rich, the poor is evidently brought out by citing examples from Sir Thomas More’s book called Utopia and constructing a well-developed discussion out of them. The realism in the issues discussed is augmented when contrasted with the egalitarian political and social structures of the fictitious Utopia. The level of reasoning presented by the authors of this article as well as that of Sir Thomas More makes the line of argumentation as it brings out the reality methodically.

Are paragraphs coherent, unified, and well developed?

The article is logically ordered and a well-developed dialogue is presented to the user. The authors make a transparent attempt to unify the parts of the discussion to bring out the quintessence of the article. However, I feel that the authors would have done more justice to this particularly well-written article had the introductory paragraph would have been more elucidating. Following is my effort to introduce the article.

Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, fascinating and unconventional literature, is an illustration of implausible travelogue, philosophical expanse, a satire of the then existent English social order, and most importantly a visualization of an idyllic and egalitarian society. More, having the first-hand experience in administrative operations, observed the shortcomings of the society with a keen eye and close proximity. With reference to his vision, this study focuses on the framework applied to the political and social dynamics of the 16th-century English society in contrast to the fictitious, idealistic, and egalitarian Utopian culture. Utopia represents a standard of idealism against which the realism involved the 16th century English culture is measured. More utilizes the voice of Raphael Hythloday to deal with the tribulations faced by the English society in Book I while in Book II he concentrates on bringing forth the comparison between the Utopian epitome of idealism and the real political and social philosophy of then-contemporary England. By putting side-by-side Utopian and English cultures, this study reflects on More’s structure. In particular, More’s contemplation of the Utopian scheme of things in terms of economic, political, and international affairs is reflected in this article. The essentiality of More’s visionary insight continues to prevail until this day.

Are sentences linked in an original way?

Technically, the authors have demonstrated excellent skills in their writing style. The link between sentences is plain and obvious. They are logically derived from sources originating in Sir Thomas’s book Utopia and perfectly analyze the content. However, as is the case with any literary document, it comes up with a few shortcomings, which too are dependent on the person reading the document. In some cases, I found that the links between the sentences could be made much more profound. In some cases after a sentence ends the reader is left guessing. This could have been done away with a few more explanations or else the subject should not have been mentioned. For example, on page 79, the article quotes, “Every person (and this includes women as well as men) learns a second trade, besides agriculture” (More, 1516/1992, pp. 36–37). In fact, the treatment of women in Utopia and in England parallels the treatment of the poor in these societies.” Here a disparity is found due to a mention of the second trade. In the following sentence, there is no effort to explain the relevance of the second trade, which confuses the reader to a certain extent.

Are sentences varied in length and complexity?

Sentences throughout most of the treatise are considerably long and the extensive use of punctuations increases the complexity of the sentences to a certain degree. For example, in the following sentence, the overuse of commas and semicolons makes it complex.

“The administration of justice is adapted for a host of factors rather than relying on the application of a basic, catch-all definition of a crime; this, in combination with the lack of a potentially tainting precedent, seems to guarantee the most appropriate punishment for each individual crime.” (Gerard, 75-89)

Nevertheless, the reader also encounters shorts sentences, which are quite easy to decipher as effortlessly understood. For example, “Representational government in Utopia is equally straightforward. Every year a syphogrant is elected by every 30 households.” (Gerard, 75-89)

Is the amount of detail sufficient?

The authors demonstrate a good understanding of the literature they review as their analysis provides sufficient amount of detail. For example, in the case of explaining the status of women in the society they explain how the women’s involvement in the Utopian workforce increases their status in the society. Why women in English societies are treated as second-class citizen is also explained aptly by referring to other relevant studies and analyzing the context to bring out the essence of the discussion.

How is the article organized? Is it well organized?

The article is extremely well organized. It first introduces the topic, clarifies More’s perception on various issues and then provides its own analysis relating to a certain context based on their own understanding as well as references to other relevant issues. This approach brings out a coherent, logical and ordered discussion, which makes sense to the reader.

How are sources quoted and documented? Is it acceptable?

Throughout the text, the reader encounters various excerpts from the book, which it reviews. It provides a reference for the analysis it provides and helps the reader relate to it. Also, while analyzing a certain context authors make extensive referrals to various other works by different authors and cite their sources properly. This helps establish a sense of validity of their argument, which is completely acceptable.

Work Cited

Gerard, W B & Eric Sterling; Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society; Contemporary Justice Review; Vol. 8, No. 1, 2005, pp. 75–89; (Taylor & Francis Group Ltd)

“The Best State of a Republic and the New Island Utopia” by Sir Thomas Moore

Introduction

Utopia refers to an ideal, flawless society or state. The word is derived from a book written in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Moore. The book titled “The Best State of a Republic and the New Island Utopia” described a fictional island based in the Atlantic which seemed to have an almost perfect social, political and legal set up. This is something that has never been witnessed in the actual world. Utopia’s foundations are in the Plato’s Republic where there is a very beautiful society that has a pacific attitude and all forms of social, political, and economic equality. In the utopian society depicted by both Moore and Plato, there are no social evils and the society is free from misery and poverty. The society has no laws because there are no evils that would warrant the use of laws. This utopian society has no lawyers neither does it go into war with other societies. There is religious tolerance and all forms of freedom. The society does not have monetary units, there are no taxes paid and there is communal ownership of property (Moore 8). No person is richer than another in this society, which appears to be an imaginary society that cannot exist in the real world. People usually link utopia to systems that are working properly though not as perfect as the one depicted by Moore. These systems could be the economy, a nation or even a social system. The area that commonly applies the utopian standard is the economics.

Economic Utopia

Most communities have been trying to create economic utopia. This attempt gained credence in the 19th century especially in times of economic crisis. The development of capitalism and commercialization concepts gave rise to a variety of utopian ideas. This is because the two concepts disrupted the society very much leading to inclination towards utopian socialism that emphasized on an egalitarian society that had no money. The egalitarian society would also have people working for the common good and not for individual gain and goods would be distributed equally among people. This form of socialism, advocated by Edward Bellamy in his book looking backwards, received harsh criticism from William Morris and Karl Marx because of its high levels of bureaucracy (Sullivan 34). These two argued in favor of libertarian utopia that would ensure that bureaucracies were removed in socialistic movements. They also called for certain levels of individualism, thus advocating for individual utopia. In the modern setting that is being controlled by globalization and its influences, there have been attempts to create capitalist utopia focusing on free market economy.

The utopian idea presupposes that there should be private enterprises and individual efforts without the use of force or coercion. For this utopian free market economy to be achieved, the governments would be charged with the responsibility of creating opportunities for the individuals and the whole society to achieve and advance. This is contrary to Moore’s and Plato’s utopia which did not have the provision for individual achievement and progress. The big problem with capitalistic utopia is that there is no provision for cases of market failure. This was the same problem with the socialistic utopia created by Moore and Plato, because theirs did not provide for cases of planning failure. This means that any economic utopia must have a blend of socialism and capitalism because planning and free markets are capable of creating ideal economies the have near perfection in performance. However, no real economy has ever reached a point of having small enterprises operating under free market economic models because this would only work in societies that are classless.

Importance of the Moore Story on Utopia

Questions have emerged on the motives that Thomas Moore had while writing the story on the utopian island. This is because some of the ideals in the island seem to be opposite of what he believed. The utopian values condoned euthanasia, divorce, female priests and marriage for priests. These are things that Moore, a staunch Catholic was against. Analysts claim that the story was an attack on the social, political and economic systems of the 16th century that were divisive and humiliating. Moore was very much against the religious intolerance that existed during his time especially the persecution of Heretics and the Protestants. That is why the utopians used to recite the below prayer every day.

“If they are mistaken, and if there is either a better government, or a religion more acceptable to God, they implore His goodness to let them know it.” (Moore 29).

The utopian island had a strange communal lifestyle that one does not expect to be encouraged by a person like Moore who was a rich landowner. However, the most probable motivation for encouraging such a communistic style of life was the Spanish conquest of America, where the Europeans came back with stories of near perfect communistic lifestyle of the people of the Inca Empire of Peru. Moore was advocating for simple uncomplicated societies that were free from enslaving complexities like religious intolerance, social classes, and economic inequalities. The utopian literature was therefore a criticism of the European society that had enslaving and rigid concepts which denied human beings a chance to live perfect lives. Moore distanced himself from the story he was telling about an imaginary place by creating an imaginary character called Raphael. The use of the name Raphael in this work is symbolic because in the bible, Raphael means Gods healing. This may imply that the story has a healing effect on the public by opening the readers to the truth that had been hidden from them for ages. The story on the island of utopia therefore serves to illustrate that perfection and happiness in life can only be achieved if human beings got rid of all the complexities that they have put in their lives. Human beings are bound by things that they themselves have made. They make laws that trap them. They created money, which given rise to social and economic inequalities. This has led to crimes which necessitate the use of laws that end up tying the people who made them. All these scenarios create complications that deny the human beings a chance to be happy. Moore asserts that humans can only be happy in a utopian society that is free of evil, free of inequalities, prejudice and laws.

The utopian ideas expressed by Moore may have been criticized during his time, but more than 300 years later, Karl Marx re emphasized most of these ideas in his communistic views. It is important to note that the communistic vies expressed by Marx and Moore are akin to the communistic views held in the bible, in the book Acts chapter two verse forty four to forty five (Acts 2;44-45).

“They all had a belief that they were together, and had commonalities. They sold all what they owned, and shared the money with all the men, as it was needed to each. “

The biblical verse refers to the ancient Jerusalem church which is a microcosm of the entire society. Though the communism in utopia had elements of compulsion, the one depicted in the bible was voluntary. However, it is this kind of utopian society that existed in Jerusalem that shaped the views that this author had (Sullivan 89).

Conclusion

The story of the island of utopia is a satire on the complicated society that human beings live in. The author assert that, the more complicated the society becomes, the more problems it faces. The postulation here is that most of the problems that most of the problems that people face in the society are man made and they arise as people attempt to become complex and more sophisticated. According to Moore, human beings can make the world a perfect place if they embrace simplicity in their lives. This simplicity would bring soil, political, and economic equality. It would also create a society that I free of evil and a society where there are no worries or stresses. However, this kind of a society can hardly exist. It is an ideal society that does not address the realities on the ground. That is why the utopian island was just a figment of imagination, though the works of Moore has been carried over to many other applications where perfection is addressed. Therefore, achieving a political, social, religious and economic utopia is highly impossible, and Moore himself can assert that. The point he wanted to make is that, with utmost levels of simplicity, most of the problems that human beings face would disappear.

Works Cited

Moore, Thomas. Utopia. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2002.

Sullivan, Edward. The Utopian Vision: Seven Essays on the Quincentennial of Sir Thomas More San Diego: State University Press. 1983.

Comparison of Ideas Thomas More’s ‘Utopia’ and Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’

Thomas More’s “Utopia” and Machiavelli’s “The Prince” ideas differ on various subjects. They suggest different kinds of societies that would be ideal for people. While The Prince emphasizes power, its acquisition and maintenance, Utopia leans more on a communal society where no one owns anything. A question that one can ask himself is one that considers the effects of the two different philosophies recommended considering the political, economic and social wellbeing of society.

The Prince has suggested several guidelines for modern states. The main thesis in this book is that the end justifies the means. In this regard, power is the center point of any leadership. The use of force to perpetuate power is more important than the rule of law. A strong defense and military system is therefore recommended. This is a good idea considering some factors. First, Citizens of any country need to take pride in their country and believe that their country has the capacity to defend itself and enhance its interests. Secondly, military strength and aggression would protect and increase a country’s resources in conquered lands. This will reduce the tax burden on citizens besides providing resources for the government to provide essential services and improve the quality of life of its citizens. History has shown that not a single kingdom has been able to stand without a strong military. Even in the modern world, countries are strengthening their military capacity on a daily basis. (Machiavelli, 1515, p.110)

When it comes to ethics, he suggests that the prince should only be concerned with actions that are beneficial to a leader and ones that promote the well-being of his state. Every country has people of diverse backgrounds and opinions. These are people who may not even have all information on some issues. At the end of the day, however, a leader needs to make decisions that may contradict some good virtues. He does not need to be virtuous but may need to appear so. Citizens of any state judge their leaders on perceptions rather than on reality. It is only a leader who does not strive to please everyone and makes difficult but informed choices that will automatically contradict some values he holds who can provide effective leadership and command trust from citizens. (Machiavelli, 1515, p.110)

Machiavelli emphasizes the importance of a leader to guard about being over-generous to his citizens. Being over-generous to citizens has some obvious drawbacks. Such kind of a leader is likely to feed on people’s praise of him which is a foolish kind of leadership. Resources will also be strained raising taxes in the process thus overburdening citizens. As may arise in many cases, this kind of generosity may reduce attracting resentment from citizens. (Machiavelli, 1515, p.112)

A leader who is feared more than loved is likely to be more efficient in running a state. This is especially important in the military ranks. Military persons who do not fear their leader are likely to revolt against him with a possibility of overthrowing their leader as it has happened in several countries around the world. Military traditions in many countries that allow things like a parade inspection are among the methods employed to promote a leader’s command over military forces. Likewise, important government officials need to fear their leaders; this will ensure that they carry out government decisions dedicatedly. This could be the only way to ensure that government policy is implemented at all ranks and levels. What’s more? A government that fears its leader is a government that is unified on all issues. However, leaders need to take care so that this fear they command is not transformed to hate. They should also not interfere in people’s property or affairs without cause. (Machiavelli, 1515, p.120)

Among qualities suggested by people around the world for their leaders is that their leader should be someone who keeps his/her word. This quality is recommended in the Prince. Since people will judge their leader by what they perceive of him/her, it is important for a leader to create an illusion of keeping his word. This should apply unless it is very necessary for a leader to do otherwise. Keeping your word as a leader will attract trust from citizens. Moreover, this virtue is likely to extend to other government officials and citizens. (Machiavelli, 1515, p.121)

More’s book suggests an ideal society where every person works hard. Labour is a way of promoting national cohesion and no one has any excuse for being idle. Such a society is likely to be very productive boosting a state’s economy. Social ills like theft are also eliminated in such an arrangement. Allowing people to own private property promotes hard work, provides employment and encourages creativity. (More, 1852, p. 126)

Utopia on the other hand is based on principles aimed at eliminating poverty in an ideal society. The primary principle is that no one owns anything and therefore no one lacks anything. All resources and wealth are nationally owned. Shortages are thus eliminated since almost anything does not have value. (More, 1852, p. 126)

“In other ‘republics’ practically everyone knows that, if he doesn’t look out for himself, he’ll starve to death, however prosperous his country may be. He’s therefore compelled to give his own interests priority over those of the public; that is, of other people. But in Utopia, where everything’s under public ownership, no one has any fear of going short, as long as the public storehouses are full. Everyone gets a fair share, so there are never any poor men or beggars. Nobody owns anything, but everyone is rich – for what greater wealth can there be than cheerfulness, peace of mind, and freedom from anxiety? What greater wealth can there be than cheerfulness, peace of mind, and freedom from anxiety?” (More, 1852, p. 128)

Evils witnessed in the capitalist world like greed are thus eliminated. Everyone has a responsibility for every other person. Misery and suffering of citizens under the burden of a few individuals who control most of the national resources are also eliminated. This can be a happy and caring society that takes care of everyone.

One of the key principles of utopia is the principle of universal labor. “Under this arrangement, all people with exceptions of a few like scholars must work and enjoy goods produced from communal labor”. (More, 1852, p. 130) However, Utopian religion and ethics encourage a good life free from labor and spent on entertainment. This can check against greed and promote the general health and the wellbeing of citizens. Instances, where people break their backs at the expense of more pressing issues like family, is therefore greatly minimized.

One is encouraged to be moderate while seeking social pleasures. These pleasures should not interfere with the pleasures of other people. No one is forced to follow a certain religion or impose his beliefs on others. This ensures that people enjoy their freedoms without interfering with the freedoms of others hence promoting people’s rights. Evils witnessed where millions of people have been killed or discriminated against because of their faiths are thus eliminated. Among principles suggested is that the highest form of pleasure is achieved when one sacrifices his pleasures for the sake of others’ happiness would promote selflessness. This should be displayed at the government level where leadership is entirely based on serving the needs of the society to society members who care for each other. (More, 1852, p. 140)

In Utopia, the family is viewed very differently from how we know it to be. It is organized to meet the needs of the state. “For example, a child who prefers to be a woodworker would be moved to a woodworker family”. (More, 1852, p.154) While a wife joins her husband’s household, males remain in their family under the guard of their oldest male relative. One advantage of this arrangement is that it would promote unity in society since relations are not entirely based on blood. Emphasis on a family creates a good grassroots structure for implementing government policy. Order, discipline and promotion of talent are also enhanced considering the existing hierarchy of command and specialization of labor under specific families.

Conclusion

Looking at our current world one is likely to note an intermingling of both Utopian and The Prince ideas. I am even perplexed at how two different ideologies that appear too divergent on specific issues have intermingled. Looking at American society, for example, it is a society that encourages democracy and human rights based on capitalism. It is also a tolerant society that silently encourages pleasure and entertainment as long as these pleasures do not interfere with other people’s pleasures. These are both Utopian and Machiavelli’s ideas. While our society is capitalist, we are now recommending and implementing programs that are more communal. This includes suggested health programs by the government that would provide health services for Every American. We may merge more of these two ideas including others as we head towards globalization and as we face new challenges.

References List

Machiavelli, N. (1515). The Prince, pp.01-194.

More, T. (1852).Utopia, Planet PDF, pp.01-183.

American Revolution Rise: Utopian Views

Introduction

American history witnessed the rise of liberty and democracy among the population of the United States. At the same time, it is the history of oppression, racism, and exploitation. This presumption allows us to consider slavery as the main paradox in the United States, as it contradicted the concepts of freedom and liberation promised by the governmental declaration of independence. This doctrine became the hope for the United Colonies to be free from British governance. American immigrants were in the anticipation of a better life, job, and attitude. The rise of the American Revolution triggered the formation of utopian ideals in terms of liberation, work, and race; however, these concepts were not supported in practice so that the dream for the united homeland was broken against governmental negligence and social cynicism.

Utopian views on the liberation

The revolution infused the hope for the liberation of the United States using consolidation and cooperation within the country. People believed that the government would destroy slavery and exploitation instead of giving priority to human dignity and freedom. The government was isolated from the social needs, as it reflects only the purposes of several privilege layers. Being in the state of natural liberty, people still felt the vestiges of the colonial past. Therefore, the problem is that “the dedication to human liberty and dignity exhibited by the leaders of the American Revolution” was impossible because American society “…developed and maintained a system of labor that denied human liberty and dignity every hour of the day” (Morgan 6). The only hope for liberation was independence, especially for those who strived for reconciliation and consolidation. These aspirations were rigorously rejected by the government because of the inability of moral virtue to govern the world. In this respect, the concerns of populations with their utopian ideals of liberty were increasing simultaneously with an increasing desire of the government to take control over the former colonies.

Utopian ideals of work

The utopian views on freedom were transferred to the views on the place of ethnic minorities within the American society and their right to work. Still, the American Revolution gave hope for the better for people striving to stop the suppression and excessive exploitation. It also provided people with a new vision of freedom or equality of rights. Being inspired by the changes, people started creating utopian communities directed at the extermination of inequality toward national minorities. Jobs were granted to former slaves in the form of compulsory labor (Morgan 8). This ‘imaginary’ freedom of choice was spread on suppressed minorities, as it was determined by the previous stereotypes built by the government. According to Paine, the problem lied in the corruptness of the government since “if people suffer, they know the head from which their suffering springs, know likewise the remedy, and are not bewildered by a variety of causes and cures” (7).

Relation of the race to the development of Utopian concepts

When referring to the racial issues, one could not avoid the problem of slavery that “the revolutionary generation failed the test of their hopes more deeply than on any other” (Fraser 24). Initially, the revolutionary actions seemed to be promising for the minority groups believing that the margins of society will become equal with the dominating white race. African Americans, therefore, hoped to be freed thus building utopian images of an equal country. The Declaration of Independence adopted by Thomas Jefferson, a “slaveholding spokesman of freedom”, also distorted this vision of the fate of the African people (Morgan 8). This doctrine proved the corruptness of the government whose views contradicted reality. In particular: “Jefferson’s pronouncements in favor of republican liberty and his complicity in denying the benefits of that liberty of blacks” advocated the assumption that society of that time was reduced to hypocrisy (Morgan 9).

The colonial past of British North America, constant suppression and exploitation of African Americans propelled the society to create the communities that would have protected them from the negative political and economical environment. The development of utopian ideals granted people more hope for the establishment of a fair government that could protect the rights and freedom of each person irrespective of race. Hence, people believed that liberation from slavery and tyrannical attitude would ensure them with a normal level of life so that everyone could have a diligent job. This concept, therefore, commits these three pillars of human welfare – liberty, work, and race – to the idealization of the revolution and the doctrine of independence.

Conclusion

No doubt, the issue of race predetermined the social and cultural welfare of a person, since the notion of liberty was spread over the white people only; race thus was a social phenomenon created by cynicism. The sense of whiteness was the main requirement of prejudiced society who despised any display of equality on the part of the immigrants. Arising from what has been mentioned earlier, it is possible to assume that the rise of liberty and democracy was a false presentation imposed by the government. The hope for a better future cultivated by the American people was destroyed thus triggering the establishment of pseudo-Utopian views.

Works Cited

Fraser, James W. A history of hope: when Americans have dared to dream of a better future. US: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Morgan, Edmund S. Slavery and Freedom: American Paradox. Journal of American history. Vol. 59, no 1, pp. 5-29.

Paine, Thomas. Common sense. US: Capitol Net Inc, 1942.

Classical Utopian Thought: “Utopia” by Thomas More

Introduction

Near the ending of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century, Northern Europe confronted a strong force from Christian Humanism. The Catholic Churches were tackling abuses problems that were dealt with by this movement. In other words, avoidance and elimination of immorality from society were one of the major objectives of Christian Humanism. In this regard, one of the prominent activists was Thomas More who became a part of this movement with the help of Erasmus and John Colet.

One of the foremost texts of Thomas More is Utopia, which will be discussed in this paper with the evaluation of his thoughts related to Christian Humanism. In addition, the paper will try to understand the relationship of Utopia with the development of Classical Utopian thought, as well as, with the Christian Idealism that are some of the major themes of More’s text. (McGrath, pp. 23-25, 2001)

The true opinions of Thomas More

Utopia has signified the state of society during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In addition, situations when a man primarily conflicts with his age have been discussed in the text. However, several experts have interpreted the Utopia text of Thomas More in several variations, which have been based on political, social, educational, and cultural norms and values. Moreover, most of the experts have confronted enormous challenges at the time of understanding the true opinions of Thomas More, especially the society that has been represented by the writer. One of the complexities in Utopia is its style that is quite vague and sometimes, it does not go along with the rest of the text.

Furthermore, the reader becomes more complicated by the provision of even further paradoxes in the text. Especially, the themes of war and religion have been described in a very complicated and contradictory manner by More. However, Thomas More has been able to hypothesize several fundamental opinions regarding society as an expression of Christian Idealism. (Jones, pp. 63-67 2003)

The text of Utopia has presented the attitude of the writer in opposition to crime and punishment. Some of the subjects that have been dealt with by the writer are the expansions of the financial system of England, tribulations in the political affairs with law, and generally, with the ethics and assets of the Christian society. The themes of war and spiritual toleration are some of the subjects that have created enormous paradoxes in the text, as earlier mentioned in the paper.

This paper will try to analyze the apparent matters related to English society in the early sixteenth century while comparing it with the other insights of culture. Therefore, it is very important to describe a little bit about the writer, Thomas More with the relation of his text with the Classical Utopian thought, as it is very essential to understand the personality of the writer, to understand his expressions related to Christian Humanism. (Jacoby, pp. 70-72, 2007)

As mentioned above, the writer was a devoted scholar of the movement of Christian Humanism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. He took his education from the Oxford University while continuing his law studies in London city, which was an ambition of his parents. A large family fortune was the dream of his father, a successful lawyer, who wanted the writer to follow the path of his father. During his law studies in London, the Christian Humanism movement influenced him a lot and several historians have claimed that he even went for the Carthusian monastic life. In the year 1509, he was made under-Sherriff in London, the same year when he was teaching law in the same city.

As the result, he was able to observe and evaluate different cultures and values of life in London as an adviser, speaker, and professor. In the year 1516, he was sent to a mission for the improvement of political links with Flanders by Henry VIII and Wolsey. This period is taken as the beginning of Utopia, as a lot of free time was available to Thomas More during his mission of Flanders.

Family life was More has been very dynamic and the education of his four children was emphasized greatly by him. Interestingly, he also encouraged the female members of his family to take interest in education, which was not a usual practice in that era. Erasmus was a longtime friend of Thomas More who played a vital role in influencing the writer with the Christian Humanist movement. It has been observed that a lot of work of Erasmus played an encouraging role for Thomas More in writing Utopia and expressing the true Christian idealism through his writings. Moreover, most historians have considered the major role of Erasmus in supporting and persuading Thomas for his judgments and attitude against the social evils of society. (Jones, pp. 44-47, 2003)

Moreover, the brief expression of immediate conditions and incidents of Utopia is very important to understand the Utopia of Thomas More as a reflection of the Christian Humanist movement in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Utopia was written at different locations, as Thomas had to travel to different places during his mission. In this regard, he worked as an ambassador in the Netherlands, then he spent a major period of his life in London, and lastly, he played his role as a councilor for the Government of Henry VIII. Thus, all these periods and locations have influenced the writing of Utopia by Thomas More. In addition, the issues of society and the expression of the ideal society of Utopia have been discussed in Utopia by the presentation of the conversation of a writer with a character, Raphael Hythlodeaus. (More, pp. 88-91, 2005)

Furthermore, property and extravagance are some of the initial weaknesses that have been discussed and expressed in the text of Utopia and have played the role of a door opener for the discussion of other issues in it. In some of the texts of Utopia, the writer has expressed his opinions with the help of conversations that have considered the theme of getting justice based on the money factor, and not on the truth.

One of the major social evils of that century was the wealth and money that was considered as the only tool of acquiring power in the society. The writer has tried to present his opinion against this practice that has provided misery to thousands of people at that time. In other words, acquiring private property was something opposed by More in his text. He practically opposed this social evil by inviting friends to his house generously, as well as, allowing people to visit his home.

Reasons of opposition to Thomas More

However, one of the major reasons for arguing over private property was that society confronts several other problems due to it according to Thomas More. Several experts have related communism with More’s emphasis on private property. However, communism was not considered by More, and the unnecessary showing of wealth and extreme desire for property and money was something that was opposed by him. For instance, only five percent of London’s population was having more than eighty percent of the total wealth in the year 1522, which can provide that rest of the population was confronting poverty, which was greatly argued and opposed by the Christian Humanist movement, as well as, not acceptable in the Christian Idealism.

Secondly, Thomas More opposed the extravagance of society regarding clothes and food. An anecdotal expression was used by more to contemplate the issue of extravagance in the Utopia, as he regarded the precious stones as important due to the people, and not due to their value, which was not accepted by high classes of the society. For instance, he has taken the example of a sheep that used to wear fine clothes but never turned into something superior. Thus, he strictly criticized the higher classes of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries to avoid the superfluous spread of wealth by fashionable and expensive clothes.

Utopia has reflected the Christian Humanist movement by considering one of the key social and economic problems, greediness. During the 15th and 16th centuries, thousands of people were living under the line of poverty. One of the causes of poverty was the land enclosure that was criticized and opposed by More in his Utopia. In other words, the land enclosure was considered the reason for crime and illegal offenses due to the high rate of population and less availability of land in the society.

In addition, Thomas More expressed in Utopia that the poor were affected by the courts in various ways. However, the institutionalization of inequality was done by the law, which was considered the major problem by More. Furthermore, lawyers were criticized by More, which was once again an expression of the Christian Humanist movement. The complexity of the law, especially in London was condemned by More in his Utopia, as he believed that complexities resulted in more chances of crimes by poor people and criminals, and it was just increasing the ineffectiveness of the law. It is quite clear that the functioning of the legal system of England was not up to the standards of the complex law of the country, which resulted in the argument of More through Utopia. (More, pp. 50-5, 2005)

Finally, the war was significantly criticized by More and considered as the tool of providing suffering and illness to humanity, rather than any happiness. He expressed his opinions in the favor of Christian Idealism through presenting his ideas towards the discussions, rather than wars, which was condemned in Christianity. Fundamentally, religion was significantly discussed in Utopia. He expressed his opinion that different religions should be tolerated by each other.

In the Classical Utopian thoughts, a person is not allowed to attack any other religions bitterly. Thus, he greatly condemned the utilization of war tools, to oppose the different religions. In other words, toleration of religions was one of the major principles and beliefs of Thomas More that he has expressed through the Utopia. Lastly, it is believed that this paper will be useful material for a better understanding of Utopia by Thomas More.

References

Thomas More. (2005). Utopia. Cambridge University Press.

Tod E. Jones. (2003). The Broad Church. Lexington Books.

Alister E. McGrath. (2001). Christian Theology. Blackwell Publishing.

Russell Jacoby. (2007). Picture Imperfect: Utopian Thought for an Anti-Utopian Age. Columbia University Press.

Utopia Fantasia in the “Black Mirror” TV Show

Introduction

Traditionally, utopia has been characterised by the vision of an ideal society devoid of suffering and anguish (Townsend 24; Jameson 18). Philosophers have described this society by giving varied accounts of how the future should be (Townsend 28; Jameson 33). In other words, the proportion of fact to fantasy varies depending on who is asked. However, most researchers who describe utopia strive to advocate for certain universal ideals like justice, fairness, democracy, sharing earthly goods, and equality of the sexes (Petito and Mavelli 81; Utopianism – A Very Short Introduction 1).

Many people buy into Utopia because life has many challenges. For example, the average human being has several undesirable qualities. Some of them are simple, such as being a nuisance; however, in other cases, they border on outright evil, such as killing someone else. When realism is employed in utopian arguments, people who advocate for the concept express naivety because it is physically impossible to support the utopian view. Nonetheless, its ideals have enabled many people to take action and improve their lives. For example, early immigrants who came to America from different parts of the world were driven by utopian thoughts of fairness and equality.

Utopian ideals led to the development of the utopian theory. More is one of the first researchers to explore the concept in traditional media and stated that it is admired by several people around the world because they want an opportunity to escape from a reality characterised by undesirable elements (2). Therefore, people often watch several works of art because they draw from the experiences (Tower, Utopianism – A Very Short Introduction 76). The utopian theory has been linked to the gratification theory. Their relationship is supported by the fact that both of them draw on the agreement that human beings consume works of media to escape reality (Gündüz 1; Orwell 26). Furthermore, proponents of both theories acknowledge the stress and turmoil that characterise human life or reality (Gündüz 1; Orwell 26; Tower “The Three Faces of Utopianism Revisited” 1). Nonetheless, the utopian theory describes a mediated world which attracts people because of its disassociation from reality (Voltaire 26).

This paper demonstrates that the traditional concept of utopia has been replaced by a broadened version of the idea that encapsulates people’s desire to be accepted and perfected. This view is presented through an analysis of the television show, Black Mirror. It represents this evolution and depicts a society that has moved away from yearning for collective progress to pursuing individualised definitions of the same. Stated differently, this paper demonstrates how the concept of utopia has evolved from the quest for a virtuous and free life to the desire for people’s approval from the lens of an individualised life. The evidence appears below.

A Departure from Collectivism

The concept of utopia originated from a view of an ideal world that does not exist (Le Corbusier 77). According to Adams, the term later evolved to define a society that does not merge or align with the realities of human nature (147). Those who held this opinion said such a society was difficult to realise because it simply could not exist (Le Corbusier 37). Based on More’s book, Utopia emerges as a useful tool to invent the future and to imagine how a world in the Internet age would look like (17). By using the concept this way, people (or artistic works, such as the Black Mirror) are not only referring to a period of great human development but also suggesting new meanings to the concept. Instead of referring to the 500-year-old concept as an imagined world that is non-existent, the Black Mirror employs concept to help human beings transcend their contemporary dreams and look for new ways to navigate the uncertainty of modern times.

The television series is an interesting British analogy of the concept of utopia and how it has evolved over the years to define how the future may look like. The evolution of the utopian concept is partly manifested from the wild popularity of similar shows on televisions, which demonstrated a transition from an “interesting” society to a world dominated by social media and smartphones. Each episode of the Black Mirror is different, but they collectively express varied storylines carried by different protagonists. Similarly, a different theme is highlighted in each episode.

The Black Mirror does not focus on the positive aspects of life as would be expected of a typical utopian work of art because there is not much intrigue in it. Instead, most of the topics discussed are investigated from cynical or pessimistic points of view. However, there is little doubt that the show represents different aspects of our lives. Indeed, it is based on how people live their lives today. The storyline is also designed to show people how they could be living in the future if they are not careful or thoughtful in how they structure their lives.

By investigating how to combine scepticism with imagination, the Black Mirror redefines people’s perceptions of time. People’s realities and identities are also redefined in the same way. In other words, the alternative perspectives of reality presented in the show not only provide us with an opportunity to escape from our current problems but also a leeway to confront future challenges. Therefore, by taking our dreams seriously, we could borrow from the Black Mirror and confront future challenges that would affect our societies. This analysis sets the stage for the departure from collectivist views which characterised early views of utopia.

Role of Science in Forming Individualised Beliefs

A common theme in the evolution of utopian thought through the show, Black Mirror, is the growing prominence of science in defining the future. Although some observers may argue that the show is about the discipline, especially based on its focus on science fiction, it is not really about the field, but more about how it affects human lives. Science is evident through an understanding of how technology has evolved and affected human life. More importantly, the show depicts how technology could mutate, advance, and decline in ways that were never previously conceived. Here, it is interesting to note that technology changes, but human beings remain the same. In other words, people are the only constant variable in the conception of utopia. Their feelings, courage, fears and other emotions do not change because they define how they have conceived the concept of utopia throughout the years.

The involvement of science and technology in the conception of utopian thought is also described in how media and technology are changing the society. The cynicism and pessimism through which the Black Mirror presents the future draws our attention to the fact that the two elements of science rarely have a positive impact on human society. This is why the Black Mirror could be associated with an anthologised version of science fiction. Particularly, the series draws our attention to how the society relates to science, media, and technology. More importantly, from this understanding, people are able to understand the powerful influence of technology on human life in this sense because it allows them to create an identity for themselves. However, this identity is a form of prison in itself because it does not have space for empathy and truth. In other words, reality has been presented as an element that needs to be hidden to help people “get ahead” in life. This view of utopia demonstrates the shift from collective virtues to individualised ones. More importantly, it is a true reflection of human society in the 21st century.

In the first two episodes of the Black Mirror; most depictions of “reality” are borrowed from our collective behaviour as human beings in the 21st century. Concisely, the storylines extrapolate how the future could look like, bearing in mind the influences of media and technology in human life. Understandably, it is open for all to see the bleak future that the show portrays if people continue to neglect or ignore what is beautiful or pure about the nature of human collective consciousness. Based on this analysis, the television show is a dark reflection of human nature in a world of rapid technological development. More importantly, it gives us an opportunity to evaluate these dark scenarios through our emotional filters.

The link between science and utopia is not a new one. In other words, the Black Mirror expresses what other researchers, such as Havens, have said about the role of technology in shaping people’s understanding of utopia (243). Such researchers have always used technology to explain an imaginable future, which is characterised by peak human efficiency and robotic behaviour. Conversely, this representation suggests that technology would help to promote utopian living standards (McIntosh 327). For example, some researchers have argued that technological utopia could affect human nature and conditions (Petito and Mavelli 81). This view is advanced by the Black Mirror which shows that human nature has evolved with the advancement of technology. The aspiration for a “picture perfect life” is one of the ways through which human nature has changed because people are more concerned about the superficial aspects of living as opposed to the virtuous aspects of human life, which informed previous conceptions of utopian thought. Researchers have alluded to this transformation through texts that suggested that human behaviour, such as sleeping, eating and reproduction will change, within the limits of technology (Whitley 48).

There is an alternative way in which technology could be used to influence human life by striking a balance between what is possible (technologically) and the improvement of human life. This philosophy recognises that the failure to define the borders of human beings and technology could be detrimental to people’s progress. The use of new technology in developing better houses or cars is one example of how societies could use science to better human lives (in a good way). The view of the same concept through the Black Mirror, which shows how people could become detrimental to themselves by relying excessively on technology, has been supported by researchers, such as John Zerzan and Derrick Jensen, who say that technology deprives human beings of the autonomy they need to make collective decisions or to live life in a communal way (Gündüz 1). Stemming from this concern, they say that the industrial structures which tie human societies together need to be broken down for true freedom to be achieved.

Gaining an Individualised Identity

In the past, the utopian theory was marked by a spirited attempt by human societies to live in a just and fair society (Fourny 43). People yearned for the space to associate freely and to express their opinions without being victimised. Ideal societies were presented as those which offered their citizens an opportunity to live equitably and justly (Le Corbusier 10). However, according to the show Black Mirror, this notion of idealism has changed and been replaced by a quest by human beings to live a “picture-perfect” life, without any regard for whether it is helpful to other people, or not. The concept of utopia has evolved from a collective philosophy to an individualistic one. However, it is unfortunate that the evolution is coming at a huge cost to human cohesion and wellness because people are willing to trample on other people’s feelings and rights to get to the top. The sadistic portrayal of human life, as witnessed in the television series, Black Mirror, depicts this fact and it shows the extents that human beings could go to get to the top.

According to Black Mirror, people showcase their lived experiences through social media and by doing so, they gain an identity. Guided by this framework, people act as characters in the social arena of technological progress. The Internet is gaining increased prominence in this scene and in people’s lives in ways that overcome traditional forms of media. What people do on social media, regardless of its ramifications on the society is inherent in their nature. Indeed, issues like identity expression and experimentation are ingrained human traits that are exercised through social media as a communication platform. This space gives them an opportunity to present themselves to other people in ways that only they deem fit. Possibly, social media allows them to influence how other people would perceive them.

Comparative Analysis of the Ideal Theory and the Black Mirror

A comparative analysis of the ideal theory and the Black Mirror reveals that there are significant similarities between the two. One of them is that they both envision some improved version of human society (Claeys 71). Secondly, neither of the two strive to explicate the ideal or improved version of the society from the world. Additionally, they both attach some specific value to their imagined worlds. On one hand, the Black Mirror outlines an efficient society controlled by technology and human effectiveness, while the utopian theory conceives a world that is just and fair for all (Claeys 91). A key understanding that emerges from this analysis is that both representations of utopia provide a guiding framework for promoting human progress (Manuel 79).

Critics of the utopian theory could also be the same ones analysing the television show, Black Mirror, because their areas of contention are similar. For example, it could be argued that the two are unreachable fantasies (Ruitinga). Nonetheless, both the show and the theory present the view that the transition to an ideal world requires the conception of how it would look like in the first place (Marx and Engels 54). Nonetheless, there are varied opinions regarding the extent that the utopian theory and the Black Mirror overlap bearing in mind the fact that the show does not provide an explicit discussion of the relationship with the object.

Based on the above discussions, Black Mirror portrays a different understanding of utopia in the sense that it delimits the traditional comprehension of the same idea from conceptions of justice to a broader understanding of the factors affecting human existence, such as happiness, morality and freedom. Therefore, the evolution of the utopian concept provides an opportunity to apply it to other fields of analysis besides justice and fairness, which have been synonymously associated with it (Findlen 243). Broadly, this analysis shows that the conception of ideal theory had been a narrow one. The Black Mirror presents an alternative view where more could be done by the society to use utopia as a concept that achieves more than an ideal society. Stated differently, the views presented by the television show are a conceptual clarification of the concept. Here, what emerges from the past and present understanding of utopia is that they fully comply with conditions of social justice. The fulfilment of these conditions in the television show depicts it as largely utopian. The presentation of the same concept in inverse (dystopia) through the portrayal of a dark society, “ravaged” by technology also shows the other side of the concept. This is what emerges as a conceptual clarity of the idea because it allows people to see two sides of the same concept.

The Black Mirror depicts how a work of art, which has entertainment value could be used to describe utopian views. However, this is not a new analysis because entertainment (as a concept) is deemed by some people as being utopian in nature because it explains how some virtues of human life could be organised to create a better life for all (Adams 147). The integration of utopia in entertainment is also implicit because it depicts how the concept could provide an escape for people away from their realities. In other words, it helps conceive the idea of something better than the realities of daily living. Therefore, the utopian theory postulates that the consumption of media is akin to providing the people with a utopian solution to their lives. A key finding in the depiction of the concept of utopianism in the Black Mirror is the discontent with the world as it is. It is a symbolic depiction of an imagined environment that shields its inhabitants from the negative traits associated with realism.

Conclusion

The Black Mirror presents an interesting view of utopia because it shows how the world could look like in the next few years if people are clumsy and do not pay attention to the role of science and technology in influencing their daily operations. Particularly, it draws our attention to people’s need to pursue five-star ratings as seen in different episodes where characters were chasing near-perfect “Instagrammable” moments. The central idea behind this utopian view of the world is that people are busy chasing these perfect moments at the expense of honest interactions. Therefore, “reality” is suppressed through the television show because people would rather focus on the good or near perfect view of the world as opposed to the realities of it. The Black Mirror is a perfect outcrop of this world. Through this depiction of the human society, it establishes a departure from the traditional concept of utopia which was characterised by a world that was pristinely designed and with a lot of dreamy features like well-manicured lawns and beautiful colours. Instead, this idea has been substituted with another one of individualised goals where everyone is trying to get high ratings or approval from their peers.

Based on the television show Black Mirror, the future conception of utopia could see a convergence between media, education and the arts. The evolution of the Internet culture could be the pivot point from which such changes are to be witnessed. The need to share knowledge and work together is also at the centre of this reinvention because the Internet provides a platform to do this. Nonetheless, by implementing this idea, it is possible to see how people could be scared of new realities as envisaged in the television show. Although it shows the darkest side of our existence and its interaction with technology, it fails to explain that the future is shaped through interconnectivity, which is a positive attribute. However, with increased interconnectedness come complexity, uncertainty, and serendipity.

Broadly, the blend of science fiction, drama, and black comedy in the Black Mirror leaves no doubt as to how intelligently produced the television show was. Its originality and entertainment value breaks the monotony of how academicians depict the utopian theory because it eliminates the seriousness of the analysis, but still maintains the factuality needed in understanding how the concept has evolved over the years. The shift from a collective ideology of an ideal life to an individualised one is undeniable throughout the series and technology plays a central role in making this happen.

Works Cited

Adams, Mathew, “Rejecting the American Model: Peter Kropotkin’s Radical Communalism.” History of Political Thought, vol. 25, no. 1, 2014, pp. 147-173.

Claeys, Gregory. Searching for Utopia: The History of an Idea. Thames and Hudson, 2011.

Findlen, Paula. “Between Carnival and Lent. The Scientific Revolution at the Margins of Culture.” Configurations, vol. 6, no. 2, 1998, pp. 243-267.

Fourny, Diane. “Literature of Violence or Literature on Violence? The French Enlightenment on Trial.” SubStance, vol. 27, no. 2, 1998, pp. 43-60.

Gündüz, Ugur. “The Effect of Social Media on Identity Construction.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 8, no. 5, 2017, pp. 1-10.

Havens, Raymond. “Johnson’s Distrust of the Imagination.” ELH, vol. 10, no. 3, 1943, pp. 243-255.

Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Cornell University Press, 1981.

Le Corbusier. The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning. Translated by Frederick Etchells, Dover, 1987.

Manuel, Fritzie. Utopian Thought in the Western World. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1979.

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto (1848). Edited by David McLellan, Oxford University Press, 1992.

McIntosh, Carey. “Johnson’s Debate with Stoicism.” ELH, vol. 33, no. 3, 1966, pp. 327-336. More, Thomas. Utopia. Trajectory Inc, 2014.

Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. Penguin Books, 2006.

Petito, Fabio, and Luca Mavelli, editors. Towards a Postsecular International Politics: New. Forms of Community, Identity, and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Ruitinga, Volker, “.” EUR. Web.

Tower, Lyman Sargent. “The Three Faces of Utopianism Revisited.” Utopian Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, 1994, pp. 1-38.

Utopianism – A very Short Introduction. OUP, 2010.

Townsend, Anthony. Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.

Voltaire. Candide and other Stories (Oxford World’s Classics). Translated by Roger Pearson, Oxford University Press, 2006.

Whitley, Alvin. “The Comedy of Rasselas.” ELH, vol. 23, no.1, 1956, pp. 48-70.

The Before Sunrise Film: A Story of Utopian Love

Before Sunrise is a romantic drama film telling an offbeat story of utopian love. The movie captures a bond between two people that is almost perfect despite the pitfalls that surround relationships. It works fundamentally on two central mechanisms, realistic acting and an immense script that draws the audience towards the characters through their emotions and thoughts. The presentation connects viewers to the plot uniquely to relate it with their real-life scenarios. As such, the characters are free, and they play as if it were real life and not merely as protagonists. How the movie captures this kind of realism is utterly intriguing and is perhaps the truest life exhibition on screen. Ideally, romantic love is poignant primarily because it is an infinite emotion confined in a finite frame. The characters relate to the feeling with a sense of urgency as guided by time’s temporal limits.

The video primarily revolves around ideologies of self-discovery and fulfillment through romance. There is a deep longing for compassion and connection that enhances understanding between lovers. The film presents the mannerism of the spontaneous reaction of an individual in their environment. The script was written in a way that makes an observation about life and how emotions influence it. I can relate to the central theme through the lovely visuals alongside the upbeat. It explicitly portrays an energetic amorousness that blossoms endlessly for the movie’s whole time, further magnified by the chosen location. Before Sunrise focuses on characters who dictate the shortcomings of the narrative, making it even more pleasant to watch because of its authenticity. One would say that the film offers a means to exit the real world into a realm where love is the only satisfaction in the world.