Category: Thrombosis

Introduction

• The Central Venous Catheter is important because it enables the patients to receive the essential nutrition and treatment.
• The traditionally accepted Peripheral Inserted Central Catheter tools are among the best ones.
• It is critical to examine the tools and recommend further improvement.
• The study would recommend the desired.

Studies show that PICC lines cannot be deemed as efficient as they expose patients to even greater risks, including the threat of a thrombosis . Therefore, a detailed overview of the tools need to be carried out to determine their efficacy and suggest tools for the further improvement of the nursing services.

Justification for Change

1. PICCs are prone to thrombosis. Thrombosis is a clot of coagulated blood at the site of the insertion in the blood vessel.
2. The constant use of PICC causes the rise in infections.
3. Some of the tools fail to work due to mechanical problems and complications that are associated with morbidity (Levy, Bendet, Samra, Shalit, & Katz, 2010).
4. Some nurses had not received sufficient training on how to use the tools.
5. The tools cause discomfort and vein complications.
6. The nurses may also fail to get the right nerve during the first insertion. Wrongful insertions cause nerve damage to the blood vessels.
7. Needs assessment helps in the identification of the risk factors.

The complications from PICC require proactive actions to guarantee the safety of patients . In this case, the needs assessment offers a central tool for identifying the immediate areas of actions to reduce the implications of the PICC on patients’ health. The questions provided in the assessment survey help in the process of identifying the urgent needs that must be addressed to reduce the complications brought about by the use of the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (Kaufman & Guerra-Lopez, 2013).

Accreditation Standards and Regulatory Requirements

Physicians and nurses should satisfy multiple related accreditation standards and guidelines. They are provided by various stakeholders in PCCI line care provision. The following are examples;

1. The Infusion Nurses Society (INS) has Standards of Practice. They provide standards on catheter clearance and determine the role of Registered Nurses on Tip Placement and performance.
2. The American College of Radiology (ACR) has the Gold Standard of Accreditation. It offers standards of imaging quality and patient safety during CT.
3. The State Nursing Board continuously issue new procedures and guidelines for nurses on PCCI line placement.

Additionally, other accreditation standards are also available to ensure safe, effective PCCI line. These standards focus on medical imaging and radiation therapy, general conditions of clinical settings and safe, effective use of ultrasound.

The federal law requires every state to have its sets of rules and regulation on PICC Line insertion programs. As such, today, every state has, at least, one or more regulations on PCCI line insertion. They majorly focus on the role of nurses, facility conditions, and x-ray requirements among others. Nurses can legally insert PCCI line across the US, but there are specific provisions and restrictions on the roles of nurses (Infusion Nurses Society, 2013).

The Theory Chosen to Drive the Change

Reasons for the Choice

1. They would provide guidance on the process and the approach that is intended in the practical application of the project ideas.
2. Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory provides the path for instructing nurses according to their expertise.
3. It would be very helpful to focus on the nurses’ strengths and weakness to prioritize the education needs that promote the continuing development process.

Novice to Expert Theory

According to Benner, every nurse goes through five levels of experience. They include:

1. Novice;
2. Advanced beginner;
3. Competent;
4. Proficient;
5. Expert.

The levels are not reached by exposure to theoretical knowledge. They are reached by application of the abstract knowledge obtained in the past to the reality which demands practice.

The Caring Theory

• It is Jean Watson who developed the caring theory.
• The theory suggests that there should be emphasis on respect and love projected towards the patient.
• Care should be heart-centered and based on the wholeness of the mind, body and spirit.
• It should also maintain the inner harmony, among other things.
• Although the Caring Theory may have some conflicting differences with the project’s suggested philosophy and the previous theory, it benefits the project in many ways.

Other Theories

• There are other nursing models that fit in this particular case.
• They usually exhibit similar goals and approaches and differ primarily in the priorities and details.
• Orem’s model is well-placed for this project. According to Dorothea Orem, both the patient and the nurse should work towards sustaining self-care, or make the patient as independent as possible.
• The approach can ensure the patient’s active participation in the treatment process and add a layer of control.

Additional Theories Include: Jean Watson’s Caring Theory focuses on the patient-centered care which is the motto for our daily exercise of the nursing profession at Kendall Regional Medical Center. Motivating nurses through continuing education will lead to achieving the utmost goal: a comprehensive and excellent patient/family care, and at the same time, reduce the complications of PICC lines in patients that required long treatment periods. Consequently, we will be able to promote health with a comprehensive approach.

The Potential Impact of the Internal and External Challenges on the Project

External Forces

1. The context within which health care is practiced affects a variety of cultures and communities. It is influenced significantly by political, economic and social factors.
2. Marsden (2013) states that application of technology is crucial to enhancing the efficiency, as well as promoting the overall realization of quality care.
3. According to Pai and Huang (2011), lack of refresher programs on computer technology among health practitioners acts as a major impediment towards the effective implementation of change in service delivery.
4. The inefficiency of refresher programs results from lack of enough funding for retraining and capacity building.
5. The minimal understanding of healthcare environments by Information Technology (IT) experts involved in the management of hospital technology is also a major concern.
6. The education level of nurses also has a great impact on the implementation of change in a health care setting.

These external forces substantially impede the implementation of proposed changes in the healthcare technology.

With the training of medical information technology specialists, improvement can be realized in the communication processes between IT specialist and the health practitioners.

Various internal and external factors pose a threat to the implementation of changes in nursing practice. Technology issues may impede the actualization of change in the case where nurses are not aware of the technicalities involved. Structural organization of the health institution impacts on the progress in change based on the leadership methods utilized. Thus, to overcome slow implementation of change, health systems should embrace collaborative research, and leaders should foster strong working relationships where communication is adequate vertically and horizontally within the leadership hierarchies.

Internal Forces

1. The age of most of the computer equipment being used in PICC line insertions are getting outdated.
2. Rycroft-Malone et al. (2013) indicate that organizational structure is a major internal force that significantly affects the structural changes in the health care settings.
3. Organizations that facilitate research and learning bring about change in their structural systems and thus the need for coping with the mechanism to ensure positive outcomes.

Internal Forces Solutions

1. Transformational leaders encourage teamwork, value the contribution of every person to the organizational growth, and build an innovative culture in the working environment (Marsden, 2013).
2. The organization should also decentralize its decision-making organs.
3. Having a motivated workforce, precise roles and continuous access to update information to the personnel enhances nurses’ knowledge and skills.

Nurses’ resistance to change constitutes an internal force that impedes implementation of new plans in the health care system. The reason for this resistance may come from extensive criticism of the new system, the system design, and the working culture of the nurses (Pai & Huang, 2011).

Analysis of the Chart

• The frequency of complications are approximately equal to 17-23 days per every 1000 days that patients have PICC installed.
• The significant barrier precautions can lead to a much lower amount of complications.
• It is evident from some of the reviewed articles (Barrier et al., 2012; Gasior et al., 2013; (Koo et al., 2011); Ohki et al., 2013). The trend is available in the chart above.

Another trend is related to the type of complications that patients suffered from. The most often mentioned complications are thrombosis (it is mentioned in all the five articles) and bacteremia.

The first identified trend (the one related to the frequency of complications per 1000 PICC-days) is somewhat hard to properly interpret due to the fact that Barrier et al. (2012) and Gasior et al. (2013) do not specify the precaution measures that were employed during PICC insertion, while Ohki et al. (2013) do. It is apparent, however, that these measures may have a significant impact on the likelihood of complications, which is shown by Ohki et al. (2013); in addition, because bacteremia is one of the most often mentioned complications, it is clear that precautions during PICC insertion are paramount.

Chart for the Data and Trends

A few details were relevant for comparison from the closed end questions.

They showed how the patients understood the study and their knowledge about PICC and CVC.

The Two SMART Goals to Facilitate the Plan

1. One of the main goals of the investigation is to determine the areas of change and improve the quality of the PICC’s procedure at Kendall Regional Medical Center for the next two years.
2. The second goal is determining the nurses’ and patients’ points of conflicts and creating workable solutions for better health care provision in the next one year.

It is imperative to carry out a needs assessment that will help in the identification of risk factors and providing future guidelines for reducing the complications associated with PICC. Having identified the problematic areas, it is essential to initiate the process of change to achieve the needed goal and reduce the complications rate among the patients. The identification of the areas of change will help to achieve the significant improvement of the procedure of the insertion of PICC lines and decrease the number of possible complications. The usage of the given assessment tool might also give rise to the implementation of new procedures or introduction of new measures to improve the outcomes.

The complications from PICC require proactive actions to guarantee the safety of patients.

The philosophy of prioritizing responsibility and professionalism is of utmost importance.

There is the necessity for the creation of the efficient assessment tool to investigate a certain sphere of human activity aiming at its improvement.

Patients can be treated with respect without being distressed. While compassion is the primary motivation for reassuring the patient’s well-being, the professional approach and responsible attention to details are the two instruments which secure the successful outcome and exclude errors at every stage of nursing.

Conclusion

The main aim of the needs assessment is to identify the areas of improvement and create the action plan. It explores the use of the new strategy.

After identifying the problematic areas, it is essential to initiate the process of change to achieve the needed goal and reduce the complications rate among the patients (Weigl et al., 2013).

The identification of the areas of change will help to achieve the significant improvement of the procedure of the insertion of PICC lines and decrease the number of possible complications. The usage of the given assessment tool might also give rise to the implementation of new procedures or introduction of new measures to improve the outcome (Kaufman & Guerra-López, 2013).

References

Barrier, A., Williams, D. J., Connelly, M., & Creech, C. B. (2012). Frequency of peripherally inserted central catheter complications in children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 31(5), 519-521.

Gasior, A. C., Knott, E. M., & Peter, S. D. S. (2013). Management of peripherally inserted central catheter associated deep vein thrombosis in children. Pediatric Surgery International, 29(5), 445-449.

Kaufman, R., & Guerra-López, I. (2013). Needs assessment for organizational success. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Koo, B., Erglis, A., Doh, J., Daniels, D., Jegere, S., & Kim, H. (2011). Diagnosis of ischemia-causing coronary stenosis by noninvasive fractional flow reserve computed from coronary computed tomographic angiosperms, JACC, 58(19), 1989-1997.

Levy, I., Bendet, M., Samra, Z., Shalit, I., & Katz, J. (2010). Infectious complications of peripherally inserted central venous catheters in children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 29(5), 426-429.

Marsden, A.L. (2013). Simulation based planning of surgical interventions in pediatric cardiology, Phys. Fluids, 25(101303), 1-20.

Ohki, Y., Maruyama, K., Harigaya, A., Kohno, M., & Arakawa, H. (2013). Complications of peripherally inserted central venous catheter in Japanese neonatal intensive care units. Pediatrics International, 55(2), 185-189.

Pai, F.H. & Huang, K.I. (2011). Applying technology acceptance model to the introduction of healthcare information systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(4), 650-660.

Rycroft-Malone, J., Seers, K., Chandler, J., Hawkers, C.A., Crichton, N., Allen, C., Bullock, I. & Strunin, L. (2013). The role of evidence, context, and facilitation in an implementation trial: Implications for the development of the PARIHS framework. Implementation Science, 8(28), 1-13.

Weigl, B., Gaydos, C., Kost, G., Bayette, F., Stephanie, S., Rompalo, A., Haller, J. (2013). The value of clinical needs assessments for point-of-care diagnostics. Point Care, 11(2).

Background

Arterial thrombosis is a condition that develops in the artery, whereby blood clotting is experienced. If untreated, the disorder can lead to the deaths of patients since it alters blood flow in vital body organs. For instance, the illness can cause blockage of arteries that circulate blood in the brain and the heart. Additionally, most of the deaths associated with arterial thrombosis involve cardiovascular diseases. Muscle pain, known as angina, can also occur when blood clotting is experienced in arteries leading to the heart. Arterial thrombosis can develop in people of different ages. However, older people are at higher risks of being affected by the condition compared to young people.

Risk Factors

Various aspects can increase the risks of an individual developing arterial thrombosis. Some of the risk factors are an unhealthy diet, smoking, being obese, a lack of exercise (Prandoni, 2016). Other common disorders, such as diabetes and high cholesterol, are also risk factors. Old age is another contributing condition since many older people do not focus on body exercise, increasing their fat accumulation chances in the arteries (Prandoni, 2016). A family history of arterial thrombosis is another risk factor that health practitioners have revealed. Men are also termed to be at higher risk of developing arterial thrombosis than women.

Pathophysiology Process

Arterial thrombosis does not usually have symptoms until a limited flow of blood to body parts is encountered. Nonetheless, chest pain can be experienced when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked (Prandoni, 2016). Shortness of breath can also be encountered in some cases. Dizziness due to a lack of adequate blood in some organs is another common symptom. Some patients suffer from limb ischemia when the supply of blood to the limb is blocked (Prandoni, 2016). Other people also experience pain in the limbs, and they can turn pale and cold. Swelling of legs is also common in patients with arterial thrombosis due to inadequate blood flow in the limbs. The alteration of cells and the body in adapting to the condition leads to swelling of organs and color changes.

Diagnostic Procedures

Health practitioners have developed procedures that are used in the diagnosis of arterial thrombosis. Using an angiogram is one of the approaches used to detect affected organs (Gresele et al., 2017). It examines the blood vessels to determine abnormalities that can lead to a blood clot. Doppler ultrasound exam of an extremity is another approach exercised to detect the condition. The approach enables medical practitioners to monitor blood flow in the body.

Doctors also use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) since it takes the body’s image and can locate blood clots. Health practitioners can use plethysmography during the diagnostic procedure since it measures changes in blood pressure and blood flow (Gresele et al., 2017). Consequently, approach allows clinicians to determine whether a patient has developed arterial thrombosis, leading to blood flow changes. Early detection of the condition is essential since it allows medics to prevent further complications and increased blood clots.

Nursing Interventions/Treatments

Health care providers have revealed various approaches exercised to treat arterial thrombosis. One technique physicians practice to treat the condition is by using thrombolytic injections to dissolve blood clots (Gresele et al., 2017). Many doctors prefer using the vaccination since it does not involve different procedures that may lead to a long-term healing process. The affected artery can also be widened through an operation to allow blood flow.

For instance, an angioplasty is exercised to ensure that artery remains open. Surgery to divert blood around the blocked artery is another nursing intervention exercised by doctors (Gresele et al., 2017). In this case, a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is used to bypass a blockage in the artery that supplies the heart muscle. Educating people about the need to exercise and keep their weight healthy is another essential nursing intervention.

References

Gresele, P., Kleiman, N. S., Lopez, J. A., & Page, C. P. (Eds.). (2017). Platelets in thrombotic and non-thrombotic disorders: Pathophysiology, pharmacology, and therapeutics. Springer.

Prandoni, P. (2016). Venous and arterial thrombosis: Is there a link? In: M. Islam (Ed), Thrombosis and Embolism: from Research to Clinical Practice. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (pp. 273-283). Springer, Cham.

With thrombosis of the lower extremities’ veins, blood clots or blood clots form cavities, which interfere with the normal movement of blood. Over time, they can clog the venous lumen and even come off, ending in the heart, lungs, and other organs (Dalen, 2016). Unfortunately, it is often impossible to timely determine the initial symptoms of thrombosis of the leg vessels. However, if the skin changes color and swelling occurs where the blood clot is located, these are signs of vascular disease.

When thrombosis progresses, its symptoms appear: acute pain and heaviness in the patient’s legs. These symptoms are provoked by the venous congestion below the site of thrombosis. The main causes of the disease’s development are blood clotting and damage to the vein wall (Thachil & Bagot, 2018). In addition, long journeys and old age exacerbate the risk of serious problems. It is also possible that the patient is taking medications that increase blood clotting, so it is necessary to ask him about this to be sure of the diagnosis.

Ways to make an accurate diagnosis include duplex scanning, radiopaque phlebography, MRI, or CT. The combination of these methods will most accurately determine the severity and nature of the disease. After that, a doctor can prescribe a suitable treatment. Of the drugs, it can be injections of heparin and capsules of anticoagulants. If these methods do not help, then thrombolysis is necessary, which promotes resorption of blood clots. With the most severe outcome, surgery will be required. Undoubtedly, this is the last thing to do since it is always important to use all the other methods before making it. It may also be dangerous in the age of the considered patient. Thus, it is vital to use other methods and try to avoid any harmful consequences. Not only this will help cure thrombosis, but also save patient’s life.

References

Dalen, J. E. (2016). Venous Thromboembolism. CRC Press.

Thachil, J., & Bagot, C. (2018). Handbook of Venous Thromboembolism. John Wiley & Sons.

The Main Issue of Concern

American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) outlined guidelines based on evidence of thrombolytic and antithrombotic therapy. The guidelines featured recommendations to healthcare services providers aiming at managing and preventing venous and arterial thromboembolism in surgical and medical patients. These recommendations are carried out on conditions such as cerebrovascular, cardiac arterial-venous thromboses, peripheral vascular disease, and in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Despite availing the guidelines to healthcare providers, hospitalized patients still fail to receive the appropriate and adequate protection against deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

The recommendations for the management and prevention of DVT entail applying mechanical prophylactic measures whose application needs to be understood by the healthcare providers. The mechanical prophylactic prevention measures entail several actions. These measures include exercising, the use of graduated stockings or the knee-high compression stockings use, exploring a variety of motions, and the use of pneumatic devices for compression. Ensuring DVT prevention has been achieved successfully requires the healthcare providers to conduct a timely assessment of patients.

The Importance of the Issue

In the case of UMMC Hospital, it is recommendable to apply knee-high compression stocking use. This measure helps reduce venous stasis and improves the venous return in the leg veins. The knee-high compression stocking measure is easy to use, and it does not increase bleeding risk in most patients. Healthcare providers should be careful when applying this measure since it relates to patients at a lower risk for DVT development. Furthermore, the knee-high compression stocking measure applies to patients who possess the contraindication of using the pharmacological recommended measures.

The knee-high compression stocking prevention measure of DVT is easily accommodative by most patients and can be possibly continued up to the basis of outpatient. The suitable patients for this measure are the ones who have a lower risk for DVT, particularly when paired with exercises of the foot and ankle for those capable of conducting them. Caution in the use of knee-high stockings is required for individuals who possess arterial insufficiencies of lower extremities since their arterial circulation has been compromised already. To obtain an extreme benefit and avoid tight-fitting stockings resulting in a tourniquet effect, selecting a proper fit is required. The knee-high compression stocking should be applied immediately to affected patients as recommended and be removed after 30 minutes shift to allow the assessment of the underlying skin.

The ACCP guidelines recommend the knee-high compression stocking measure for all hospitalized patients with anticoagulant contraindication. The patients exposed to high risks of developing anticoagulant contraindication are recommended to combine the substance use. The knee-high compression stocking prevention measure must be applied initially to surgical patients with higher risks for bleeding until reconsideration for anticoagulant has been made. Compression modes are considered to be effective and safe, although they require to be applied for the bedrest duration and not for a particular duration in a day. Nurses are advised to encourage the use and compliance of the patients.

Anecdote

The knee-high compression stocking measure entails applying the pharmacologic prophylactic step, which uses numerous kinds of anticoagulants to reduce the coagulability of blood. The applicable anticoagulants include unfractionated heparin, aspirin, pentasaccharides, warfarin, and heparin of low-molecular-weight. Providing excellent protection requires the medication to be administered to patients possessing moderately higher risk factors which other mechanical tools only can offer. Despite aspirin being an effective treatment for the prevention of prophylaxis for arterial thrombosis since it decreases the platelets’ aggregation, ACCP recommended guidelines discourage their use as a sole means of venous thromboembolism in any given patient since they are ineffective to act on the venous thrombi components. Furthermore, additional tools for preventing DVT are recommended for patients taking aspirin for other treatment reasons. Unfractionated heparin needs monitoring and adjustment of the partially activated thromboplastin period’s dosage plan based on the results.

Administration of heparin intravenously or subcutaneously results in either immediate provision of anticoagulant effect or delayed response of approximately 1 hour. Low-molecular-weight heparin provides a convenient and easy administration platform for patients in hospitals, with the drug being safe to be used on the elderly. The obese and renal impaired patients require dose adjustment as those with higher risks of bleeding are given low-molecular-weight heparin rather than unfractionated heparin, which ensures they have low bleeding instances. Patients in critical care and their DVT risk are moderate and require to use of prophylaxis together with low-molecular-weight heparin or heparin. Patients in high risky critical conditions require low-molecular-weight heparin. Warfarin provides a convenient pill taken orally in hospitals, and its continued at home by patients exposed to risk after being discharged. Patients should avoid certain foods since they alter warfarin’s effectiveness.

Consequences of Taking No Action

Failure to make dosage adjustments of low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis in the elderly and obese patients will lead to bleeding. Bleeding will worsen the condition of the hospitalized or the home-based patient. Failure to re-evaluate the risk factors of a patient by the nurses may worsen his/her condition. Failure to consider the patient’s bleeding potential when contemplating anticoagulant use by the patient advocates (nurses) may lead to delayed administration of assessment trials for DVT prevention.

Furthermore, obtained orders to administer prophylaxis for DVT risk development should be timely to initiate prevention mechanisms. Delay exposes the patients to risk factors that will be costly to rectify. Delay administering DVT treatment mechanism generates life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolus in the patients. Furthermore, after the delay, their treatment will involve the use of costly doses, which may aggravate the bleeding problem. The costly doses will require the use of coagulants rather than prevention. Therefore, early prevention methods for all healthcare providers in patients provide the best options since they reduce DVT complication risks and avoid treatment options.

Recommendations

A combined therapy bringing together the tools of pharmacological and mechanical techniques should be adopted for patients considered to have a higher risk for DVT than those in need of lower anticoagulant doses. Furthermore, combined therapy should be recommended for the elderly since they are exposed to multiple risk aspects and increased bleeding probability. Adopting mechanical measures which possess little contraindications and are considered better adjuncts for patients requiring a reduction in dosage of measures entailing pharmacology will be appropriate.

ACCP recommended guidelines to discourage aspirins as a sole means of venous thromboembolism in any given patient since they are ineffective in acting on the venous thrombi components. Furthermore, ACCP recommended guidelines propose using unfractionated aspirins and low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis in all patients considered to be in an acute medical ill state without using contraindications anticoagulants for those having many risk factors for DVT prevention mechanism.

The nursing practice that entails the elimination of errors and the introduction of prevention mechanisms requires significant support from the field decision-makers (Bureau & Gordon, 2013). Healthcare providers should follow the ACCP guidelines since they provide the appropriate recent and scientifically proven recommendations to help in DVT prevention and treatment. The nurses who are patients’ advocates need to be aware of the risk factors which may expose the persons they represent to life-threatening conditions. Nurses should be curious about the risk factors and DVT prophylaxis to determine the appropriate use by their patients.

Reference

Bureau, B. & Gordon, S. (2013). From silence to voice: What nurses must know and communicate to the public (3rd Ed.) ILR Press/Cornell University.

A pulmonary embolism (PE) and a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are typically the factors that lead to a condition known as venous thromboembolism (VTE), which is an abnormality. A pulmonary embolism, often known as PE for short, is a disorder in which a blood clot forms, breaks apart, and travels through the circulation to the lungs. This complication results in risk factors such as morbidity, resulting in an increased death rate. Patients who have undergone major surgery or suffered catastrophic injuries are occasionally at risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) (Site1). In addition, due to the ailment’s intricacy, patients diagnosed with VTE are required to take specialized medicine, resulting in more prolonged hospital admissions and extended stays in the critical care unit (CCU) (Senercal, 2015). Thus, this raises both the costs and the danger of mortality.

Discoloration of the skin, swelling of the veins, acute pain related to chest pain, ulcers, and shortness of breath are some symptoms that patients with VTE syndrome experience (Senercal, 2015; Long 2009). These problems worsen and develop a critical illness characterized by low blood pressure, poor blood circulation, and venous stasis. Since mechanical ventilation causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure, the velocity flow in the vena cava slows down, which results in venous stasis. Veins can become obstructed as a result. Trauma and endothelial damage can be caused by VTE disease, triggered by significant injuries or surgical procedures (Senercal, 2015).

Medical professionals utilize mechanical and pharmacological prevention methods to reduce the likelihood of a VTE occurring. Utilizing devices such as graded compression stockings (GCS) or intermittent pneumatic compression are mechanical approaches (IPC). Since they are anticoagulated, these methods are very user-friendly. Medical professionals use these gadgets to investigate the rate of bleeding experienced by patients. In addition, medical professionals make use of heparin as a prophylactic measure since it binds antithrombin, which speeds up the rate at which thrombin is deactivated. However, health care specialists encourage the use of low-dose UFH (LDUH) for exceptional circumstances of patients such as those with malignant tumors, benign tumors, or who are undergoing surgical procedures (Long, 2009; Senercal, 2015).

Medical professionals like nurses ideally administer prophylactic measures against venous thromboembolism (VTE). They do this by keeping a close eye on the patients to ensure they follow all the regulations regarding their medication. Nurses observe Patients and collect information on venous thromboembolism (VTE) and their reactions to medicinal thrombocytopenia and breeding that help them carry out efficacy analysis. However, the atmosphere and setting of the hospital can cause worry and anxiety in patients, mainly surgical patients; thus, this can create a risk of an increase in the number of VTE-related occurrences. Nurses carry out VTE prophylaxis orders, and patients are monitored for symptoms related to VTE, such as swelling, pain, and redness in the calf and legs. These allow nurses to ensure that patients can overcome this condition by encouraging ambulation that is appropriate for the patient’s condition (Long, 2009; O’Brien, 2013)

In addition, nurses ensure proper monitoring standards are implemented for patients in the preoperative and postoperative stages of care. They achieve this goal by generating and disseminating sufficient information. Nevertheless, nurse practitioners make it their business to ensure that both the patient and the caretakers completely adhere to the doctor’s prescription in terms of dosage, record keeping, proper storage, and other guidelines. (O’Brien, 2013; Senercal, 2015)

The complication of VTE poses a risk of death to the patient. Some of the symptoms associated with the condition are ulcers, hypertension, venous stasis, and hypoperfusion. Pharmacological and mechanical treatments, such as graduated compression stockings (GCS) or intermittent pneumatic compression, are used to lessen the symptoms of this condition (IPC). The methods are utilized by health care practitioners such as nurses to ascertain patients’ bleeding rates. These help the practitioners ascertain the VTE levels of patients, and if the patient is a victim, appropriate action can be taken. For example, providing information regarding the treatment procedure and implementing anticoagulation monitoring guidelines are examples of what we mean by this.

References

Long, J. B. (2009). Venous Thromboembolism.The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 24(Supplement), S8–S13. Web.

O’Brien, J. (2013). Interprofessional collaboration. AMN Healthcare Education Services

Senecal, P.-A. (2015). Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.Nursing Critical Care, 10(6), 16–25. Web.