Category: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is one of the most important documents in the 20th century that has been translated into different languages that aims to spell out the right of a human person about what he/she is entitled to. Upon reading the articles, I actually had a hard time choosing given that I should base on their relevance. Our country is suffering from different issues like corruption, killings, drugs, violations, inequality, stereotyping, and many more. These are the main reasons why it took me an hour to decide.

Last month, I remembered watching television, and Mariel Padilla, an actress, mentioned that she did sign any documents regarding the religion of her child. She gave her child the freedom to choose once the child reaches the right age. It actually made me think and realized a lot of things. Religion has a huge influence on our perspective and daily lives. In our birth certificate, only our parent’s religion is indicated. Nowhere in the section have I seen our or the infant’s religion. Therefore, the only certificate that will associate us to a specific religion is upon baptismal and this is actually considered as a violation of the freedom of religion. But, what article 18 is pertaining to is about changing his religion or belief, and freedom to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. I have a lot of friends and relatives who actually changed their religion. At first, I kept on asking what’s so special about other religions. I asked my uncle who changed his religion if he is happy and what made him decide that. He simply told me that his heart had led him. From being an alcoholic person, I see him now as a person who always read the Bible. As we grow older, we tend to question everything in life and even our beliefs. This has actually the same concept as reflective morality wherein customs, traditions, rules, and ethical theories should be carefully analyzed and critically evaluated before we continue or stop to live by them.

I believe that we can promote this right by educating people. Letting them be aware of the things they don’t seem to care about. We should always remember that we can never force someone to change his/her belief, we must let other people be the ones to discover them. Inclining ourselves with appropriate beliefs usually results in a better perspective of living. Religion just like culture is a way of life and freedom of religion can help produce educated people that will lead to a better community.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This book explores mainly the political implications of human rights being equal, inalienable, and universal. The book is divided into five main parts, the first part focus on the theoretical structure on what we mean by right and how they work, the reasons for accepting system human right as outlined in the universal declaration of human rights. Furthermore, he provides that assuring effective enjoyment of one’s rights requires multiple social actors discharging their rights in addition to states (p.38). Donnelly also addresses the issues of group rights as a human right and also that in the modern world that there is overlapping consensus on the universal declaration model of human rights.

In part two the discussion mainly focused on the controversial issues of universality versus relativity of human rights and shows how universality includes the core elements of relativity in the sense that it does not mean they exist all over the world the same way rather human rights are relatively universal and also it provide in detail the bases for the divergent arguments for the issue. In addition, it provides a brief history of human rights in line with different cultures and regions such as Asian, African, Islamic, and also Christendom.

In part three Donnelly discusses the idea of human dignity and illustrates the idea of dignity based on the historical developments as well as the focusing on the Hindu and Confucian traditions. Part 4 explores the efficacy of bilateral and multilateral international action while part 5 addresses prominent post-Cold War issues, including humanitarian intervention, democracy, and human rights, and discrimination against sexual minorities. In this part, Donnelly strictly argues against the western opposition thesis that “the west proposed proclaiming at the world level only the civil and political rights…” (236). He argues that no single western state resisted international legal recognition of economic and social rights. No western state, except the United States, voted against the ICESCR in fact from the twenty-two countries of the west twenty-one of them are parties to ICECR. Even from those twenty-one countries, nineteen countries became parties to ICESCR way before they became parties to the ICCPR (242-250).

STRONG SIDES OF THE BOOK

Donnelly is one of the prominent scholars in the area of human rights and is well known for his proficiency in the areas of human rights. He is the author of several books including, but not limited to, International Human Rights, Realism and International Relations, and also The Concept of Human Rights, and more than 80 articles. I just cannot comprehend how I can review his book. Anyone can observe that the book is meticulously organized; explanatory and also easy to understand by any reader, though it requires at least being familiar with the general human rights concepts. The Author’s writing skill and choice of words are mesmerizing. It shows how profoundly he understands the issue he addresses.

The author does not make assertions only he rather provides a detailed logical and evidentiary argument to support his claims. For example, his argument in the universality and relativity of human rights, and in his argument on how the western supported ICESCR he exhaustively provides his explanation from every possible side and also provided a detailed historical background on the issues so that the reader could have a clear understanding of the issue he is addressing.

Donnelly knows his audiences are those who have a background idea about the issues he raised for this reason he carefully constructed every topic to answer the questions the audience will have while reading as he put it “Many readers will have been struck by the fact that in the preceding chapter I did not even address, let alone identify as important, cultural relativity. That is not accidental” (106).

In the nutshell, the author’s arguments are supported by detailed illustrations. The book is also well crafted and easy to grasp the intended purpose of the audience.

MAJOR CRITIQUES

Although there are many strong sides to the book, I argue to differ with the ways he addressed the issue of Islam and human rights. He rejected that Islam has laid down some universal fundamental rights for humanity as a whole. He even considers that “the scriptural passages cited as establishing the “right to freedom” is a duty not to enslave unjustly (not even a general duty not to enslave)…. The purported “right to freedom of expression” is actually an obligation to speak the truth”. (79). With regard to the issue of slavery, it was mainly practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia and at that time slavery flourished unchecked and the lot of the slaves was miserable in the extreme. The master possessed and exercised the power of life and death over the slave. However, Islam prohibited slavery and the prophet (peace be upon him) for his entire life never owned any slave. The idea of slavery was even repugnant to him. Islam is guided by the Quran and Sunnah (what the prophet ordered, practiced) of the prophet (peace be upon him) so anyone could understand that if the prophet was against the idea of slavery, it is difficult to conclude saying that there is not even a general duty not to enslave under Islam. Thus Islam aimed at the elimination of slavery and bondage and instituted regulations and means towards the achievement of that purpose.

Donnelly’s perception about the right of freedom of expression under Islam is that it is perceived as an obligation to speak the truth only. I argue that the right of freedom of expression under Islam, as he perceived it, should not be interpreted narrowly. Freedom of speech and expression is acknowledged in Islamic legal theory and is a component of its incredibly high ethical base. The objective of speech, according to Islamic philosophy is to build up love, tolerance, social harmony, and understanding among members in order to ensure peaceful coexistence. Islam gives everyone the right to exercise freedom of expression as long as they do not intrude upon the freedom and dignity of other people.

In an erudite and comprehensive work, Freedom of Expression in Islam, the Afghan scholar Muhammad Hashim Kamali sets out specific principles from which an entire doctrine of free speech can be derived. These principles are derived from the fact that many actions which are deemed praiseworthy in Islam can only be undertaken if one has the ability to express oneself freely. These include the proffering of sincere advice (Nasihah), the need to consult (Shura), personal reasoning, the freedom to criticize, the freedom to express an opinion, the freedom of association, and the freedom of religion. Therefore, understanding freedom of expression as an obligation to speak the truth only is narrowly understood that disregards the very purpose it is given by Islam.

MINOR CRITIQUES

Donnelly discussed the evolution of human rights regimes in a detailed manner. However, while summarizing the evolution of human rights regimes with tabular representation (193) he left out to show the evolution of children’s rights, which he discussed in the single issue human rights regime.

In addition to that, while addressing the concept of equal concern and respect in respect of state’s obligation Donnelly used only one of the subject pronouns as “in order to treat someone with concern and respect, she must first be recognized as a moral and legal person…”. But in order to avoid any feminist critiques, it would have been better if he uses he/she interchangeably. Even though the entire book’s spelling usage was excellent there is only one mistake on page 16, “As we have seen, his is precisely when…” it should be corrected as “this”.

CONCLUSION

The third edition of Universal Human Rights Theory and Practice (2013) explores mainly the political implications of human rights being equal, inalienable, and universal. It provides a brief history of human rights in line with different cultures and regions such as Asian, African, Islamic, and also Christendom. It also addresses contemporary human rights issues.

The book is well organized and his arguments are supported by evidence and logical reasoning which gives which makes the author’s argument compelling to accept. In addition to this, the book is also well crafted and easy to grasp the intended purpose of the audience. Although the book has many strong sides, it neglects to analyze in detail international human rights in relation to Islamic principles.

Civil: I believe that freedom of religion is a basic human right. Freedom of religion protects people’s right to live, speak, and act according to their beliefs peacefully and publicly. You will not be persecuted or discriminated against because of the specific religious practices that you do on a daily basis. The freedom of religion is a very important civil liberty because if it didn’t exist then there would be total chaos everywhere. With the number of different religions that exist there would be war between religions on which was the right one and the most superior. People that live in one place where they practice their own religion there say for example Buddhism but the area which they live in let’s say has a vastly greater amount of Christians living there that a small amount of Buddhist believers would most likely be forced to start practicing Christianity or be forced to leave the community or possibly harmed and killed. “In some parts of the world, religious freedom doesn’t exist. A few examples include Myanmar, where Buddhist monks aren’t allowed to practice; North Korea, where religious people have been sent to re-education camps; as well as China and some Muslim countries.” Freedom of religion is basic civil liberty because there are many types of religion and many different views on religion and the only way we can coexist in harmony and in peace is by making sure that this civil liberty remains protected.

Political- Everyone should have the right to vote no matter what cultural or racial background you come from. The right to vote is a basic human right. We as a society vote for many things like the president, passing a new law, mayors, and e.t.c. The purpose of voting is for everyone’s opinion to be shared because everyone’s response deserves to be equally heard. Voting grants people the power not the government because we have the right to vote anyone out of office whom we do not seem fit. If there wasn’t voting, powerful dictators would rise to power and end up restricting all of the people they control right’s and they wouldn’t be able to do anything about it but fight back and if they did that many would end up dying because dictators usually have the whole military on their side. We can refer back to the times when kings were at power back in the medieval ages. The people living in the kingdom didn’t have the right to vote and had to follow all of the king’s commands or they would end up in a dungeon. The king would have all the wealth of the kingdom and would continue to get richer and richer by tax collectors while the poorer class would keep on getting poorer because they can’t keep up with the absurd taxes they are forced to pay. Some Kings would favor the people over the wealth and would try as much as they could to keep everyone satisfied in a kingdom while others just wanted all the money and riches to themselves with zero care toward their citizens. People of the kingdom didn’t have the right to vote for the king, the king is chosen through bloodline from generation to generation. The right to vote is a very important political and human right because it keeps peace among everyone.

Economic- I believe that everyone has the right best education that seems the fittest for them. Education obviously is fundamental for the human brain to evolve and strengthen with knowledge. Throughout history, people had to fight in order to gain deductions equal to other people.

Education gives us knowledge of the world around us and changes it into something better. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life. It helps us build opinions and have points of view on things in life. Education is what gives people a sense of what’s right and what’s wrong and makes the world overall a better place. Education determines what your future will be and will help you achieve that future. Poor people usually tend to get less education than people of a higher class in most parts of the world which is simply unfair. The education you would like should be given to you without exception. It is simply unfair that people of the poorer class will get worse education and probably worse jobs than people with high amounts of cash that have good jobs. Studies that have been taken for many years have shown that kids that come from higher-income families have less of a desire to try in schools than students of lower-income families. Education should be a basic human right in order for humanity to continue evolving and become smarter to be able to keep humanity from going extinct.

Cultural- Everyone should have the right to social security. If you are of old age, disabled, or a survivor you should be eligible for social security insurance which gives money to help you pay for your survival because you can not work anymore and gain money yourself. Everyone should receive this insurance no matter where you live or where you came from. Social security is a cycle where you pay taxes toward social security to provide money for people that can’t work anymore and have no way of gaining money to buy necessities in order to stay alive. When you become older or get in a serious injury or die and your family were depending on you to get money the same taxes that you once paid to help the needy in retirement are now going to be received by you from people who pay their social security taxes. These people can be your neighbors, friends, family, people you used to work with, or anyone in general. Social security is a constant cycle and has made countries like the US very successful. In some poorer countries, the amount you receive for social security is low and you are unable to continue managing and fending for necessities in order to stay alive. Social security should be a basic human right and everyone should be eligible to get it because it is necessary to stay alive when you can no longer gain money yourself.

2a. The themes that I find in common throughout the Universal declaration of human rights are Dignity And Justice, Environment, Culture, and Gender.

Dignity and Justice- Dignity and justice for every human being no matter what gender, race, location, religion, who may be in control of your government, social rank, etc is what the declaration of Justice promises. It is mentioned in the first sentence of the preamble and reappears again in Article 1. Justice can be clearly shown and expressed because justice is shown by upholding something that is fair, just, and right, but Dignity is hard to show because it is not something that can be given but instead it must be earned through your actions and it reflects the type of person you are, respected or ignorant. The dignity that is reflected in the Declaration of Human rights tells us that we must treat each other with respect and understanding. The government must especially treat the people living in neighborhoods, communities, societies, cities, and nations with respect.

Environment- Even though the environment is not specifically brought up in the Universal declaration of human rights I believe that it is a vital topic to bring up. As we all know the waste of the world ends up somewhere where it is invading other people’s space where they live. An example could be India. The ocean around India and the shorelines are filled with trash. The poorer people or the slums which are located near that area have very to no healthy clean water. While the rich cities have it nice and don’t have to worry about what happens in the slums, people that live in slums have to deal with all of the pollution and the poor quality of life. If you dump waste into someone’s community without proper consultation or compensation then you are violating their rights. As time goes on our awareness for environmental degradation is increasing with the environment growing worse and worse we can’t enjoy our human rights to the full extent. The actions of nations, communities and businesses can really restrict the rights of individuals and cause their life to be bad. This is a theme that is slightly brought up along with all the freedoms that are presented in the Universal declaration of human rights.

Culture-The universal declaration of human rights touches upon how the concept of human rights is closely related to the belief that connects centrally to who we are, our identity. The way of life we live like customs and beliefs or the way we live and die is all depending on the culture we belong to. If you take the culture away from the people you are essentially taking their identity away and making them nobodies. Living in a society that has multiple cultures (melting pot), we get to learn a lot about what makes up the different cultures we interact with and see how they characterized the people associated with the culture, at the same time we can give back to different cultures we interact with by sharing back what makes up our culture. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights says “everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community” this means that one has the right to impose their culture over ours by dominating or eradicating our culture.

Gender- “The conception is that all people start life at equals, but at birth, we are treated differently based on if we are a girl or a boy.”The universal declaration of human rights clearly tells us that men and women are not the same but demands that the genders are equal before the law and are not discriminated. It is clearly visible that today we see women being discriminated against in many ways, the most common that is noticed is the way women get treated at work and how much they get paid compared to men. The right to be free of discrimination in terms of gender is specifically brought up in Article 2 of the declaration. Even though article 2 talks about how everyone is entitled to rights no matter what race, color, sex, language, religion, political or another opinion, national or social origin,

Throughout Australia’s history, Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people have been heavily prejudiced, mistreated and discriminated against. For instance, from 1910-1970 mixed race Aboriginal children were taught stolen from their homes and forced to learn western culture alternatively to their own culture. These children were known as the ‘Stolen Generation.’ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was ratified in 1948 on December 10th and recognised that human rights are universal and available to all humans. Some of these rights include the right to privacy, the right to life and the right to a nationality. The declaration then led to multiple civil rights movements in the U.S including the Bus Boycotts (1955-1956), the Freedom Rides (1961) and the March on Washington which caused a significant change in the way Australia treated Indigenous Australians. The US Civil Rights movement impacted activism in Australia during the 1960s, which have brought about noteworthy changes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples concerning basic human rights. In contempt of this, there is still a long way to come in terms of equality.

The U.S Civil Rights Movement was a battle for equality during the 1950s and 1960s in America so African Americans could share the same human rights as the whites. This movement commenced with the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 which declared all humans equal under the law and influenced many other social justices. The civil rights movement began with Rosa Parks, an African American activist arrested for refusing to get out of her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1st, 1955. Martin Luther King recalled “Mrs. Parks was ideal for the role assigned to her by history.” On December 5th, 1955, 90% of African Americans refused to get on their busses and a decision was made later that day to turn the boycotting into a long-term campaign. Soon after the bus boycotts, nine African American students enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, on September 4th, 1957 which exercised their right to an equal education and was a huge symbol of anti-segregation. President Dwight Eisenhower had to employ federal guards to protect the students due to sever harassment from students at the school. On the 20th of September police had to escort the little rock nine through a highly aggressive mob of 1000 people protesting their actions. The U.S Civil Rights Movement was an extremely important part of history and this movement would later heavily influence Indigenous Australian human rights.

The American Civil Rights movement influenced Australia heavily in terms of racial equality. Indigenous Australians were almost completely ignored by white Australians, but the many American civil rights movements encouraged Australia people to begin making changes in the way they were treating the traditional owners of their land. The Eddy Mabo Case was a famous case in Australia, 1982, that involved recognising the land rights of the Meriam people, traditional owners of the Murray Islands. In 1992 the high court decided that the lands of Australia are not ‘terra nulius’ (land belonging to no one) and that Meriam people were ‘entitled as against the whole world to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of (most of) the lands of the Murray Islands’. Due to the success of them in America, in 1965 Australia had freedom rides where University of Sydney students planned to expose the poor state of Aboriginal health, education and housing. The rides caused anger from Australians for Indigenous people to be treated far better. Australia displayed the freedom rides on media platforms as much as they could to ensure the pubic were aware of how Aboriginals were living. The civil rights movement in America heavily influenced how Australia chose to treat Indigenous peoples.

Civil rights movements in Australia caused huge changes to be made by the Australian government and promoted human rights to all races. Many anti-segregation events that took place in Australia such as the Freedom Rides in 1965 and the Mabo case in 1982 promoted changes to be made. On May 27th 1967, a referendum took place to amend the Constitution to allow the Commonwealth to make laws for Aboriginal people and include them in the census. The results came out as 90.77% uniform YES to consider Aboriginals the same as every other Australian citizen. In 1975, To begin the battle for Aboriginal land rights, the Whitlam government gave back 3300 square km of land to the Gurindiji people. Later in 1992 the Mabo case revoked ‘terra nulius’ and Aboriginals were able to take ownership of their land.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was extremely successful in causing positive changes in racial equality. Australia was heavily influenced by America’s civil rights movement and Australia’s Freedom Rides and the Mabo case caused hugely positive changes in the law. With more intervention, and national support, the lives of Aboriginal people can continue to progress and flourish.

Discrimination is ubiquitous in life it will hurt you unknowingly and make you feel hopeless. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) guarantees the right to dignity and equality of fundamental human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a valuable tool for explaining the discrimination against illegal immigrants depicted in the movie “Dirty Pretty Things” through the following articles: (article 3), (article 5), (article 11).

The director Frears created “Dirty Pretty Things” to reveal the idea of discrimination happened in London about three characters. In the beginning, Okwe and Senay live a precarious life, working in the hotel without a legal identity. After that, he accidentally found out that hotel owner Sneaky was doing illegal business. Meanwhile, Sneaky knows Okwe’s true identity and threatens Okwe to help him, or else report him. Finally, Senay and Sneaky do sex and human organ trades in hotel rooms. For the safety of Senay, Okwe asked him to do the surgery, in return and asked them to give them a new identity. Injustice treatment will not be forgiven by persons because their pain has been greatly traumatized.

The UDHR explains the discrimination against illegal immigrants depicted in the movie “Dirty Pretty Things” through the lack of security of the person in article 3. In more detail, the UDHR considers that humans rights should be getting safe without hurt. More specifically, people’s security and liberty are related, people should treat equally without any discrimination depends on sex, language, color. According to UDHR, “Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person” (United,1948). This indicates that under no circumstances should others be restricted or deprived of security personal. In the movie, however, Okwe found a human heart in the toilet. Reported to the boss Sneaky, but Sneaky feels absurd. Okwe wants to call the police but he has no identity. If the police know Okwe is illegal to stay here, he must go back home. The movie Sneaky says, “What’s your full name aqua and you never told me where you’re from or even how come you’re here in this beautiful country” (Seaward & Jones, 2002). Clearly, Okwe’s security is in the hands of others and cannot be escaped. This causes me to feel despondent because Okwe’s right to security cannot be controlled by himself. This theory justifies UDHR that the infringement of the right to personal security is shameful and does not fit the purpose of the UDHR. Thus, the discrimination against illegal immigrants in the movie “Dirty Pretty Things” reveals the lack of security of the person in article 3 with organ trafficking.

Article 5 of the UDHR expounds on human dignity in the movie and Senay suffers the insult. In the words, although a person is erring or not but everyone can not suffer the insult and perpetrate violence. According to article 5, “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” (United,1948). It is clear that anybody does not allow unauthorized use of violence and insult others or the body. In contrast, in the movie, Senay clashed with immigration officials because Senay was a special refugee living in London and was unable to work for six months or rent out the house to others. she has to in the factory clothing work but she couldn’t get rid of the sexual harassment of the dirty and ugly fat boss of the clothing factory. Factory clothing fat boss says: “If you can’t give me a good reason, I will call the immigration I’m good man Senay, I know where to draw the line, don’t want to take your virginity, Senay, I just want you to help him to relax” (Seaward & Jones, 2002). This reveals Senay suffers the body insult and does not fit the purpose of the UDHR. This reveals Senay suffers the body insult and does not fit the purpose of the UDHR. in the movie, Senay is a refugee and she suffers the factory clothing boss or country unfair treatment. in today’s society, this behavior should not appear. Therefore, the movie “Dirty Pretty Things” behavior contravention from the concept of the UDHR’s anybody can not suffer the insult and perpetrate violence in article 5.

The illegal rights of Sneaky highlights injustice through article 11 of the UDHR. More specifically, anybody can not have an illegal transaction to get the money. According to article 11 “No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed” (United,1948). In other words, under law, anyone could not adopt illegal means to get to benefit themselves. In contrast, in the movie, Senay and Sneaky traded sex and human organs in hotel rooms and to gain a new identity. Besides, Sneaky found out that Okwe had been accused of a crime and had to abscond to London, and threatened Okwe to assist Sneaky in the illegal trade. Okwe says: “I will operate on her myself. I will do it. It is the only way I can be sure she will not die, in return, I want a passport a new identity” (Seaward & Jones, 2002). This means Okwe and Senay have been fed up with injustice constrain and not fit the purpose of the UDHR. In the movie, Sneaky makes money through selling organs and this phenomenon still exists in modern days. The government should do something to prevent those things happened. Hence, Sneaky behavior contravention from the concept of the UDHR’s legal rights in article 11.

In conclusion, the movie “Dirty Pretty Things” content of the exposition is not fit the purpose of the UDHR and it tells us to relate to race, gender, low status, discrimination against illegal immigrants depicted.

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.

They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others, and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away.

The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law and global and regional institutions. Actions by states and non-governmental organizations form a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human rights suggests that ‘if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights. The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature, and justifications of human rights to this day. The precise meaning of the term right is controversial and is the subject of continued philosophical debate; while there is consensus that human rights encompass a wide variety of rights such as the right to a fair trial, protection against enslavement, prohibition of genocide, free speech or a right to education, there is disagreement about which of these particular rights should be included within the general framework of human rights; some thinkers suggest that human rights should be a minimum requirement to avoid the worst-case abuses, while others see it as a higher standard.

In spite of the fact that the idea of human rights is dynamic, how it is applied has an immediate and huge effect on everyday life around the world. Millions have endured violations against humankind. Millions more work in reinforced work. In the most recent decade alone, tyrant rule has denied common and political freedoms to billions. The possibility of human rights has a long history, however, just in the previous century has the universal network tried to excite a system to advance and watchman them. Especially, since the United Nations was founded, world pioneers have collaborated to arrange human rights in a generally perceived system of settlements, organizations, and standards.

An expound worldwide framework is being created. Governments are endeavoring to advance human rights locally and abroad, and are joining forces with multilateral foundations to do as such. An especially powerful and decentralized system of common society on-screen characters is likewise engaged with the exertion.

Together, these players have made checked progress, however, the regulation and execution of various rights are advancing at different rates. Reaction to mass monstrosities has seen the best improvement, regardless of whether implementation stays conflicting. The basic to give individuals satisfactory general medicinal services is emphatically installed over the globe, and considerable assets have been given to the test. The privilege to an opportunity from subjugation and constrained work has additionally been incorporated into universal and national foundations and has profited by prominent strain to battle constrained work. At long last, the consistent amassing of human-rights-related shows has urged most states to accomplish more to actualize restricting enactment in their constitutions and rules.

Huge difficulties to advancing human rights standards remain, in any case. In any case, the umbrella of human rights is huge. Opportunity from subjection and torment, the basic to forestall sexual orientation and racial abuse, and the privilege to training and social insurance are just a portion of the issues affirmed as human rights. Moreover, countries keep on contesting the significance of common and political versus financial, social, and social rights. National governments some of the time oppose holding fast to worldwide standards they see as negating nearby social or social qualities. Western nations—particularly the United States—oppose worldwide rights collaboration from a worry that it may hurt business, encroach on independence, or breaking point the right to speak freely of discourse.

Besides, executing regard for setting up human rights is hazardous. A portion of the most exceedingly awful violators has not joined focal rights arrangements or establishments, undermining the activities’ apparent adequacy. The carelessness of global commitments is hard to punish. The UN Charter advances ‘fundamental freedoms,’ for instance, yet in addition avows that countries can’t meddle with local issues. The utility of responsibility measures, for example, authorizes or power, and under what conditions, is additionally far from being obviously true. On occasion, to tie down a conclusion to savage clash, mediators decide not to consider human rights violators responsible. Besides, creating countries are regularly unequipped for ensuring rights inside their outskirts, and the worldwide network needs to support their ability to do as such—particularly in the wake of the Arab Spring. At long last, questions stay about whether the UN, provincial bodies or other worldwide on-screen characters ought to be the essential discussions to propel human rights.

In the long haul, fortifying the human rights system will require an expanded and raised UN human rights design. A consistent alliance between the worldwide North and South to blend political and monetary rights inside law-based establishments will likewise be important. Meanwhile, local associations and nongovernmental associations must assume a bigger job from the base up, and rising forces must accomplish more to lead. Together, these progressions are the world’s best trust in tough and widespread satisfy

Human rights are rights given to any or all persons by birth, irrespective of gender, position, place of residency, sex, ethnicity, religion, color or class they belong. Thus, human rights are non-discriminatory. It implies that all persons are entitled to human rights and can’t be denied access from having them. Since all persons are entitled to human rights, not all persons expertise them equally throughout the globe. several governments and people ignore human rights and viciously exploit different persons.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) could be a historic document that was adopted by the global organization General Assembly at its third session on ten Dec 1948.

The Declaration consists of thirty articles affirming a person’s rights that, though not lawfully binding in themselves, are detailed in later international treaties, economic transfers, national constitutions, and different laws. The Declaration was the primary step within the method of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights, which was completed in 1966, and came into force in 1976, once a decent range of states had legal them

WESTERN PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS

The Western cultural construct of human rights provides inherent and inalienable rights to any or all, notwithstanding culture and tradition. Non-Western cultures do limit the applying of human rights, however only if these rights culturally and historically breach the rights of their members. These cultural traditions, like law and feminine circumcision, challenge the cultural foundations of human rights by providing different means that of understanding the individual and their role within the broader community. As such, cultural relativists WHO support every culture’s right to variation, albeit it grossly abuses the rights of its members, area unit wrong to counsel human rights could be a type of cultural imperialism. Human rights offer a way of sanctioning all of humanity with inalienable rights while not respect to variations or cultural traditions, and intrinsically international human rights law is sort of universally supported by all the international states.

CRITICISMS BY THE WESTERN WORLD

The critics aver that human rights, in spite of the rhetoric regarding generality and equality, area unit really items of western liberal democratic ideology that aren’t applicable to societies with non-western and tyrannical political structures.

Human rights conjointly enshrine a degree of individualism that merely isn’t shared by some cultures, wherever social belongingness and cluster success rank higher in concern. the very fact that concepts regarding human rights originated in western Europe, they say, isn’t simply associate accident: it’s a very important reality regarding the globe read contained within the human rights plan. this concept bears the ineradicable stamp of an ECU or European-derived culture. it’s naive at the best, and chesty at the worst, to assume that this culture speaks to everybody, or is applicable to each existing social context notwithstanding native history. If human rights categorical that western individuals believe ought to be provided to everybody in their culture as a matter of minimally tight treatment, then that’s rattling, and then be it. But, the critics raise, WHO area unit westerners to insist that {the plan|the thought|the concept} conjointly expresses associate equal commitment to such treatment in each different culture? this can be simply the newest idea, with its attendant set of establishments, during a long history of an equivalent previous issue: chesty westerners mistreatment their power blessings over different cultures to re-make the globe in their own image. wherever westerners see the promotion of universal truth and betterment, nonwesterners understand the infliction of 1 slender, and foreign, set of values over another set that was already there and doing simply fine -thank you a great deal -prior to western intervention. whereas Westerners may believably signify that a lot of enhancements were caused by such ‘intervention’, we tend to all recognize the account remains uneven and blemished.

For Example, Human rights violations throughout the Syrian warfare are varied and heavy, with global organization reports stating that the war has been ‘characterized by (a complete|an entire|a whole) lack of adherence to the norms of jurisprudence by the opposing parties who have ’caused civilians immeasurable suffering’. For the background and legal content use the prosecution of Syrian warfare criminals. there have been violations of free speech and attacks on media and journalists. Journalists are illegal from coverage in Syria. Those that have entered the country regardless are targeted. at intervals a month of the protests starting up, a minimum of seven native and international journalists were detained, and a minimum of one in all these was overwhelmed. subject journalist prophet Hariri was in remission in Apr 2012, tortured in jail, associated sentenced to death in could 2012 for giving an interview for Al Jazeera (news channel) native Christian minorities also are facing several human rights violations.

One another example of this is Hong Kong. There is a deep distrust of China’s poor human rights record and its opaque legal system, with no guarantee of a fair trial; arbitrary detentions; forced confessions; political prosecutions, and the use of torture and other cruel treatment. For years, China has operated a “global kidnapping campaign” to forcibly bring both Chinese citizens and foreign nationals back to China to face justice. Victims of these abductions include Gui Minhai, a Hong Kong-based bookseller who was snatched from Thailand and later emerged in detention in China.

Lawyers in Hong Kong have pointed out that the proposed law has insufficient built-in safeguards for fair trials and rights protection. For example, while the ordinance says that suspects shouldn’t be extradited for offenses of a political nature, the onus is placed on the suspect to prove that an extradition request is politically motivated, said Billy Li, a barrister, and convenor of the Progressive Lawyers Group, a local association that promotes democracy and the rule of law.

And while Hong Kong’s well-respected courts are involved in the process, the courts are not empowered to examine whether the suspect would receive basic human rights protection upon removal, according to the Hong Kong Bar Association. Instead, the courts have narrow review powers and can only look at whether there is sufficient prima facie evidence to convict the suspect.

INDIAN PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Human rights in the Asian nations is a difficulty difficult by the country’s massive size and population, widespread economic condition, lack of correct education, in addition as its numerous culture, although being the world’s largest sovereign, secular, democratic republic. The Constitution of the Asian nations provides for elementary rights, that embrace freedom of faith. Clauses conjointly offer for freedom of speech, in addition to the separation of govt and judiciary and freedom of movement at intervals in the country and abroad. The country conjointly has associate freelance judiciary and in addition as bodies to appear into problems with human rights.

The 2016 report of Human Rights Watch accepts the above-named colleges however goes to state that the Asian nation has ‘serious human rights concerns. Civil society teams face harassment and government critics face intimidation and lawsuits. Free speech has come back vulnerable each from the state and by interest teams. Muslim and Christian minorities accuse authorities of not doing enough to guard their rights. However within recent years, additional stress is given to minority rights & freedom of speech. the govt. is nonetheless to repeal laws that grant public officers and security forces immunity from prosecution for abuses.

For Example: In Gregorian calendar month ’19, the govt. Assam revealed a draft of the National Register of Voters, aimed toward distinguishing Indian voters and bonafide residents following perennial protests and violence over irregular migration from the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The potential exclusion of over four million individuals, several of them Muslims(Rohingya Muslims), from the register raised issues over arbitrary detention and potential migration.

Dalits, erst ‘untouchables,’ continued to be discriminated against in education and in jobs. There was redoubled violence against Dalits, partly as a reaction to their additional organized and vocal demands for social progress and to slender historical caste variations.

In Gregorian calendar month, farmers protested against debt and lack of state support for rural communities and demanded establishing rights of girls farmers and protective the land rights of Dalits and social group communities against the forceful acquisition.

In April, 9 individuals were killed in clashes with police once Dalit teams protested across many north Indian states against a Supreme Court ruling to amend the scheduled Castes and also the scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. In response to a grievance of alleged misuse of the law, the court had ordered that a senior police officer ought to conduct a preliminary inquiry before a case is registered beneath the law. Following the widespread protests, the parliament passed amendments to the law in August, overturning the Supreme judicial writ. In July, police in Ahmedabad town raided a vicinity, home to 20,000 members of the vulnerable and marginalized Chhara tribe, a denotified tribe. in step with residents, police allegedly viciously beat up many individuals, broken property, and filed false cases against several of them.