Category: Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the development of urban areas. It involves population growth as well as physical development in such areas. Many global south countries like India, Brazil and Nigeria have high rates of urbanization than northern countries like England, Canada and Japan.

This can be attributed to the natural increase in population of these areas through birth or migration of people from rural areas to urban areas. Most of these countries are developing countries. They have potential for industrialization and people migrate from rural areas to urban areas to offer labor to the growing industries.

There is also rapid development of rural areas in these areas that transforms them into urban centers. On the other hand, in developed countries, there is little migration to urban areas due to decentralization of the countries economies. This gives the rural people favorable conditions to stay there. There is also reduced natural population increase through birth than in most of the southern countries.

People move to cities for various reasons. Cities provide employment opportunities to people because of the growth of industries that takes place in them. Most cities also offer people better social facilities and services like entertainment and health care. There are also better economic and market opportunities in cities than can be found in most rural areas of most countries.

People therefore migrate to cities so as to come closer to these opportunities and exploit them for improving their economic status and living standards (Knox, Marston & Nash, 2007). Most rural family farms also produce hardly enough to support their family members with the required food and other basic needs. As a result, some members of such families move to cities and work hard to earn extra income which they send back home to support the needs of their family members.

Most of the rural population in most countries depends on agricultural production in order to survive. Therefore, the importation of similar low priced food materials as those produced in these countries lead to general reduction in the crops prices. This leads to low benefit for the farmers. Such farmers in most cases abandon their farms and move to urban areas where they look for jobs mostly in the industrial areas. Population increase in rural areas is another factor that leads to rural- urban migrations.

Increasing population in most cities of the world comes with many problems associated with settlement, infrastructure, environmental issues and service delivery. The urban poor stay in slums where there are poor infrastructure especially housing and other associated services like electricity, running water, sewage system, and roads. To make these cities livable, some of these situations and services have to be improved. The cities of the world should address issues of urban planning, urban development and urban governance.

If these three aspects are well addressed in the cities, then they will be comfortable places to stay in. Urban planning should involve proper laying out of water distribution patterns and networks in the cities, planning sanitation systems and methods of waste management, transport network as well as health systems. Each city should also develop urban development strategies that adequately address the circumstances surrounding its regions.

Urban governance is also important as it directs the way the city is administered and directs the service delivery within the city. The city governance is responsible for urban development and planning and ensures that the residents live in a sound environment by providing them with essential services like rubbish collection and disposal. The city governance should be able to transform the city slums into legitimate residential areas and improve the living standards of its urban poor.

There is lack of food security in most countries of the world. Despite enough production of foodstuffs in many parts of the world, still there are high levels of food insecurity even in countries that produce more than they need. According to UNs FAO and USDA, a country is food secure when all its citizens have physical and economic access to enough, safe and nutritious food at all times to meet their needs and provide them with a healthy life.

Through this, we understand that in order for a country or a region to be food secure, there must be enough quantity of food, high quality of food, food access for all people and food use by the people. Over 920 million in the world are starving while a good percentage of people in some countries like the United States, United Kingdom and Australia are facing obesity epidemics.

Various stakeholders in food issues react differently and contribute to this problem either positively or negatively. These stakeholders include food producers, markets and trade unions and blocks, governments, non-governmental organizations, various policy makers and food users.

Food producers ensure that there is enough production of food to feed the population of a country and there is surplus for export. Agricultural mechanization in many countries has made it possible to produce large volumes of food substances with little labor requirements. However, cheap foreign imports of food lead to low prices of food products in the local markets making farmers in some countries to put their land to other uses like cash crop production.

This leads to reduction in local production, which can lead to high levels of starvation in these countries. The low farm produce prices discourage some people; consequently, they abandon their farms and move to urban areas to look for other jobs. Even though this is the case, there is generally high food production in the world enough to feed its population.

Individual consumers also play an important role in this scenario. The economic status of individuals determines whether they access food when it is available. Those individuals with enough money are able to buy food in the quantity and quality they desire while those who are limited financially are unable to buy what they need and end up depending on relief food. The high prices of food in some regions of the world make most of the people to starve.

Most of the people in developed countries like in US, UK, Canada and Australia are well endowed financially and get access to food in high quantities. Their high consumption rate leads to many cases of obesity. High rates of food wastage by individuals also contribute to food scarcity, which in the end lead to starvation of some people.

Individual countries governments also play an important role in distributing food to their citizens. They also set important policies that govern imports and exports of food. Importation of low price food commodities may lead to reduction of local food production. The governments are also responsible for food distribution to its citizens. If there is poor food distribution, then there is a likelihood of increased starvation in the country.

The governments also offer services of educating its people on the appropriate use of food so as to avoid wastage and disorders associated with food misuse. Various Non-governmental organizations and international organizations such as the UN, FAO, World Bank, and WHO also help in educating people on appropriate food use as well as aiding in their distribution to the needy. In addition, they give financial assistance to other organizations to distribute food to people.

In conclusion, people generally move to urban centers where they seek for better living conditions and increased economic and social gain. This migration may constrain the infrastructure and facilities available in the towns. The migration also deprives the rural areas of farm labor, which is important for food production. Low food productivity and distribution to all parts of the world lead to starvation of a number of people. Food wastage and misuse also aggravates this problem and creates other problems such as the rising cases of obesity in the world.

Reference List

Knox, P. L., Marston, S. A. & Nash, A. E. (2007). Human Geography: places and regions in global context. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Urbanization is here to stay. It might slow down but stopping it is not something that will come any sooner. Discover more in this this pros and cons of urbanization essay.

Introduction

Urbanization is a process where people move from rural areas to urban areas to seek higher standards of living. People living in rural areas are faced with unpredictable weather conditions which affect their livelihood; therefore, these people move to cities to seek a better life.

Contrary to rural areas, cities give these people opportunities to live a better life; there are industries, learning institutions, and social services which attract these people more (Andersen, 2002). As these people gain from these essential services, they also face problems caused by their increasing number; therefore, this paper will explore the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization.

Advantages of Urbanization

The cities are known to be efficient in that less effort is required to supply basic amenities, for example, electricity and fresh water. People who migrate to the cities enjoy these amenities, which are difficult to access in rural areas. The cities also make considerable use of space; there are a lot of flats which accommodate a lot of people in a small land area. There are also recycling programs which make use of waste material such as tins and waste papers; this helps in cleaning the city and providing jobs to those coming from rural areas.

Cities have a lot of social facilities such as health facilities, education centers, social services, as well as cultural activities, these facilities are essential for the development and healthy being of a population (Tolley and Vinod, 2006).

People leave from rural areas to cities to have easy access to these facilities; with all the social facilities, education and cultural activities, people in cities live a sophisticated and comfortable life. Cities also have advanced transport and communication networks which make movement and communication much easier.

During the development of cities, people settled in areas which had well established natural resources; therefore, most cities have a lot of resources around and within (DeBlij et al., 2010). These resources are easily exploited because of the availability of facilities and labor in the cities, which leads to economic development and improvement of living standards of the city dwellers (Varthoulakis, 2008).

The availability of these resources and labor from the city leads to the development of manufacturing and service industries around the city, creating employment for the population from rural areas (Savage, 2005).

Cities have well-established universities, colleges, and schools; these make them the best place for developing human resources. There are varieties of courses from different fields and levels, and students who move to cities have a wide choice of careers to choose from; this means that most of them will pursue careers of their choice, making their levels of success high.

After completing college and university education, students have a lot of job opportunities, also, for those who want to create job opportunities they have better prospects of starting businesses or projects (Andersen, 2002). Also, there are varieties of financial institutions for people to deposit their savings and borrow money for investments. This creates a favorable environment for investment and development.

People move to urban areas from different regions, religions, and castes, and despite these differences, they live and work together. As they live together, they learn and understand each other, and this assist in getting rid of social and cultural barriers, which is always the center of conflicts; since many people live in cities, a country with many cities will have less conflict.

People living in rural areas also benefit from urbanization; most of these people are engaged in farming, and their farm produces need to market. They always appreciate the existence of cities because they consume their farm produce in exchange for money, and this helps them to improve economically (Potsiou, 2010).

Imagine a country where everyone lives in rural areas and has land. There would be a lot of wastage because everyone will have enough for himself or herself. Urbanization also helps to ease pressure on agricultural land; as people move to urban centers, they give more space for agriculture and, therefore, the agricultural industry is boosted (Potsiou, 2010). The country will produce more agricultural goods, and this will ensure food security.

Disadvantages of Urbanization

As people continue to move to urban areas, pollution becomes a major issue in cities. Energy becomes inadequate, and some people resolve to illegal electricity connections and others address to the use of inefficient cooking fuels such as firewood and charcoal, which increases the number of carbon emissions (Marchand, 1998).

An example is Kozani in Greece, which is the most polluting city in Europe. The population of cars also increases as the number of people in cities increases, and this leads to the rise in the use of diesel and hence, the increase in carbon emissions

The population increase in cities brings about problems in transportation as well as traffic management. This is evident in cities such as Mumbai, which has close to 18 million citizens, with 55.5% of the population going on foot and 21.9% use train (Potsiou, 2010).

This city has few people with cars; however, over 20,000 have died because of the overcrowded train with a minimum of 10 people per day (Potsiou, 2010). Vietnam is another case, with over 18 million motorbikes and one million vehicles, and with narrow roads, the number of accidents associated with traffic has increased.

Urbanization leads to an increase in the number of people on limited land in cities; the rise in number exceeds the supply of water, which results in water shortages; hence, hygiene is compromised. Also, the population, after using water, it disposes of the wastewater on land which creates overburden disposal; this creates a less appealing sight, lousy odor emanating from the sewage and flies which are attracted by the dirty water (Arnaud et al., 2004).

As the population increases, fresh water in urbanized cities becomes expensive, and some of the people opt to take water from the nearby streams; this water is untreated and can cause diseases such as cholera.

Also, the water in these rivers are contaminated with untreated discharged in them, and these rivers drain their water into the sea where drinking water and water for irrigation is drawn; this can cause diseases for people using the sea water for drinking (Marchand, 1998). In New Delhi, sewerage was used for watering agricultural lands without care of the effects it can cause on human beings.

Cities with high populations face problems of garbage management. An example is the city of Athens, which has produced six thousand tons of garbage daily; the disposal of this garbage has become a problem for the city as the population continues to grow. Many countries have resolved to use landfills for disposal of waste, which is yet another way of contaminating the soil. Greece got into problems with the EU for operating 1,102 open landfills; however, they have reduced the number of operating landfills to 400 (Potsiou, 2010).

The increasing number of people in the cities has led to the need for building affordable houses; most cities with high population lack development policies and this has led to informal development (Arnaud et al., 2004).

The people cut down trees and built on land without any authorization from the landowners, and sometimes these people are evicted from the land and left to look for another place to settle. Slums have been built in urban areas, and they are characterized by poor sizing and quality construction, violation of land-use and no access to essential services. These are areas which crime develops because most of the people living in slums have insufficient job opportunities; they choose to engage in criminal activities for their survival.

Conclusion

Urbanization is here to stay, it might slow down but stopping it is not something that will come any sooner. Therefore, the primary way to minimize the problems caused by urbanization is to plan for all amenities and resources available for the comfort of the public without putting more pressure on society and the environment.

The cities should use the cardinal rule, where their growth is planned, rather than letting them grow on their own. As the local government plans for the city, it should make sure that there is adequate infrastructure to support the growing population and residential areas should be located near civic bodies to improve service provision.

To reduce rural-urban migration, job opportunities can be created in rural areas. This will reduce stress exerted on cities by the increasing number of people. Restricting people to move to cities cannot be used to solve problems associated with urbanization. This is because each citizen has a right to move and settle anywhere as long as he or she is not infringing on other peoples rights.

Reference List

Andersen, L., 2002. Rural-urban migration in Bolivia: advantages and disadvantages. Web.

Arnaud, A. et al, 2004. Urbanization  impacts. Web.

DeBlij, H. et al., 2010. Global geography. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Marchand, Y., 1998. The challenges of urbanization. Web.

Potsiou, C., 2010. Rapid urbanization and megacities: the need for spatial information management. Copenhagen: The International Federation of Surveyors.

Savage, M., 2005. Globalization and belonging. New York: SAGE.

Tolley, G. & Vinod, T., 2006. An overview of urban growth: problems, policies, and evaluation. Web.

Varthoulakis, V., 2008. Development of cities. New York: SAGE.

This paper revolves around the peculiarities of the U.S. urbanization and migration trends at the end of the 19th century. This period is characterized by the rapid growth of cities due to the income of new individuals. It discussed the factors leading to successful urbanization, the challenges of urban life, and the effects this trend caused on the history of the state and its further development. The African American Great Migration and New European Immigration are also discussed as events playing a critical role in shaping the nation and its demographics.

The first point I think is critically important is the four innovations that serve as the keys to successful urbanization. The introduction of electric lighting and its growing availability provided cities with opportunities to cover greater areas and provide people with better quality of life. In big factories, electric lights allowed employees to work 24 hours per day, which boosted productivity and demanded new individuals to meet the growing need for human resources. Moreover, street illumination altered peoples lives and made them less dependent on natural light. It preconditioned the income of people in big cities. Second, the telephone and its fast spread improved communication between individuals and increased demand for various products. It contributed to the growing need for people to perform different activities and help businesses to evolve. Following this trend, thousands of people arrived in cities to find new jobs and remain here. Urbanization was also stimulated by a developing transportation system as the creation of electric trolleys provided people with an opportunity to reach various destination places and avoid delays because of the size of the city. It created the basis for their further growth. Finally, skyscrapers helped to disregard some geographic barriers, such as lack of space or rivers, and construct buildings for various purposes. These inventions became the central factors boosting urbanization in the USA.

The second important point is the challenges of urban life. It is vital to realize that a significant change in the demographics and structure of cities promoted the emergence of numerous problems in all spheres. The high density of the population triggered the growth in crime rates, the spread of diseases, such as cholera and typhoid, and deterioration in the living conditions and the quality of life. The overpopulation also demanded a radical alteration in planning and organizing city life. The fire hazards required better fire management, while new systems for waste management were also necessary. This complex situation resulted in the growing role of the Church with the idea of the social gospel. It presupposed peoples cooperation to improve their living conditions and help each other to avoid further deterioration of the situation and critical outcomes. These challenges became significant factors leading to the reconsideration of the approach to planning and organization to ensure no serious diseases or fire hazards. Moreover, a settlement house movement became a response to these problems aimed at helping the working class. It included child daycare, libraries, evening classes, and health care vital for representatives of this class.

The third critical aspect is the wave of African Americans going to the Northeast and Upper Midwest and called the Great Migration. In general, about two million black people moved from their places and abandoned the rural South hoping for a better life and new opportunities. They mainly arrive in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, and Indianapolis. In other words, the wave of African American migrants moved to urbanized and highly industrialized areas hoping to find new jobs and earn higher wages. From another hand, they have been pushed away from the South because of some racial tensions and discriminative attitudes. Although the Civil War ended, black people were still treated differently and experienced multiple hardships and threats, also linked with the Ku Klux Klan. For this reason, the combination of push and pull factors influenced this group and made them move to new areas. This aspect is vital as it demonstrated the racial tensions in the state and this Great Migration altered the demography of big cities leading to the emergence of significant black communities.

The fourth important aspect is the change in the nature of European immigration. The USA had always been affected by this factor because people from Germany, Great Britain, and other Western European countries constituted a significant part of the population and impacted the evolution of the nation. However, at the end of the 19th century, the income of immigrants from southern and eastern areas of Europe significantly increased compared to other traditional channels. It resulted in the change of big cities demographics as the new wave was characterized by poor education, or its absence, and limited finances. For this reason, they stopped in places where they arrived and looked for opportunities there. Because of this trend, most port cities were full of migrants from Greece, Russia, and other Slavic cultures. In New York, about 80% of its population were foreign-born. This fact is vital as this tendency caused a significant impact on the evolution of the state. The USA acquired new ethnic groups with their cultures and contribute to the nations formation.

The fifth important issue is the culture of people living in urbanized cities. Multiple hardships combined with the poor living conditions introduced the need for ways to release tension and stress levels. It resulted in the emergence of new elements of culture and entertainment. For instance, amusement parks became essential elements of that period offering a chance to have wild rides, animal attractions, and stage shows to escape the hard reality. Vaudeville also became a popular show with singing, dancing, and comedy elements. Finally, baseball became a popular sport helping to distract and spend time playing. First clubs transformed into professional teams giving rise to the fast development of this sport in the USA. Today, it remains one of the most popular and well-known American games. Thus, this aspect is vital as it shows the formation of the modern U.S. culture, including the emergence of various sports and theyre becoming an important element of the lifestyle.

Finally, the sixth important aspect is the emergence and evolution of the middle class with its peculiarities. The traditional division between the wealthy and poor citizens peculiar to past epochs was replaced by a new one with a significant role for people with a middle income and different habits. This group consisted of managers, salesmen, engineers, doctors, and professionals better educated compared to the working class. They lived in the suburbs, which provided them with the opportunity to enjoy a better quality of life and avoid the problems of big cities. Middle-class women also acquired new roles because of the change in the environment. Although they function as housewives caring for husbands and children, they also could enroll in colleges to work as teachers or professors. It contributed to significant empowerment of their positions and the evolution of multiple feminist movements. Educated women wanted to take a more active part in the life of communities, which resulted in the attempts to reconsider their positions and provide them with additional rights. This information is vital as it shows the transformation of peoples mentality and the establishment of tolerant values.

The innovations, African Americans, and European migrations created the basis for a radical change with the emergence of new challenges, such as density, illnesses, crime, and fire hazards, and new opportunities because of jobs. These shifts formed a new culture with specific amusements and ways to reduce stress. Moreover, this period is characterized by the rise of the middle class, and its becoming a serious factor affecting the nations life. This data is vital for a better understanding of the history of the USA and how certain events in the past formed citizens mentality and worldview.

Definition of Urbanization

The term urbanization can be looked at from diverse perspectives. First, urbanization can be explained to be the convergence of populations. Secondly, urbanization can be described as the process in which the movement of people into a given city translates into an urban way of living. Thirdly, it is the diffusion of the urban living to agricultural oriented regions.

Fourthly, urbanization is the progression in which the magnitude of people residing in urban places multiplies (Yeung and Lo, 1996). Due to its quantitative nature, the last definition is the mostly applicable. Urbanization can therefore be generally defined as the process in which the magnitude of people residing in urban places increases with the growth in economy (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Urbanization in light of Taiwan

In Taiwan, cities with at least 50000 people are considered as urban centers. Administratively, Taiwan is partitioned into central municipalities, provincial cities and prefectures that are two five and sixteen in number respectively (Yeung and Lo, 1996). Each prefecture encompasses at least one central city, a number of towns and several rural districts.

Whereas both central municipalities and provincial cities are bigger in size, prefectures are of standard sizes, each with their central cities acting as their respective administrative centers. On the other hand, prefectural rural towns comprise of rural regions and mid-urban townships.

Furthermore, Taiwan has been partitioned into four main parts: the Northern, Southern, Eastern and Central parts for planning purposes (Yeung and Lo, 1996). The ratio of the urban population to the total population determines the degree of Taiwanian urbanization.

Statistically, the level of urbanization in Taiwan has escalated over time, that is, from 24.1% in 1950 to over 74.1% in the twenty first century (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Statistics also indicate that the gap between annual population growth rate and the urbanization growth rates has narrowed over time, since 1950 to most recently. This shows that the movement of people from the agricultural regions to urban cities had started to ease. Primarily, industrialization was the main cause of the high urban growth rate (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Apart from industrialization, a high birth rate emanating from mass flow of youth to the urban areas is also another determinant of high growth experienced in urban centers. Administratively, cities in Taiwan are in four groups: Central municipalities, provincial cities, prefectural cities and towns plus rural areas (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Statistics show that between 1961 and 1989, the yearly average growth rate of the central municipalities was more than the annual growth of Taiwan itself. Prefectural cities had the fastest growth, towns and rural areas had the lowest rate of growth compared to the natural population growth rate.

This shows that there has been much out migration. Most of the intermediary prefectural cities are located close to the metropolis, and in this way, they contribute towards metropolitan development (Yeung and Lo, 1996). Statistics also indicate that the rate at which small and medium sized cities are expanding is higher than that of the bigger ones. After 1980, majority of the Islands (Taiwans) major cities have been located mainly in the central, southern and northern regions.

This can be attributed to the accompanying spontaneous rate of development in these regions. The Eastern part has lagged behind in development mainly due to its mountainous nature that renders both transportation and communication cumbersome. Since 1960, the spatial distribution of cities has been inclined towards the north and south. Although there is a metropolitan area in each region, the Eastern part is devoid of any.

Taiwans urban system

An urban system is defined in terms of size, function, and service area (or area of influence), and by differences in the social, economic, and cultural activities of cities within a specific region. Spatially speaking, a hierarchical relationship is formed. Cities higher in the hierarchy are larger and have a higher functional level.

They also have a more expanded sphere of influence and complex social, economic, and cultural characteristics. Cities within the hierarchy perform functions according to a division of labour. These close ties create an orderly relationship within the system (Yeung and Lo, 1996).Taiwan can be classified into five hierarchical levels.

The first level is agricultural villages that are found after about every 2-5 kilometers and have an estimated population of 4000 people. General towns are in the second level with a minimum and maximum population of 10000 and 50000 respectively. They are found between like every 10 kilometers. Local centers are found in the third level. They are independent towns, with majority being located in metropolitan regions. Their population can range between 100000-500000 people.

They are interspersed between 15-40 intervals within a sphere of influence of between 2000000-800000 persons. The third level is occupied by the regional centers, which are mostly located in metropolitan areas, although some like Taitung and Hualien, are independent towns with a population of up to and exceeding two million people. They are located about 80 kilometers apart. Level five comprises of the political, cultural and economic center of Taiwan  Taipei.

It has an area of influence covering about 5 million people. The whole Taipei metropolitan region is Taipeis sphere of influence. The time required to travel between the northern and southern regions has been greatly reduced over the last four decades. This has been enhanced by not only the installation of the railway electrification, but also by completion of the Sun Yatsen Freeway (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Population and employment in Taiwan

The population of Taiwan exponentially skyrocketed between 1950 and 1990. This one of the worlds biggest growth in population was determined mainly by high birth rate since there was no international in-migration by then. However, with time, the birth rate has been reducing to an increase in the level of education and introduction of population policy that requires fewer children per family.

Population in Taiwan has been classified into three: the youth, working class, and the elderly (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Over time, the working class has been the leading in number, Due to the presence of a metropolis (Taipei), the northern region has attracted majority of the population. Being the first city on the island to be globalized, Taipei has employed many people than any other city. The population in the Central, Eastern, and Southern parts has on the other hand been declining over time (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

The secondary industry has been the main leading in providing employment to Taiwan people. The primary industry, though responsible for provision of employment through agriculture, forestry, and fishery, has declined. Tertiary employment has been rising gradually (Yeung and Lo, 1996).

Expanding urbanization in the urban areas to minimize water pollution

Taiwan like other Low Economically Developed Countries, experiences three main challenges. These are high population growth rate, reduced income levels, ineffective planning, and administrative mechanisms to handle the high population (Boult, 1999). The northern region is loaded with many industries that contribute to both water and air pollution.

There is raw sewage from the households, increased application of fertilizers and pesticides, and contamination of clean water sources resulting to water pollution (Shambaugh, 1998. p.190). Besides industrial fumes, the use of automobiles such as buses, cars, and motorbikes has contributed to air pollution in Taiwan for decades (Shambaugh, 1998. p.192).

There are also cases of soil pollution due to use of heavy metals and pesticides (Shambaugh, 1998. p.191). Taiwan is therefore faced with the hurdles of containing the impacts of economic growth and ensuring there is a sustainable dependency of its citizens on the Islands economic resources (Elliot, 1999).

To minimize pollution, Taiwan ought to initiate some legal requirements and fines. For example, companies found to be disposing wastes illegally should be fined, enlightening citizens on environmental aspects, directing all new vehicles to be fitted with catalytic chambers, among other restrictions (Boult, 1999).

Strategies that can be implemented to help minimize rural-urban migration include creating job opportunities in the rural, introducing better educational and social services, and developing good transport network to encourage people to commute and live out of the city (Boult, 1999).

Expanding urbanization to solve congestion and overpopulation

As stated earlier, urbanization entails two key aspects. These are proportion of people residing in urban areas and growth in economy. In Taiwan, even though there is overpopulation within its urban centers, the growth in economy has not yet reached the level of sustaining the already increased population.

Taiwans concentration of cities within the northern region has led to an increase in the rural urban migration. Just like other developing countries like China, Mexico, and Brazil among others, Taiwan is still a hub of overpopulation and poverty. This is due to the fact that, many people migrate from the rural districts to the urban areas in such for employment and better standards of living.

Given that not all of them can be absorbed in employment, there are cases of congestion strain on available resources and anonymity that eventually leads to a reduction in the value system. Vices like crime and other conflicting social values set in.

Generally, effects of overpopulation include: unemployment, overcrowding leading to depletion of resources, reduced living standards that curtail economic development, land fragmentation that impedes agriculture, and slum development resulting to air and water pollution, inability of the affected city to offer equitable and quality education and medical care to all and poverty, misuse of free land and deforestation (Boult, 1999).

Given that Taiwans urban areas are more populated than its rural districts, expanding urbanization in the rural areas demands that the Taiwan government comes up with mechanisms to de-congest the urban centers.

This may include investing in the health industry, limiting car use, introducing lead-free fuel and putting up self-contained residences to help elevate peoples quality of life (Boult, 1999). As it has been the case in Los Angeles, railway transport can be spread to the agricultural areas to help development of such regions (Thisdell, 1993).

The success of the development of new towns and industries in the southern region will be enhanced by efficient transport network between the rural parts and the metropolitan regions (Chaffey, 1994). There has been a decline in the agricultural (primary) industry and this could be one of the ways to revive it. To encourage employment, the informal sector should be established (Boult, 1999).

Like other cities like Los Angeles, Taiwan ought to undertake some measures in the transport sector to minimize traffic congestion.

For instance, creating an integrated underground route for passage of trains and other vehicles (Thisdell, 1993) or minimizing dependency on automobiles by developing a transport means that is pedestrian/cycle oriented, like has been done by other cities around the world (Newman, 1999).

Conclusion

Taiwan like other developing nations is experiencing industrialization and urbanization. This has led to a rise in rural  urban migration resulting to overpopulation, congestion, and pollution, which are a threat to sustainable development (Adams, 1999).

These effects have in turn hampered economic growth, which is a vital ingredient in true urbanization. To disentangle itself from this problem, Taiwan should expand urbanization by spreading its industries to rural areas and technologically contain the situation in its northern region.

This will help decongest the northern region. Investing more in education and health sectors and restructuring the transport system like other cities in the world have tackled it will help Taiwan stand the challenge of urbanization. This is the only way to ensure that there is sustainable development on this island.

References

Adams, W. N. (1999). Introducing Human Geographies: Sustainability. London: Arnold pub. (Attached material).

Boult, B. et al. (1999). People, places and themes. Oxford: Heinemann. (Attached material).

Chaffey, J. (1994). Core Geography: The challenge of urbanization. London: Longman publishers. (Attached material).

Elliot, J. A. (1999). An introduction to sustainable development. London: Routledge. (Attached material).

Newman, P. (1999). Transport: Reducing automobile dependence (p. 67-92). London: Earthscan publications. (Attached material).

Shambaugh, D. (1998). Contemporary Taiwan. New York: Oxford University Press. Web.

Thisdell, D. (1993). Can L.A kick the car habit? New Scientist. (Attached material).

Yeung, Y. and Lo, F. (1996). Emerging world cities in Pacific Asia. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Web.

Abstract

This work is devoted to the Philippines, namely considering such phenomena as urbanization and technological development on its territory. In the study, previous hypotheses were confirmed, and new ones were put forward that made this topic relevant. The article additionally reveals such a phenomenon as poverty and its impact on the phenomena mentioned above. In the course of writing the material, not only data from previous works were used, but also static data that allowed us to track the dynamics of the development of Philippine in the last 15-20 years. Urbanization and technological development undoubtedly affect the lives of people in the Philippines. On the one hand, fast-growing cities, high innovative development, economic and labor growth. On the other hand, the increase in financial inequality between urban and rural residents and the rapid consumption of natural resources.

Previous Research

Recent studies have revealed that the Philippines is one of the most dynamically developing countries in East Asia and the Pacific. With increasing urbanization, a growing middle-income class, and a large and young population, the economic dynamism of the Philippines is based on strong consumer demand. Business activity is brisk, with notable performance in the services sector, including business process outsourcing, real estate, and the finance and insurance industries (Montes and Cruz, 2020, p. 17). Good economic fundamentals and a globally recognized competitive workforce consisting exclusively of the local population strengthen growth dynamics. One study shows that between 2000 and 2009, the average annual growth was 6.4% at an average of 4.5% (Montes and Cruz, 2020, p. 18). The country is ready to leap from a lower-income country with a gross national income per capita of $3,660 to a country with an above-average income per capita income of $3,896 in the medium term (Montes and Cruz, 2020, p. 20). Another study shows that private consumption growth decreased slightly against the background of rising inflation but remained stable given the stable labor market and steady inflow of remittances.

Exploring the issues of poverty, scientists unanimously affirm that in recent years the Philippine economy has made progress in ensuring inclusive growth, as evidenced by the reduction in poverty. Poverty decreased from 26.6% in 2006 to 21.6% in 2015 (Chen et al., 2019, p. 4). Unemployment has reached historic lows, but the underemployment rate remains high, about 18-20% of the average decade. Most of the Filipino workers moved from agriculture, and most of them ended up in low-maintenance jobs. Scientists say that although employment increased from 2006 to 2015, average wages remained at the same level. Measures to create good jobs and raise wages are necessary to achieve common prosperity. Researchers will especially emphasize that the Government of the Philippines received the first World Bank loan only in 1957. The Bank has financed development projects that have yielded significant results for its people. Over the past three decades, the Banks assistance has expanded to various projects and analytical work, policy advice, and technological development. In previous studies, scientists have shown that the Philippines is one of the most urbanized and populated countries in Southeast Asia, with about 60% of its population (Chen et al., 2019, p. 5). The level of urbanization in the country greatly impacted the countrys natural resources and increased the adverse impact on the environment.

There are many cities with high industry in the Philippines, which contributes to the development of the countrys economy. At the same time, this level of urbanization has also cost the environment dearly. Manila is among the most polluted cities in the world. It is primarily due to its large automotive sector, which is often exposed to low-quality air (Cudia, Rivera and Tullao, 2019, p. 122). On the one hand, the Philippines is one of the most densely populated countries in the world (this means that more and more people live on no less territory), and on the other hand, more and more people live on less land, which complicates the balance of population growth with the sustainability of natural resources (Cudia, Rivera and Tullao, 2019, p. 123). Experts assure us that many ways can be taken to help preserve the Philippine ecosystem for future generations. For example, they recommend using everything from recycling garbage at home, using public transport instead of driving, and ending with supporting local businesses.

Source Criticism

For this article, the most reliable sources have been selected to provide accurate and relevant data on the current situation in the Philippines. The selected sources provide extensive statistical data that the situation with resettlement from the village to the city was relevant in the 1980s and 2010s. Scientists in the article Poverty, inequality, and development in the Philippines: official statistics and selected life stories sharply criticize the official data on the level of poverty in the Philippines and reveals (San Juan and Agustin, 2019, p. 290). Based on knowledge of the theory of surplus value, labor exploitation, and economic dependence, the authors conclude that official statistics deliberately disguise the scale of poverty.

The data obtained made it possible to present accurate information about the level of poverty in the Philippines in this study. The source database of the source used allows us to conclude its reliability and the quality of statistical data. Developing the topic of poverty in the Philippines, the article Encouraging poverty in the Philippines through entrepreneurship offers one of the ways to solve the problem in the region (Cudia, Rivera and Tullao, 2019, p. 125). Researchers using the materials of the Economic department of the Philippines have concluded that the region needs economic reform with a bias toward entrepreneurship.

The authors prove the hypothesis put forward by the examples of Manila, where entrepreneurial activity was greatly facilitated, which led to a reduction in poverty and the development of the middle class. The authors note that the region has many resources that can and should be used for economic development. The source base allows us to consider the source reliable and use it in this study as one of the fundamental ones since it analyzes one of the options for solving the problem of poverty.

Studies on poverty and its impact on the level of urbanization in the Philippines contain valuable and practical information. The authors of the article Urbanization patterns and poverty reduction: a new perspective to explore the countries along the belt and road, using data from 1986 to 2018, give a clear idea of the impact of urbanization growth on poverty reduction (Chen et al., 2019, p. 13). This work is of indirect importance to the Philippines but examines the experience of other countries in Southeast Asia. The source base, consisting of statistical data and materials of scientists from the region under consideration, allows us to apply their experience to the Philippines to identify general development trends in the future. This fact indicates the reliability of the selected source and the relevance of its data.

The works devoted to technological development and economic growth mention fairly reliable sources that fully characterize the situation in the Philippines. A qualitative selection of sources from 1988 to 2017 indicates researchers deep understanding of the topic (Bahrini and Qaffas, 2019, p. 13). The authors compare the development of the Philippines over the past 15-20 years and draw a parallel between technological development and the economic growth of modern states. (Bahraini and Kaffas, 2019, p. 12). Therefore, this source was chosen as one of the key ones when considering this area, and based on its data; it became possible to predict the economic development of the Philippines in subsequent years.

Each of the articles contains reliable information related to this study. The inclusion of statistical data and the earliest and latest knowledge on this topic makes the work attractive for future scientists. The analysis and critical approach to the works demonstrated in the 1980s to the present day demonstrate a competent and qualitative approach to the study of urbanization and technological development in the Philippines.

Each of the selected studies has its own merits and contains a wide range of important information that has influenced the development of the Philippines over the past 15-20 years and other countries in the region. The ability to link this phenomenon with each other and competently assess similar aspects in other Southeast Asian countries indicates a high degree of depth in this problem. Urbanization and technological development are important issues not limited to the Philippines. However, scientists from local universities and others emphasize a special case in the Philippines that requires detailed consideration. Using sources from different periods and statistical data makes it possible to track better the dynamics of the regions development and its prospects. It is worth noting that if data on the urbanization of poverty are disclosed widely enough, there will always be a shortage of data on technological development. The development of technology and the constant changes in the geopolitical situation will greatly impact the achievements of technological development.

Results

The results of previous scientific papers confirm the relevance of this problem: firstly, the study of this problem requires an integrated approach and comprehensive study. It is due to the interconnection of global problems with various aspects of human society, for example, urbanization and technological development (Chen et al., 2019, p. 8). It means that each country is interested in considering these problems and participating in their solution. High poverty levels, especially in developing countries, pose a serious threat to national and global sustainable development. Poverty is not just a lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood.

It manifests in hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination, and exclusion. In 2015, more than 736 million people lived below the poverty line (Chen et al., 2019, p. 4). More than 10% of the worlds population lives in extreme poverty and has virtually no access to health, education, and sanitation services (San Juan and Agustin, 2019, p. 290). For every 100 men aged 25 to 34 living in poverty, there are 122 women of the same age category. The results of previous scientific papers confirm the problem of such a phenomenon as poverty: firstly, the study of this phenomenon requires an integrated approach and comprehensive study. It is due to the interconnection of global problems with various aspects of human society, for example, urbanization and technological development.

High poverty levels, especially in developing countries, pose a serious threat to national and global sustainable development. The Philippines, with a population of 103.8 million, is one of the most populous countries in Southeast Asia. According to the World Bank, this is accompanied by a high proportion of poverty: in 2018, about a quarter of the population (25.2%) was considered poor (Cudia, Rivera and Tullao, 2019, p. 123). About 24 million Filipinos are below the national poverty line and are forced to live on less than 1.65 euros per day (Cudia, Rivera and Tullao, 2019, p. 124). In addition, it is noted that most of the population does not have enough income to live in suitable conditions and buy something besides basic things.

The population of underdeveloped states leaves much to be desired. Rich countries open factories and enterprises in developing countries, pay people pennies and harm the environment; South Asia and Africa are particularly difficult (Bahrini and Qaffas, 2019, p. 21). It is important to understand that the technologies themselves cause damage to third-world countries, but over the past 15-20 years, the authorities have allowed rich countries to open their production facilities (Montes and Cruz, 2020, p. 25). In technological development, the average labor productivity is significantly lower. High technology is designed to help people reduce the inequality between poor and rich countries.

The way developed countries exploit the labor of the population of underdeveloped States leaves much to be desired. Rich countries open factories and enterprises in developing countries, pay people pennies and harm the environment; South Asia and Africa are particularly difficult. It is important to understand that the technologies themselves cause damage to third-world countries, but over the past 15-20 years, the authorities have allowed rich countries to open their production facilities.

Reference List

Bahrini, R. and Qaffas, A. A. (2019) Impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: evidence from developing countries, Economies, 7(1), pp. 113.

Chen, M. et al. (2019) Urbanization patterns and poverty reduction: a new perspective to explore the countries along the belt and road, Habitat International, 84(1), pp. 114.

Cudia, C. P., Rivera, J. P. R. and Tullao, T. S. (2019) Alleviating poverty in the Philippines through entrepreneurship, DLSU Business & Economics Review, 28(3), pp. 121130.

Montes, M. F. and Cruz, J. (2020) The political economy of foreign investment and industrial development: the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand in comparative perspective, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 25(1), pp. 1639.

San Juan, D. M. M. and Agustin, P. J. C. (2019) Poverty, inequality, and development in the Philippines: official statistics and selected life stories, European Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(1), pp. 290304.

Urbanization and sub-urbanization

Urbanization and sub-urbanization are closely connected and even interrelated concepts. Sub-urbanization is the shift of the population of urban areas (city centers) from city centers to the suburbs. There are various reasons for these processes that may include socio-economic factors (lack of employment, cheaper land in suburban areas), environmental issues (natural disasters), cultural aspects (the focus on healthier environment), and so on.

The major reasons for sub-urbanization in the United States

After the WWII, the US government invested funds in the development of a network of highways (for military and civil purposes) (Ammons 33). The economic growth of the country enabled many people to buy cars so people could commute to city centers (working places) more easily. Suburban areas provide more opportunities for companies as there are different zoning rules, financial regulations, land prices. Companies choose these areas as their employees can easily commute.

Urban planning: political aspects, roles, types and styles, local agencies

It brings some consistency with existing political, social and cultural norms (Weaver et al. 149). Federal and state government create rules and regulations that are often related to private property issues. Social norms often shape cities layout, and the US segregation of the first part of the 20^th century affected city zoning rules. Cultural aspects should be taken into account as it is crucial to create spaces for peoples gatherings.

How do planners use Kevin Lynchs design ideas?

Lynch stressed that people developed mental maps that made their living in a certain space clear (to them) and comfortable (Major 152). Modern designers and city planners use his ideas and make sure that all the five elements he mentioned are present in their spaces. According to the famous urban planner, cities should have clear paths (routes), edges (boundaries such as rivers, walls or buildings), districts, nodes (places for gatherings), and landmarks (famous points often used for reference).

1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in planning history

1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition had an immense impact on the development of city planning. The exposition occupied a large territory, and the creation of the space was associated with the effective collaboration of officials, architects, designers, landscape architects, and so on (Tate 305). The exposition resulted in the creation of a beautiful urban space, and people acknowledged the benefits of city planning as well as the cooperation of different professionals.

Social aspects of planning

The social aspects of planning include functionality, perceptions, social norms changes, community networks, and so on. Without addressing these aspects, city planning will be ineffective. It is vital to make sure that people will have areas for satisfying their needs (places of employment, places of recreation, services, spaces for gatherings). Of course, transportation should also be characterized by effective routes that unite all these areas.

Way Stations

A way station is an area where immigrants can meet. Many countries (including the USA) are characterized by a significant ethnic diversity due to the flow of immigrants who often form communities in a new country (Ring, Watson and Schellinger 351). City planners have addressed the needs of these people through creating way stations where newcomers share their culture, speak their language, celebrate their festivities and so on.

NIMBY phenomenon

NIMBY is the phenomenon that involved residents opposition to some changes. The acronym stands for not in my back yard and reflects the nature of the opposition (Brinkmann 231). Residents often agree that the incentive is important, but it should be implemented in a different place. For instance, building a road or a plant may lead to such opposition. They understand the benefits of the change but are not ready to sacrifice their comfort or habits.

Comprehensive plan in local areas

A comprehensive plan can be regarded as a guideline for the development of a community. The plan is developed in accordance with goals formulated. The comprehensive plan usually includes such aspects as environment, public welfare, peoples health and safety, and so on. The plan is often developed for 10 or even 20 years. The plan is always agreed with the public, and the necessary changes are included. This ensures peoples satisfaction with their communitys development.

Works Cited

Ammons, David. Municipal Benchmarks: Assessing Local Performance and Establishing Community Standards. New York: Routledge, 2014. Print.

Brinkmann, Robert. Introduction to Sustainability. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2016. Print.

Major, Mark. London: Light + Dar = Legibility: An Approach to Urban Lighting. Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination. Ed. Sandy Isenstadt, Margaret Maile Petty and Dietrich Neumann. New York: Routledge, 2014. 152-159. Print.

Ring, Trudy, Noelle Watson, and Paul Schellinger. The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. New York: Routledge, 2013. Print.

Tate, Alan. Great City Parks. New York: Routledge, 2015. Print.

Weaver, Russell, Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen, Jason Knight, and Amy E. Frazier. Shrinking Cities: Understanding Urban Decline in the United States. New York: Routledge, 2016. Print.

Introduction

The topic I have chosen for my Individual Report is Changing communities, where I focus on my main research question “How far has urbanization changed our lives”. I will be highlighting the positives and negatives of urbanization and analyzing its causes and what effects it has on some major countries. I will also be stating some major issues and their sources of information to support my arguments. Finally, I will include my own reflection and a personal perspective of this topic followed by a bibliography.

What is Urbanization?

Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to an urban, modern one for many reasons such as better employment opportunities, better education, modern lifestyle, health and medical facilities, commercialization, social status and so on. This concept of transforming societies, taking on a modern approach to real life situations and issues has become widely popular over the last few decades and is continuing to evolve each and every day.

Why this topic?

According to the United Nations, right now 55% of the world’s population live in urban and developed areas, this population is expected to increase to 68% by 2050. This has caused me to think that most of the issues caused today are due to the effects of overpopulation and must be addressed. If you ask me, urbanization is not our main enemy but our own attitude towards it is and if tackled properly surely we can do something to minimize its negative effects. Below are some of the issues that urbanization has created.

Issues, Causes and Consequences

Urbanization in India

Urbanization took place in India after the 19th century after India gained its independence from the foreigners. Ever since then, this country has been rapidly developing each and every day. People from the rural and poor areas are migrating to metropolitan cities like Delhi and Mumbai in search of jobs and opportunities to have another chance at improving their lifestyle. The urban population of India had already reached the 285 million mark by 2001 and by 2030, more than 50 per cent of India’s population is expected to live in urban areas, this is quiet shocking as this country is facing a serious crisis of urban growth today, the following issues are taking place in some of the most popular destinations in India.

Overpopulation

With over hundreds of people migrating everyday to cities there has been a massive increase in population. This one problem leads to several like congestion, traffic, pollution, housing, facilities etc. Too many people are living in too little space and it has become impossible to accommodate so many people. It leads to tremendous pressure on families and government to manage housing, electricity, water, job opportunities and transport. The efforts taken by Delhi government to develop ring towns have not met with any success yet.

Housing

The UN estimates that 44% of urban households (as compared to 34 per cent of rural families) occupied one room or less according to Indian survey in 1959. In larger cities the proportion of families occupying one room or less was as high as 67%. Moreover, the rate of construction in India is very slow and time consuming which makes the problem even more complicated. Taking India as whole, there are about 179 million residential houses, i.e., about six people to each house. Thirty-nine per cent of all married couples in India (about 86 million) do not have an independent room to themselves. As many as 35 per cent (18.9 million) urban families live in one-room houses. This indeed is a very serious issue.

Slums and Squatter settlements

With an increase in population and an issue with housing, a natural development of unchecked, unplanned and haphazard growth of urban areas is the growth and spread of slums and squatter settlements which present a striking feature in the ecological structure of Indian cities. This growth of slums is due to so many factors such as high costs of living in apartments or buying a house which is beyond the reach of the poor, and a high rate of unemployment due to overpopulation. If not slums then where do these poor people reside? Such an environment where people live in houses made of cheap materials and poor quality is so unhygienic and causes numerous health problems such as diseases. They also have lack of basic necessities like access to water and electricity merely due to the fact that they cannot afford it.

These are some of the main issues faced by the population of India, other issues include trash disposal, sewerage problems, urban crime and overcrowding of public and private transport methods. This quality of urban life is declining and widely backfiring metropolitan cities.

Urbanization in UK

Urbanization took place in UK after the 1800s. The rapid urbanization began at England’s industrial capitalism (Clark, 1998) at the end of 18th century and it spread rapidly after the use of coal for the industry primary raw material and a better transportation system. A lot of effort had been put into the development and infrastructure of the country. In 2015, the population of the UK rose to over 65 million people. Let’s take a look at the issues in Birmingham, the second largest city in UK:

Urban decline

In 1911, the main jobs of people in Birmingham were in the manufacturing industry. Over the recent years this business has declined due to several factors such as competition from abroad and ever changing trends in todays lifestyle. Manufacturing is traditionally an important export sector. Relative wage costs and productivity are very important for determining demand and competitiveness. UK has struggled to remain competitive with lower wage cost economies, like China. The low skills of the labour force has already negatively impacted Birmingham’s manufacturing, and got intensified by the replacement of Birmingham’s numerous small manufacturers by large firms.

Unemployment

In spite of rapid urbanization and economic and social changes in UK, many people are still in search of jobs and are finding various sources of making an income. Many families have gone bankrupt due to recession. Overpopulation has left very little job opportunities in the market. This is one of the reasons for urban crime as well. The closure of factories and manufacturing business has left UK with a high rate of unemployment in Birmingham and various major cities.

Pollution

With rise in population, people are always out and about and mostly use either their own private methods of transportation such as driving their car to work or using a bike or public methods of transportation such as riding the bus or subway. These automobiles release harmful gases into the atmosphere causing air pollution. Air pollution reached a crisis in the 19th century with the spread of the Industrial Revolution and the rapid growth of the metropolis. The increase of domestic fires and factory furnaces meant that polluted emissions surged considerably.

Aside from threats to countries, Urbanization also affects wildlife and our ecosystem. Poor air and water quality, insufficient water availability, waste-disposal problems, and high energy consumption largely affect almost everything around us. Animal populations are a victim of the pollution caused by us and often have to sacrifice their habitats due to lack of space left for humans to settle in.

The urban crime rate has majorly increased all around the world too. Issues of lack of resources, overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, and lack of social services and education has lead to so many social problems including violence, drug abuse, and crime. Most of the crimes such as murder, rape, kidnapping, riots, assault, theft, robbery, and hijacking are reported to be more prominent in the urban settlements. Besides, poverty related crimes are the highest in fast-growing urban regions. These acts of urban crime really upset the peace and law of cities/towns.

Solutions

So how do we battle these challenges? What can we do to protect our environment and at the same time manage our households and gain an adequate amount of income each month? I say it starts with us. Until and unless we don’t start changing our own lifestyle we cannot force other people to. Governments should become stricter and pass laws that plan and provide cities with smart growth techniques, considering that people should not reside in unsafe and polluted areas. Our objective should focus on taking a sustainable approach to these problems. To lessen the negative effects of rapid urbanization while at the same time conserving natural ecosystems, private investments should be encouraged so as to utilize natural resources and create more job opportunities. One way to control population would be by spreading awareness and educating people about family planning and creating awareness among the rural communities. Another way to battle pollution would be by using renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, hydropower and encouraging governments and industries to make use of them. Investments in energy efficient industries and technologies will lead to clean economy. Reforestation instead of deforestation should be promoted. In India specialists have stated that the government must focus on two critical factors which is solid waste management and waste water treatment. I personally think the government should take an initiative to open universities or create a subject teaching the younger generation on urban planning, urban infrastructure, urban development to learn how to meet the demands of urbanization. To lessen urban crime, police staff in urban areas should undergo a specific training to maintain demands of the law and order situation. Government must make polices to construct low cast multi-storeyed flats in order to accommodate the people living in slums and squatter settlements. There should also be an initiative taken to provide funds to encourage entrepreneurship. Funds and charity should also be donated to the poor populations and proper sanitation and hygiene must be developed in these rural areas.

Conclusion

In conclusion, urbanization is important in todays world, we all require a better standard of living but not at the expensive of ruining our surroundings. I think in order to live in an urbanized city we must abide by the laws and regulations and create a sustainable environment for all to live in. With ever growing advancements in technology I am sure we can find some way or the other to transform our problems into solutions. Today smart cities are being created, and I really like how they aim to improve the quality of urban services or reduce its costs. It stands out for its specificities: smart management, lifestyle, mobility, housing, as well as a smart economy. Our main goal should be to reconcile technological innovation with the economic, social and ecological challenges of the city of tomorrow.

The world has sworn to eradicate poverty and malnutrition by 2030 as sustainable development goals implemented in 2015 by United Nations. Still, growing urbanization is imposing new challenges to development, and as per latest study, India is principally vulnerable since it confronts another twin burden of under-nutrition. India confronts an absurd situation; its swift financial growth is joined with a much gradual decline in under-nutrition. This essay will discuss the effect of urbanization and its effect on food security in India and its comparison with highly urbanized countries like United States.

The food and Agriculture organization of the UN known as FAO describes food security as a condition that is present when all persons, always, have physical and financial access to adequate, safe and nourishing food to meet their dietetic requirements and food predilections for a lively and fit life. This description includes four important dimensions to domestic food security: accessibility, steadiness, protection and access. Each of the four important features of food security can be examined in the background of municipal environment. The primary dimension which is food accessibility is related to the general accessibility of appropriate amounts of food. This is mostly a function of food manufacture and supply. Both manufacture and supply networks are different in countryside and urban backgrounds. Food permanency necessitates that food can be obtained at all times. Food security is related to the quality of food. It is not plentiful that satisfactory amount of food is available, if it cannot be used without jeopardizing chief health problems. Several studies concluded that urbanization usually reduce child malnourishment and raise dietary diversity.

Though, in Municipal areas food is progressively spent outside the house in India or in several emergent countries the set-up of roadside stalls is undefined. Stands normally lack proper preservation, water, and hygienic facilities. Sellers are frequently not trained in cooking, managing, and stowing food carefully. The last dimension, access to food is linked with the capitals that a separate or domestic owns to get food mandatory for a healthy diet. Therefore, for persons living in city areas, food access depends chiefly on the house’s ability to buy food. Most city poor neither have huge food stores, nor do they have availability to areas for own food manufacture. The urban poor frequently pay more for food procurements than do richer urban counterparts, as they are helpless to purchase small extents of food daily since they do not have the capitals or living situations which allow them to obtain and store large amounts of food at home.

It is worth mentioning here that probable changes at two dissimilar ends of the spectrum in terms of countries’ financial success. It would be predictable that in states with effective economies and swift urbanization, there will be increasing demands for meat, dairy foods, herbal oils and ‘luxury’ foods, and this infers more energy intensive manufacture and, for several nations, more importations from other countries. Urbanization is also related with dietetic shifts towards more treated and pre-prepared fast foods, in part in response to long occupied hours and, for a share of the urban populace, with decreased physical activity. Food requirement will also be impacted by how this financial growth deviates the circulation of income. It is usually inferred that urbanization is commonly related with financial growth, this does not imply that the number of urban inhabitants facing hunger has reduced in all countries. In India, increased rural-urban links offer both challenges and prospects for urban and rustic areas equally. Attaining food security and nourishment across the rural-urban range includes a series of multifaceted and interwoven factors touching on problems such as sustainable manufacture models, advancement of markets that are helpful to limited manufacturers, satisfactory employment and revenue generation, customer access to varied and nourishing products, safe access to natural resources, delivery of proper services and substructure.

Although, the renovation of rural areas stimulated by relations with municipal centers can deliver constructive effects in terms of access to facilities and better incomes, and can subsidize to more supportable urbanization, however, it can also imply that certain parts are left behind, making pockets of poverty and helping people to get away from their areas of origin in search of improved living circumstances. Only by attending the main causes of food insecurity and malnourishment in both pastoral and municipal areas will it be likely to break the susceptibility cycle and take full benefit of the prospects offered by urbanization and rustic transformation. Indian country implemented food reforms in the form of its National Food Security Act (NFSA, under which almost ninety-nine million families are eligible to five kilogram of subsidized food grain per individual per month. (Vijayaraghavan, 2016). Additionally, “Mid-Day Meal Scheme” under which free lunches were provided to students in schools and “Anganwadi centers” comprised of courtyard centers established to combat child hunger and undernourishment to tackle food and nourishment uncertainty were launched in India. (Burza, et al, 2015). However, regardless of all these schemes to fight hunger problems in India, it still has an elevated figure of undernourishment as seen by the below graph. (Meenakshi, 2016).

Out of thirty-two people million people who relocated from rural areas to city areas between 2000 and 2010, according to immigration data from Survey held in 2012, nearly 8 million people moved for work or business whereas 11 million moved with their families. (Singh, 2017). Approximately twenty percent of India’s urban population, or more than sixty-five million people, lives in slums, a figure that is increasing day by day. (Narayanan, 2015). According to IFPRI report, poor urban residents are confronted with exceptional nutritional challenges around retrieving healthful food, satisfactory employment, communal protection, and appropriate supply of water, public health, and sanitation facilities, all of which impact food security and nutrition. (Dandage, Badia-Melis & Ruiz-García, 2017). It is safe to assume that, distress relocation to inner-city areas, unlike developing migration, is urbanizing the problem of food insecurity in India.

India is burdened with the dual problem of over and udder malnutrition. According to a survey, low body weight indices are more predominant in rural areas, obesity and overweight were more prevalent in urban areas. (Ranjani, 2016) South Korea is one of the countries that has undergone the drastic changes of economic growth and as a result, under nutrition has occurred in rural areas of south Korea. The Seoul urban area contains the metropolis of Seoul and including the urbanization of Incheon, to the west and considerable residential growth in the jurisdiction of Gyeonggi on the other three sides Seoul’s populace density is among the biggest of the world’s prosperous municipal areas. With populace density of twenty-seven thousand people per square mile, which are a result of urbanization. Statistics predict that Seoul metropolitan area will continue to expand with the rapid economic growth.

Let’s take a look at the urbanized countries like United States, which is now overwhelmed in an obesogenic atmosphere. The National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assessed that in 2015-2016, the frequency of obesity in the US was around 40% in grownups and 19% in youth. (Kivimäki, 2017). Survey disclosed that, with urbanization, people’s diets are shifting. City populations have a tendency to eat more calories, still a lower percentage of these calories comes from cereals or sugars and more comes from fats. Municipal residents eat more meat and other protein, or devour varius animal protein sources as compared to rural counterparts, but fewer dairy products are used. They also consume more fruits and vegetables general, however ingesting of these food groups varies between more affluent and minor urban populations. Urban residents consume more non-basic diets, which includes sugary snacks among kids, takeaways from restaurants rather from home, and processed foods.

Studies show that urbanization in USA is linked with high blood pressure in males and with cardiac disease and cholesterol in other residents. With more folks assuming ‘urban diets’, there have been some variations in the food supply change. For example, the move away from grains and oats such as rice and wheat to vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat and fish have been changed. There is also a trend for shopping from retail supermarkets rather than the traditional markets among urban consumers. In 2018, according to an estimate, one in eight Americans were food insecure, associating to forty million US citizens including more than twelve million youngsters. The U.S. Department of Agriculture known as USDA describes food insecurity as a deficiency of steady access to adequate food for a dynamic, fit life.

It is imperative to know that hunger and food uncertainty are strictly related, however, discrete concepts. Hunger denotes to a personal, physical feeling of distress, whereas food insecurity denotes to a lack of existing fiscal resources for food at the domestic level. Policy assessment, through both quantifiable and qualitative study, discloses food insecurity to be an intricate problem. It does not exist in separation, as low-income households are impacted by multiple, overlying issues like inexpensive housing, social segregation, health complications, medicinal costs, and low salaries. Several do not have what they need to meet basic requirements and these challenges enlarge a family’s risk of food insecurity. Active responses to food insecurity will require to address these overlying challenges.

Considering both issues such as reasonably priced housing, social seclusion, education level, redundancy or underemployment and food insecurity are significant social factors of health It can be defined as the “circumstances in the surroundings in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship and age that impact a extensive range of health, working and quality-of-life results and risks.” Poverty and food insecurity in the America are carefully related. Not all folks living below the poverty line experience food uncertainty, and individuals living above the poverty line can experience food insecurity as well. Salaries and other critical domestic expenditures such as caring for an ill-child can also assist in predicting food insecurity among people living in the United States

While US families are frequently labeled as either food secure or food insecure, there are 4 levels of food security, that define the range of families’ experiences in retrieving adequate food. Families with high food security and peripheral food security make up the food secure group, and families with low food security and very low food security make up the food insecure group.

The “Dietary Guidelines for Americans” is the basis of national nutrition policy and diet education projects and is “concerned with legislators, nutrition educationalists, nutritionists, and health care providers as defined by United State Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture in 2005. (Fogli-Cawley, 2005) It was first printed in 1980 and has been restructured every 5 years by a committee selected by the secretaries of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services. The 2005 strategies and plans include the recommendation that grownups take 2 cups of fruit and two and a half cups of vegetables, and they call for feeding of a variety of healthy foods, for example, selections from 5 vegetable subcategories. (Fogli-Cawley, 2005) The 2005 strategies also addressed problems of safety as denoted by the US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture in 2005, however, they do not mention other dynamic elements of food security such as accessibility, affordability, cultural adequacy, social righteousness, or self-governing decision making. (Fogli-Cawley, 2005) Schoonover and Muller evaluate that the actual cost of fresh fruit and vegetables has amplified by forty percent from 1985 to 2000, whereas the prices of fats and oils and of beverages have reduced by more than ten percent and twenty percent, correspondingly; they claim that United States farm policy has formed this gap by leading food industry investment into inexpensive food additives for treated or fast foods which has caused overnutrition in the United States. (Schoonover & Muller, 2007).

It is safe to assume that, poverty, food insecurity and undernourishment remain rigorous in rustic areas, there is also a necessity to better recognize these challenges in municipal areas. Among kids in developing nations like India, underweight is still a bigger problem as compared to obesity. The most unbalanced outcomes of suburbanization and rural revolution will happen when the same communal groups are omitted and further relegated. which are frequently low-income factions, counting those that are confronted with social segregation for reasons such as gender, age, background, race, belief, or community class. All of such factions are confronted with the risk of being left out from prospects afforded by larger access to facilities and substructure, employment and income producing opportunities, and access to nourishing foods evolving from rural-urban connections, and will face bigger challenges to attaining food security and nutrition.

It can be concluded that problem of food security such as over- and undernutrition as a result of urbanization are not merely a problem of rich or poor, correspondingly. On the contrary, all too often these issues overlap and co-occur. Presently, policies to handle this dual burden of malnourishment need to be pursued and indorsed independently and thoroughly, as if the two issues were independent of each other. The world’s level of suburbanization is probable to continue to be growing, as long as the longstanding trend in most low- and middle-income countries is for financial growth. Among these countries, those with the most financial achievement will usually urbanize most. Higher income countries may no longer urbanize; however, this is mostly the result of non-agricultural labors being able to live in rustic areas or industrial and service initiatives situated in pastoral areas. This will need to transform, and strategies and agendas should be developed that need to address both problems in a unified manner.

References

• Vijayaraghavan, K. (2016). The Persistent Problem of Malnutrition in India. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 82(5), 1341-1350.
• Burza, S., Mahajan, R., Marino, E., Sunyoto, T., Shandilya, C., Tabrez, M., … & Mishra, K. N. (2015). Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition in India: new evidence from Bihar. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 101(4), 847-859.
• Meenakshi, J. V. (2016). Trends and patterns in the triple burden of malnutrition in India. Agricultural economics, 47(S1), 115-134.
• Kivimäki, M., Kuosma, E., Ferrie, J. E., Luukkonen, R., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., … & Knutsson, A. (2017). Overweight, obesity, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: pooled analysis of individual-level data for 120 813 adults from 16 cohort studies from the USA and Europe. The Lancet Public Health, 2(6), e277-e285.
• Williams, E. P., Mesidor, M., Winters, K., Dubbert, P. M., & Wyatt, S. B. (2015). Overweight and obesity: prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Current obesity reports, 4(3), 363-370.
• Joo, Y. M. (2018). Megacity Seoul: Urbanization and the Development of Modern South Korea. Routledge.
• Singh, M. (2017). Law relating to food security in India challenges and prospects.
• Narayanan, S. (2015). Food security in India: the imperative and its challenges. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 2(1), 197-209.
• Dandage, K., Badia-Melis, R., & Ruiz-García, L. (2017). Indian perspective in food traceability: A review. Food control, 71, 217-227.
• Ranjani, H., Mehreen, T. S., Pradeepa, R., Anjana, R. M., Garg, R., Anand, K., & Mohan, V. (2016). Epidemiology of childhood overweight & obesity in India: A systematic review. The Indian journal of medical research, 143(2), 160.
• Muller, M., Schoonover, H., & Wallinga, D. (2007). Considering the contribution of US food and agricultural policy to the obesity epidemic: overview and opportunities. Minneapolis, MN: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.
• Fogli-Cawley, Jeanene J., Johanna T. Dwyer, Edward Saltzman, Marjorie L. McCullough, Lisa M. Troy, James B. Meigs, and Paul F. Jacques. ‘The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of the metabolic syndrome.’ The American journal of clinical nutrition 86, no. 4 (2007): 1193-1201.

INTRODUCTION

The transformation of Dubai, United Arab Emirates from an inadequate desert to an urbanized city that stands before our eyes today, cost the blood and tears of the government and the hardworking laborers that helped turn this dream into reality. The UAE is located along the Persian Arabian Gulf, it has the largest net migration rate which is at 12.36, the GDP was 382.575 billion in 2017, the growth rate of the GDP is 2.82% and finally the rate of urbanization is 2.32%. In the past the UAE has obtained al lot of urbanization projects that have paid off today with the economic and social status that it has today. Dubai has urbanized abnormally at fastest rate consisting in only the span of 40 years, this report will be containing the information of how the transformation took place and how it caused urban stresses and also how they can be resolved.

TRANSFORMATION

This is a satellite image from 1973, during this period the oil boom occurred which encouraged rapid economic growth. The urbanization here is barely visible, although it will be seen in the following images.This image is from 1990, during this period the ports were already constructed and Emirates Airlines was also founded, urbanization had taken off on a slow pace. In 2006, the palm Islands are visible which means that the UAE had started undertaking projects to urbanization further, the infrastructure has improved. During this era a lot of projects may have been occurring along the coast such as water activities and beach residential etc, which would have been promoting tourism therefore benefiting the economy.In 1975 the total population was 183,000 inhabitants in 2015 it was more than 2 million, this happened due to the strategies that were put in place. In 1975, the Dubai municipality was introduced, their first master plan was formed which resulted in the production of a road system, town centre as well as modern buildings made of concrete blocks. In fact the total built up area increased from 54 square kilometers in 1975, to 977 kilometers in 2015.Looking above at the natural increase of the country, it has been noticed that the rate has been dropping constantly, usually the progression of the natural increase is the main factor of population growth in many countries, although in Dubai’s case it is completely different. Since the health care of Dubai has developed so much, the death rate has decrease to 1 in thousand. Furthermore, 91% of the population included foreign workers who are usually single or have left their family back home, this is why the birth rate is relativity low.

OVERCROWDING IS POOR QUALITY HOUSING WHICH IS LEADING TO CRIME

The constant increase of population and the lack of deaths is causing Dubai to become very overcrowded. Overcrowding is caused due to lack of houses in a community considering the people wanting to live in an area leading to a cramped environment. This results in the transmission of diseases and unkept hygiene later on leading to a substandard quality of life. ‘A number of crimes committed by bachelors staying in residential neighborhoods including prostitution activities, assaults, theft, real estate fraud and residence law violations have been reported to the Public Prosecution.” (Ibrahim Al Hosni, 2018)

Landlords are cramping up bachelors in a building where families are living causing crime to take place. This shows that the housing is very deficient in Satwa and Karama when it comes to the poor families, however families living at the Palm or JLT (Jumeirah Lake Towers) would never face the same consequences. A plausible solution would be having more houses in an area or community and not allowing bachelors in family homes to maintain safety and avoid the outbreak of crime.

OVERCROWDING IS LEADING TO CONGESTION WHICH IS LEADING TO POLLUTION

Overcrowding is causing traffic congestion as people have to travel to there work place which means that there would be a higher number of vehicles found on the road leading to more greenhouse gas emissions (air pollution) and noise pollution. The reason why Sheikh Zayed road (highway) is so crowded is because it is located where or is leading to where the central business districts are located. Some solutions to congestion would be constructing wider roads and more highway lanes, more tunnels, overhead bridges and parking spots. Some solutions to noise pollution would be living in less crowded areas and installing double glazed windows.

STRAIN ON RESOURCES & WASTE

Overcrowding is also leading to a more intense strain on resources as oil at which the whole country is dependent on will soon come to an end, however now, it is used as if there is no tomorrow. The UAE is trying to stop the oil from being used so carelessly by inventing electric vehicles that will run on electricity and they will certainly not contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions. The constant use of fossil fuels is a lot of waste as they are non-renewable resources and electricity is a renewable resource, instead of using fossil fuel that impact the environment harshly, it is better to use electricity.

SOCIAL IMPACTS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Of course, due to urbanization the demographic structure of Dubai has completely changed, although there is inequality present here. The Dubai frame that was opened in 2018, shows a clear view of old Dubai and new Dubai, it shows how people living new Dubai are living a much more advanced and safe lifestyle as compared to old Dubai. The jobs owned in old Dubai may not pay fairly like new Dubai and it may be hard for parents to provide for their family with what they get. The GDP has improved a lot due to the high demands of goods and tourism it has caused a lot of economic benefit in Dubai and more facilities such as schools, universities etc are introduced.

CONCLUSION

It has been predicted that by 2020, urbanization will grow to 7.9 million by the United Nations and it is very essential for Dubai to maintain it’s environment which is affected very severely at this stage. The sustainable development goals include reducing inequalities between women and society, reduce the use of fossil fuel and etc to decrease the impacts of climate change, as well as protecting the sea life that have been destroyed due to the Palm projects which involved the disturbing the natural habitat of the corals. In 2020 the population will reach 2.8 million, which means that there would be higher chances of congestion and overcrowding which would lead to other urban stresses. Dubai needs to step up it’s game before it turns into a city with the highest urban stress rate.

Urbanization is becoming prominent throughout time and is on a steady increase, where by 2030, the urban population will have increased from 3.5 billion to 5 billion which will be more than 50% of the world’s population. (M. Kovisto ,2016). Methods will eventually be put into place to combat the various effects of urbanization and the impacts that this will have on developed and developing markets. The World Health Organization has chosen the theme of “urbanization and health” for World Health Day, on 7 April 2010, in recognition of the effect urbanization has on our collective health globally and on every individual. (World Health Organisation, 2018). Through this, it is understandable that measures will are currently put into place by larger organizations and diversified international case studies will further amplify the action that will be taken against the adverse effects of urbanisation.

Venture Capital in Urban Technologies

It is proven that technology is a key component to the creation of smarter more habitable cities, which assists individuals establishing their lives within the city environments. New York City, becoming one of the largest populated cities in the world with a population of 8.623 million in 2017 with a steady increase on the rise is a suitable example of how technological advances assist with ongoing urbanisation within the area. (World Population Review, 2019). Sidewalk Labs, established by a google driven firm has enabled a launched free WIFI kiosks throughout the most habitable spots throughout New York City, which establishes the fastest public WIFI in the world which is proven to allow for several benefits within the community. This service is at no charge and is at no effect to the taxpayer, whilst allowing for a $500 million revenue increase towards the city budget during the first 10 years. This service has been paramount towards an anonymized, aggregated data source that will evidently allow the city to operate in a more effective manner, which will be in sync towards the rapid urbanisation growth within the environment. This technological advancement in New York City, will eventually result in a revenue increase whilst allowing job creation for the citizens of New York City. (J. Willan, 2017).

Sidewalk Labs are promoting this source of technology for the community to improve the quality of life. There arguments state that growing communities are facing more issues throughout the day such as larger commutes, fewer opportunities and higher rents. As a result, they are trying to implement a new technology that may assist with the everyday lives of individuals throughout the world through accelerating urban innovation at a lower cost. They have further enhanced this through creating a mobility system in Toronto, Canada with will assist in enhancing street safety whilst allowing for a more convenient means of navigation around the city. (Rohit T. Aggarwala, 2016)

Rohit T. Aggarwala further outlines these notions through his ideology on urban cities. Where a mission is outlined to develop a technology that will evidently create a more productive, habitable urban lifestyle. An interesting point that is delved into is the housing and real estate market which construction methodology and building designs will come as a crucial factor towards combating urbanisation. Reducing the cost of real estate through construction methods and allowing for a less congested environment through design methods is a sidewalk labs perception which has been put fourth in all of there creations. They have created a new standard of sustainability where this construction methodology will work with reducing building energy consumption, landfill waste and carbon emissions which may be prohibited through whole prefabrication methodology reducing waste in an area and pollution throughout the environment. Computerized systems will all be a result of these environmentally sustainable approaches. Hence, outlining on an international scale how a firm may work towards combating urbanisation through various technological advancements. (Rohit T. Aggarwala, 2016)

Economic Development & Job Creation

Economic outcomes within a city environment always plays a critical role in promoting urbanisation and will essentially fuel further growth and allow for an innovated society as a result. Tax plays a critical factor towards the economic development and even job creation in urban development as the local government is limited in towards generating revenue. Hence, Tax Increment Financing (TIF) which is a mechanism utilised by the government as a financing method that is utilised to subsidy for redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects in most countries, including China. As a beneficial systematic tool towards urbanisation, this method will divert property tax revenue increases from specific areas through the economic developments. These urbanised projects will also increase job capacity’s within certain areas, as a result of an increased need for work within these areas. (C Brada, 2017)

Social Impact bonds which have been well established by the USA, Massachusetts Roca program, will be another mechanism to combat the ongoing effects of urbanisation, where Goldman Sachs is a pioneer in the creation of these new bonds. These bonds are necessary towards supporting high impact social programs. From data studies it is apparent that city, state and federal budgets are on the declining, which will have a ripple effect on social challenges that society will face. Stakeholders will work in a coherent order to operate on a same basis goal to challenge the effects of urbanization such as pollution and physical barriers, greater poverty, environmental hazards and service needs/wants. (Marjo Kovisto, 2018).

Hence, the communities going through urbanisation are facing various day to day challenges where they will need assistance as a result. This assistance will come in financially and will be operated through the means of a project manager that will bring it all together, the government pays for all the results and the result will heavily assist the community. These bonds are operated on globally and international project which will be a prime example of how these bonds successfully mitigate the effects of Urbanisation is the Massachusetts Roca Program. This program essentially avoids criminal recidivism where a risk bearing financial arrangement through non-profit units along with public and private institutions. The USA is a prime example of how these social impact bonds have assisted towards the effects of urbanisations. (James Chen, 2018)

Enterprise solutions for urban mass transportation

As a result of urbanisation, it is apparent that cities are accumulating an excess usage of the area which as a result will put an ongoing stress on the transportation platforms in the city. Larger cities such as New York City, USA and Beijing, China have a large population with a constant need for transportation within the area as there is a higher economic influx and urbanization is apparent. This can be combated, and Mexico City’s the Avenida Chapultepec Project is an interesting example of innovating urban transport infrastructure finance which has its own unique notion of withstanding these effects. As in the last decade, along with other cities, Mexico City has faced an ongoing problem of urbanisation in pollution and a disorganized town plan for transportation. Hence, the Avenida Chapultepec project in Mexico City will become a mechanism to minimise the effects of urbanisation in the reduction of congestion exist and promoting a quality based and safer environment. As urban environments are always facing new challenges with getting around the city, Mexico Cities employment of this new project will minimise these effects.

The project is essentially a proposal for the regeneration of public space and will overhaul a 10-laneway highway that runs west to east between Chapultepec park and to the centre of the city. These components of innovation employed by Mexico City will effective create a more innovative system of travel around the community which will limit vehicle transportation usage, minimising environmental effects and creating a more sustainable environment. This will combat Mexico Cities ongoing issue of the effects of urbanisation in the most recent years as a result of a growing population as a reduction of disorganized urban development and pollution will be mitigated. Elsevier (2018).

Conclusion

It is apparent that on a global scale urbanisation is on the rise and there is evidence through recent and upcoming decades that there will be a gradual increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Hence, there will be a sweeping effect on the environment socially, environmentally and financially where external societal entities will need to work together to combat this. Various, methodology throughout the world in major city areas is currently being utilised by these entities successfully and has allowed for the adaption towards urbanisation.