The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka: An Analysis

Studying the literature of previous times can provide valuable insight into how society was organized and what people had views on social, political, and other problems. This work explores the literary work of Franz Kafka, Metamorphoses. Therefore, this paper is a piece of literature that is still relevant and could be applied to society today in several ways. The main problem of this response highlights the problem of loneliness of people in the world, despite the simple idea of a good life.

Before discussing the relevance of the work under study, it is necessary to have an understanding of its plot. Therefore, Metamorphosis will tell about Gregor Zamsa, an ordinary seller who one day a man realizes that he has turned into an insect of enormous size. The rest of the story focuses on his attempts to adapt to the new conditions of life. Family members lock him in a separate room and feed him; later, Gregor dies of poisoning.

Therefore, The Metamorphoses can be easily attributed to current society. Research shows that it no longer follows the methodical analysis of souls, but seeks the inner disorder, the secret of the characters existence (Balaban 235). One of the most striking is the problem of loneliness of people. Despite the fact that the main protagonist had a family he took care of and supported, he was left alone in the end. Even at the end of the work, the author shows a picture of a happy walking family, according to which it is impossible to understand that they only lost one of their members. In the modern world, people are also suffering from loneliness, which is especially provoked by the development of new technologies. Individuals are increasingly locked into their separate worlds and cease to interact even with the close people themselves.

In conclusion, it must be underlined that Franz Kafka created his works during such a period as modernism. It is characterized by the destruction and confrontation of established social norms. Therefore, the author of The Metamorphosis focuses on the problem of lack of love and loneliness of people, which can be related to the modern world. Despite the fact that this problem cannot be immediately identified, many experiences internal suffering from having such feelings.

Work Cited

Balaban, Maria-Zoica. Franz Kafka and the Absurd Universe. Language and Culture, vol. 20, no. 2, 2021, pp. 235-246.

Grotesque in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka

The apparent expression of Kafkas Metamorphosis is the battle to discover and express ones individuality in a world of constant, all-consuming commitments. For instance, The Metamorphosis discusses a ludicrous occurrence as Gregor awoke one morning from an uneasy dream he found himself transformed into a gigantic insect. (Kafka 1), which hints that the narrative takes place in a haphazard world. The event in question is the titular metamorphosis, and since it is so far outside the confines of a natural occurrence, it is not just improbable; it is literally impossible to happen.

Thus, the book is subtle and non-humorous in that it explores the adverse stages of life. In this way, denial, acceptance, and decline are the three phases that relate to Gregorys transition. It begins with disapproval, in that Gregor learns that he has transformed into an insect and insists that this change will not impact him. Afterward, he comes to terms with the fact that he has transformed and begins to embrace his identity as an insect; it is a sad state for Gregory. In the last phase of the metamorphosis, he shuts himself off from the outside world, stops eating, and ultimately passes away.

Grotesque entails odd, unnatural, or absurd appearance; in most cases, it causes dread towards people. Therefore, the events in The Metamorphosis further underscore grotesque meaning and understanding. In particular, Gregors transformation separates him physically and emotionally from his family; he feels odd and different from others. Moreover, he spends practically all of his time in his room with the door shut and has limited interaction with others; Samsa feels he is displeasing. Grete spends a few minutes in the room with him, during which Gregor always hides beneath the sofa. Thence, the distortion of his normal body form to an insect correlates to an unappealing homely sight. Gregors transformation alienates him from the human race since it renders him no longer human; he views himself as a monster. Kafka further explores the context of the grotesque through his narration:

To spare her from even these glimpses, he dragged the sheet to the sofa on his back one daythis required four hours workand laid it in such a way as to conceal himself entirely, so the sister could not see him& (Kafka 21)

Franz Kafkas use of vivid imagery in The Metamorphosis illustrates the difficulties that are attributed to transformation. Gregors emotional apathy gives readers a glimpse inside their home to see and hear what is happening. For instance, he insinuates that an infamy state may result in stigmatization from family and friends. As a result, it compels victims to possess the fear of being prejudiced. Hence, the grotesque cannot be used as a tool to engage in alienation in the modern world. This is because grotesque is used to highlight humanitys fundamental truth and reality. For instance, Kafkas implication of obscenity in depicting Gregor cannot be used to judge him. Regardless of how terrible these facts may be, it is clear that the words conveyed and the emotion aroused by them are lovely. Thence, grotesque is a slapstick-like comedy in The Metamorphosis; it represents the absurdity of Gregors body transformation that is humorous. Moreover, Kafka accounts for the comic in his writing when he details:

He was lying on his hard, as it were armor-plated, back, and when he lifted his head a little, he could see his domelike brown belly divided into stiff arched segments on top of which the bed quilt could hardly keep in position& (Kafka 1).

I have been in a Kafkaesque situation while dreaming. I can attest that it feels weird and one can feel disconnected from the other members of the family. The scenario felt awkward as I could not walk out of bed due to the shock. Moreover, I could picture how my friends would be critical of me; hence I began bearing suicidal thoughts. Therefore, grotesque should not be used to alienate people; instead should be used to judge people from their characters.

Work Cited

Kafka, F. The Metamorphosis. Diamond Pockets Book, 2021.

Gregor is a Symbol in the Metamorphosis by Kafka

One morning, as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in bed hr had been changed into a monstrous verminous bug (Kafka 1). This is nonsensical! Kafka uses this metamorphosis scene symbolically to achieve some assorted themes of the story. To understand why Kafka uses Gregor symbolically in this story, it is important to understand the themes he wants to achieve too. In a snapshot, Gregor is used symbolically in Metamorphosis to expose the collapse of justice and mercy and the breakdown of humanity. Justice and mercy might fade away even in the eyes of ones closest friends; family members, and this reality dawns on Gregor the moment he turns into a bug.

In his earlier normal days, Gregor is the sole breadwinner in his family, something that makes his family members recognize and accept him lest they remain hungry. Though he loathes his job as a salesperson, he does it with great earnestness (Kafka 35), to ensure his family is well-fed and save enough for Grete, his sister, to join a conservatoire for professional training in playing the violin. This shows how devout Gregor is to give the best to his family members. Unfortunately, people are self-seeking and the moment they stop getting their fair share in a deal, they buck out. This is exactly what happens to Gregor the moment he turns into a bug. The same family members who cherished him, or so he thought, turn their back on him, and in return for his lengthy loyalty to their well-being, he receives injustice and unkindness. Even though Gregors family tries to accept his status as a bug, perhaps to cover their cynicism, they later disregard him completely and subject him to seclusion and untold apathy. Unfortunately, this form of justice and mercy degradation takes place at the family level where one expects total acceptance no matter what comes his/her way. Grete finally tries to dissuade his parents from the notion that Gregor the bug is the Gregor they once knew as a son and a brother. This final rejection kills Gregor and Kafka uses this death symbolically to show how justice and mercy have died in the family, the institution where they should be esteemed. Apart from this, Kafka uses Gregors symbolism to bring out the issue of humanitys breakdown, how people forget to live, in the process of making a living.

As aforementioned, during his normal days as a human being, Gregor the salesperson devotes all his efforts to sustaining his family. He hardly thinks of himself let alone sparing time to reconnect with himself. Before the metamorphosis, Gregor is alienated; he never has time for himself or his feelings. Fortunately, after he turns into a bug, a journey to becoming human embarks. After he loses his physical attributes of a human being, he starts finding himself. He realizes that he has feelings, notably the feelings of rejection and love. Kafka uses this symbolism to show how human beings crave acceptance but their physical attributes bar them from achieving the same. Gregor the bug finally dies for he cannot be accepted. Hitherto, if he faced any form of rejection he would fill that with providing more money to his subjects who would in return accept him. Unfortunately, as a bug, the only thing he can offer is himself, his humanness, which is lost from the beginning. Kafka seeks to show the readers how people relinquish what is of importance, humanity, in pursuit of the less important, materialism. Therefore, Gregor is used as a symbolism in The Metamorphosis to exploit the theme of justice and mercy decadence coupled with humanity degradation.

Works cited

Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. New York: Crown, 2003.

The Symbolic Nature of Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis

Introduction

Kafkas The Metamorphosis is oftentimes seen as an allegorical, psychological, and quintessential exploration of the authors inner state. However, despite the core of the story centering on the physical transformation of Gregor Samsa, the real metamorphosis occurs in his family which demonstrate a dramatic shift in attitudes at his altered state and role in the family. This paper will explore the family dynamics before the beginning of the plot, examining the metamorphosis of the family and how it reflects on their past state. The bitterness and disgust displayed by the family is a direct result of their resentment of having to provide for themselves and look after Gregor, demonstrating a social and familial metamorphosis in which attitudes towards an individual shift due to the usefulness and position in life that they provide to others.

Family Dynamics

To better visualize the changes that occur as the story goes on, it is viable to explore the general family dynamics prior to the transformation. Gregor works as a travelling salesman, supporting his older parents and his young sister. The family fully and completely relies on him financially, but also somewhat takes it for granted. Gregor dislikes his job and wants to leave it, but realizes its importance for the family to pay off debts, Once Ive got together the money to pay off the parents debt to himthat should take another five or six yearsIll do it for sure. Then Ill make the big break. (Kafka 5). The family demonstrate care for him, but more about his job that is critical to supporting their lifestyle, particularly the parents. It seems that Gregor was close with his sister prior to the transformation, who attempted to care for him after the metamorphosis. Overall, the family seemed dysfunctional and the parents highly egotistical prior to the transformation.

The Metamorphosis of Family

Prior to the transformation, the father is shown as weak and even physically debilitated, with Gregor being the obvious head of the family. After receiving the job, he retakes the sense of authority and patriarchy, becoming commanding and asserting of his power. Similarly, Grete changes into a confident, strong, and independent woman, demonstrating wisdom and control. These changes in the key characters within the family raise significant questions, as to why these individuals could not act as such prior to Gregors transformation. Initially after the transformation, there are acts of compassion such as Gretes sweeping sessions and the mothers concern.

With the progression of the story, the compassion fades and the family switches back and forth between viewing Gregor as a monster and even demonstrating violence when he leaves the room to remembering that he is their son, as they open the door so he could listen to their supper conversations. However, the family begins to resent and dehumanize Gregor, It must be gotten rid of, cried the sister; That is the only way, father. You must try to get rid of the idea that this is Gregor. The fact that we have believed for so long, that is truly our real misfortune (Kafka 69). This demonstrates that even the ever-kind and thoughtful Grete was disgusted with what Gregor had become. The metamorphosis created despair in the family, and they sought to shift the blame unto Gregor. However, in the process of doing so and attempting to justify and rationalize their actions, they are the ones that inherently turned into metaphorical monsters.

Reflection on Prior to Transformation

While undoubtedly the transformation pushed the family to the brink both financially and psychologically which kindled their changes, there is some irony in reflecting to their previous states suggesting that they were inherently compliant as well as demonstrating complacency of being fully dependent upon Gregor. He reflects back on his past, At the time Gregors only concern had been to devote everything he had in order to allow his family to forget as quickly as possible the business misfortune which had brought them all into a state of complete hopelessness (Kafka 35). Their shifts in attitudes toward him show as much, as they were kind, supportive, and obedient when Gregor was the source of money and head of the household. Once he became incapacitated, the resentment started since they were now forced to work for survival despite Gregor doing the same for them for years. This critical transition could have occurred much earlier, and potentially would have helped to save Gregor or the family.

The dynamics of the family from a financial and social perspective shifted as well, more apparent after Gregors death. Despite being saddened and pitying Gregor, they are shown to be lighthearted and happy at the end. Each having a role, jobs, and responsibilities which was drastically different from the original state of the family where Gregor was pulling the weight, while the rest of the family generally lacked ambition. It can be potentially argued that the metamorphosis of the family was not as simple as their development of resentment towards Gregor, but an inherently complex process which also resulted in their growth. Gregor himself, lovingly thought that his death was for the best for the family, He remembered his family with deep feeling and love. In this business, his own thought that he had to disappear was, if possible, even more decisive than his sisters (Kafka 71). With Gregors demise, the family shifted in their core being and sought to secure their happiness no longer being burdened by the trouble and costs of caring for their debilitated son.

Discussion

The Metamorphosis is undoubtedly a novel with a symbolic nature. There is much literally and philosophical discussion on why exactly Gregor transformed into an insect-like creature. One element is the negative association that bugs are inherently repugnant to most people, as well as parasitic in nature. After all, these are contributing factors that pushed Gregors family and other people away, his physical nature after the metamorphosis. However, the irony in this context is that the insect parasitic symbolism is applicable more to the family rather than Gregor himself that has faced the life-changing transformation. In the community and society, Gregor was a worker, only seen for the benefit he provided through it. In the eyes of the family, Gregor was a provider of material things and lifestyle to which the family grew accustomed.

After the transformation, he lost that status, and at the same time his worth  both, to society and his family. Similar to parasites and bugs, once the family exhausted the source, they began to push away from it in search of a new source, let it be jobs or a husband-in-law for Grete who would also provide for them. It is manipulative and toxic behavior, and similar to a parasitic host after being drained, Gregor soon saw his own demise as the family saw nothing else in him but a burden. They tolerated him as someone who was once a member of the family but by all indicators did they see Gregor as son and brother anymore, Gregor was a member of the family, something one should not treat as an enemy, and that it was, on the contrary, a requirement of family duty to suppress ones aversion and to endurenothing else, just endure (Kafka 53). By no means was Gregor a parasite by his hardworking and caring nature, but the metamorphosis turned him into one for his family that refused to value years of his hard work and support.

Conclusion

Family is a social unit which people are taught to rely on and for most can be considered as a system of support even if all other systems fail. In The Metamorphosis, Kafka examines this familial dynamic, and the criteria that is inherently present for familial support. The transformation of Gregor was a metaphorical exploration regarding the metamorphosis of family in a situation of extreme despair and life-changing circumstances. Gregors family was not a bad one, although manipulative and parasitic, but overall exhibiting the same level of love and care that most families. In light of the terrible circumstances, they show glimpses of continuing to care for Gregor but eventually it becomes more and more of a burden to them both financially and psychologically. Potentially, Kafka is showing that there is no reliable system of support, and family, just like any other social unit, will demonstrate resentment to any member that is drawing resources or failing to contribute. The metaphor of metamorphosis is a paradigm shift for both the author and the protagonist in their relationship with family.

Work Cited

Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Planet Ebook, 1999. Web.

A Private Metamorphosis: Reflective Essay on Kafka’s The Metamorphosis

The onlookers go rigid when the train goes past.

Franz Kafka writes this in his diary in 1910. He is twenty-seven years old and more than half his life is over. He doesn’t know this, of course, but he has intimations: glimpses forward into the abyss. Suffering as he has his whole life with debilitating migraines, insomnia and crippling self-doubt, he begins the diary after a five month period of being unable to write. I write this very decidedly out of despair over my body and over a future with this body. In the following years, he completes what will become his most famous literary works: The Trial, The Castle, The Metamorphosis.

It is the beginning of something. He braces himself for it. The onlookers go rigid when the train goes past. There is a hum of anticipation. A collective tensing of the muscles. An intake of breath. Then, the roaring: a rush of movement, progress.

In 2010, my friend Luke has chosen a monologue from The Metamorphosis for his year twelve drama performance. He chooses it over the old favourites that are trotted out every year – Beckett, Shakespeare, Ibsen, Williams – on the advice of his drama teacher, Marissa, who says that it will suit him.

I can see why. Luke is a wiry person: bony, tense, fragile. He is always twining his arms together and clasping his hands. Thus contorted, they appear awkward and inhuman, like forelegs. He has golden skin and hair that begins high up on his forehead. His voice is nasal and sarcastic, almost gravelly, as though he’s speaking through a perpetual head cold. He has dark eyes, more pupil than iris, and long sensitive eyelashes.

Luke doesn’t have many friends. He follows me around at lunch time, or waits for me at the school gate in the morning. For some reason, I am always worried that people will think he is in love with me, or that he actually is. This makes me feel both powerful and embarrassed, and – depending on which emotion is stronger – determines whether I am friendly or cruel to him.

He tells me about his monologue as we wait for the school bus. He asks me if I’ve heard of Kafka. I try not to roll my eyes. He is excited about it. Later that night, I see he has posted the famous first line of The Metamorphosis as a status update on Facebook: “As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.”

Like anyone’s diary, Kafka’s is full of the minutiae of everyday life: interactions with family and friends, descriptions of plays, his dreams, fragments of stories. He details his frustration with writing, his despair, his ailments. His father is cruel; his mother irritates him. Historical detail is notoriously absent. John Sherman, writing on Kafka, suggests that it can be no other way: “A diary is history as solipsism, the minute concerns of the diary’s protagonist the only concerns of the narrative.” Take this entry, for example: 2 August 1914. Germany has declared war on Russia – Swimming in the afternoon.

Luke is keeping a process diary for his drama class. I am too, for my English major work. We are supposed to think of the diary as a way of processing thoughts, like a machine for thinking. We need to display what we have learnt and how our ideas have developed. Our diaries will be marked and read by our examiners. In a way, we must perform ourselves. This makes me sweat. I can’t stand the thought of anyone reading it, of exposing something private without meaning to. I imagine a faceless marker in a long black coat and gloves poring over our handwriting, critical of our childish thoughts. Yet whenever I see Luke writing in his, I have to repress the urge to tear it out of his hands and scour it for any mention of my own name.

Kafka and his friends called The Metamorphosis his Wanzensache (“bug piece”). Yet the original title in German – Die Verwandlung – doesn’t indicate a natural change of state such as a caterpillar into a butterfly. Rather, it suggests a magical transformation like those found in fairy tales: the toad becomes a prince, seven brothers become seven swans.

Rehearsal. I hover in the drama room doorway to watch Luke. Marissa gestures for me to come in with a finger to her lips. The class warms up together before they branch off to rehearse their monologues separately. They collect in the centre of the room in a circle. Marissa walks around them like a puppeteer, quietly murmuring, and they respond by bending their bodies into unusual shapes and forms. Luke, under her direction, shines. Some other force looks out through his eyes. He is freer here, lighter. Layers of effort and pretence fall away, as though he is inhabiting something closer to his true self. Yet even as I watch in admiration, I prickle with jealousy. I am pained, proud. My beautiful friend!

Envy…the feeling of having in the middle of my body a ball of wool that quickly winds itself up, its innumerable threads pulling from the surface of my body to itself.

Kafka died in 1924 in a sanatorium outside Vienna, after suffering tuberculosis for nearly seven years. The condition of his throat made it too painful to eat or drink, sentencing him to a slow death by starvation. His short story The Hunger Artist, about a man whose art form is starvation, was written around this time. Gregor Samsa also eventually wastes away to a husk, barricaded inside his room.

Yet one must be careful of hunting for autobiographical detail in Kafka’s stories. After reading The Metamorphosis aloud to his family, he notes this rebuttal in his diary: My sister said: The house (in the story) is very like ours. I said: How? In that case, Father would have to be living in the toilet.

The year goes on. We march to school and back. We sit in classrooms in orderly rows. They are always asking us: what do we want to do? Who do we want to be? Where do we want to go? The possibilities seem endless and narrow all at once, like an optical illusion of a corridor that shrinks or grows depending which way you look at it. We are unformed, unsure. Uncomfortable in our own skin. These questions make us nervous.

Luke clings to me. If we are standing beside one another, he will lean on me as a dog leans against its master’s legs. I take to avoiding him in the school yard. Once, I even duck into the library and watch as he drifts past the windows, the hurt and need on his face as obvious as that of a young child. I’m both relieved and sickened at myself. I try to write in my diary but toss it aside in disgust.

A famous photograph of Kafka: his sharp elfin face and pointed ears, deep black eyes staring from under beetling brows, one eye slightly off centre. He is wearing a suit and tie. It is said there was something posthumous about him, even in life, although how much of this is filtered by our perception of him – from his stories and his diary – is hard to say.

We are permitted to crack that whip, the will, over us with our own hand.

We study. We study and study and study. I feel I am on a moving walkway separate to my classmates: alone and focused, drawn inexorably forward on a singular path. I haven’t seen Luke for a long time; we have slowly drifted apart.

One morning, a dark murmur passes through the school. Luke’s name is mentioned in hushed voices. Our teachers look worried. They pull people out of class to ask them questions, but they never call for me. I grab Samantha at lunchtime to find out what’s going on.

“They think he’s run away,” she says.

I am shocked. “To where?”

“He might’ve got the train to Melbourne. To see a guy he met on the internet.”

I scroll through Luke’s Facebook page for hours that night, looking for a clue, a reason. There are cryptic hints: single swear words, snippets of song lyrics. Posts of angst, suffering, loneliness. But who would take it seriously?

A few days later, I see Luke wandering alone through the schoolyard. He is dazed and lost, like he’s been shot from a distance but hasn’t realised yet. I wave to him and he seems glad to see me. He looks bruised, gaunt. “Are you ok?” I ask. He shrugs. The jacaranda blossoms are luminous above us: an uncanny, otherworldly violet. He tells me, with a wry, pained smile, that he has to see the school counsellor to discuss his stress. He twists his hands together.

There is a myth that during the HSC one year a boy threw himself off the top of G Block and fell three storeys to his death. His ghost is supposed to haunt the fire exit stairs at the far corner of the building. I don’t believe in ghosts but I avoid the stairs whenever I can. I try not to think about Luke; about heights, concrete.

Again, I catch hold of myself, as one catches hold of a ball in its fall.

I read The Metamorphosis again and again. The most terrifying part is not the fact that Gregor transforms into a horrific creature, it’s that he slowly comes to accept it. He withdraws from the human world with relief. He loses his voice. Eventually, he disappears even from the story itself, forgotten as his sister blooms into a beautiful young woman. It is suggested that Gregor’s death is the final service he performs for his family.

So deserted by myself, by everything. Noise in the next room.

Exams begin. Our surnames start with the same letter so Luke and I are seated only a few desks apart. We give each other weak smiles of solidarity, terror.

We hand over our diaries, a year’s worth of work. Almost immediately, I want to snatch it back, erase everything.

We are measured, assessed, weighted. Stacked against one another and assigned a ranking like a body count.

Eventually, it is all over.

19 Jan 1914. Great antipathy to ‘Metamorphosis’. Unreadable ending. Imperfect almost to its very marrow.

There were many times when Kafka wanted to give up the diary and writing, even life altogether. And yet, despite everything, he carried on. Hold fast to the diary from today on! Write regularly! Don’t surrender! Even if no salvation should come, I want to be worthy of it at every moment.

On the night of the final drama performances, the school buildings are dark. It is strange to be in the grounds when it is untenanted, echoing with absence. The drama room is lit up like a lone ship. A crowd mills, our parents and teachers, chatting and laughing. I take my seat and tear the program into small shreds in my lap.

The stage goes dark. A single light illuminates a ladder. Luke emerges from behind it. He crawls forward, twisting his body, knee over elbow. He wears black and half his face is painted gold, a metallic mask. He is grotesque and pitiful and strange. He tilts his chin to the light and his voice is a rasping growl. He hangs from the ladder, drags his body over the floor, cowers at any intrusion. Each time he addresses his sister, I give a start, thinking that he’s calling out to me.

A standing ovation.

I hang back as the crowd leaves the room. People approach Luke, offering congratulations. He is a success. There is gold paint in his hairline, in his eyelashes. He is smiling; his face shining. Transformed.

Concepts of Self-Conception, Alienation, and the Absurdity of Life Franz’ Kafka’s The Metamorphosis

What is it about some novels that captivate and capture our attention? Why do they continue to enthrall and beguile us despite it being decades after their publication date?

There are original stories that are fundamental to our society. Some have acquired the attention of readers for decades, centuries, and even millenniums; they might be religious texts, national epics, or folktales explaining some quality of the world or human existence. However, just as individual narratives maintain the ability to rapt an audience, they also encourage those who have read them to retell these stories again and again. Published in 1915, Franz’ Kafka’s The Metamorphosis begins when the protagonist Gregor Samsa awakens from his disturbing dreams as an insect he describes as a ‘monstrous vermin.’ From there on Gregor experiences alienation, diffident behavior, and depression in his relationships. These symptoms and new-found attributes have a tremendous effect on ‘Gregor’s self-concept, which eventually leads to his desolate yet inevitable death. Because of its extreme absurdity, Kafka’s The Metamorphosis has produced numerous manifestations and various responses that scrutinise every rational and irrational facet of the novel. However, what is it about Kafka’s novel that keeps us revisiting it? Kafka’s masterpiece has successfully stood the test of time and has remained to be one of the most enduring pieces of literature, due to its intelligible conceit, that of a man turned into a grotesque bug and Franz Kafka’s deftly executed narrative in which the third-person omniscient narrator displays the transformation of its protagonist in a completely straightforward manner. While the audience would hope to relate to the novel’s protagonist, Gregor, the fear of considering him as a disgusting cockroach initially challenges our capacity to understand and empathise. The Metamorphosis remains relevant because of the universal abstractions explored in the novel, such as self-conception, alienation, and the absurdity of life. This presentation will provide sufficient evidence by discussing these notions explored in the original text and two of its manifestations which are The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa by Caroline Leaf and The Metamorphosis adapted by Peter Kuper.

Have you ever read a text that challenges your perception of the intricacies of the human psyche? There are many interpretations in which can be derived from this text. Some consider The Metamorphosis to be an autobiography which attempts to capture the loneliness and isolation Kafka experienced during his life. While initially appearing as fictional, the novel is a metaphor for the modernist concerns experienced by Kafka himself. One concept significant to The Metamorphosis is self-conception or identity. When Gregor wakes up, he finds himself so out of touch with his body that he hardly notices the physical transformation his body has undergone. When Gregor is locked and isolated in his room, he attempts to restore the identity he has lost. ‘His thoughts, full of tenderness and love, went back to his family. He was even more firmly convinced than his sister, if possible that he should disappear.’ Even after his change, Gregor finds himself still serving his family by not disturbing and inconveniencing them. This statement in which uses diction displays Gregor’s obliviousness to the resent his family holds for him, and it isn’t until the last chapter when Gregor is finally able to distinguish himself from his family after discovering the truth, that his family is deliberately ignoring him. This notion of Self-conception is further explored through the use of colour in Caroline Leaf’s adaption. The incorporation of tenebrous browns and the lack of vibrant colours successfully depicts the numbness Gregor is experiencing towards his situation and his inability to reach his self, mostly due to never having an identity of his own, to begin with. Furthermore, this notion of identity and self-conception is further emphasised in Peter Kuper’s adaption through the use of frames. Kuper produces meaning in his manifestation by using frames in moment to moment transitions to demonstrate time passing. By looking at Gregor’s constrained motion in his bedroom, the viewer can see how Gregor sees himself and enter his depressed and melancholy world, which he finds challenging to function in. These various frames illustrate the significance of the development of Gregor’s identity and self-conception. The Metamorphosis successfully demonstrates the relatable and universal concept of self-conception, and it is for these reasons that Kafka’s novel has been revisited.

Kafka has created a character and removed the aspects that make him human by transforming him into an insect that, at the same time, ignores the details of Gregor Samsa’s anatomical transformation process. ‘He was filled with rage at their miserable treatment of him.’ Using emotive language, Kafka focuses on the thoughts and emotions of Gregor as he slowly becomes isolated and alienated from his family and the society he lives in. This is further emphasised in Caroline Leaf’s adaption The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa. Like in the original, the reader predominantly sees Gregor’s father from Gregor’s point of view as being a man who holds little sympathy for his son. In Leaf’s manifestation, she uses worms’ eye to depict the powerful and threatening nature of Samsa’s father and highlights the lack of sympathy and affection he holds for Gregor by alienating him from the family. Furthermore, this notion of alienation is further emphasised in the graphic novel The Metamorphosis adapted by Peter Kuper through the use of colour. The graphic novel is predominantly produced in white and black. The contrast produces an intense dark atmosphere, and the absence of color demonstrates how dull the condition of Gregor’s situation is. Kuper tends to use significant parts of black to accentuate the immense despair and alienation of Gregor further. Kafka’s novella, The Metamorphosis effectively exhibits the cognate and universal abstraction alienation, and it is for this reason that it continues to remain relevant to contemporary audiences.

The Metamorphosis deals with an absurd or wildly irrational case beginning with its first phrase,’ One morning, as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in bed he had been changed into a monstrous verminous bug.’ This statement uses symbolism, which conclusively indicates how the narrative works in a random, chaotic world. The ridiculous event is the waking up of Gregor to find that he has become a gigantic insect, and since it’s so far beyond the limits of a natural occurrence. It’s not just unlikely to occur, it’s physically impossible. The Metamorphosis of Gregor takes on supernatural importance. The fact that the tale never explains the conversion of Gregor is also symbolic. This concept is further explored in Leaf’s adaptation through the use of intertitle ‘When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning at home he found himself in his bed monstrously transformed.’ This use of exposition further emphasises the strangeness and absurd representation of life. The reactions of the multiple characters contribute to this sense of absurdity, precisely because they seem almost as ridiculous as the conversion of Gregor itself. These unexpected responses add to the absurdity of the tale, but they also mean that the characters, to some extent, expect or at least are not surprised by the absurdity of their universe. This concept is again heavily explored in Kuper’s adaptation of The Metamorphosis through the use of low modality. Kuper’s illustrating style is unrealistic and cartoonish, which highlights the unrealism and absurdity of the events which have unfolded. For these reasons, The Metamorphosis has continued to maintain its relevance by successfully illustrating the relatable and universal notion of the absurdity of life.

It’s nearly impossible to comment on how classic adaptations are in the medium’s history because no matter how dedicated a director is in producing a film or how hard an illustrator works to compose a unique graphic novel, they must still work within the confines of another writer’s prose. The Feelings of seclusion and isolation possess universal implications and is one of the reasons as to why The Metamorphosis has continued to be revisited. All people in their lifetime experience some rejection or alienation in some way. Families often contribute to such feelings, whether deliberately or unintentionally. In The Metamorphosis and its adaptations, Kafka dehumanises and utilises the distortion of reality when developing his character in order to emphasize the theme of self-conception alienation and the absurdity to life. The Metamorphosis is relatable and explores universal terms, and it is for these reasons that it has stood the test of time.

‘Metamorphosis’ Versus ‘The Judgement’: Comparative Analysis

Answer all of the following questions.

Please use no more than the recommended number of words for you answer to each question.

1. How does the narrative perspective of either ‘Metamorphosis’ or ‘The Judgement’ impact on the reader’s understanding of the story? (150 words)

In both cases, the stories are told from a third-person perspective, nevertheless, it only focuses on the protagonist’s point of view. In ‘ The Metamorphosis’ there’s a limited omniscient narrator who despite being well aware of the circumstances, only tells the story from Gregor’s thoughts, feelings, and perception. No other insight is given, readers never know what other characters think or feel as their reaction to the metamorphosis is only described through Gregor’s eyes. This technique allows the reader to dive deep into Gregor’s dimension and become fully aware of the depths of his inner self. No other reality is highlighted except for Gregor’s, we never know what happens out of his visual rage, we read the story only through his mind almost going through the metamorphosis with him. The narration creates a claustrophobic atmosphere where we become engulfed in Gregor’s enslaved condition, his alienation and his constant sense of guilt.

2. To what extent does a knowledge of the context in which either ‘Metamorphosis’ or ‘The Judgement’ was written affect our reading of it? (150 words)

The context and historical period in which both texts were written have had a relevant impact on their structure and the choice of themes. Being influenced by the cultural movement of the time, Modernism, both texts present some of its typical traits.

For instance, ‘The Metamorphosis’ deals with the concept of alienation introduced through Gregor’s job that he feels obliged to perform in order to sustain his family and earn enough money to access the bourgeois lifestyle of his society. Therefore, he becomes an example of those dehumanized individuals who are oppressed by capitalism. His metamorphosis can be interpreted as the loss of his place in the world which suits the sense of uncertainty and loss of fixed values during Modernism as well as his detachment from the world caused by a materialistic and industrial society. Also, the highlighting of the individual thoughts and observations is typical in modernist prose.

3. Did you read the stories in German, English or another language? Do you think the language in which you read them affected your interpretation of them? Can you support your conclusion with any specific examples? (100 words)

I’ve read both stories in English and I do think that languages are textual, certain words or expressions are simply untranslatable therefore the loss or alteration of their original meaning compromises how we receive the narration. In ‘ The Metamorphosis’ Gregor becomes an ‘Ungeziefer ‘ which in English is translated as ‘beetle’ or ‘vermin’ but Kafka didn’t choose that term only because it describes a bug but also because ‘ Ungeziefer’ was used as an anti-semitic insult in a period of tension between Christianism and Judaism. Kafka himself was Jewish and clearly this choice of words provides a double meaning that only exists in German.

4. Do you think reading either ‘Metamorphosis’ or ‘The Judgement’ via a psychoanalytic, a sociological or a gender studies perspective can add something to our reading of the story? If so, what, and, if not, why not? You may refer to only one of these perspectives in your answer. (200 words)

I believe reading ‘The Judgment’ through a psychoanalytic prospect guide the reader to its real meaning. According to Freud’s archetypes, Georg’s friend may represent the Id: Gerog’s opposite and most unstable side, who fled home, who’s financially unsuccessful, and who’s escaped his obligations to pursue his career away from any parental grip. Therefore, he could also be a reflection of Georg’s oppressed inner desires. On the other hand, his father symbolizes Freud’s archetype of ‘superego’: he’s a figure of authority who accuses Georg of trying to step over him, taking his business while neglecting him. He accuses Georg of choosing his fiancee, Felicia, over his father and of having replaced his mother with her. Felicia, in Freud’s terms, could represent either an object of ‘sexual desire’ or the kind of well- established life he’s conquered. The superego sees past the facade of the respectable man Georg pretends to be and unravels his most ‘devilish’ side revealing Georg’s unfaithfulness to his fiancee, his plans to dispose of his father, and his lack of financial skills. Therefore, Georg, who symbolizes the Ego, torn between the two sides, succumbs the superego’s judgment and commits suicide carrying out his father’s death sentence by drowning.

5. ‘Metamorphosis’ has been described as having ‘the flavour of a personal nightmare with a wider symbolic meaning.’ (John Hibberd). The same could be said of ‘The Judgement’. To what extent do you think this is an accurate description of either ‘Metamorphosis’ or ‘The Judgement’? What evidence can you offer to support your view? (200 words)

‘Metamorphosis’ has, indeed, a wider symbolic meaning as Gregor’s condition is also a reflection of social and cultural issues of the time. The way Gregor’s withering is necessary to his sister’s blossoming can be a demonstration of how in a capitalistic society one builds his fortune at the expense of others.[footnoteRef:1] His metamorphosis in a vermin might symbolize an attempt to redeem himself from the hegemonic male stereotype imposed both by his family and his society. His need for freedom from an enslaved and alienated life, from his obligations, leads him from being the carer to the one who needs care. It is, therefore, a quest for identity which eventually terminates with loss. Becoming a bug confines him in estrangement, he might escape the pressure of expectations but fails to find fulfillment and recognition. Losing his role as son, as a brother, as an employer deprives him of all he was ever known for, leaving him to nothingness. The need to have a role in society is another meaning of the story, so as the incapacity to resolve the dualism between ‘want’ and ‘must’ in a society that plagues us with guilt and regret. Redemption ‘from the world in the world’ is not possible .[footnoteRef:2] [1: Kafka, Franz. “The Metamorphosis”. The Metamorphosis (A Norton Critical Edition), translated by Susan Bernosfky, Columbia University. Edited by Mark M. Anderson. W.W Norton & Company, 2014] [2: Hibberd John, “Kafka: Die Verwandlung” (Critical Guides to German Texts,3) London, Grant & Cutler, 1985, 69pp.]

Critical and Literary Analysis of The Metamorphosis

Part 1 & 2 Comprehension/Analysis Questions

Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. You must use a piece of textual evidence in each response to fully develop your answer. These questions are only about Part 1 & 2 of The Metamorphosis.

What type of narration (first person, third person, etc.) is used in The Metamorphosis? How is this an effective way of telling Gregor’s story?

Gregor’s narration is in third person, meaning that the narrator is not a character but has great knowledge about the events that take place in the novella. The narrator also describes the main character’s thoughts and feelings in length in his perspective. “…as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in bed he had been changed into a monstrous vermin.” (Kafka 5). The reader is able to feel that Samsa is aware that after waking up from anxious dreams, he has turned into an insect. The reader can also know from Samsa’s thoughts that he is aware of his transformation into a monstrous vermin. The story is told effectively because the reader is able to get a first hand experience of Gregor Samsa’s change at the same time as him.

What is Gregor’s occupation? How does his occupation affect his life?

Gregor is a travelling salesman and he hates it along with his co-workers. He does not like this job because it requires so much effort but he is doing this because he has to pay off his parents’ debts and care about his family. ‘O God,’ he thought, ‘what a demanding job I’ve chosen! Day in, day out, on the road. The stresses of selling are much greater than the work going on at head office, and, in addition to that, I have to cope with the problems of travelling, the worries about train connections, irregular bad food, temporary and constantly changing human relationships which 3 never come from the heart. To hell with it all!’ (Kafka 5). The reader can tell that Kafka is stressed because of his job. It is clear that he has changed into an insect, but that is the least of his worries at this point. Gregor Samsa rants about how he is always on the move and can never make any good or permanent relationships and from this the reader concludes that he is lonely because of the job he has to do.

What is Gregor’s main concern at this point in his life?

Gregor has realised that he overslept and did not hear the alarm, which might make him miss his train to work. His main concern is getting to work on time so that his boss will not fire him. “In any case, right now I have to get up. My train leaves at five o’clock …And even if he caught the train, there was no avoiding a blow-up with the boss.’ (Kafka 6). Unlike most humans, Gregor Samsa has turned into a bug and yet that is the least of his concerns. He wants to get to work so bad in order to be able to pay off his parents’ debts because that responsibility is upon him and he cares for his family.

How does Gregor feel about each member of his family? (Mrs. Samsa, Mr. Samsa, Grete)

Being the breadwinner for the family, Gregor Samsa cares so much about his family but he sometimes feels like the love is one sided and he is not appreciated enough. He had a good relationship with his sister Grete and even worried about her when he was the one who transformed into a bug. “Why didn’t his sister go to the others? She’d probably just gotten up out of bed now and hadn’t even started to get dressed yet. Then why was she crying?” (Kafka 9). Gregor respects Mrs. Samsa his mother, as we can see that he answers her calmly even when he has turned into a bug. “Yes, yes, thank you mother. I’m getting up right away.” (Kafka 5) Mr. Kafka does not care about what happens to Gregor and hopes that he could just die. “No request of Gregor’s was of any use; no request would even be understood. No matter how willing he was to turn his head respectfully, his father just stomped all the harder with his feet.” (Kafka 15). If only Gregor’s family showed as much care as he did, he would be happier and would do the same for them if they had turned into a bug.

What are some possible themes that you have already seen throughout Part 1 of The Metamorphosis? How are these themes shown? (Remember a theme is NOT one word)

Identity changes with change in physical features and results into isolation. Gregor is first resistant to the fact that he has turned into a monstrous vermin and thinks that he can still be the breadwinner of the family. His job is his identity and is what defines him because it is his major concern and not the fact that he has turned into a bug. When his family members knock at his door and realise that he is still at home and not at work, they are in shock because he is usually away from home and travelling because of his job. “Then his father gave him one really strong liberating push from behind, and he scurried, bleeding severely, far into the interior of his room. The door was slammed shut with the cane, and finally it was quiet.” (Kafka 17). Gregor is now locked in his room and shooed away whenever he tries to speak to any of them, he is isolated from both his family and his job because of the big transformation. The fact that Gregor’s significance in the family has changed hits him later on when his father even gets a job and he is the new breadwinner of the family.

Give two character traits to describe Gregor. Think back to the STEAL method you learned while reading The Glass Menagerie. Find a quote to support each character trait chosen.

Mrs. Samsa’s reaction when Gregor opens the door for the first time leaves her in not only shock but also causes her to pass out. “At that his mother screamed all over again, hurried from the table, and collapsed into the arms of his father, who was rushing towards her.” ( Kafka 15). Whenever she looks at him, she passes out because his metamorphosis is too much for her to fathom. In his state, he can’t help but wonder in pride and think about how he provided a beautiful life for his family. “…gazing into the darkness, felt a great pride that he was able to provide a life like that in such a nice home for his sister and parents.” He is also concerned about how it will be without him working, asking himself whether it will be a horrible and frightening end, which shows that he cares for his family.

Who has assumed most responsibility for Gregor’s life? What does she do for him? How does this make Gregor feel?

Grete has assumed most responsibility for Gregor’s life, making sure to take feeds for him and to clean up after his mess due to eating like the animal he is. Gregor very remained close to his sister because she was the only one who had the courage to enter the room and tidy it up. “If Gregor had only been able to speak to his sister and thank her for everything that she had to do for him, he would have tolerated her service more easily.” (Kafka 22). Immediately she entered the room, Grete closed the door behind her so that no one would suffer at his sight and opening the window as though she was being suffocated. Despite the awkwardness he noticed from her actions whenever she entered the room, Gregor was grateful towards her but he could not help but notice his parents questioning her whether there was any slight improvement.

Why does the Samsa’s cook ask Mrs. Samsa to let her go?

She is scared because Gregor has transformed into an insect and it is not pleasant. She does not want to have to keep working around Gregor anymore. “And on the very first day the maid had fallen to her knees and begged Gregor’s mother to let her go without delay. It was not very clear how much she knew of what had happened but she left within a quarter of an hour tearfully thanking Gregor’s mother for the dismissal as if she had done her an enormous service. She even swore emphatically not to tell anyone what had happened even though no one asked that of her.”(Kafka 20). Thanking Mrs. Kafka for the dismissal is unusual because most people would rather ask for a higher pay than leave the job when faced with a difficult situation, but with this case the maid may be excused.

Why did Gregor become a traveling salesman?

Since Mr. Samsa lost his job and his business failed, Gregor Samsa became a travelling salesman in order to be able to pay off his parents’ debts to his boss. Despite Samsa’s hatred for his job, he has to stay because he is the breadwinner of the family. “If I didn’t hold back for my parents’ sake, I’d have quit ages ago. I would’ve gone to the boss and told him just what I think from the bottom of my heart. He would’ve fallen right off his desk!…Once I’ve got together the money to pay off my parents’ debt to him—that should take another five or six years—I’ll do it for sure. Then I’ll make the big break.” (Kafka 4). He is just taking the job in order to be able to provide for his family. When he undergoes his metamorphosis, Gregor can no longer do this and he can’t help but wonder what will happen to his family because he has stopped working.

How do the Samsa’s expect to live now that Gregor cannot work?

There are rumors that Gregor has been stealing money from his workplace, and Gregor has been getting lots of extra money. However, this money is not going to last considering the fact that both Mr. and Mrs. Samsa are out of work because they are elderly and tired. “At the moment, however, this money was not nearly sufficient to permit the family to live on the interest payments. Perhaps it would be enough to maintain the family for one or at most two years, that’s all.” (Kafka 21). Gregor admitted that his family does not really show so much gratitude to his efforts, but he is also concerned about their well being. On the first day of Gregor’s transformation, Mr. Samsa explains to the family that their financial situation is not so bleak, but that they all need to find work.

In what ways are Gregor’s physical abilities declining?

Gregor now takes no pleasure in fresh food, he used to like milk but now he hates it. He now took pleasure in things like old half-rotten vegetables, bones from an evening meal covered with a white sauce which had almost solidified, some raisins and almonds, a slice of dry bread, and a slice of salted bread smeared with butter all dipped in water. “The fresh food, by contrast, didn’t taste good to him. He couldn’t bear the smell and even carried the things he wanted to eat a little distance away.” (Kafka 20). Gregor now likes to crawl around on his furniture, sometimes hanging from the ceiling, and staring through his window only wishing to join the outside world. “He found it difficult to bear lying quietly during the night, and soon eating no longer gave him the slightest pleasure. So for diversion he acquired the habit of crawling back and forth across the walls and ceiling. He was especially fond of hanging from the ceiling. The experience was quite different from lying on the floor. It was easier to breathe, a slight vibration went through his body, and in the midst of the almost happy amusement which Gregor found up there, it could happen that, to his own surprise, he let go and hit the floor.” (Kafka 26). As Gregor is adapting to the metamorphosis, he finds it better to live as an insect and he figures out that neglecting his human physical qualities is better for his freedom.

Finance in Huffington’s Thrive and Kafka’s The Metamorphosis

The question of the sense of self has been a source of studies and philosophical essays since ancient times. However, this issue seems to be unsolved even in the 21st century despite significant technological progress. The author of the book Thrive Arianna Huffington (2017) claims that the planet faces an epidemic of stress. People work too hard to achieve imaginary and unnecessary goals. It is possible to notice the same idea in the text of Franz Kafka (2015) The Metamorphosis, where the main hero becomes an insect and cannot provide his family with financial support anymore. Huffington puts forward the thesis that humans need urgent aid to overcome challenging times. The novella of Kafka is written philosophically and abstractly, and it is not easy to task to find out the point of view of the author. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the two writers express the idea about the value of financial well-being and to analyze the plot and the style of the texts.

In order to provide a precise and detailed analysis, it is necessary, to begin with, the description of the literary works. Huffington (2017) reflects on the reasons for the decreasing quality of life in current circumstances. She gives an example of her mother, who did not have any serious significant results in her career or social life. Nevertheless, she was a happy and wise woman who raised two wonderful daughters and who could find something pleasant in every moment of her being. Huffington (2017) supports the thesis that financial success cannot make people carefree. Moreover, the process of hard work affects in a negative way the quality of life and the health indicators of the human. Well-being has nothing in common with money and results in the office.

The problem of the correlation between the financial level and the way of life of the person is also raised in The Metamorphosis by Kafka. The main hero of the novella Gregor Samsa once woke up being an insect. His mind was clear, but without his body, he could not get out of bed or open the door. His family was astonished by these changes; at first, his sister was kind to the young man; she fed him and took care of the brother. It is crucial to mention that Gregor Samsa was the main breadwinner of the family (Kafka, 2015). He could not earn money anymore, and his relatives had to starve and rent out a room to rude people. This situation caused a change in the relationship of the sister – she did not help her brother anymore. After a while, Samsa died, and the text ends up with the description of the walk of his happy family (Kafka, 2015). The metamorphosis of the young man made earning the income impossible, and it resulted in the fact that his relatives turned away from him.

The style, the type of the narrative, and the genre significantly differ from each other in the analyzed texts. First of all, the work by Huffington is not fiction; it is presented as a practical guide. The novella of Kafka is a literary piece with an imaginary plot (Rhodes & Westwood, 2016). None the less, they have several similarities; for example, the reflection on the role of money in the life of a person. Huffington (2017) maintains that well-being is much more crucial than the financial level. However, Kafka (2015) shows that the treatment of a person may depend directly on his ability to earn money. This idea is so noticeable in the novella because of the fact that even the family is ready to turn away from a human who cannot provide them with the desired way of life.

More about The Metamorphosis

The points of view seem to be contradicting, but they lead to another issue raised in both examined texts: what is more important – the financial success or the environment? From her birth, the author of the Thrive lived in the atmosphere of the piece and had absolute respect for human dignity (Huffington, 2017). It is possible to assume that Huffington was taught to live in the moment and to enjoy life from her childhood. She did not pay attention to the money capital; she is concerned about the level of stress and anxiety because it relates to a more crucial issue – the human capital. She created an environment that supports her ideas and has the same principles, that is why she can be happy even without a high income.

Another situation is presented in Kafka’s novella: money plays a significant role in the family of Gregor Samsa. On the one hand, the salary becomes a survival need; on the other hand, the value of money is so high that they cannot find any pleasant emotions in other circumstances. It means that the perception of income depends on personal ethics and the morals of the people around.

The role of the material part of life is overrated in the modern society of the 21st century. The desire to build career results in problems with health and the decrease of well-being. Both authors, Kafka and Huffington, claim that money is not the basis for evaluating and appreciating a person; human capital should be the foundational value of every person.

References

  1. Huffington, A. (2017). . Thrive Global. Web.
  2. Kafka, F. (2015). The Metamorphosis. Diversion Books.
  3. Rhodes, C., & Westwood, R. (2016). The limits of generosity: Lessons on ethics, economy, and reciprocity in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(2), 235-248.

Kafka’s ‘The Metamorphosis’ and ‘Spider-Man’ Comparison

Introduction

Sometimes, life circumstances force people to desire change and transformation. They dream of becoming like their idols or attain their success, or just metamorphose into a bird and fly away from the hardships. Motivations behind such aspirations vary among different people. Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis and the story of Peter Parker in the 2002 movie Spider-Man are two prominent examples where the protagonist goes through a drastic transformation. While the latter hero mostly enjoys the benefits of change, the former finds himself in misery and depression. Despite both of them becoming insects in some sense, Parker only acquires some of the qualities of spiders. On the other hand, Samsa fully transforms into a verminous bug (Kafka). When people want a shift and wish to become a changed person, it is more favorable to acquire only specific attributes instead of entirely turning into a different being. Therefore, the metamorphosis of Parker has more favorable consequences than the transformation of Samsa.

The Idea Behind Metamorphosis

From a biological perspective, metamorphosis is the development of a physical body through an abrupt change in shape and structure. Popular culture became interested in this natural phenomenon because of the fascinating notion of the quick improvement and rapid gain of extraordinary abilities. That is why this concept is present in many of contemporary movies and fiction works. The same reason explains the popularity of Spider-Man movie series. However, a complete and accelerated transformation may lead to adverse effects, not only on a personal level but also on a global level. For instance, if we consider the latest digital revolutions as a metamorphosis of society and culture, it is clear that there have been many adverse implications (Taplin, p. 9). Mainly, in the global context, economic inequality has risen drastically (Taplin, p. 9). However, if there had been an evolution instead of a revolution, society would have been able to obtain only the best attributes that had been offered by the prospective technology. The same idea is shown in the work of Kafka, as Samsa with a substituted body becomes unneeded to his family members and other people.

Motivations Behind Change

Gregor Samsa lives a fine life – he has a job, he manages to provide for his family and repay the debts of his father. He also dreams of helping his little sister go to a music school (Kafka). There is no direct evidence that he wants any change, especially when considering the fact that he becomes an insect later. However, if we relate the story of Samsa to the childhood experiences of Kafka, it is possible to observe a connection. Kafka had a traumatic childhood, but this trauma was not from physical or sexual abuse, but ill-treatment (Konkiewitz and Ziff, p. 154). From Kafka’s perspective, he consistently failed to meet his father’s expectations, which led to the development of a negative self-image (Konkiewitz and Ziff, p. 154). Therefore, it can be said that Kafka wanted to change but was not able to, and this failure is depicted in Metamorphosis, where Samsa becomes a dysfunctional insect not loved even by his family members.

Peter Parker, on the other hand, does not have any problems with his family members. Despite not having parents, he has a good relationship with his aunt and uncle. However, his personal life is far from being excellent – he is constantly bullied by Flash at school, and the girl he likes is not fascinated by him. Parker wears glasses and does not possess any extraordinary qualities. It seems that, unconsciously, he desires to transform into a better person who is respected and attractive to ladies at school. When he wakes up and finds out that he now sees sharp and has web-spinning abilities, it is evident that only specific attributes of the insect passed to Parker. With these new developments, Parker is now able to solve the problems that were present before.

Becoming an Insect or Behaving Like an Insect

Despite being dissimilar in terms of capabilities after metamorphosis, Parker and Samsa share a number of similarities, both prior and after the respective incidents. Before the transformation, both share a dream of becoming better persons – Samsa desires to repay his father’s debts as quickly as possible and ensure his talented sister goes to a music school to learn to play music professionally. Peter wants to end his image of an outcast at school, eliminating associated shortcomings such as being bullied and neglected. They both learn about transformations in their bodies when they wake up. It is fair to notice a connection between Kafka’s life challenges and Samsa waking up because of troubled dreams. Iranzo et al. provide evidence on Kafka being stressed because of insomnia (p. 6). They also note that the writer had low self-esteem and excessive self-criticism (Iranzo et al. 6). It is interesting to note that Peter Parker and Franz Kafka share some personality traits.

More about The Metamorphosis

Differences between Kafka’s protagonist and Peter start appearing after the metamorphosis. Samsa is portrayed mostly in a negative tone as if there is disgust on behalf of the author. This point is another evidence that Samsa is a fictional reflection of Kafka, because the author, too, expressed some amount of repugnance toward himself (Iranzo et al, p. 6). The choice of the insect is deliberate – it is not as appealing as, for instance, a spider, and does not offer any exceptional skills. If we look at the timeline, Samsa is hated more as time passes until eventually, he is dead and thrown away. Parker, on the other hand, lives remarkable moments with both successes and failures.

As the last argument, we can look at what would happen if Peter Parker had become an actual insect. In fact, Spider-Man comics series have such episodes, where Parker mutates into a monstrous spider. Just like Samsa, this condition of Peter is not well-accepted by even his closest friends, including Mary Jane Watson. Despite retaining his superhuman abilities, Parker loses his appearance. This drastic change makes the surrounding people reject him and lead him to depression and distress. The same happens to Samsa – neglect and hatred from his closest people make Gregor desperate, and he struggles himself to death. Therefore, sudden transformations have adverse effects, and despite metamorphosis being heavily portrayed in contemporary media, such quick changes should be less pursued.

Conclusion

Franz Kafka’s work is of exceptional importance to literary society, and much of the content can be related to the life experiences of the author. Childhood trauma is adequately reflected in Samsa’s behavior and metamorphosis. Peter Parker, the main protagonist of the Spider-Man movie, shares many similarities with Kafka’s character. They have similar dreams, but the figures differ in what they obtain as a result of metamorphosis. Peter has unique skills, whereas Samsa is an aidless insect. Much can be learned from these two examples of transformation – one must pursue only selected qualities instead of becoming an entirely changed being.

References

  1. Iranzo, A., et al. “The Insomnia of Franz Kafka.” Sleep Medicine, vol. 50, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-20.
  2. Kafka, Franz. “” Translated by Ian Johnston, Franz Kafka Online, 2019. Web.
  3. Konkiewitz, Elisabete, and Edward B. Ziff. “Letter to His Father by Franz Kafka: Literary Reconstruction of a Traumatic Childhood?” Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists, edited by Julien Bogousslavsky and Laurent Tatu, Karger Publishers, 2018, pp. 145-163.
  4. Taplin, Jonathan. Move Fast and Break Things: How Facebook, Google, and Amazon Have Cornered Culture and What It Means for All of Us. Pan Macmillan, 2017.