Category: Texas

The responsibility of the electricity supply in Texas lies on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) that supplies about 85% of electricity use in the state (State Impact, 2013). The areas not covered by ERCOT are supplied by western connection and eastern connection. The ERCOT was created in 1970 to succeed Texas Interconnected System (TIS).

The ERCOT occupies a unique position in the sense that it is not connected to the national power grid but operates as an Independent System Operator (ISO).

The ERCOT avoided joining the national grid due to the nature of the electricity generation in Texas. Electricity supply in Texas traces its origins on the need to smelt aluminium and light towns. In this context, small power plants had sprouted to generate electricity within Texas for their specific uses in their locality.

It is these small power plants that interlinked within Texas to form TIS which was the predecessor of ERCOT. At this time, Texas was self reliant and didnt need to import electricity from neighbouring states. By the time the federal government formulated rules governing interstate electricity transmission, Texas already had its own self reliant intrastate electricity grid and didnt see the need to join the national grid.

Texas is a heavily industrialized state and endowed with energy intensive industries demanding high usage of electricity. In this context, Combs (2013) notes that:

Texas produces and consumes more electricity than any other state, accounting for more than one-tenth of total U.S. energy use. Texas energy use is tied to its large population, hot climate and extensive industrial sector. As compared to the U.S., Texas has a high concentration of energy-intensive industries, including aluminium, chemicals, forest products, glass, and petroleum refining. Industry accounts for 50 percent of all energy used in Texas, compared to a 32 percent share for the U.S. as a whole (p.1).

Texas power demand was at over 60,000 Megawatts (MWs), in the years 2009 and 2010 experiencing the second highest power demands ever at 63,400 and 65,776 MWs respectively (State Impact, 2013). Wind production of electricity has continued to form an integral part of electricity generation in Texas. Indeed, in 2006 Texas State was the highest wind producer of electricity in the US, a spot previously reserved for California State.

Power Outages in Texas

The unique position that ERCOT occupies as an ISO means that it cant tap into the national grid as it is not connected to it (ERCOT, 2013; Texas Government, 2013). This has sometimes occasioned power outages, especially during the peak hours. In order to avoid a full power blackout, the ERCOT initiates rolling power outages on a basis of the need.

A rolling power outages refer to a situation in which the power supply company such as ERCOT shuts off power in different regions of distribution to avoid total black outs. Sometimes rolling power outages have been conceived as load shedding as it reduces the load in the power grid.

Over the years, Texas region has experienced several rolling power outages. In 2011 Texas suffered one of its worst rolling power outages that lasted for more than 8 hours (Souder, 2011; Giberson, 2011). According to Souder (2011), the rolling power outages that lasted sometimes to periods of 45 minutes were occasioned by the cold weather causing &7000 megawatts of generating capacity to trip (p.1). The Texas power outages are generally produced in two scenarios: very cold weather or very hot periods.

The cold weather causes some power plants to freeze and break down hence producing less energy to the Texas grid. On the other hand, a hot season leads to an increase in power demand due to increased use of fans for cooling purposes. In this context, Texas electricity outages are tied to the weather pattern. Sometimes Texas has been forced to import electricity from Mexico. This wouldnt have been the case had Texas been linked to the national grid.

Problem Statement

There are several problems facing the ERCOT ability to avoid power outages in Texas. These problems include increasingly small power reserve margins, evolving regulation in energy sector, weather patterns and profitability of power generation amongst other issues.

According to Galbraith (2011), power reserve margin which is the &safety buffer the state uses when there is a shortage& is increasing under the current expanding power demands (p.1). Indeed, state impact (2013) makes the following observation in regards to growing population and the effect of the same to the electricity reserve margin.

Texas population is set to double over the next fifty years, and companies are flocking to set up shop in the state. By 2015, the reserve margin is set to dip below its target, even with the new generation factored in, and it isnt clear if the new plants needed to get above the line will fire up in time for the peak of summer 2014. But the updated forecast does potentially give the market and regulators more time to come up with more solutions to the states power crunch beyond simply raising prices (p.1).

The solution to this particular problem lies in the construction of more power plants in order to increase the reserve margin (UPDATE 3-ERCOT sees another tight summer for Texas power supply, 2013). This way with an increased power reserve margin, the ERCOT would be in a better position to respond to the increasing power demands.

However, consumer advocacy groups have opposed such moves based on the fear that construction of more power plants would increase the prices of electricity. This has the effect of discouraging construction of power plants since they would want to recoup the finds utilized in the construction through increased prices of electricity. On the other hand, environmentalists have also joined the fray demanding energy saving measures as opposed to producing more energy.

The unique position in which Texas power grid is not connected to the national grid has also contributed significantly to the risk of outage. This is because it implies that whenever there is a need such as is the case with power demand peak, ERCOT cant tap into the national grid in order cover its shortfall.

Increasingly regulatory directives from the federal authorities are further complicating the ability of ERCOT to adequately supply the Texas users. A good example is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulation which seeks to limit the air pollution from power plants. This has the effect of discouraging power plant construction which is what is badly needed.

Changing weather patterns and the challenges associated with them in regards to electricity production or consumption as outlined above is another challenge to ERCOT. Another emerging concern has been the water utilization that is sometimes occasioned by droughts. Coal and gas plants need massive amounts of water to act as coolant. In drought seasons the water for this may not be sufficient for cooling purposes leading to a situation where plants are not running at full capacity.

Another challenge associated with availability of water is the construction of new coal plants. Service providers are increasingly unable to supply the existing power plants and any other that may be planned. This has hugely been demonstrated by the decision of Lower Colorado River Authority not to supply a proposed power plant (White Stallion) with water.

Knowledge Management in solving Texas electricity challenges

Knowledge management is a concept that has emerged from early 1990s. Davenport (1994) and Duhon (1998) are some of the noted authorities who have given formal definitions of knowledge management (Koenig, 2012).

Davenport (1994) as cited by Koenig (2012) defined knowledge management as &the process of capturing, distributing and effectively using knowledge (p.1). On the other hand, Duhon (1998) offers a more comprehensive definition. Duhon (1998) as cited as by Koenig (2012) defines knowledge management in the following way:

Knowledge management is a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprises information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured expertise and experience in individual workers (p.1).

Knowledge management is critical in resolving Texas electricity challenges in four critical ways; identifying the problem (as done above), getting an appropriate solution to the problem, implementation of the solutions and funding the programs.

Solutions, implementation and funding of the solutions to Texas electricity challenges

Several solutions can be conceptualized and implemented in order to reduce the load on the Texas electricity grid while addressing the challenges identified in the problem statement above. The ensuing paragraphs will discuss in detail the suggested solutions, the rationale for the suggested solutions, execution of the solution, as well as funding of the same. Knowledge management which involves effective management of knowledge will be used in linking the suggested solutions to similar cases practiced worldwide.

A majority of the heavy companies utilizing electricity are the industries that cause an over load to the power grid leading to power outages. In Kenya, some industries that consume a lot of electricity have opted to generate their own electricity in order to avoid the cost associated with the national grid power failure.

According to Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC) (2012), such companies include &James Finlay, Sotik Tea Company, Sotik Highlands Tea Estate, Oserian Development Company, Pan African Paper Mills, Unilever Tea Kenya Ltd and Tiomin (Energy Regulatory Commission, 2012, p.1). Indeed some of these companies apart from using the generated electricity for their use are selling off the excess to the national grid.

Some of the Texas industries can be encouraged to generate their own electricity through state subsidies and offering of critical knowledge expertise from other countries and states. Some of these companies, especially the ones utilizing steams such as the smelting firms, may generate their own electricity.

They can use knowledge management from similar entities to find out how they may integrate the steam engine to generate electricity with the rest of their operations. If individual companies are in charge of their own electricity generation, this would have the effect of reducing the load from the national grid. They can also sell any excess electricity to the national grid and even to staff houses and offices.

Funding of such ventures can be construed from a cost cutting view. Companies in Kenya that have been able to generate their own electricity incur far less cost in generating the same as opposed to if they bought the same from the national grid. Thus own electricity generation is not only a means to cut costs but also to make some extra profit. Some firms have undertaken initial public offerings in order to construct their own power plants.

Ultimately construction of more power plants leads to a direct solution to the electricity shortage in Texas. Given the consumer advocacy group concerns on the possibility of passing the costs to the consumers, there is need for a new way to fund such constructions. There is need to fund the construction from sources that will not necessitate passing such costs to customers.

One such way is through an infrastructure bond that enables getting funds from the public and the public owing the constructed power plants. In this context, the consumers will eventually be charged a high price for the consumption of the power plants but they will also gain through dividends derived from the profitability of the power plants.

Infrastructure bonds would be ideal for this particular kind of expansion due to several advantages. Infrastructural bonds are a long term debt instrument that entitles the investors a certain returns on a periodic basis. Power supply generation is a product with ready consumption.

By the virtue of public participation through infrastructural bonds, power supply generation is likely to be prudently managed. In this context, by having the local community to participate by pricing the bonds in affordable prices per share there is likely to be less resistant to construction of more plants.

In the context of the concerns from the environmentalists, there is need to give incentives to power plants that produce clean energy. In this context, power plants that generate power from non renewable energy and other energy forms that pollute the environment ought to be adequately penalized. In this context, the penalties in monetary terms would be used to promote activities that clean out the environment and fund environment friendly initiatives.

There is also an increasing need for Texas to link its own power grid to the rest of the nation in order to tap from the power grid should there be need. Texas need to actively reconsider to what extend linking to the rest of the national grid would impact on the power supply of the state.

While the same will put the state electricity supply under federal electricity regulatory authorities, there is need to re-examine on what would be the dangers of doing the same. This discussion need to be put in the public arena with the view of determining on whether the shortfall in electricity during peak hours can be adequately catered by the national grid. This would be with a view of understanding on whether the same is a better deal than having to buy electricity from Mexico as has been the case.

Conclusion

Knowledge management is thus critical in examining the viable options of action given a detailed analysis of the concerns available in relation to the electricity problems. Disseminating the information to the public after an internal discussion with various stakeholders enables the public to buy into the ideas producing a win-win situation.

References

Combs, S. (2013). Texas energy quick facts. Web.

Energy Regulatory Commission. (2012). Electricity supply industry in Kenya. Web.

EROCOT. (2013). Erocot. Web.

Galbraith, K. (2011). Electric Grid in Texas faces multiple challenges. New York Times. Web.

Giberson, M. (2011). Texas Power Outages: A Preliminary Analysis (Cold snap brings failureisolated ERCOT an issue). Web.

Koenig, P. (2012). What is KM? Knowledge management explained. Web.

Souder, E. (2011). ERCOT may initiate more blackouts Wednesday night, Thursday morning. Dallas News. Web.

Texas Government. (2013). Electric Reliability Council of Texas. Web.

UPDATE 3-ERCOT sees another tight summer for Texas power supply (2013). Reuters. Web.

What Is the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)? (2013). State Impact. Web.

Introduction

The drug use is one of the most urgent social and legal problems nowadays. Certain drugs have been historically used as the components of the medicines. Many are prohibited. The legalization of marihuana for personal and medical use is the subject of discussions and debates.

The aim of this essay is to argue why Texas should not legalize marihuana for personal or medical use.

The Brief Description of Marihuana as the Drug Substance

The marihuana represents the vegan substance, which is derived from the cannabis, the herbaceous plant. The dried leaves of the plant contain the chemical element, which is, in essence, the drug substance. The statistics shows that marihuana is the third most popular recreational drug in the United States (behind only alcohol and tobacco) (About Marijuana n.pag.). The drug is smoked. The extent of its influence depends on the experience of the drug addict and the quality of the drug. Although marihuana is not as dangerous as tobacco and alcohol, it affects the health of people substantially. The short-term drug taking leads to the problems with memory, thinking, decision making, and world perception. The long-term drug taking leads to the changes in the brain similar to those, which occur as a result of the ecstasy taking. Enforcing marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers an estimated $10 billion annually and results in the arrest of more than 750,000 individuals per year  far more than the total number of arrestees for all violent crimes combined (About Marijuana n.pag.).

Medical Uses

The leaves of cannabis can be used for the medical purposes. Although marihuana has been used in medicine for centuries, the opinions of the modern doctors are rather different. At the same time, the majority of them claim that the further research is necessary. Currently, it is known that the chemical elements contained in marihuana may cause the neuroprotective effect (Kalant & Porath-Waller 6). Therefore, marihuana can be potentially used for the treatment of certain diseases. The effect can be described as the decrease in the activity of the nervous cells, which are more liable to damage in the stance of the activity when they can suffer from the insufficiency of oxygen (Kalant & Porath-Waller 6). The results of the research undertaken by the American doctors show that marihuana can be used as the analgesic. However, it should be used only for short-term treatment as the long-term marihuana taking can lead to the adverse effects including the serious mental disorders. The usage of marihuana for medical purposes is allowed in certain European countries including Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Finland, and Germany. Some of the Australian states also allow the medical treatment based on the usage of the cannabis. In the United States, the usage of marihuana for medical purposes is allowed in 18 states. In particular, Alaska, California, Colorado, Nevada, Hawaii, Maine, Oregon, and Washington have already legalized the use of cannabis in medicine. However, the opponents of the legalization claim that we have lack of the information about the properties of the plant and cannot predict the consequences of such medical treatment. In addition, the opinions of doctors are divided regarding the dosage of marihuana, which can be effective for the treatment and which will not lead to the adverse effects.

The Legal Issue

The supporters of marihuana legalization argue that, nowadays, there is an unregulated market of marihuana, which facilitates the distribution of drugs, illegal activity, and crimes. According to their point of view, the legalization will make the situation more controllable. The supporters of the legal changes also claim that the criminalization of marihuana usage contributed to an explosion in the growth of the national prison population, with low-level drug offenders often serving disproportionately long sentences (US: Federal Go-Ahead n.pag.). They state that the prohibition of the marihuana usage supports its illegal production and distribution leading to the increase in the number of violent crimes. The supporters of legalization consider that the liberalization of the drug usage will make a positive effect on the social safety and well-being. They claim that the alcohol is far more harmful and demoralizing substance than marihuana. According to the statistical data, the overwhelming part of the domestic crimes (almost 90%) is committed by the drunken offenders. It is claimed that, in contrast to the alcohol, marihuana relaxes and calms. The supporters of marihuana legalization argue that the drug taking does not make people aggressive and, thus, cannot be considered as the factor provoking the hate and violent crimes.

In contrast, the opponents of liberalization claim that marihuana is the psychotropic agent, the unrestricted usage of which will hardly contribute to the social safety. They support their arguments by referring to the dynamics of the number of drug addicts in the states, which have legalized or decriminalized cannabis. In particular, the allowance of the free distribution of marihuana in Alaska resulted in the significant rise in the number of drug addicts. The statistics shows that Alaska takes the first place in the rating of the US states on the number of drug addicts. The number of violent crimes has also increased since 1980s when the legal changes have been made. Besides, there is evidence that the people, who have taken the marihuana since their youth, often start the taking of the hard drugs including heroin and cocaine. The results of the scientific research support the opinion of the legalization opponents. It has been found that the people, who have been taking marihuana since the young age, are prone to the drug and alcohol addiction five times greater than those, who do not have such experience.

The Justice Department in Texas has already implemented a number of changes including the changes in the mandatory minimum sentencing for low-drug offenders and the simplification of the procedures for doing marijuana business (Garcia n.pag.).

Personal Opinion

Taking into account the arguments for and against marihuana legalization, I think that the drug should not be legalized in Texas. I agree with the opinion of legalization opponents who say that such kind of changes is not a solution to the problem and that even if the deregulation makes the market more controllable, it will not decrease the number of drug addicts. The current statistics shows that the number of the drug addicts in Texas is about 6% of the population, which is 2% less than the average rate in the country (Texas Drug Control 1). I think this data show that current situation in the state is much better than all over the country. That is why what we have to do is to not allow these figures rise. The statistics in the states, which legalized marihuana, is much worse than in Texas. For example, the percentage of the illicit drug addicts in Colorado is 11%, which is 3% more than the country average (Ferner n.pag.). The figures clearly show that the legalization does not make Colorado the state with the higher level of social safety. Furthermore, the percentage of the marihuana users in Colorado is 9% higher than the average rate in the US (Ferner n.pag.). The statistics of the other states, which legalized marihuana, is rather similar. Therefore, the legalization of cannabis does not improve the situation. As we can see from the statistical data, it leads to the increase in the number of drug addicts. That is why Texas should not legalize marihuana for personal or medical use.

Conclusion

In order to summarize all above mentioned, it should be said that the problem of the soft drugs legalization is one of the most urgent in the United States. A number of states have already implemented necessary legal changes to make marihuana legal. Texas is at the stage of debates but it seems that the politicians try to pass the amendments to the drug legislation. There are different views in the society regarding the issue. The supporters of legalization say that it is necessary step to make the drug market controllable, whereas the opponents argue that it will worsen the criminal situation in the state and undermine the social safety. In my view, marihuana should not be legalized for personal or medical use as the experience of the states, which have legalized it, shows that the number of drug addicts as well as the number of violent crimes increase after the legalization.

References

About Marijuana. Norml.org. 2013. Web.

Ferner, Matt. Colo. Drug Use Higher Than National Average, Study Shows. Huffingtonpost.com. 2011. Web.

Garcia, Gilbert G. Justice Department agrees to tolerate marijuana reforms, while DEA drags its feet. Texas Criminal Lawyer Blog. 2013. Web.

Kalant, Harold, and A. Porat-Waller 2012, Clearing the Smoke on Cannabis. PDF file. Web.

Texas Drug Control Update n.d. Web.

US: Federal Go-Ahead for Local Marijuana Laws . Hrw.org. 2013. Web.

Introduction

Texas is the second-largest state in the United States of America. It is situated in the south-central part of the country and shares an international border with Mexico. Due to the geographical location and economic prospects, the region has, for a long time, attracted immigrants and other US natives. As a result, present-day Texas has experienced demographic changes (Warren 297). Since the 1900s, the state of Texas has experienced accelerated population growth compared to the national rates.

Historically, immigrants were drawn to Texas due to the abundant land and natural resources such as oil (Massey 13). In the recent past, people have been drawn by the economic boom experienced in Texas and the favorable business climate. The transformation of the ethnic composition of Texas over the past has been unparalleled in the history of the U.S. The following paper focuses on Mexican immigrants in Texas and their impact on Texas culture.

History of Mexicans Americans in Texas

The history of unauthorized immigrants to Texas dates back to 1830. Then, the Mexican government was unable to control the large scale movement of illegal Anglo immigrants that were crossing through Mexico to Texas (Warren 301). However, there are arguments that the Mexican border troops tolerated the Anglos in the anticipation that they were to become allies in subduing the Indians.

In the 20th century, the illegal border crossers included the Chinese and the Europeans. The increase in the immigrants to Texas led to the U.S federal government stepping up border controls (Warren 302). Thus, the Europeans and the Chinese could not pass legally because they could not pass the federal literacy tests.

The Mexicans were exempted from the literacy tests. According to Beeson and Cerna, demand for their labor was high, which saw Texass farmers sent recruiters to entice the Mexican workers (11). The number of Mexican immigrants to Texas reduced significantly during the great depression. However, during the Second World War, agricultural labor demands increased, which saw the influx of Mexicans to Texas.

The U.S and the Mexico governments designed the Bracero program that gave the Mexican workers the legality to be given temporary agricultural jobs in the U.S (Orrenius and Zavodny 12). There were many Mexicans who preferred to work in the U.S; as a result, many Mexicans migrated to Texas.

The forces of demand and supply led to the continued movement of the Mexicans to the U.S even after the end of the Bracero Program in 1964. In 1990, the population of Mexicans immigrants in Texas rose significantly. Almost five million Mexicans lived in the U.S during the time (Hyde 7). Majority of the immigrants were residing in Texas or California

Texas has always attracted immigrants. In 1980, the immigrations to Texas were dominated by low-skilled workers who were mostly from Mexico. The history of Mexicans coming to Texas spans for more than a century. However, they tended not to settle permanently in Texas; they worked in the Agricultural sector and could cross back to Mexico during the low season. Thus, circular migration was the norm. In the 1970s and 1980s, the trend changed. There was a shift from the circular migration to permanent settlement.

The reason behind the trend was due to the government policy that led to the enactment of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986 (Orrenius and Zavodny 13). This led to over 2.7 million unauthorized immigrants to get legal permanent residence as provided for in the IRCA. 85% of the beneficiaries were Mexican immigrants.

In 2010, there were 32 million people of Mexican origin living in the U.S. According to Alba and Nee, 37% were born outside the U.S. The majority of the Mexicans are found in states of California and Texas (14). The growth of ethnic diversity in Texas occurred across different regions. For instance, the city of Houston was found to be more diverse in 2010 compared to 1990. These figures point to the continuous changes in the ethnic diversity of Texas. Mexicans are some of the largest groups of immigrants in Texas.

The history and the geographical location of Texas have contributed to a large number of Mexican Americans. However, there have been arguments by some Mexicans that they did not cross the border to America, but the border crossed them (Beeson and Cerna 12). This notion relates to the history of the international border between the U.S and Mexico. One-third of the Texas immigrants are naturalized U.S citizens, while over 31% are permanent residents legally recognized (Massey 11).

The Mexican immigrants to Texas have had significant economic benefits to Texas, especially in the agricultural sector, where the demand for semi-skilled labor has heightened over time (Emerson et al. 9). Despite the economic benefits, the Mexican immigrants have contributed to lagging Texas along several socio-economic dimensions such as high poverty rates and low rates of health coverage.

In addition to the economic influence, Mexican immigrants have substantially contributed to the present diversity in Texas (Guglielmo 17). They have had a critical impact on the Texan Culture.

The Impacts of Mexicans on the Culture of Texas

The cultural influence of Texass culture by Mexicans can be traced back to many centuries. Card noted that the influence is due to the historical interactions between the Native Americans and the Mexicans (2). There are Mexican cultural practices that have become common in Native Americans who live in Texas. Mexican immigrants began to increase during the Mexican revolution in 1910.

After the revolution and the subsequent migration of the Mexicans to Texas, there was a significant change in the cultural face and the language make-up in Texas. The changes have mainly been in urban centers such as Houston and El Paso. El Paso is one of the cities with a high population of the people of Mexican origins. The influx of the Mexicans transformed the urban centers into a metropolis of multilingual signage, Spanish, and other ethnic dialects (Petersen and Assange 15).

The culture of Texas points to ethnic diversity. Petersen and Assange described the culture as the melting point of different ethnic/racial cultural orientations (3). As noted by Hyde, Texas, is a border state; thus, there is influence from the bordering regions (5).

For example, Texas borders the Atlantic World and Mexico. In addition, Texas is home to island communities from Mexico, German, the Anglo populations, Africa, and Poland. Thus, the culture of Texas is a blend of different cultures. In relation to Mexican immigrants, the blend of Mexican culture forms part of the cultural diversity experienced in Texas.

The Mexican Americans have integrated with the Native Americans and other ethnic groups living in Texas. The various ethnic groups have undergone the acculturation process. This has led to the loss of key aspects of their original culture. The result has been the emergence of a cultural blend that marks modern-day Texas. Similarly, the Mexican Americans have lost some key identifiers of the Mexican culture (Telles and Ortiz 2). However, they have kept key expressions that have influenced the cultural diversity of Texas.

A longitudinal study found that Mexican Americans have retained strong cultural elements of their ethnic culture (Telles and Ortiz 4). The cultural influence is witnessed in music, religion, language, and other aspects of traditional celebrations.

Language

Languages form an important component of any culture. Sanchez argued that language acts as the driver of culture (12). Studies in Texas have pointed out that the presence of Spanish language and commerce in the immigrant neighborhoods is a sign of the influence the Mexican has had on the culture of Texas. The Spanish language has continued to be embraced in some parts of Texas, where the Mexicans are the majority. This has contributed to the evolution of the Spanish language.

For example, there are Spanish radio programmings in cities such as Houston. However, current studies have shown that many Mexicans have adopted English. For instance, the English fluency among the Mexican-Americans has increased significantly. Spanish fluency has declined among Mexican immigrants born in Texas as of 2000 (Telles and Ortiz 3).

Ranching

Mexicans have given Texas a particular cultural identity. The ranching culture practiced in northern Mexico influenced the modern-day cowboy culture prevalent in southern Texas. Texas is home to the Tejanos community that practiced ranching in North Mexico (Buitron 6). Their migration to Texas resulted in the adoption of some of their cultural practices.

Religion

The Mexicans are descendants of Spaniards. The Spaniards brought the Catholic faith to Mexico. The infiltration of the Catholicism in Texas is associated with the Mexican immigrants. For example, the practice of the Catholic holy days, Mexican national holidays, and the Spanish language was influenced by the Tejanos.

As a result of the majority of the Mexicans in Texas still, practice the Catholic faith. They observe the teachings of the Catholic, such as receiving the sacraments (Roberto 13). Recent studies in America have affirmed that many Mexican Americans uphold the Catholic Church as a place of worship (Telles and Ortiz 1-4).

Public service and Art

The Americans of Mexican descent have been part of the cultural fiber of Texas. The contribution of the Mexicans in the military, arts, politics, and business have formed an essential part of the American story (Traina 3). For example, Mexican Americans have played a great role in the areas of art, such as visual arts, music, and dance. In addition, Mexican Americans have been integrated into different spheres of the American administrative system.

They have served as members of the Congress, governors of states, mayors, and state legislatures. The influence of Mexican art in the U.S can also be traced to the murals. According to Alvarez, the Mexican Art invasion started in 1920 when Mexican immigrants Orozco and Rivera presented their murals in the United States of America (101). Although the artists did not permanently stay in the U.S, their artistic work has continued to be embraced in America.

Food and Holidays

Many Mexican Americans still observe their motherland celebrations, which show the ongoing adherence to the Mexican culture in Texas. A study carried out by Telles and Ortiz found that more than 50% of the Mexicans believe that children should learn their Mexican traditions, values, and history (3). There are major holidays of Mexico that are observed in Texas, the Diez y Seis de Septiembre, and Cinco de Mayo (Telles and Ortiz 2). The holidays are used to mark the freedom of the Mexicans from the colonial rulers.

They recognize the Mexicans who fought to end the European occupation of the land. In Texas, the celebrations have become part of holidays marked by Mexican Americans and Native Americans who have integrated.

During the celebrations, some fiestas take place. The parties are characterized by plenty of food and dance of Mexican origin. The dances include the folklorico dances and mariachi music. The mariachis were played in small towns of Mexico and dated back to the 1700s. The common foods during the celebrations include the gorditas (Guglielmo 17).

Mexican food is also common in Houston. For example, the Tex-Mex is a common cuisine in Texass urban center. It is a combination of recipes that originated from Mexico. It is a blend of North American indigenous commodities that have had an influence on Mexican cuisine. The Tex-Mex is associated with the ranching cultures of Northern Mexico. The flavors of the Tex-Mex cuisine relate to the spicy Mexican dishes (Card 3). However, the cuisine has been Americanized by the addition of elements such as the yellow cheese.

Music

The cultural diversity of Texas can also be found in music. Music acts as a strong pointer cultural of connection (Hartman 9). In Texas, the common music genres include pop, country, soul, rock, and jazz music (Telles and Ortiz 2). The influx of Mexicans into Texas resulted in diversity in music. In the neighborhoods inhabited by the Mexicans, many people identify with Chicano music. The adoption of the music in Texas points to the cultural impacts of the immigrants.

Birth names

The names given at birth indicate the ethnic culture among many immigrants (Laversuch 367). Many Mexican Americans have maintained Spanish names in the birth certificates of their children (Telles and Ortiz 3). Spanish names are common in Texas.

The continued influx of Mexican immigrants in the 20th century reinforced the Mexican culture that was already prevalent in Texas. Furthermore, the increase in the population of the Mexicans in the 1990s reinforced familial behavior and practices. However, there have been increased levels of Americanization (Telles and Ortiz 2).

The Americanization was informed by the endeavor of community leaders to integrate the Mexican immigrants into mainstream affairs. For example, they emphasized the need to learn English and acquaint with the political system in America. Despite the Americanization, there is a bicultural Hispanic community residing in Texas that still upholds the Mexican customs.

Conclusions

Texas is home to diverse cultures. The ethnic Mexicans form a great portion of the people living in Texas. The population is composed of Mexicans who migrated to Texas and others born in Texas. The Mexicans have contributed to the diverse demographic composition of ethnic/racial groups that reside in the state. Their impact on culture has been very significant. There is strong evidence on the cultural assimilation and cultural retention among the Mexican-Americans.

For instance, the learning of English has eroded the use of the Spanish language. However, the erosion has been slower for the Mexican Americans than it was for the other immigrants in Texas. The cultural impact has been in music, food, dance, religion, and traditional celebrations. The retention and the use of the Spanish names for children have also contributed to the cultural diversity of Texas.

The Mexican culture has been at the forefront of defining Texass cultural identity. Despite the racial discriminations and the acculturation of the Mexicans to the Anglo ways, the Mexicans have immensely contributed to the cultural diversity.

Questions to be Completed

What topic will you be researching for this assignment? Explain why you chose it.

Diversity is at the very heart of the U.S. Diversity and multiculturalism helps in describing the demographics of the U.S. Therefore, my research topic for this assignment is Mexican Immigrants in Texas and their impacts on Texass culture. Diversity is a term that has been embraced by American governments. It recognizes the different ethnic groups that reside in the various regions of U.S.

Research on the Mexican immigrants will be critical in providing critical information that can be used by both the state and the federal governments in planning and implementing programs that can be used to foster national integration.

According to Warren, U.S has experienced unparalleled population growth due to the many immigrants that have legally been given permanent residence (296). The information on the cultural expression and integration of the different ethnic groups helps governments in socio-economic planning and legislations. Texas borders Mexico, as a result, there have been many ethnic Mexicans who live in Texas.

Which format is your first choice for submitting your final product? If you are unsure, which format are you leaning towards using?

The format for submitting by the final product will include

• Introduction and background
• Aims of the research
• Review of Literature
• MethodologyFindings
• Discussions
• Conclusions and Recommendations

Cite ONE source you found on this topic in correct MLA or APA format.

Telles Edwards and Vilma Ortiz. Mexican American Culture and Language. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008. Print

Write a brief explanation (3-5 sentences) on why the source cited in #3 is a useful source for this type of research project.

The source provides detailed information on Mexican Americans. The source is based on a longitudinal study that analyzed the influences of Mexican culture in religion, birth names, family values, music, and holidays. Thus, the source is useful because it provides an intergenerational study on Mexican Americans and the process of cultural influence and assimilation experienced by Mexican immigrants in the U.S.

What do you think will be the biggest obstacle you face in completing this project through Parts 2 & 3.

Part two of the research will entail putting the research together, while part three is the final product. The biggest obstacle that I will face in these parts will involve gathering reliable and credible data that relate to the Mexicans living in Texas. In the U.S, most of the databases ethnic groupings are not easily accessible. Therefore, getting reliable information may be the biggest obstacle.

Works Cited

Alba, Richard, and Victor Nee. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2003. Print

Alvarez, Leticia. The Influence of the Mexican Muralists in the United States. From the New Deal to the Abstract Expressionism. Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2001. Print.

Beeson, Ann and Alejandra Cerna. Immigrants Drive the Texas Economy: Economic Benefits of Immigrants to Texas. Texas: Center for Public Policy Priorities, 2014. Print.

Buitron, Richard. The Quest for Tejano Identity in San Antonio, Texas, 1913-2000. New York: Routledge Press, 2004. Print.

Card, David. The Diffusion of Mexican Immigrants During the 1990s: Explanations and Impacts. Journal of Labor Economics, 19.1 (2001): 1-14. Print

Emerson, Michael, Jenifer Bratter Junia Howell, Wilner Jeanty and Mike Cline. Houston Region Grows More Racially/Ethnically Diverse, With Small Declines in Segregation. Houston: Kinder Institute for Urban Research & the Hobby Center, 2011. Print.

Guglielmo, Thomas. Fighting for Caucasian Rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and the Transnational Struggle for Civil Rights in World War II Texas, Journal of American History 92.2 (2006): 15-27. Print

Hartman, Gary. The History of Texas Music. N.P.: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. Print.

Hyde, Samuel. Sunbelt Revolution: the Historical Progression of the Civil Rights Struggle in the Gulf South, 1866-2000. Florida: University Press of Florida, 2003. Print.

Laversuch, Mike. The politics of naming race and ethnicity: Language planning and policies regulating the selection of racial ethnonyms used by the US Census 19902010. Current Issues in Language Planning 8.3 (2007): 365-382. Print.

Massey, Douglas. Unintended consequences of US immigration policy: explaining the post1965 surge from Latin America. Population and Development Review 38.1 (2012): 1-29. Print.

Orrenius, Pia and Madeline Zavodny. Gone to Texas: Immigration and the Transformation of the Texas Economy. Dallas: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2013. Print.

Petersen, DAnn and Laila Assanie. The Changing Face of Texas: Population Projections and Implications. Dallas, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2005. Print.

Roberto Trevino. Mexican Americans and religion. San Antonio: Texas State Historical Association, 2015.Print.

Sanchez, Tomas. Tejanos in College: How Texas Born Mexican-American Students Navigate Ethnoracial Identity. Houston: Kinder Institute for Urban Research & the Hobby Center, 2015. Print

Telles Edwards and Vilma Ortiz. Mexican American Culture and Language. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008. Print

Traina, Chris. The Hispanic influence on the American Culture. Houston: Conill, 2012. Print.

Warren, Robert. Unauthorized immigration to the United States: Annual estimates and components of change, by state, 1990 to 2010. International Migration Review 47.2 (2013): 296-329. Print.

The issue known as the revolving door has been a point of controversy in the field of Texas legislature for decades and is also a problematic issue globally. This is a phenomenon when high-level government employees transition to the private sector and major business owners become legislators. From a legal standpoint, this is a perfectly healthy practice, as people have the freedom to change their career paths and decide to pursue a different goal. However, upon further examination, this activity exhibits some issues. Although the people who partake in the revolving door scheme are technically not combining business and government work, they continue to have the connections, which they have acquired throughout their careers in either field. Consequently, numerous legislators and political activists have begun questioning whether it is ethical for these people to use their connections. Those who believe that such behavior is unacceptable are debating if there is an effective way to prevent regulators and private individuals from abusing the legislative system. There are also considerations on the topic of banning such practices for a set period.

The issue of former legislators becoming lobbyists is problematic for several reasons. First of all, lobbying is an area where businesses are investing increasing amounts of funds, with a total of $3.42 billion spent from 1998 to 2018 (Kenton). Corporations are not known for spending such exorbitant amounts of money on projects that will not bring them even greater profits. Large companies are likely willing to use their resources to achieve favorable political outcomes. Having experienced regulators work as lobbyists can put them in an even more advantageous position. In addition to having a better practical understanding of the inner workings of the U.S. regulatory system, these people have connections that they can use to arrange for certain decisions to be made. They may also possess some information about their former colleagues that could, in extreme cases, be used to blackmail them. Thus, ex-legislators becoming lobbyists is a highly undesirable phenomenon for the people of the United States and the state of Texas in particular.

At the moment, several states have measures in place that are meant to counteract the revolving door problem. Most states have instituted a law, according to which a state official is prohibited from working as a lobbyist. The time of the ban differs from state to state, and there are sometimes exceptions for public employee work, and cases in which the former public worker is personally involved. The state of Texas, along with several others, currently does not have any regulation regarding this issue (Birdsong). Considering the issues discussed above, it seems logical that the state should create some form of the legislature to reduce the revolving door issue. However, a prohibition of one or two years may not be effective enough, as ex-politicians can still maintain their connections over that period if they plan to take advantage of them later. Perhaps the prohibition should be extended to five years, with an exception for public employee work, as this would not overly limit the ex-legislators career options while ensuring that the lobbying process remains fair.

If measures are not taken to stop former lawmakers from working as lobbyists, there can be severe consequences. It is often said that power corrupts, and if companies are allowed to easily affect regulation, they will use this power for profit, more than likely harming the rest of the population that does not have enough influence to stand against them. In the long term, such practices could increase corruption, as a growing number of politicians become involved in schemes designed to maximize the monetary gains of large corporate entities. This would have a severe negative impact on the level of life of the general population, as well as small and medium businesses.

Works Cited

Birdsong, Nicholas. Revolving Door Prohibitions. National Conference of State Legislatures, 2020. Web.

Kenton, Will. Revolving Door. 2020. Web.

There is a great number of different countries in the world, however, one can hardly find a state which has such a great diversity of landscapes and climate zones as the USA. Being a giant country which area is about 9,826,675 square kilometers. (Briney para. 1), it can impress any person by its nature and beauty. That is why, every road trip even within one state can be taken as a very interesting journey which can show peculiarities of nature of the USA. However, the road trip from one state into another can be even more fascinating and give the opportunity to admire beautiful views and landscapes. With this in mind, it is possible to describe a journey from Oklahoma City to San Antonio in Texas to show onliness of nature of the USA.

First of all, it should be said that there is no use choosing the shortest way from one state to another as the majority of places of interest will be omitted. We are planning to be in California in early July. The weather is fine at this period of time and it is possible to enjoy the drive and the view from the window. We are going to start our trip around I-35 and move westward, visiting different places of interest connected with some phenomena of nature.

Being situated in the basins of rivers Red and Arkansas (“United States of America” para. 2), Oklahomas surface is mostly plain and a we can enjoy the landscape as nothing prevents us. Moreover, there is a possibility to meet some animal such as deer, or coyote during the trip (Renzulli para. 3). Nevertheless, it is absolutely necessary to visit Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The road will be longer, however, it is impossible to miss it. It is the oldest wildlife facility in the USA , that is why we can see here animals which cannot be met in other places. This Refuge tries to save original nature of these lands, that is why, it is possible to see American buffalo, elk and Texas longhorn cattle here. It is a very important place as due to its efforts American bison was saved (“About the Refuge” para. 3).

With this in mind, this place should be one of the most important parts of the trip from Oklahoma to Texas. Besides, there is a great number of state parks in this area, that is why there is no use visiting them all. However, it is possible to make a detour and visit Oklahomas Glass mountain state park or Salt Plains National Refuge and enjoy their landscapes and views.

However, Texas can also impress a traveler, that is why we will obviously devote much time to investigation of its beauty and admiration of its nature. First of all, it is possible to enjoy the views of the Red River which serves as the natural border between Oklahoma and Texas. Staying on one bank on the river, a person can see another state. Moreover, being rather big, Red River can impress a man by its magnificent view (“States 50 Spots. Natural Wonders” para. 4). The bridge at the Texas-Oklahoma border is not admirable and does not give an opportunity to see all power and beauty of the river, however, it is possible to move along a stretch of the river and understand its real glory.

On the way back, we are planning to visit Stillhouse Hollow lake and Chalk Ridge Falls Park in Texas and then move to Arbuckle Mountains in Oklahoma and enjoy their view. With this in mind, the trip is going to be very interesting.

Works Cited

“About the Refuge”. Wichita Mountains. n.d.. Web.

Briney, Amanda. “Geography of the United States of America“. About Education. n.d.. Web.

Renzulli, Melanie. Top Natural Attractions in the USA. About Travel. n.d.. Web.

“States 50 Spots. Natural Wonders“. CNN. n.d. Web.

“United States of America”. The Nature Conservancy. n.d. Web.

Texas City Refinery explosion in 2005 has been considered one of the worst industrial accidents in the recent times. The oil refinery, which was owned by BP at that time, exploded violently while several employees were within the plant. According to Adeola (2011), Texas City Refinery explosion was an accident that occurred out of negligence. The reports said that a hydrocarbon vapor was ignited by an engine, leading to a massive explosion. Fifteeen people died instantly, and over 170 others taken to hospital with serious injuries.

Causes

Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board and many other environmental bodies investigated the incident and their report indicated that the explosion occurred because heavy hydrocarbon came in contact with a source of ignition. The report blamed BP for inadequate structures at the place, and lack of engineering ethics in running the plant. Although the release of the heavy hydrocarbon was accidental, and could occur in any refinery plant, the report blamed the firm for its poor infrastructural investments.

Ethical implications of the Disaster

Texas City Refinery Explosion is one of the worst industrial accidents that have raised ethical issues among different stakeholders. According to Adeola (2011), accidents are occurrences that happen when they are least expected, but measures should always be taken to minimize their occurrence. As mentioned above, several government agencies and independent bodies investigated the explosion and the blame was fully laid on BP. This company was trying to cut cost of its operations. For this reason, the firm ignored various measures that it was supposed to observe. For instance, the technical failures that were identified as the causes of the accidents- such as poor infrastructure- were directly related to organizational failure.

This disaster had massive ethical implications on the firm and other stakeholders in this industry. Fifteen people lost their lives because of this accident, and over 170 people sustained serious injuries. There was a massive destruction of property within this plant. These negative effects would have been avoided if the management maintained values in its operations. The act of ignoring the need to improve the infrastructure within the plant because of cost-cutting strategies was unethical. The management exposed its employees to massive risks because it was determined to reduce operational costs. One of the immediate implications that the accident had on this firm was a thorough investigation on its operations that revealed several lapses. The investigation revealed that there were several other unethical practices going on within this plant that could have caused the accident.

For example, the plant was run without some of the necessary equipment because the management had failed to make replacements as was necessary. According to Khanna (2005), it is the moral responsibility of a firm to ensure that all its facilities are in a good state to support its operations. Sometimes government agencies may not realize how obsolete these instruments are, and it is at this stage that morality is expected to reign. However, this was ignored, and this brought heavy consequences to the firm.

Ethical behavior

It was an ethical behavior for this firm to allow free and fair investigation to be conducted by independent bodies to determine the real cause of the accident (Hogan & Burstein, 2007). When the investigation realized that an act of ignorance caused the accident, heavy penalties were put on Texas Refinery. It was a legal and ethical obligation of this firm to pay the penalties as a consequence to its act of negligence. The management realized the important of improving the infrastructure, and reports indicated that it purchased some new equipment to improve efficiency and safety of the employees

Unethical behavior

Lack of ethics was evident when the management felt that it was not obligated to follow all the requirements put in place by government agencies after the accident. The firm paid part of the penalties but ignored some. This was unethical behavior that could lead the firm back to the court. The management felt that this was punitive approach that it was not ready to follow.

Engineering Ethics

Engineering ethics would be very relevant when analyzing Texas City Refinery Explosion. According to Harris, Pritchard and Rabins (2009), “The field of engineering ethics examines and sets the obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and to the profession.” Engineers have an obligation to the society, their clients, and to this profession. There is a code of conduct that they should observe when conducting various activities in their fields.

There are fundamental canons, rules of practice, and professional obligations that engineers must observe in their operations. These values were conspicuously missing in the operations of this firm. The investigations revealed that this engineering plant was operating without a clear supervision from relevant experts. This meant that the technicians within this plant were allowed to supervise their own operations as long as they were able to operate the machines and make the necessary output.

This was even worsened by the fact that some employees without engineering knowledge were allowed to operate machines within the plant without a clear guideline. This is an ethical behavior based on engineering code of conducts. The refinery is a volatile area that should be closely monitored by experts regularly. The engineers of this firm, especially those that were responsible for running the firm, should be held liable for their unethical behavior. Because of their unethical practices, someone was able to ignite an engine within the plant, something contrary to the expectation. This incident even made society develop stiffer penalties than before, for those who do not follow the law.

Prevention of industrial accidents through ethical behavior

Ethical behavior can prevent industrial accidents. When everyone takes their responsibility seriously, it would be easy to address some lapses that may cause industrial accidents. For instance, the management would have helped avoid the accident by meeting their moral obligation of investing in infrastructure within this firm. The engineers who are in charge of operations have the moral obligation of making necessary supervision and ensuring that everyone understood some of the dangers of igniting engines within the plant. If they were ethical enough in their duty to supervise and guide other workers in the plant, the accident could probably not have occurred.

The specific employee who ignited the engine acted unethically. In such volatile engineering plants, there are always well-laid guidelines of how each activity should be addressed in order to save lives. This worker’s behavior was unethical. Act of negligence is also unethical. Employees of this firm failed to raise an alarm over dilapidated conditions of the infrastructure within the plant. It means that when ethics is maintained within a firm, then industrial accidents would be prevented.

Acceptable accidents

According to Bowen (2009), although accidents are undesirable because of their negative consequences, some of them may be acceptable within an industrial plant. Accidents that are not caused by direct human error may not be easy to avoid. Mitigation measures for such accidents should be put in place.

Learning from mistakes

Fleddermann (2012) says that some of the best engineering inventions were made after making numerous mistakes, some of which were fatal. It is, therefore, true that engineers can learn by making mistakes. However, they have to be keen to learn from such mistakes. The mistakes should not be repeated if they are expected to be a learning point.

Making the world safer

Engineers are always dealing with instruments and chemicals that may react violently and cause a lot of harm if care is not taken. However, engineers must appreciate that they are in a position to make the world safer. Road accidents, airplane accidents, and many other industrial accidents can be reduced by engineers. These instruments are developed by engineers. If they commit to improving safety measures, improve monitoring and control when these machines are used, and increase awareness among the public that uses their invention, the world will be a safer place than it is currently.

Conclusion

Texas City Refinery Explosion is one of the serious industrial accidents in the recent history. This accident led to the loss of lives and massive loss of property. A series of investigations revealed that the accident occurred due to negligence of the management and engineers within this plan. It showed that the responsible stakeholders were unethical when addressing their duties. The management failed to improve the infrastructure, while the engineers did not obey the code of conduct they were expected of when operating this plant. Industrial accidents can be significantly reduced if the responsible stakeholders uphold ethics. Everyone should follow all the procedures he or she is expected of when carrying their duties and cases of industrial accidents will be minimal.

References

Adeola, F. (2011). Hazardous wastes, industrial disasters, and environmental health risks: Local and global environmental struggles. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Web.

Bowen, W. R. (2009). Engineering ethics: Outline of an aspirational approach. London: Springer. Web.

Fleddermann, C. B. (2012). Engineering ethics. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Web.

Harris, C. E., Pritchard, M. S., & Rabins, M. J. (2009). Engineering ethics: Concepts and cases. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Web.

Hogan, D. E., & Burstein, J. L. (2007). Disaster medicine. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. Web.

Khanna, B. K. (2005). All you wanted to know about disasters. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. Web.

Appendix: Images of the Accident

Authentic identity is what determines our actual state, namely nationality, race, gender, and more. That is, it is what allows us to identify ourselves in society. It is crucial to remember that each of these labels, or other conceivable labels, might appear to the individual wearing them to be a genuine and honest identity. In this sense, true identity is not something that can be decided for you by someone else. It is investigated and may change over time as people’s ideas and values evolve and define their identity.

It can be quite challenging to explain to a child what identity is, but it is also significant for every growing up person. The conversation should be aimed at showing that all people are entirely different. In the process of growing up, each of us faces the problem of self-determination (Yip, 2018). After all, identity is self-identification, the ability of a person to determine his belonging to any group. Social identity is essential for the development and formation of personality. Without self-determination, people cannot move forward, live among people, live in harmony with ourselves.

In my opinion, Mateo’s classmates did not want to offend or hurt the boy in any way. However, it is worth understanding that they are faced with finding a person slightly different from them. It was quite difficult for a child’s perception to understand the conditions in which Mateo grew up. They also need to understand the feelings of the boy himself and exactly how he feels comfortable. On the other hand, if a non-Hispanic person said something like that, it could be regarded as an insult. This is due to the fact that a person from another community cannot be sufficiently aware of how a representative of a particular group perceives himself.

The formation of personality primarily occurs under the influence of society. Studies have shown that age, ethnic, and gender identities are elements of a common social identity. The problems of forming an age, ethnic, or gender element strongly hinder the existence and normal development of the individual. For example, they are capable of destroying physical and mental health with all the consequences that follow from this (Haslam, 2020). Consequently, age differences also affect perception in society in different ways. I know that in China, people use the expression “egg-person”. It is used for white people who are sufficiently imbued with Asian culture. That is, they are white on the outside and yellow on the inside.

References

Haslam, C. (2020). Life change, social identity, and health.Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 635-661. Web.

Yip, T. (2018). Ethnic/racial identity – a double-edged sword? Associations with discrimination and psychological outcomes.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 170-175. Web.

Introduction

The continuous effect that changes in environmental conditions have on the coastline leads to its gradual alteration. Although coastal erosion is an inevitable process, it has been developing at an increasingly fast pace over the past few decades (Shi et al. 1347). The specified phenomenon can be attributed to an array of factors, yet they are predominantly classified as human-induced (Shi et al. 1346). The issue of coastal erosion has recently become a major concern for residents of Texas (Texas General Land Office, “Report” 2). The erosion of coastal areas will not only affect the environment but also have a drastic effect on the lives of Texas residents. Therefore, measures must be taken to prevent dire outcomes for the economic, financial, social, and environmental aspects of life in Texas.

Coastal Erosion in Texas: Exploring the Nature of the Phenomenon

Current Situation

At present, the levels of coastal erosion in Texas are at the level of 4.0 miles per year (Texas General Land Office, “Report” 3). Although the specified rate is comparatively slow compared to the drastic 55 miles per year, which is currently the highest rate in the record of Texas coastline destruction, it still needs further management (Texas General Land Office, “CEPRA”) (see Figure 1). At present, the highest level of coastline erosion can be observed in Sabine Pass to Bolivar Roads (Galveston County) and has reached the drastic 80.6% (Texas General Land Office, “Report” 3).

However, the lowest rate of coastline destruction, which can be observed in Aransas Pass to Padre Island National Seashore and amounts to 41.4% of eroding shoreline, is also quite high (Texas General Land Office, “CEPRA”). To handle the situation, the Texas government has recently issued a regulation (Coastal Erosion Planning & Response Act, or CORPA) that encourages the active beach nourishment, environment stabilization, and the restoration of unique habitats and their elements (particularly, dunes) (Texas General Land Office, “CEPRA”).

Factors and Effects

As stressed above, when considering the issues that contribute to the enhancement of the coastline erosion process, one must mention weather conditions and the effects of industrial activities in the vicinity (Texas General Land Office, “CEPRA”). In the context of the Texas environment, the rapid pace of coastal erosion can be explained by the intense weather conditions. For example, the notorious Hurricane Harvey has affected the coastline to a considerable extent due to the massive floods that it caused in 2017 (“In Harvey’s Wake”).

Apart from tropical storms, the phenomenon of coastal destruction, which can currently be observed in Texas, can be seen as one of the results of beach erosion. The latter, in turn, is defined by the presence of factors such as extraordinarily high waves (“In Harvey’s Wake”). Moreover, the subject matter can also be regarded as the outcome of the longshore current, which is very strong in the specified areas (Texas General Land Office, “CEPRA”).

Finally, the lack of actions taken to prevent the specified phenomenon from taking its effects on the Texas environment can also be seen as the primary cause of coastal destruction still taking place. Even though the CEPRA strategy offers rather viable solutions to the problem of coastal erosion, it still has its problems since it does not imply a long-term change and does not affect the core of the problem directly. The outcomes of coastal erosion might seem minor, yet they are going to have a drastic effect on Texas and its residents unless urgent actions are taken (see Figure 2).

Prevention Strategies

As stressed above, the existing framework known as CEPRA has been utilized to handle the problems associated with the increase in the coastline erosion levels. While the CEPRA approach must be credited for its ability to embrace not only environmental but also economic and financial issues associated with the problem, one may also consider adding other elements into it (Portz et al. 54) (see Figure 3). For example, the opportunity for managing information more efficiently must not be overlooked.

By introducing IT tools for building mass awareness levels and helping Texas residents to get prepared for a possible crisis, one will enhance the levels of security. In addition, using traditional tools such as vegetation changes to protect salt marshes can be regarded as a possible means of handling the crisis (Leonardi et al. 65). However, given the fact that hurricanes cause the majority of the damage, one must introduce the latest and the most innovative technology for detecting hurricanes and creating the means of reducing their impact.

Conclusion

The current levels of coastal erosion in Texas have reached drastic levels, demanding that the problem be addressed immediately. Apart from the current framework for managing the problem of coastal erosion, one must consider using innovative approaches along with the focus on building awareness.

In addition, one must keep the focus on providing safety to all residents of Texas. Because of the landscape changes associated with coastal erosion, issues with infrastructure and the possibility of residential property destruction must be prevented, respectively. The specified objectives will demand a radical change in the direction of the current framework. Particularly, one must place emphasis on the development of prevention strategies that are based on the use of innovative technology for detecting emerging threats. Thus, an efficient solution to the current concern about the destruction of the Texas coastline and the effects that it will have on the local habitats, infrastructure, etc., will be addressed.

Works Cited

“In Harvey’s Wake.” Texas Tribune, n.d. Web.

Leonardi, Nicoletta, et al. “A Linear Relationship Between Wave Power and Erosion Determines Salt-Marsh Resilience to Violent Storms and Hurricanes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 1, 2016, pp. 64-68.

Portz, Luana, et al. “Dune System Restoration in Osório Municipality (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): Good Practices Based on Coastal Management Legislation.” Beach Management Tools-Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, pp. 41-58.

Shi, Benwei, et al. “Determination of Critical Shear Stresses for Erosion and Deposition Based on in Situ Measurements of Currents and Waves over an intertidal Mudflat.” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 31, no. 6, 2015, pp. 1344-1356.

Texas General Land Office. “Coastal Erosion Planning & Response Act: A Report to the 85th Texas Legislature.” Glo.Texas.gov. Web.

Texas General Land Office. “Coastal Erosion Planning & Response Act.” Glo.Texas.gov. Web.

For this research, the hybrid method is chosen to put the advantages of both quantitative and qualitative research to good use. The objective of the present study is to discover a correlation or a lack thereof between average annual costs at Texas colleges and average salaries after attending. Since the focus of this study is at the inter-relationship of economics and sociology, it would be interesting and informative to conduct statistical analysis as well as gain deep insights into the phenomenon. Thus, numerical data and the conclusions that it allows to draw on par with qualitative data describing “humanized” experiences will help to draw a fuller picture (O’Sullivan, Rassel, & Taliaferro, 2011). A survey is an appropriate research method for evaluating a situation at a given moment in time. The survey for this study includes the following quantitative and qualitative questions:

What was the annual cost at your college?

This is a straightforward question aiming at gathering numerical data for further statistical analysis. It uses clear and concise wording so that the participant understands what kind of information he or she is expected to provide (O’Sullivan et al., 2011). The gathered data would be the independent value for computing the correlation between the two sets with the second being the average salary. If there is much variability in average tuition fees in Texas, this might be a multiple answer question with price ranges. Otherwise, the question may be designed as an open one.

Would you describe the annual cost as high?

This question aims at gathering qualitative data for evaluating participants’ perception of their education expenses. While the question is clearly worded, participants might be confused as to how to answer it. Instead of receiving generic yes and no answers, researchers could diversify and add a scale that would include “very high,” “moderately high,” and others.

What was your household’s annual income during your Bachelor’s?

This question helps to gather numerical data for statistical analysis. The tuition cost alone cannot be interpreted as high or low. Thus, the answer to this question could clarify how much of a burden tuition costs were for respondents’ families. Past tense is used so that the participants understand to what period in their lives this question refers.

Do you think the tuition fees were high in comparison to other Texas schools?

This question aims at drawing qualitative data that would reflect participants’ perception of their financial burden. The wording of the question implies providing personal judgment, which can be done by answering yes or no or sharing more details, which is encouraged (O’Sullivan et al., 2011).

What is your annual income now?

By asking this fairly straightforward question, researchers can define the dependent value – participants’ average income. The wording of this question specifies what kind of information respondents need to provide, namely, annual (not monthly) income.

Would you describe your annual income as high?

This qualitative survey question may help to understand participants’ perception of their financial resources. Such categories as high and low income are not as objective as it may appear. Thus, by wording this question in this way, researchers compel participants to share their opinion.

How does your income compare to that of your social group?

This question aims at gathering qualitative data that would help to understand participants’ evaluation of their income with regards to their peers. The wording is logical; however, to avoid confusion, researchers might want to make it a multiple answer question.

Are you satisfied with your income? Why?

The final qualitative question compels participants to elaborate on their attitude toward their actual income. The wording implies answering in full sentences to support one’s position.

Reference

O’Sullivan, E., Rassel, G. R., & Taliaferro, J. D. (2011). Practical research methods for nonprofit and public administrators. New York, NY: Routledge.

The case of Fisher vs. Texas Affirmative Action was used as a defense in a race matter. Affirmative Action was created in order to make sure that certain populations or groups of people of specific race are not outnumbered by the predominant people. It came into existence in order to battle discrimination that was developing in the last decades.

It also includes gender and allows for specific criteria to be used when selecting people for employment or other reasons. Initially, supreme courts were defending places that implemented such policies due to the fact that there was a group that would negatively interact with the minority at a specific location. This led to many cases that were won according to the procedures.

Fisher vs. Texas has established case law through another matter—Grutter v. Bollinger, which was of the same scope. As a result, a Caucasian woman was rejected to enroll in University of Texas according to her race. This was thought to be a positive influence on the local community, but she decided to file an appeal. It is crucial to note that as soon as the Affirmative Action policy was implemented, it raised some debate with regard to its ethics and morals.

This criticism is far reaching, as all the cases were handled with due process and fairness of the law. From one point it is difficult to see how any segregation can be a positive thing. Not allowing any group to de admitted, even if there is a greater number of people of any race, is still discrimination.^[1]

This case is important because it has historical significance in relation to other similar cases, especially amongst teaching institutions. People should not be denied education in case they are different from the desired group. Also, it is close to impossible to establish if there are any benefits is segregating certain underrepresented groups within a community. There are various constitutional issues that are connected to this legislation.

These arguments focus on the consistency of the legislation with the constitution. This policy needs to be amended because it violates the rights of people. The criteria for deciding whether the policy should be adjusted are to be established, so that the evaluation for probability of representation is conducted in tandem with the court hearing. The court should apply the law to those areas where discrimination is harming people and preventing them from getting into a community.

At the same time, the circumstances of the case play an important role, as even sometimes there could be factors that might turn out to be negative. For example, if the woman would be harassed because of the particular environment she was getting herself in, it could be wiser to acknowledge the possibility that it will happen.

As long as she received the proper knowledge about the situation and gets a chance to decide for herself, then it would be appropriate. Overall, the system should consider the reasons and the existing consequences. The Affirmative Action policy works only for special cases. Its weaknesses outweigh the perceived benefits.

The initiation of this policy reflects a fault in the judiciary system, as it fails to live up to the expectation of the society and the multicultural location of some public institutions. Not to mention that is clearly victimizes individuals who are rightfully entitled to freedom and a fair chance at employment or education. Changes in the facilities must be made to ensure that people undergo environmental assimilation once they pass through the system.^[2]

If the matter was upheld, the society would be affected in a negative way. Places where people of specific race would want to exclude everyone else would appear. This would provide for unfair distribution of resources and access to specific facilities or other places. The society must understand that visual differences are only topical and in order to change the social fabric of a nation, people must be educated about the true differences between people and the value of race.

The court has to perceive a high degree surety that the probability of the personal, physical or mental harm is inevitable. However, there is sometimes likelihood that a judge may commit fundamental attribution error in his or her decision to apply Affirmative Action, leading to unfair treatment and rights violations. Sometimes the evidence presented points in the wrong direction and does not allow objective and fair decision to be made.

People of social and psychological education are often instrumental in providing testimony, but their perspective or recollection of events might be skewed from the truth. Sufficient studies and research must be objectionable and give full credit to people who want to enter a specific community that might want to implement the policy. Overall, each case is unique and should be closely taken apart.

Bibliography

Barnett, Hilarie. Constitutional & Administrative Law. London, England: Routledge, 2012.

“Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin et al.” Supreme Court of the United States, 2012. Web.

Footnotes

1. “Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin et al.” Supreme Court of the United States, 2012.
2. Hilaire Barnett. Constitutional & Administrative Law. (London, England: Routledge, 2012).