Category: Tolerance

Introduction

The minorities around the globe have come through a vigorous struggle to achieve equality in the world today. Racial, ethnical and religious prejudice has claimed numerous lives for thousands of years. And to our dismay, such prejudice is the cause of hatred among people of a single society, community and nationality, let alone the entire globe. Fortunately, the consciously aware members of any society have been trying to eradicate such prejudice of hatred among people for decades. This battle between spreading awareness of tolerance and to do the right thing against hatred and discrimination, have been fought through art, literature, music, politics, social work and now the media. Harper lees To Kill a Mocking Bird is an example of such attempt to eradicate hatred in hope to attain love and peace among all. This novel is still applicable today because of its theme of tolerance and teaching people to do the right thing.

Main body

Atticus Finch is the protagonist and strongest character of the novel. It is through his character that the author coveys his theme of tolerance and to always do the right thing. Atticus is a humble, honest and respectful person. He teaches his children humility and respect for others feelings through his own example. He becomes the voice of those who could not fight for themselves in a bias community. He gives Jem soothing closure to his discomfort on witnessing the worlds unjust and wrong behavior. He teaches his children to never give in to harassment of the society and to get scared by bullies such as Bob Ewell and the leave the path of truth. Regardless of how tough their path gets they should always do the right thing. Tentative and fickle minded children learn to respect others privacy and be considerate of their feelings; the transition of their relationship with Boo Radley, from taunting and harassing to being his friend, illustrates that.

Atticus refuses to accept the racial prejudice in his society. It for this reason Atticus is always in a heated argument with his sister, Alexandra, over their color maid, Calpurina. Alexandra wants Atticus to get ride of Calpurina because she is black but Atticus on the contrary treats Calpurina with respect and honor she deserves (for she was the maid and the surrogate mother of his children) which Alexandra could not tolerate and did not approve of.

Atticus is not only a role model for his children but also for his community. He becomes a role model for the members of his community when he takes on Tom Robinsons case. Tom Robinson was a poor, black man working in a white neighbor hood. Tom was falsely accused of raping BobEwells daughter. Mayelle Ewell (Bobs daughter) exploits Toms kindness and makes advancements towards him and on turning her down, Tom gets in trouble. Bob falsely accuses Tom of raping and beating his daughter. Knowing that the entire community does not approve of Atticus defending a Black man, Atticus takes Toms case and works on proving his innocence with complete honesty because Atticus believes in truth and does not judge people based on the color of their skin but rather on the personal attitude and actions.

Atticus faces great trouble for adhering to his beliefs. And that trouble turned fatal when Bob attacked Scout and Jem (Atticus children) to kill them. Good intentions always pay off and fortunately the children were saved by Boo Radley. Bob fell victim to his own evil plan and got stabbed.

Even though Atticus could not save Tom (who was shot trying to escape prison), but he was instrumental in setting an example to always serve the truth and defend the innocent.

Conclusion

People should look beyond personal appearances and eradicate racial and sectarian differences for we all human beings and we should abide with humility and love among ourselves.

Migration has been a part of humanity and animal kingdom since the beginning of time. Assuring their survival and quality of life.However, as time has passed and civilizations have been established, the rules of migration have changed and restricted those migrating. Nowadays, countries discriminate your migration status based on nationality, the color of skin, gender and religious beliefs. The ever changing rules immigration have been the source of both joy and devastation. The most current policy in place to determine the migration status is to separate families, specifically children from parents at the border upon illegal entrance to the United States of America. The question within this policy is whether or not such separation is beneficial to stop illegal immigration or if it is just deterring families from being together. This separation may not be deemed effective to the influx of migration, it is far more harmful to those entering the country illegally and has had no effect on deterring immigrants from obtaining their residency through legal channels.

The policy that began the epidemic of family separation was established by the Trump administration during his second year in office. The general act of separating parents from children has been occurring prior to entering the second millennium. The zero-tolerance policy is one that is meant to criminally prosecute adults that are apprehended crossing the border. (Jordan 2019). The policy did overturn and evolve with the Trump presidency, where over 3,000 children were “forcibly separated from their parents” within one year (Jordan, 2019). Those that were criminally prosecuted needed to be transferred to a prison and as government law states children are not allowed to be housed in prisons, therefore children were taken and placed in “short-term” foster care or in government facilities for an uncertain amount of time. The time the children are kept is dependent on the resolution of their parents’ immigration case or a “sponsor” – a relative in the U.S. that is able to provide temporary care. Half-way through the year, the facilities were reaching capacity, holding over 11,000 children (Lind, 2018). As the numerical statistics were released an organization; American Civil Liberties Union, released a report claiming children suffered a variety of abuse at these facilities. The ACLU also filed lawsuits to terminate the policy and reunite parents and children. While the ACLU remained successful, thousands of children are yet to be identified and reunited with their families.

America has always been deemed the “the melting pot” of the world, however, it has one of the strictest immigration policies in the modern world, deeming it necessary to separate children and parents. The current (last two decades) influx of immigration, unlawful immigration to be specific, has had the American nation in fluster. While to common knowledge the concision of policies was formed after the tragedy of 9/11, the oppression of immigrants has only furthered their desire to enter the country. In effect to deter such behavior, the administration has forcibly removed children from their parents in order to “punish” those entering the country without a legal premise regardless of them seeking asylum. In refusing immigrants refuge of any kind; war, political persecution, survival, etc. the immigrants in fear of losing everything trespass the border in hopes for a better life. The basic principle of curiosity is apparent here: when a teenager is forbidden from going out, the more they are inclined to go out. This principle is applied to most situations in life where one is told what to do and what not to do. However great the immigrants’ survival need is to pursue residency within the states, the manipulation of curiosity and the glamorized American dream drives them to enter illegally. Separating those immigrants from their children does nothing to the plan of immigration and the deterrence thereof.

“ I do not want to children to be taken away from parents” a direct quote from the current president. Although his desire to prevent children from being separated from their parents upon illegal arrival to the U.S., that is precisely what is happening. Children are being held in unknown conditions in undisclosed locations (government facilities not foster care), there have been reports of verbal, physical, and sexual abuse occurring to children ranging from infants to teenagers (Stahl, 2018). The border protection clause has even made it possible for the United States judicial system to process and criminalize toddlers and prosecute them in court. Children who are not familiar with the language-much less a world without their parents- are being tried in court and forced to consent to laws and deals they are not cognitively aware of. The traumas that these children face are irreversible, without making an assumption of what happens behind closed doors in these facilities and foster homes, the mere severance from their parents can have perpetual effects, panic, fear, sense of hopelessness and helplessness, depression and grief (Wan, 2018). The children are losing their life-line and their sense of reality is uprooted and replaced with concrete walls and aluminum blankets. Destroying a child’s reality is not a basic right under the constitution nor should it be necessary to punish a parent for wanting a better life for themselves and their family.

When examining the zero-tolerance policy the morality is what sets it apart as a rather cruel and ineffective punishment to those seeking a better life. Impacting the way we think of our country. However, there are far more implications and facets to the issue, the economic perspective. Extensive research and analysis have demonstrated that obtaining a visa is far more beneficial for both applicant and government. Generating a visa or granting a visa, not the same as granting residency(which would generate more profit), puts money into the government. Those applying are required to pay a fee of $325 per application (VisaGuide). If the immigrants were more motivated and guided through the proper channels of entrance the application fees alone would be substantially beneficial for the treasury. The immigrants that have been detained (children alone) if applied for a visa would have generated $975,000. This is only including the children detained. However, detaining immigrants bares a significant resemblance to managing and financially supporting a prison. The ICE detention facilities that are also referred to as “ tent cities” have included the cost of “housing” an adult per night and per capita, roughly $200 (Urbi, 2018). That costs reflect only the adult cost, not the family-plan or juvenile fee, the “family-plan” is estimated at $775 per night and a child is reduced to the number of $139. With the average guest list at roughly 51,000 people amounting the total cost of detaining immigrants at $10,200,000. If the economic status and implications are what is most concerning to some, the cost of housing and immigrants is impressively greater than allowing immigrants to live and pay taxes. Assessing whether or not the zero-tolerance policy is effective has far more value in the morality of the policy however the necessary monetary value associated with the illegal immigrants has significant power invalidating the policy.

Seeking asylum and refuge is one of the leading factors of illegal immigration. Most aliens come from Central America, the nucleus of the war on drugs and the infamous cartels. The president has remained adamant on the status of denying the acceptance of refugees. Whilst this particular restraint leans towards the refugees from Syria and the middle east, it also applies to those escaping the equally as detrimental cartel wars. To exemplify what could be a reality of The United States, the comparison of the European Union is necessary.

Most policies adapted into the constitution are meant to protect the integrity of the country and its constituents. These policies are here for the protection of those living in the country, however absurd they may be. Many will challenge the inadequacy of this policy by insisting on the violence associated with a great influx of foreigners. Citing the violence of the Syrian refugees hosted in the varying European countries. The devastating attack in Paris, southern France, Belgium, and Germany, all solicited and claimed by the infamous terrorist group ISIS. The dangers associated with the indetermination of refugees is far greater a risk to the country and its civilians than the humanitarian goodwill afforded to refugees. The consequences and aftermath faced by the European Union are of great concern to those in Congress in the United States. The horrendous attack of 9/11 has left many skeptical of the good nature of foreigners, scrutinizing every aspect of immigration in hopes to prevent another tragedy. Although I grant that there has been an influx of violence in association to accepting refugees rather than peace, I still maintain that the negation of acceptance of refugees raises a question of isolationism and superiority. The increase and evolution of violent acts can be linked to the immigrants but is more commonly associated to the number of people immigrating, the more people in an area the fewer resources and survival needs are allocated. In adapting the zero-tolerance policy and accepting refugees regardless of origin, gender and the socio-economic background will help dilute the concentration of people. Taking refugees under our wing is not only inherent but it is stated in the constitution. Under the Refugee Act of 1980, an amendment to the constitution, it has granted “permanent and systematic procedure of admission of refugees” (American Immigration Council). It is a legal obligation of the country to accept and process immigration rights to those that seek asylum regardless of nationality. In essence, the border policy is “breaking the law” in arresting and separating families due to criminal processing.

The separation of children from their parents in order to process them as criminals for trespassing the border has been deemed ineffective and cruel. The cruelty and psychological damage forced upon the children as they are put in a separate housing unit in order to “bathe them”, “entertain” them or “distract” them form the arrest. However, they are held for an indefinite period of time or even relocated to a foster family or another facility. The economic effect of detaining parents and children has a detrimental effect on the national debt treasury, summed up to upwards of 10 million for detention. As a capitalist nation, the costs of granting visas, which include the retention of fees rather than the loss of money better allocated to education, homelessness or medical research. Illegal immigration will never be 100% preventable, no matter the severity of policy change it can be decreased and discouraged. In adapting to the original act of 1980 and accepting refugees and granting them residency the tax income increases and therefore also the decrease of alien residents. Families are meant to be together and not searching and scouring to find each other.

The Zero tolerance policy was developed back in 1989 but gained popularity in 1994 at the time which the Gun-Free Schools Act became law. This policy seeks to minimize instances of crime and violence in schools. According to Anne Atkinson, Virginia Board of Education members, this policy is an approach that orders foreordained results or disciplines for indicated offenses. This paper will examine the policy and its effectiveness in schools.

This policy has raised a number of concerns over the years in terms of effectiveness in violence reduction and whether it is fair to the students or not. According to school heads, the policy is effective as schools are becoming safer. On the other hand, parents argue that it is unfair to the students. Over 16% of students had weapons at school and an average of 70% of the elementary and high schools had had an encounter of student violence as per the National Centre for Children Exposed to Violence (NCCEV). An across the country study proposed that 15% of understudies have been associated with a physical battle on school grounds. By utilizing the zero-tolerance strategy, those understudies who are brutal in school are removed or suspended, bringing about schools turning into a more secure environment for understudies and instructors (Teske, 2011).Despite the fact that protectors of this policy concur that it is viable, the individuals who restrict the strategy don’t accept that the strategies are compelling in lessening school brutality. Individuals who are concur that the approach is inadequate in diminishing school brutality. Individuals from the American Psychological Association (APA), the biggest logical and proficient association speaking to brain science in the United States, concur that schools are now more secure and progressively powerful in instructing discipline as a result of the policy (Gage et al., 2013). Although they say that school violence is still controllable so implementation of the policy is a bit too much. According to Skiba (2014), who conducted a research on the policy revealed that fifty-three out of one hundred thousand students portrayed an aspect of violence. As a result of these statistics, he contends that the policy is not necessary in curbing violence in schools since it is not out of control. He further adds that there are other alternatives that can be explored to promote a more secure environment for the students.

As indicated by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), a few options that diminish violence in schools incorporate a prevention program, help from school laborers, instructors, and clinicians, and parental/family inclusion (Browne-Dianis, 2011). Regardless of whether the strategy is successful or insufficient is just a single part of the discussion; there are numerous different contentions that happen inside the approach.

Regardless of whether schools are taking care of disciplinary activity in a reasonable way is a primary contention while talking about this policy. Russell Skiba accepts that the manner by which schools rebuff understudies is reasonable. He feels that rash disciplines improve understudy conduct and order. He further recognizes the way that cruel disciplinary activities are dictated by the level of the understudy’s vicious activities (2014). While a few people concur that schools are stringent when utilizing the approach, others differ and accept that schools are now secure because of the policy. The individuals who restrict the approach accept that the manner by which schools utilize the policy to rebuff understudies is ill-advised and out of line. Those against the zero-tolerance approach, for example, Skiba (2014), accept that rash suspensions and ejections, instead of improving understudy conduct, encourages understudies to make trouble all the more. He additionally accepts that rash suspensions and removals lead to an expanded number of school dropouts and an inability to graduate on schedule. According to Skiba (2014), who conducted a research on the policy revealed that fifty-three out of one hundred thousand students portrayed aspect of violence. As a result of these statistics, he contends that the policy is not necessary in cubing violence in schools since it is not out of control. He further adds that there are other alternatives that can be explored to promote a more secure environment for the students.

I agree that the process of punishment put across by the policy has helped the students in maintaining calmness and discipline in schools. Although, it has raised controversies on the matters of the race since some argue that African Americans and Latinos are prone to be subject to the punishments of the policy. This not being an issue, I believe schools are equal in administering their judgment to crimes. Regardless of race, ethnicity, language, or capacities, in the event that you depict violent nature, rash disciplines will result (Hoffman, 2014). Despite the fact that supporters concur that the strategy treats all individuals equivalent, the individuals who contradict the approach concur that prejudice happens while rebuffing understudies. As per those that contradict the strategy, zero resilience is an unfair arrangement that doesn’t treat all understudies similarly. The American Psychological Association (APA) concurs that the lopsided discipline of multi-colored students is and keeps on being a worry while talking about the (Gage at al., 2013). There are numerous significant debates managing the approach, and numerous individuals either bolster the contention or are against the discussion. The policy endeavors to forestall violence in schools and make a more secure condition for the school network.

In conclusion, it is seen as an approach that attempts to train understudies wrong from right, and gives understudies a feeling of control. Albeit some accept that the approach means well, there are numerous contentions that stimulated, causing numerous discussionsthat challenge the viability of the strategy. While numerous individuals who accept that the strategy makes a more secure condition for understudies and instructors bolster it, there are numerous who restrict the approach, contending that it is out of line and inadequate in diminishing savagery in schools.

Introduction

In the recent past, technology has increasingly been adopted in organizations. It assists in developing efficiency and thus customer satisfaction. The competitiveness of a business is vested on the quality of its management decisions. A number of systems that aim at meeting a certain objective in the business arena have been developed. They are either home-made or all user systems (commercial systems). Fault Tolerance is the ability of a system to continue operating normally and effective in case of any misfortune or an in eventuality. It ranges from a simple power failure back up to complex system for retrieving data which may have been destroyed in one way or another. The failure can be from hardware or software failures. In all systems adopted as a fault tolerance there is a two system maintained whereby if one fails the other one takes over (Fischer, Lynch, and Paterson, 1985). This paper takes a look into fault tolerance; it will focus on pattern for distributed systems. It will also evaluate a commercial system, SAP BW system. It will identify the system vendor’s vendors, approximate costs, advantages, disadvantages, benefits, and limitations of such strategies to safeguard information and applications on information systems.

Categories of Fault Tolerance

Fault Tolerance can be broadly categorized into software and hardware fault tolerance. In a soft fault tolerance focus is on data security incase an eventuality that hinder general functioning of the system is witnessed. This system should recover any lost data and ensure that the general functioning of the system is maintained. When an abnormality occurs there is danger of loss of data and the operation of a company can be paralyzed by the entire system failure. Failures are as a result of errors that find their way into the operating system and affect the general functioning. A company that employs a fault system is less likely to experience system failures – in case of an eventuality. The other category of fault tolerance is hardware safety devises. They are the most simple since they only involve connection of the entire system and more centered on power failures (Lyu, 1995).

A Fault-Tolerant Pattern for Distributed Systems

This is a system that is adopted by large institutions with a computer connection where there is one central server. These organizations follow a Star topology; star topology adapts a system whereby there is a central server where all the other users are connected. It has a current-like connection whereby when one transmission line fails; it does not affect the other connections. There are various advantages that are associated with this topology that make me prefer it than the others. They are better performance; although the topology is made in such a way that the transmission line are dependent to the central server, with a high capacity server, it can serve a high utilizing device without affecting the others. With this it separates one system from the other and non-centralized failure cannot affect a well functioning connection. Secondly, the topology gives the benefit of centralization; this is because it allows for other devises to be connected to the system without affecting the other networks. On the other hand, it is easy to follow a certain link from the central point and establish the area of weakness if any. It is a straight forward way to connect and wire. When adding or removing a connection the other connections are not affected. The topology has some disadvantages though the topology is highly dependent on the hub or the central server. The failure of the hub affects the entire system. It is also dependent on the capacity that the hub can handle at one time. If the devices are highly utilized, the system may be slow in the processes. The disadvantages can be mitigated by using a high tech hub depending on the need of the organization (Becker, 2009).

SAP BW System Background

Business intelligence (BI) is a term used to refer to a collection of applications that aim at keeping and making available a data bank in a certain industry or organization; the bank is referred to when decisions are made. These data are kept through computer warehouse; incase of any failure there is need for data to be retrieved. When developing the database, the initial stage is information gathering, then sorting the information, analyzing it, and finally making is accessible for use. Business intelligence can be used in the general strategy of a business or a certain area/department in an organization. The major benefit that a company derives from using business intelligence tools in the right way is competitive advantage. This is because a firm has access to information that assist in making informed, current, and futuristic decisions. SAP BW system is a system that has been developed to ensure that data is not lost in case of any eventuality. It records a lot of data that may have been lost.

SAP BW system

Despite that not all data warehouse are used for business intelligence tool, the level of their accuracy and fullness is important for a successful BI. Realizing this deficit, SAP developed a data warehouse, it was developed in 1997. The system merges external and internal data to one repository. From the repository organizations can get preconfigured data; the preconfigured data is used for data management and archiving. The approach has a wider base than an individual business database and extends its services to administrators/maintainers of data reserves.

SAP BW system is based on five info-objects, which are used to describe business variable relationships. They come in different languages, hierarchy, currency, weights among others. The five Info-objects are

• Data Sources: they contain general data, which is related in one way or another. It is data in flat/raw form.
• Info-Sources: they contain data that is general but more focused in business. They retrieve data from previous records mostly online transactional processes (OLTP) and master data
• ODS-objects: this merges data from more than one info-source. The data are direct but still in flat form. From them reports that lead to quality assurance can be derived.
• Info-Cubes they are multi-dimensional data storage that give organized data that can be easily analyzed or interpolated from a micro point of view. For example data can be analyzed on geographical location of a business.
• Info-Providers they contain all the data objects found in a SAP BW.
• Multi-Providers they do not contain any data but are used to combine data from different providers (Michael Management Corporation, 2007).

Advantages and benefits of using SAP BW system

The major advantage that SAP BW system has is that it ensures that there is continuity of reliable data for decision making. To evaluate benefits acquired, we will look in the advantages that a business has when it has adequate information at all time;

The success of a business is dependent on the quality of decisions that managers at different levels make. High quality decision leads to competitive advantage. One of the most critical decisions that managers should make is one that reduces cost of production. SAP BW system assists a company to develop a cost cutting policy by recognizing areas of inefficiency and rectifying them. With a reduced cost of production, then it can sell at a lower price than its competitors.

When making decisions, managers need to be informed and have reliable past, current, and futurist data. With futuristic decisions, a company is likely to satisfy its current and future customers. When making strategy for a company, there are generally three approaches; cost strategy, differential strategy, and flow strategy. In a cost strategy a company aims at improving its efficiency to a level that it becomes the least cost producer. In a differential strategy, the business aim at getting unique products that will attract the greatest number of customers and meet their need. A SAP BW system ensures that past records are maintained and thus making of decisions is facilitated.

Other than data on the trends of business, SAP BW system assists a company to gauge its level of relationships with suppliers and customers. The enhanced relationship assists in making decisions that aim at strengthening the relationship and eventually gain customer loyalty. In a SAP BW environment, there is data from other companies in the same industry thus a company can gauge itself with others in same industry more effectively, this will assist in marketing decisions; Marketing strategies are well made if current business position is known.

Disadvantages limitations of SAP BW system

When a company decides to adopt a certain Business intelligence tool, it has to incur huge capital investments in terms of buying computer hard-wares, buying/developing the soft-wares and training of staff. This is incurred with the hope that the benefits to be derived from the system will be higher than costs. However, this is not always the case. There are certain issues that are associated with the system. SAP BW is an expensive system.

When developing a database, data is gotten from different institutions and companies that have different reporting styles and standards. This influences the reliability of the data stored. If the data had been skewed in a certain direction, then it is more likely to influence decision making toward/outwards that direction that may not be necessarily the right direction. Biasness from a certain area can be transferred from a company of inefficiency to other companies in the same industry.

A reliable data warehouse is the most important part in SAP BW. It is dependent on the quality and relevance of data that is stored. If the data is not right, then decisions will be based on flawed data (Olszak & Ziemba, 2004).

Cost of SAP BW system

To download a SAP BW system a company is supposed to invest $6,995. This download can be done at SAP EcoHub website. The cost covers 5 Concurrent Access Licenses that allow its use.

Conclusion

Fault Tolerance is the ability of a system to continue operating normally and effectively in case of any misfortune or an eventuality. It ranges from a simple power failure back up to complex system for retrieving data which may have been destroyed in one way or another. One of the ways to ensure that data is not lost and that follows a hardware system is topology; star topology adapts a system whereby there is a central server where all the other users are connected. There are systems that have been developed to ensure that data is not lost. An example of software fault tolerance system is SAP BW system. When adopted it ensures that data is available at any one time for decision making.

Reference List

Becker, J. (2009). Wireless Technology Unlocks Possibilities. Power 153.2: 48-52. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web.

Fischer, M., N. Lynch, and M. Paterson. (1995). Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty Process,” Journal of the ACM, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 374-382.

Lyu, R. ed. (1995). Software Fault Tolerance Chichester. England: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Michael Management Corporation. (2007). SAP BW Business Warehouse. Web.

Olszak, C. M., & Ziemba, E. (2004). Business intelligence systems as a new generation of decision support systems. Proceedings PISTA 2004, International Conference on Politics and Information Systems: Technologies and Applications. Orlando: The International Institute of Informatics and Systemic.

Introduction

Much attention is paid to such concepts as tolerance, social norms, and the development of trustful relations. However, many authors have certain doubts about a true worth of tolerance in society (Walters 2014). A European Framework National Statute for the Promotion of Tolerance in the article chosen for the analysis. No authors are identified; still, it is the only evident shortage of the work. While reading this piece of writing, I learned new terms and definitions, determine the purposes of the Statute, and comprehend human rights, freedoms, and crimes that may become a threat to society. In this article, I observed that no intentions to involve the reader in the discussion were made.

The goal was to give the facts and inform people about the basics of tolerance. Though this article may seem to be similar to the recently adopted Co-existent tolerance peace developed by United Arab Emirates Minister of State for Tolerance (2016), these two projects have nothing in common with each other except the intentions to prove the importance of tolerance in society.

Key Points

A European Framework National Statute for the Promotion of Tolerance is the source that may be perfectly combined with several other sources about tolerance and the ways of how governments try to use it. There are many articles about how the UAE government succeeded in the development of the national tolerance program and promoted the spirit of freedoms and tolerance to all citizens in regards to Islam beliefs and standards (“UAE cabinet approves national tolerance program” 2016; “UAE ministry takes tolerance initiatives” 2016; the United Arab Emirates the Cabinet 2017).

Besides, the article with the Statute helps to clarify the main points intolerant relations between people, the development of national relations, and even the respect to migrants and other social minorities. In addition to tolerance, such issues as respect, freedoms, and prejudice are discussed to explain to people how to behave and stay ethically correct in all relations (A European framework national statute n.d.).

Critical Reflection

The article has certain strong and weak points. On the one hand, a clear structure, facts, definitions, simple language, and a neutral tone should attract the reader due to the possibility to develop their own opinions and attitudes to the concept.

I guess this Statute aims at informing and guiding people but not calling some reactions and attitudes. On the other hand, the problem here, I believe, is the poor explanation of what people should do with the Statute. Is it necessary to follow the rules precisely? The reader cannot get the answer to such a question. Anyway, the chosen source helps to improve the level of knowledge and discover new aspects of the relations people have to develop in society. It is high time to combat against intolerance, and the Statute turns out to be a good source to rely on.

Conclusion

In thinking back, I want to say that this article and the creation of this critique play an important role in my education and my career. It is not possible to be an expert in the chosen field without knowing such simple terms as “tolerance”, “hate crimes”, or “society”. In such a country like the UAE, tolerance is an integral concept that is used to improve the quality of life and the conditions under which each citizen should live.

Reference List

A European framework national statute for the promotion of tolerance n.d. Web.

The National 2016, ‘UAE cabinet approves national tolerance programme’. Web.

The National 2016, ‘UAE ministry takes tolerance initiatives to the world’. Web.

United Arab Emirates Minister of State for Tolerance 2016, Co-existence tolerance peace. Web.

United Arab Emirates the Cabinet 2017, UAE cabinet approves national tolerance program. Web.

Walters, SD 2014, The tolerance trap: how god, genes, and good intentions are sabotaging gay equality, NYU, New York.

In modern world, ideas of tolerance and equal attitude to people which represent different layers of society and different nationalities are proclaimed to be of a great value. It is stated that all people are equal and there is no use separating someone. However, all these ideas are not always observed and people still suffer from racial, cultural and gender prejudices. Moreover, nowadays another practice obtains more and more popularity. Very often, tying to guarantee fulfillment of the right to equal attitude, some people run to another extremes.

There is a tendency nowadays for the class-based affirmative action. It means that representatives of some racial minority, depressing class or a group which suffers from discrimination are treated differently and some special support is given to them.

Primary, there are some special terms for study in educational establishments which are characterized by lower costs or some preferential terms of entering. Being rather disputable decision, these measures have already introduced national conversation about the morality and legality of racial preferences (“Richard Kahlenberg: Time for class-based affirmative action”, 2012) and debates whether they should be accepted or not.

Analyzing this problem, it is quite logical to start with the main advantages of this practice. First of all, it should be stated that very often these measures are really needed, as it is a well known fact that representatives of different racial groups on the average have lower incomes and live under worse conditions than representatives of the majority. That is why, very often this practice can help them to improve their state by obtaining education and getting a well paid job.

Another obvious advantage of this practice is that according to some research, class-based affirmative action improve racial diversity, though not as much as policies that use race as a criterion (Kahlenberg, 2009).

These positive dividends cannot be ignored. One more advantage is that this measure can influence development of interracial relations between representatives of different nationalities in the country. As a result of this practice, great racial diversity could be observed in colleges and schools and students would have to build relations with each other in order to feel themselves comfortable while studying.

However, there are not only advantages promoted by this practice. There is one great drawback which this issue obtains. “The problem with affirmative action is simply that it treats races differently” (McWhorter, 2011). With this in mind, it is possible to say that it is a kind of segregation which is now officially promoted. No matter what purposes this practice has, it still can be humiliating for representatives of different racial minorities or other discriminated groups (McWhorter, 2011).

Trying to guarantee equality for all people, officials underline that some men still do not have the same abilities and facilities which the rest of the population has. That is why opponents of this practice say that the race based approach should be strongly prohibited as it humiliates human dignity. Some other ways to support people in need should exist. At least, the race based approach should be replaced with the class based one. It seems to be more tolerant than the previous one.

Taking into account all facts connected with this issue, it is possible to outline my own opinion. First of all, existence of some groups of people in need should be recognized. That is why, it is clear for me that some actions are needed to help this category of people. However, I condemn the race based approach to affirmative action. The main reason is that it returns times of segregation and different laws for different nations. That is why another approach should be implemented.

With relation to this fact, the class based approach seems to be fair and modern as it does not promote development of racial prejudices and further societys division. However, this solution is also not ideal. It is based on the ability of some class to guarantee its own survival. However, it deals with the information collected statistically and it can often be decisive.

That is why further development of this approach can be suggested. Representatives of a certain social class could be given different advantages only on their demand. In this case, their dignity will not be humiliated and they will not suffer from the stereotype based approach.

Having analyzed the data connected with this issue, it is possible to make some certain conclusion. In contemporary society officials try to guarantee equal rights for all people, no matter what nationality or class they represent. However, providing practice of race based or class based affirmative action, they still infringe rights of these people (Kahlenberg, 2009). Race based approach can only worsen existing situation and lead to further exaltation of tension between representatives of different national communities.

Moreover, it humiliates human dignity and make people think about their inability to guarantee their future and have the same rights as the rest of population has. That is why the race based approach should be replaced with class based in order to help people which are in need.

Reference List

Kahlenberg, R. (2009). The Next Step in Affirmative Action. Washington Monthly. Web.

McWhorter, J. (2011). Why No One Is Right in California’s Affirmative Action Debate. New Republic. Web.

Richard Kahlenberg: Time for class-based affirmative action. (2012). The Dallas Morning News. Web.

Introduction

Modern world is full of violence and injustice. People became very angry and rude to each other. Morality is one of the aspects of people life which should be followed. Morality and ethics are two notions which have appeared not by chance. People should live according to some rules, in other case the chaos will appear on the earth. People should know what bad is, and only in this case they will be able to distinguish good things. People should live according to some rules and should value the moral rules according to which other people live.

Main Body

We all have been taught to tolerate other beliefs and values. In the question at what point we should no longer tolerate these others beliefs and values I would like to turn to religion and philosophy. I am inclined to think that moral rules and values are mostly presented by our religion and in the philosophical studies of philosophers. “Moral philosophy is the attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of morality and what it requires of us – in Socrates words, of “how we ought to live”, and why” (Rachels James and Stuart 2006-1). To answer the question about tolerance we should consider what tolerance is and how we understand it.

Tolerance

Tolerance means the indulgence to other people’s actions and opinions even if you disagree with this; it is the ability to treat these actions and opinions without irritation. In this meaning tolerance is a very rare trait of person’s character. Tolerant person respects the views of other people without trying to prove his personal point of view.

Cases where tolerance is redundant

So, till what situation we should be tolerant. In which situations we should remain calm. People are different and their points of view are different. We always try to impart our point of view on others. But there are situations when we must try to convince person, to show that they are wrong. These situations may deal with cruelty, death penalties, lynch law. My opinion is that we are simple people and we have no right to punish people (death penalties, lynch law).

The destiny will make everything as it must be. People who insist on death punishment do not quite understand as they are, in most cases, under effect of some cruel actions directed against them or their relatives. Yes, in some cases pain may last for a long time, but if we will insist on death penalties, how do you think, does not it mean that we will become the same as those people who we want to punish. Yes, we will become the same, people, who think that they can do everything, even to kill, cannot call themselves moral.

In this case, the opinions may be different, but people should understand that killing other people, no matter what kind of crime he or she has committed, is inadmissible. This point of view should be insisted no matter what will happen. People’s anger and desire to take revenge is dominant in modern world. People should not support this point of view, people should not be tolerant to revenge as revenge makes our souls black. The feeling for revenge is the trait of people’s characters they should fight with and win at last.

Conclusion

So, there some points which should be taken as the opinions of people, but there are some cases when people should not be tolerant and prove the contradictory point of view by all means.

Works Cited

Rachels, James. Rachels, Stuart. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill, 2006.

Hookworms have been used in trial treatments to help improve gluten tolerance in people with celiac disease. Croese et al. (2020) devised a treatment process involving two methods; the first is that patients with celiac disease are treated with a placebo and then injected with hookworms afterward. The notion is that Necator americanus larvae have an enzyme that introduces immunomodulation to the human body and hence increases gluten tolerance. Injecting the patients under trial with a placebo creates the first layer of limited protection against sustained gluten intolerance. The next phase, which is the introduction of the hookworm larvae, improves the gluten tolerance levels. Hookworm alone does not have a lasting effect, and even if it is introduced after the placebo, it does not provide a way for people to eat gluten-free diets. Therefore, the treatment process was a way to see how the effects of autoimmune reactions caused by the consumption of gluten diets can be reduced or eliminated.

In this experiment, the success rate with hookworm treatment was not high because the hookworm used, Necator americanus, is a bloodsucking parasite associated with anemia. The research, however, reported that most people injected with Necator americanus received and reacted well to the introduction of the parasite into their bodies. The disease that the introduction of hookworm is expected to treat is celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune reaction elicited by consuming food rich in gluten, such as wheat, oat, and barley. Personally, treatment through hookworm injection cannot be considered an option because of the possibility of being infected with hookworm disease, which damages the small intestines where the worm degrades the intestinal mucosa.

Reference

Croese, J., Miller, G. C., Marquart, L., Llewellyn, S., Gupta, R., Becker, L., Clouston, A. D., Welch, C., Sidorenko, J., Wallace, L., Visscher, P. M., Remedios, M. L., McCarthy, J. S., O’Rourke, P., Radford-Smith, G., Loukas, A., Norrie, M., Masson, J. W., Gearry, R. B., … Giacomin, P. R. (2020). Randomized, placebo controlled trial of experimental hookworm infection for improving gluten tolerance in celiac disease. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, 11(12), e00274. Web.

Introduction

On a sample of sixty seeds of three plant organisms, Glycine max, Capsicum annuum Group, and Brassica oleracea var. Italica, the effect of soil salinity on seedling growth was measured in parallel. For this purpose, water with different sodium chloride concentrations was used: 3, 6, 9, and 12 ppt. Seed samples were grown under different salinity conditions. It is expected that higher salt concentration may not be suitable for growth.

Hypothesis

High values of salt concentration inhibit the growth and development of seedlings, while medium values, on the contrary, stimulate the germination of all types of seeds. First of all, this effect can be justified by the selected plants’ physiological properties. Not being halophytes, broccoli, bell peppers, and soybeans are difficult to survive an increase in soil salinity. The accumulation of even harmless salts increases the soil solution’s osmotic pressure and often leads the environment to physiological dryness and consequently makes water supply to the plants difficult. In this case, such a phenomenon can be observed where even with sufficient soil moisture, the plant cannot supply itself with water thoroughly.

Background

Biological soil quality and plants’ ability to demonstrate adaptability and resilience to depressing factors are essential components of future food issues. According to statistical projections, the global population will reach the 10 billion mark by 2050, and that number will continue to grow (Lapenis). Without emphasizing the economic and biological threats of such a phenomenon, it is worth recognizing that feeding each member of society will be a significant problem for countries. If the agricultural industry cannot be optimized, countries with the largest populations will experience a starvation crisis, which may be predictor of conflict. To avoid such a scenario, it is appropriate to investigate plant resilience as profoundly as possible today.

Moreover, overpopulation is related to the intensification of global climate warming, which also has relevance in the context of the topic under study. Over the next hundred years, the average annual temperature will continue to rise. It follows that additional water resources will evaporate more actively from regions with fewer rainfalls, which means less water will remain for plant nutrition. In other words, salt concentrations in soils will continue to increase naturally, which may cause most plants to die.

It is worth recognizing that soil salinity is an essential predictor of possible plant suppression. Already today, 23 percent of arable land is found to be excessively saline (Shahid et al. 46). Simultaneously, this number was three percent lower in the 1990s, which may confirm trends toward increasing salinity in irrigated lands (Shahid et al. 46). Although control is necessary, it is also essential to take early care of the biological properties of the crops grown and possibly take preventive measures to modify the plants to improve their resistance.

Special attention within the framework of the discussed issue is drawn to the soil features of the United Arab Emirates. It is primarily worth recognizing that this state is a progressively developing economic center not only in Middle Asia but probably in the whole of Eurasia. The country is actively expanding, and although the basis of its economy is the sale and processing of oil and oil products, combined with the development of the tourism sector, agriculture plays an important role. As a de facto amalgamation of seven emirates, the UAE, with a combined population of approximately ten million, must meet residents’ fundamental needs for sufficient food resources (United Arab Emirates Population).

The variety of crops grown and the need for agricultural measures for soil moisture and irrigation depend on the arable land belonging to a particular category (Wiede). It is worth saying that there are many different types of soils in the UAE. Thus, Torripsamments, wind-borne alluvial sands well suited for farming (UAE Soil Maps) form the basis or about 75%. Nevertheless, about 10% of the total soils are set aside for highly saline and mineral-rich carbonate zones, where plant survival is a problem. Even though groundwater is present at a depth of about one meter, these soils are still arid and biologically unsuitable. Thus, UAE authorities can expect that such soils can only increase over time.

The choice of specific crops was based primarily on their widespread availability as a food commodity. For example, soybeans are is an excellent high-calorie product rich in protein. In addition, Glycine max can also be used as a source for the production of biofuels (Szecsei). In other words, the popularity of soybeans for consumption is incredibly high, which justifies the increase in cultivated areas for this crop (Figure 1). Similar figures are found for broccoli and bell peppers: the consumption of broccoli has increased by 940% over the last 25 years and by 150% for bell peppers over the last twenty years in the U.S. (Mullaney; Shahbanden). In other words, the selected crops are precious to humanity, which means their conservation and increased sustainability indices are a positive ecological strategy.

In addition, the plants proposed for the experiment are not halophytic, and therefore are very sensitive to salt fluctuations in the soil. The consequences of inhibition of plant growth associated with high salt concentration are due to biological effects. In particular, excess salt in the pre-root zone can increase the osmotic pressure, resulting in water flowing from the roots back into the soil. As a result, dehydration of plants and their drying is observed. In addition, if sodium chloride is used as the central salting compound, as in this study, it can lead to unwanted dissociation to form chlorine ions. Being toxic, chlorine ions poison plants and catalyze death processes. Simultaneously, as a more active metal, sodium can replace calcium, iron, and magnesium, which are vital to plant metabolism (Impacts), from mineral compounds. Ultimately, this salinity leads to lower yields and a drop in crop profitability.

Variables

The concentration of salts in the soil samples was modified to measure crop growth rates. Thus, the concentration of sodium chloride in the soil for sprouting was an independent variable and numerically represented a range of four different concentrations: 3, 6, 9, and 12 ppt. In addition, a water-only control line was used. The technique for preparing the specific solutions is described in detail in the methods section. The seeds were covered with dark thick towels and the room temperature was kept constant, so these parameters did not contribute. The effect of concentrations was measured using dependent variables, namely the germination rate (in days), the number of germinated seeds, and several mathematical measures.

Materials

• For germination process:
  • Ziplock plastic bags;
  • Thick tissue paper;
  • Plastic disposable plates;
  • Marker;
  • Spray bottle;
  • Saline solutions with concentrations of 3. 6. 9 or 12 ppt;
  • Glycine max 60 pcs;
  • Capsicum annuum Group 60 pcs;
  • Brassica oleracea var. Italica 60 pcs.
• For seedling process:
  • Soil mixed with fertilizer;
  • Plastic pots with holes at the bottom;
  • Watering container.
• For both processes:
  • Scale;
  • Flaked sea salt;
  • Paper and pen;
  • Measuring tape;
  • Thermometer — 20°C to 120°C

Method

This biological experiment was designed as a series of sequential tasks performed according to laboratory ethics and safety guidelines. Seeds of plants of three different crops, sixty seeds each, were obtained from a local horticultural center. They were thoroughly sanitized before germination to eliminate possible infestations using hydrogen peroxide, apple cider vinegar, and distilled water. The seeds were placed between two strips of wet paper and packed in a plastic bag to ensure continuous moisture content. The seeds were placed in a dark area and covered with a thick towel to prevent light penetration. After the seeds germinated under the sealed plastic bag’s conditions, 5 to 10 seeds were transferred to pots under natural light at 21°C to 23°C. Additional water was added to each pot in the morning using a spray bottle.

The choice of specific salt solution concentrations was determined by the results of a preliminary experiment (for 10,25,40 and 55 ppt), showing that the highest optimal salt content for growth was ten ppt. Thus, four solutions with four different concentrations were prepared in parallel: 3, 6, 9, and 12 ppt. Preparation of the solution began with weighing the necessary mass of sodium chloride in the form of flakes on a scale: for the three ppt solution, the mass was 3 g. After filling the sample gallon with salt flakes, distilled water was added to the 1000 g mark. The solution was thoroughly stirred to dissolve the sea salt completely. The same procedure was repeated for concentrations of 6, 9, and 12 ppt.

Seed germination was considered when the shell was destroyed, and the first roots became apparent. For accurate analysis, seed control was performed every day in the morning for each sample. Seeds infected with the fungus were disinfected with vinegar solutions or removed if sanitization was not possible. The following mathematical formulas were used to measure seed germination rate and efficiency.

Table 1. Formulas are used to measure seed germination rate (Kader 68; Gairola et al. 67; Germination Rates & Percentages).

Data

Table 2. Summary table of calculated values for all samples. The calculations are shown in equations [9]-[14].

Data analysis

As can be seen, when analyzing Table 2, some of the crops did show excellent growth results under certain salt concentration conditions compared to others. In particular, for broccoli and soybeans, soil with a salt content of 3 ppt was the most optimal medium. Bell peppers showed the best growth performance in the control sample, but 3 ppt again showed the best results when evaluating experimental data alone. It may follow from this that the minimum salt content of the soil stimulates the growth and development of different crop plants. In contrast, increased content led to premature death or failure to mature.

Figure 2 shows a composite growth chart for all fifteen lines examined. Some of the lines dropped drastically to zero in the first half of the trial: this indicated that the plant had stopped showing growth and had suffered salt injuries. On detailed analysis, this was confirmed: indeed, the zeroed-out lines corresponded to high salt concentrations. Thus, one can conclude that the higher the salt concentration, the more likely the no germination.

Several intriguing patterns have been observed. First of all, Table 3 shows that salinity at 3 ppt is indeed optimal for all sample types even when compared to control lines. Statistical analysis using the standard deviation model indicates the mean deviation and error of the established mean values. The 12 ppt value suppressed seed germination the most and averaged the lowest mark of 45% germination. On the other hand, as Table 4 shows, the control line and the three ppt salinity were similar in seed germination rate. In contrast, the seeds of the bell pepper sample sprouted most recently at 12 ppt. Table 5 demonstrates the effect of concentration on average plant growth: the higher the salt level, the lower the plant height was.

Table 3. Statistical information on the number of germinated seeds in all measurement groups.

Table 4. Statistical information on the speed of seed germination in all measurement groups.

Table 5. Average values of plant height (cm) depending on salt concentration.

Graphs

Conclusion

To summarize the study results, it is worth noting that soil salinity does have a significant effect on the growth and development of the three plant crops. The report confirmed the original hypothesis that a gradual increase in salt concentration in the soil naturally reduces the seed germination rate and plant height. The best results were characteristic of the control line devoid of excess salt and the lower salt concentration. On the other hand, the higher the soil salinity, the fewer plant seeds germinated.

Works Cited

ASA. “2019 Soystats.” Soy growers. 2019. Web.

Gairola, K. C., A. R. Nautiyal, and A. K. Dwivedi. “Effect of Temperatures and Germination Media on Seed Germination of Jatropha curcas Linn.” Advances in Bioresearch, vol. 2, no. 2, 2011, pp. 66-71.

“Impacts of Salinity.” Queensland Government. 2016. Web.

Kader, M. A. “A Comparison of Seed Germination Calculation Formulae and The Associated Interpretation of Resulting Data.” Journal and Proceeding of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 138, 2005, pp. 65-75.

Lapins, Andrei. “A 50-Year-Old Global Warming Forecast That Still Holds Up.” EOS. 2020. Web.

Mullaney, Sara. “Broccoli.” Food Source Information. 2020. Web.

Shahbandeh, Mahsa. “U.S. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Bell Peppers 2000-2019.” Statista. 2020. Web.

Shahid, S. A., Zaman, M., & Heng, L. “Soil Salinity: Historical Perspectives and a World Overview of the Problem.” Guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques, edited by Mohammad Zaman, Shabbir Shahid, and Lee Heng, 2018, pp. 43-53.

Szecsei, Szabolcs. “26 Delicious Soy Statistics to Chew On in 2020.” Supplements 101. 2020. Web.

“UAE Soil Maps.” Emirates Soil Museum, n.d. Web.

“United Arab Emirates Population.” Wordometer. 2021. Web.

Wiede, Jochen. “Saline Soils: A Landscaping Challenge.” CSBE, 2005. Web.

“Germination Rates & Percentages.” Plant Psychology, n.d. Web.

Pluralism and tolerance is most common in a vibrant and cohesive civil society. Pluralism can be applied in various places such as religion and politics but no matter where it is applied the theme behind pluralism is to create evenness. In religion pluralism means that there is a balance or in other words evenness in all religion therefore all religions are viewed as even in terms of their quality in worship. This is because God is the overall father of all of mankind. The different names of God arise due to differences in language.

In ancient times religions that saw themselves as the only ones that worshipped the true God used to declare war against their neighbors in pursuit of making them convert to their religion. They did not see anything wrong in killing such people because they had a perception that God would award them for fighting for His name (Plaw 34).

All religions that are Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism among others explain that God created man in His image. There is no known scripture that states that only certain religion is appropriate. The only worship that’s not allowed by all religions is the worship of Satan or devil worship.

Erlewine argues that different religions have different forms of worship but all the same they are directed towards communicating with God (56). This implies that the ancient people didn’t know this and that’s why nations fought each other in the name of religion. Nowadays people have been enlightened and thus they see things differently except the primitive people who have been left behind.

By accepting each other regardless of our religions humans can be united as one community. For this unity to be realized there has to be respect of religions hence one should not despise somebody else’s religion. This recognition of diverse religions will foster peaceful co-existence.

When we realize that all our religions are even then we should tolerate each others religious practices. Whether one hates a religious ritual practiced by a given group there is no excuse for not accepting other peoples form of worship (Plaw 12). This is an important aspect of a well structured civil society.

This tolerance is extended to work places in some countries where employees of a given religion are allowed to practice their religious culture such as observing religious holidays i.e. Christmas day for Christians and Idul fitrr for Muslims. Tolerance does not refer to believing in teachings of other religions but it’s the respect accorded to all religions evenly.

Kristen argues that some people still treat others according to their religion and that’s why some governments have been accused of being biased in the way they treat people. Such governments are accused of labeling other religions as rebels (79). For instance Islam has been associated with terrorism in the recent past because of allegations concerning Osama Bin Laden because all members of alqaeda are Muslims.

These has tainted the name of Islam as a religion that enjoys killing other humans especially after the September eleventh attacks that saw many people die from terror attack. Anti-terrorism police units have been accused of arresting people of a certain religion which has been expressed as disrespect for their religion.

Religious teachings and practices should be appreciated as long as they don’t cause any harm because religion was invented to unite humans but not to spread hatred. Tolerance is achieved when we don’t agree with the views of each other but we allow other people to stick to their beliefs as long it does not affect our lives negatively. That’s why the constitution of most developed countries allows freedom of worship. Tolerance is directly related to liberation because it means we don’t judge other people by what they believe (Erlewine 123).

Even when it comes to other areas in life tolerance and pluralism is greatly recommended. Pluralism in the society dictates that all people are worth regardless of their social class, race, gender and age. Many are times when people despise a suggestion made by someone whom they feel can not give a valid opinion.

In most societies money and power commands respect thus people who don’t have such qualities are not appreciated. Pluralism should not be gauged by the material things that are owned by an individual. Opinions and decisions are not physically visible because they are derived from our hearts and brains.

Plaw explains that material things do not reflect somebody’s intelligence because wealth comes by chance and it may have been acquired through dishonest ways such as corruption (45). On the other hand poverty is not induced by lack of knowledge but it is caused by situations that fail to favor some people due to their background. In fact all people have the same ability. If the poor were to be given the same opportunity as the wealthy they would perform much better.

People should learn to accept others regardless of their situation because no body chooses to be poor. There are instances where certain people are given an exceptional treatment by the society because they are perceived to be more important than others. The driving force behind such treatment is the possibility of getting monetary handouts as a reward for making them skip the normal procedures of doing something.

For instance if a celebrity walked into a bank to make a withdrawal he is expected to follow the line and wait for his turn because if he is made to skip the line the customers of that bank will feel despised. Surprisingly enough there are people who demand to be treated differently in public places because of their social status. Such practices are not acceptable if we want to be in a civil society that promotes tolerance and pluralism.

Financial prosperity should not be used as an excuse to seek exceptional treatment. This feeling of unevenness makes others to feel offended because they feel they deserve equal opportunities. When we learn that we are all of the same worth regardless of our achievements that’s when we begin to appreciate our differences.

Humans should accept that our personalities are different and therefore one should be accepted for who he is because all of us can’t have the same achievements. This is because we all depend on each other in our daily lives thus no one can exist as an isolated island. Though one may have all the material things they will still need assistance from other people because money can’t buy everything (Kristen 56).

The dependency on each other is used to bind the society together. For instance the wealthy rely on the availability of manpower that is provided by the poor who are willing to do manual work in order to earn a living in executing their plots. The rich need somebody to attend to their gardens and laundry while on the other hand these odd jobs are a source of income to the poor thus the relationship between the two parties is based on mutual understanding.

Without the rich the poor can not survive and the rich also can not do without the poor because even the tallest skyscraper needs masons to dress the stones. It is also important to treat all jobs evenly because somebody’s profession is vital to one self.

This is because the society is built by all kinds of people because everyone has a role to play in the society (Plaw 15). Some jobs are despised because they are tedious hence everyone wants a white collar job. If all of us were to have similar jobs same possessions there is no doubt the world would be a living hell.

The reason why communities fight each other is because they have to tolerate each other. Most inter-community battles are based on ethnicity. Communities can coexist peacefully if only they accepted their differences. As mentioned earlier freedom is part and parcel of tolerance and freedom means the right to be wrong. Instead of fighting due to indifferences communities should aim at safeguarding the interests of each other.

The world can be a better place for all humans if only some people were not greedy and selfish as they are. The society can be united by sharing the little that is available to the benefit of all.

For instance, if Muslim followers established a community based school the enrolment of students should not be based on religion because the school is meant to be used by all people regardless of their religion. By allowing students who don’t believe in Islam the Muslim society implies that it tolerates the views of other religions.

Students who are not Muslims should not be forced to adopt Islam teachings unless they feel like doing so. And while they are there they should to practice the teachings of their respective religions. The argument here is that there is only one God but we worship Him differently and at different places of worship.

I have noted that most societies have accepted the views of each other gradually. For instance in African countries like Kenya and Nigeria where the population is made up of people from different religions, the majority of the population are Christians but they don’t discriminate their Muslim brothers.

Most fast food joints have a certification that is provided by the Muslim community to verify that the chicken served in that joint is halal meaning that it was slaughtered by a Muslim. This is because Muslims don’t eat chicken that is not halal because it’s against the teachings of Islam (Kristen 43).

In the above scenario the inhabitants of that country accept their differences in religion and they don’t go against the wishes of their counterparts but instead consider safeguarding their collective interest. Therefore, it is essential that a civil society should be vibrant and cohesive in order to promote tolerance and pluralism.

Works Cited

Erlewine, Robert. Monotheism and Tolerance: Recovering a religion of reason. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010. Print.

Kristen, Johnson Theology, Political theory and Pluralism: Beyond tolerance and difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

Plaw, Avery. Frontiers of Diversity: explorations in contemporary pluralism. New York: Rodopi, 2005. Print.