The given paper revolves around information technologies and the role they play in the modern world. It delves into the advantages and disadvantages of the mass usage of different technologies and states whether their usage could bring real benefits or not. Additionally, to support the basic assumptions with an understandable explanation of the significance of technologies, some real-life examples are provided. The work also gives ground for discussions related to the nature of technologies and their implementation in the majority of modern activities to increase their efficiency. At the end of the paper, the conclusion is made.
Role of Information Technology
The last several decades could be characterized by the rapid evolution of technologies and their increased importance for the functioning of modern society. At the moment, there is hardly a sphere that does not explore technologies or some devices that are needed to improve its efficiency. Therefore, it is believed that technologies could make our life better and deprive us of the necessity to perform some complicated tasks. For instance, the rise of information technologies (IT) preconditions the appearance of a new model following which all modern organizations function. IT helped to store, distribute, process, and share data more efficiently and became a synonym to computers and other technologies of this sort. However, there are still opponents of the wide usage of IT technologies who state that they are not needed and might even be dangerous.
Besides, Carr (2003) assumes that the unique growth of ITs power and ubiquity resulted in the significant diminishment of its importance in the functioning of modern organizations. He is sure that at the first stages of the evolution of this tool, the implementation of this approach serves as the guarantee of the acquisition of a certain competitive advantage needed to compete with rivals and remain profitable. However, the further exploration of this remedy resulted in the widespread and gradual decrease of its importance. For this reason, Carr (2003) is sure that IT does not matter anymore as the age of its dominance has already passed, and there is a great need for new approaches that might help a company to become efficient.
However, there are also other perspectives on the given question. The fact is that the functioning of the modern companies depends on IT greatly. One could hardly imagine a successful and prosperous company that does not explore the above-mentioned technology and implement computers into its functioning. That is why the further rise of IT could be considered an important task of modern science as it could increase the efficiency of numerous companies. I also think that IT still should be given great attention as it preconditions the evolution of different spheres of human activity. For instance, at the moment, information technology is used to monitor the functioning of the majority of financial institutions in the world. Specific programs are created for accounting and other important activities. They help to execute financial operations accurately and provide people with high-quality services. However, in case the given system collapses, society will meet significant problems as the whole financial architecture will also fail.
In this regard, it is possible to state that IT technologies remain significant for the modern world as they help to improve the functioning of different institutions needed for the further evolution of our society.
Reference
Carr, N. (2003). It doesnt matter.Harvard Business Review, 5-12. Web.
In the globe we live in now, there are many kinds of electronic gadgets connected to the Internet are used (Grauer, Poatsy, Mulbery, Hulett, Krebs, & Mast, 2011). The World Wide Web platform helps people interact, work out, make contacts, and cooperate in all places. It also enables people to access infinite amount of knowledge, service offertories, as well as entertainment. The World Wide Web works regardless of geographical limits, time factor, or any language barrier. The gadgets are used within the home setups, business premises, school setups, through the phone gadgets, and in the libraries. This essay provides a discussion on the advances in information technology that led to new ethical issues necessitating the creation of the Children Internet Protection Act, 2000 as well as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 1996.
The Children Internet Protection Act (CIPA)
Since schoolchildren have unlimited access to the Internet in many instances, there is a high chance that they get access to materials that are not appropriate for them. The Children Internet Protection Act refers to a federal legislation created by the United States congress to deal with the unease surrounding distasteful material coming from the internet. Making use of several technology protection checks, CIPA demands libraries in the public domain, as well as learning institutions to develop and fit content filters on their computer gadgets so as to bar children from surfing unwanted websites. Learning institutions must make sure that they develop a policy on internet safety and enforce it. This should also cover the use of gadgets which will filter and bar pervasive or pornographic content that is aimed at children. Everything that might affect young children has to be taken into consideration and dealt with effectively. The main goal of CIPA is to safeguard children from the perils lurking around the internet use. It is hence imperative to observe that technology protection is used in place within a school setup to protect children away from inappropriate information.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Infrastructures of data communication are transforming the manner in which health information, as well as health care is offered and accessed. Individuals making use of tools like the internet for health related issues have to cooperate to come up with an environment which is safe, and improve the internets value for satisfying the needs in health care. Since health related information and offertories carry the potential to enhance good health or do harm, firms and people who offer health services through the internet have a duty to remain truthful, offer content that is of high quality, safeguards the privacy of all users, and follows strictly all the measures of appropriate practices for healthcare service delivery. Individuals who make use of the healthcare telecommunications infrastructure have a mutual mandate to uphold expected values as well as honor all information through sound judgment in utilizing healthcare websites offertories.
The development of networking technologies has assisted firms in offering improved services, greater reach to information, and heightened levels of accessibility for both, the providers of services and the consumers. Whilst many other industries have followed technologies which internetwork, others have failed in this bid owing to the innate intricacies of their particular businesses (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011). Health care is a very good example of this. In health care, too much documents are used. It has hence gone through pertinent difficulties in transforming to the almost paperless situation which other businesses attempt to attain through technologies which network. What is more, health care firms operate with delicate data like the information of patients which ought to be confidential. With this in mind, healthcare firms have to be much concerned about the privacy issues, as well as safety risks associated with transforming into electronic infrastructure.
It is with the ethical issues surrounding privacy of information that any individual looking for healthcare services is empowered to demand that firms and people who offer such services adhere to known guiding principles. If there is no confidence, people will not divulge information as required and this may affect the quality of care that they will receive in the end. Health data also includes what is needed for remaining in a perfect physical state and for averting and controlling disease. This can also have information for arriving at decisions on health offertories which may be in form of data, text, audio, and video. Improved health data can also be availed by programming as well as interactivity. Proper health management in a technology oriented world involves constant storage as well as possible diffusion of information related to health through data communication networks. Such scenarios have the possibility to put into compromise the security as well as privacy of information held on such networks. Such issues are what HIPAA was designed to address.
References
Grauer, R. T., Poatsy, M. A., Mulbery, K., Hulett, M., Krebs, C., & Mast, K. (2011). Microsoft Office 2010. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Rainer, R. K. & Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to Information Systems: Supporting And Transforming Business (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
In the twenty-first century, the use of technology has become an everyday occurrence. People are dependent on it in almost all aspects of life. It has made the daily functions easier and more practical, as the software programs, internet and stored memory have extended the use of information and understanding. The technological age is only starting, and it is impossible to predict what sort of changes will come in the next years. The constant development brings new changes and advances at an ever increasing rate.
The use of computer systems is built on hardware and software. The hardware is what makes the technology work and available to the public. The hard drives, monitors, computer blocks, graphic cards and other parts of the data unit, make up the personal machine that people use. The software consists of the programs and applications that people use for work. Microsoft office, numerous calculation programs, drawing and imaging software are inseparable from any computer, notebook or other modern device. The databases and communication technologies are also a part of the computing machines.
The information that is used by a person is stored in a virtual place but in a specific location. The access to the database allows for a certain kind of information and can be searched by pre-set criteria. The connection between several databases or networks lets the user communicate with other people or view the data remotely. Even the industry is built on software and hardware. The plants that manufacture products have programs with specific set of functions that can build and create without the use of human force. The life of humanity has become intertwined with the use of machines that run on software (Swedin, 2005).
A major step forward was the creation of internet, as it has become one of the most consuming forces in the world. The ability to access vast amounts of information at a touch of a finger delivers knowledge and understanding of the surrounding world. People can search for almost anything and get an answer to their question. Numerous search tools and programs let people access scientific data, as well as any other form of literature. As such, the use of internet has become a part of the business world. It is impossible to imagine what a company would do without being able to research other companies, environment or market without the use of internet.
The clientele, products and services can all be accessed via online sources and databases within the shortest periods of time. The vision or mission of any organization is to spread its influence over greatest area in the shortest time. A lot depends on the functioning of an organization within the internet or the virtual world of information. The more people can gain access to a specific want or need, the better it will be for the company. As such, the online tools and databases have become a key to success of any business (Cantoni, 2006).
The use of technology, online databases and network is the creation of the modern world. People could not possibly imagine the advantages of storage and use of such great amounts of information. It has become a resource that is used every day and without a second thought. A civilization would now be lost without computers and internet, as it makes human actions more efficient and productive.
References
Cantoni, L. (2006). Internet. Oxon, OX: Routledge.
Swedin, G. (2005). Computers: The Life Story of a Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
People become so-called technophobes because they are afraid of the rapid changes that technology brings to their lives. The human brain can barely handle uncertainty and unpredictability: this is why many suffer from anxiety and imagine worst-case scenarios if something does not go as planned. For instance, many people think that the fast development of artificial intelligence might go awry. Humankind might be able to manage AI only to a certain extent.
There might come the day when this creation will revolt and gain control over resources at its disposal. Others are opposed to technology because they fear that it will substitute for them in their workplace. Automatization is already facilitating many processes and requires fewer employees to operate the equipment. Technophobes assume that they will whether be laid off by the company or will have to commit to continuous learning, which to many people, is a big challenge on its own. Lastly, some people have a certain distaste for technology that replaces face-to-face communication. According to them, while the world becomes more interconnected, people grow more detached and prefer screen time to quality time with their friends and families.
One of the most effective strategies in overcoming resistance toward new technology is gradual exposure. People need to learn to deal with the fear of the unknown by becoming familiar with the objects that trigger these feelings. However, merely using new technology might be not enough: a person should realize how advantageous and enjoyable it might be to use hardware and software. For instance, telecommunication tools might aid an individual both in his or her professional and personal life. Various software such as planners and messengers will let a person get on with their day and stay in contact with more ease.
Second, a person might need to accept the reality of the ever-changing world where each new day might bring about a discovery. He or she might want to think about their career prospects and how learning technology might help them stay afloat and be on-demand on the market. Some personal benefits of continuous learning can inspire them to pursue this path. It has been found that studying something new keeps the brain young and may postpone such age-related disorders as dementia.
As for communication issues, people need to understand that each person makes a choice as to whether to spend time in front of a screen or talking to others. Some studies show that phones are naturally addictive, but this attachment is nothing insurmountable. In summation, each individual is capable of overcoming challenges and taking advantage that new technology presents.
Innovation can be described as the ability to replicate better ideas to serve a particular group, product, or service. Innovation is driven by globalization, science, and technology. Organizational choices are experimental options for a problem or solution. A firms ability to identify the problem or solution influences effective experimentation (Becker 3). A successful innovation will manage the cost of the new product. The paper reflects on organizational choices for innovation as it varies along the technological S-curve.
The growth of an organization depends on the tactics and strategies that drive results. Innovation Lifecycle describes a products vulnerability, greatest opportunities, specific strategies, organizational structure, and processes. Thus, the S-curve reveals the performance of the product, technology, strategy, service, and innovation. The S-curve correlates organizations strategies with market adoption (Becker 9). Thus, the progress report on a new technology, product, service or innovation is a major tool the decision making process. For example, the S-cure technology revealed the transformation between video cassettes and Digital Video Disk (DVD), manual typewriter versus electric typewriters, and ThinkPad versus computer processors. Thus, S-cure technology describes performance over time.
Organizational choices for innovation are tailored by technology S-curve. For example, the thickness of mechanical wristwatches changed over time. The innovation is a product of an experimental transformation. The break point on the S-curve defines the vulnerability of the innovative product over time. In 1907, Lawsons sailing ship sank on the shores of Sicily Isles (Becker 19). Sicilys navy divers rescued all but two of the ships crew. Lawsons ship was built to withstand torrential wind. The inventor sacrificed this technology for its movement. Thus, an organizations choice for innovation depends on the performance of the product or service over time.
For example, mechanical calculators reached its peak performance in 1950. Electronic calculators were expensive and difficult to operate. The organizational choice could not surpass the product performance. However, technological vulnerability created small-integrated chips that improved the performance of electronic calculators. By 1972, cheap electronic calculators replaced mechanical calculators. Thus, a technology S -curve reveals the order of a products performance and displacement over time.
The S-curve technology can be categorized into four segments. The segments include the innovation, ascent, maturity and decline phases. Organizational choices are centered on the four phases of the S-curve. Organizational e choice for innovation is directly proportional to the cost of implementation (Becker 16). Thus, many organizations create strategic alliance if there is a change. Strategic alliance redistributes resources among the experimental lines. The redistribution process aligns the organizational choice with innovation. Business managers use the S-curve to predict the stages of growth, growth continuity, organizational change and the speed of change.
Organizational choices for innovation could be product, process, structure, and market. Early adoption of a product can only describe the speed of the innovation. However, each phase of the S-curve determines the innovation process. The innovation process determines the best strategy to growth. For example, Apple Corporation started with desktops in 2000. By 2003, the company added laptops to its products. The performance of the innovation created products such as iPod, iTunes, iPhone, and iPad.
Organizational choices for innovation determine the overall performance of the firm. However, innovation can be disrupted by market vulnerability. For example, chemical photography was replaced by digital photography. Another disruptive market was observed with light bulb. Finally, organizational choices for innovation vary along the S-curve.
In the modern world, it has become quite cumbersome to operate businesses and governance affairs without a sound information technology platform. In fact, information technology is basically an essential backbone not only in business but also in government operations. It is definite that several advances have been made in technology especially in information domain ranging from the way information is gathered, stored, analyzed, retrieved as well as disseminated by both business organizations and government agencies. It is against this backdrop that this report explores the concept of voice recognition technology in terms of disadvantages and domain of its use, impacts of this technology on individuals and organizations as well as its future prospects.
Definition of voice recognition technology
To begin with, it is imperative to note that the concept of voice recognition technology is a recent development. It is a technology whereby human words, sounds and phrases are converted into electrical waves in such a way that the moving electrons electronics are coded to give particular meaning. It interprets language being used into text than can be understand depending with the coding. The latter is then saved and progressively transmitted into a designated. In order to obtain the right meaning of the voice projected, there are myriad of internal processes that take place (Obermaisser 215). On the overall, voice recognition technology allows users to transfer voice messages into text without necessarily using known devices such as computer keyboards, mobile phones or typewriters. As a matter of fact, there is need to for a well developed interface between people and machines due to advances that have been made in computing technology.
Problems and Disadvantages of Voice Recognition Technology
There are several problems and disadvantages of voice recognition technology. According to Artman, one of the major problems of this technology is its inaccuracy and perceived level of slowness (www.ehow.com). Although many users cannot type at a high speed as they can speak, this technology is slow because it demands proofreading after taking information. Therefore, the actual device used may be of high speed but the time taken to edit the produced text leads to an overall slow process. As it is now, the voice recognition technology still demands that the spoken words be corrected especially on punctuation and soundness of meaning.
Sometimes this technology does not recognize certain words of phrases unless they are added to the software. Therefore, lack of accuracy that is associated with this new technology is indeed a challenge at hand which is yet to be resolved. It is clear that one cannot proof read text while dictating it, therefore time is wasted while editing the translated text. Definitely, this appears to be a major setback bearing in mind that is possible to type and edit texts simultaneously using the ordinary word processing technologies that are currently in place.
It is also imperative to note that vocal strain is another inevitable problem and disadvantage of voice recognition technology. This is because it requires a person to converse loudly than in normal dialogue. Speaking for many hours may result into serious strain in vocals and this cause vocal injury (Bowker 35). If a person does not take break in between sessions, communication with computer is not efficient because of such straining. Since this technology demands dictation, many users would find that is not comfortable to spend long hours processing small amount of information. Vocal strain does not create a comfortable environment while working.
Furthermore, voice recognition technology has been found to be environmentally unfriendly. Its program requires an ideal and a quite environment away from noise. A noisy environment may significantly hinder voice recognition software to recall any voice. It is definite that there are two factors to put into consideration here. Firstly, this technology can only work well in a quiet environment free from external or internal sources of noise. Secondly, the technology is bound to pollute the immediate environment through noise. For instance, if group or groups of people were to use this technology within the same spot, the end result would not be desirable.
This means that unnecessary information may be captured by a voice recognition device especially if its microphone has limited ability to filter out such noises. However, it is not necessary to use a keyboard in an ideal environment. It also interprets odd voices if the user fails to adjust to preset accent. Moreover, another problem associated with using this technology is that most users are likely not to remember verbal commands (Khosrowpour 15). In the case of keyboard commands, it is pretty easy to recall basic commands that are required to produce required texts.
Domain of use
Most of the major industries are currently using voice recognition technology. Some of these domains include space science, disaster relief, construction sector, manufacturing, mining, education, energy, communication and transport. It is also imperative to note that the rate at which the domain of using this technology is expanding is rater fast.
Voice recognition technology can be used in military domain, learning institutions, health care centers. The other places in which this technology can be put into use include courts, government agencies and industrial sectors. All these targeted users have found it necessary and quite handy to use the voice recognition technology. Many health institutions had adopted this technology to improve its operations. In the military, it has been used for security purposes and improving efficiency in communication. On the same note, industrial sectors use this technology to improve their marketing strategies. Some organizations use Electronic Shopping Organizer gadget to sell products. The gadget is illustrated below
Gadget recognition technology.
Impact of Technology on Organization and Individual
Voice recognition technology has great impact both on corporate organizations and individuals. Its impact can be seen through the way it has benefited its users. For example, the speed at which computer users type vary greatly from one individual to another. Many people are slow in typing and this technology had helped individuals because it is easier to speak than typing. A person can speak several words than actually going through the typing process. In this case, a person may produce large amount of information when using voice recognition device than when typing.
Mobility is yet another direct impact to individual users of voice recognition technology. One can walk freely and does not need to stay intact in one given computer. Hands and eyes are also free while using this technology. When a person is seated closely to a computer, his eyes and hands cannot be away from it. The technology has positively impacted the lives of people with physical and visual impairment.
Speech recognition technology has enhanced positive performance in organizations and industries. It is effective to use this technology in different departments. The development of this technology had impacted organizations in business markets, products and their relationships with customers. A good example of its impact is how it had promoted good performance in hospitals. Many hospital institutions had adopted it to improve correctness of reports and to have quick access to patient information. Eventually, it brings some impact to organization through influencing its efficiency on operational cost. Mobile industries are examples on how this technology has brought great impact. It has become easier and faster to have all information through the mobiles. A good example of its impact on phones is Parrot Mini Kit hands free mobile speaker. The following picture illustrates how this phone as used best in class:
Phone.
One of the major impacts of voice recognition is on the field of medicine. Increased application of the technology has decimated communication barriers in medical field. This implies that voice recognition tools have enhanced medical practitioners to keep computerized medical records. Moreover, physicians and patients can easily capture the notes and information that is essential for health purposes. In line with this, the technology has increased the proportion of patients who receive medical tests, treatment and prescription that need to be documented. In this case, voice recognition technology has enhanced prompt and accurate documentation of information to patients, thereby facilitating most favorable outcomes.
Whereas the technology has widely been used in hospitals, it has also impacted positively in other fields such as courts. Through use of speech technology, it is possible to identify individuals who have committed criminal offences. Use of sophisticated tools has enhanced crime investigators to reveal spoken information at the time when crime was committed. However, this technology appears a bit technical and challenging especially when crime investigators need to decode speech to data. In addition, speech technology has facilitated research work.
Researchers use speech recognition tools to literally decode information provided by respondents into desired form of data. Speech recognition engine has also impacted highly on the field of education. For instance, teachers dictate new concepts to learners whose pronunciation is transferred into a verbal form in order for the teacher to access their understanding. This is essential for the teacher to teach learners on grammar and pronunciation during language lessons. In this case, speech recognition tools are relied upon specifically for learning purposes. In this case, positive impacts have been identified in all the afore-mentioned fields.
Future Development
Indeed, voice recognition technology will definitely continue to experience various phases of development in the future. For instance, Japan is already using android projects while mirroring or facial expression are becoming common place in United States of America. The bigger picture is to synchronize machines with human bonds or emotions. Finally, we expect voice recognition technology to be embedded alongside facial expression and body language.
Additionally, empathy and emotion can also be emulated with some of the latest software developments in voice recognition. Currently, there are relentless attempts to differentiate voice emanating form computer machines with those of real human being in order to detect fraud.
There is future need to enhance this technology in order to address some of the problems while using it. Additionally, achievable development would require future research that is able to guarantee a program addressing these problems and limitations. The following chart explains how users have different opinions about vocal recognition technology.
Vocal recognition technology.
Report conclusion
In conclusion, it is imperative to note that voice recognition technology is a recent development in information technology and has been positively received in the market as one of the alternatives to quick production and dissemination of information in form of text messages. While there are myriad of problems associated with the use of this technology, it is profound to note that its innovation is a step in the right direction. As noted in the paper, some of the problems and disadvantages of voice recognition technology include noise pollution, less speed due to additional time needed for editing and preset accents that some users may not be familiar with, among others. On the other hand, this technology has been proved to be quite helpful in various domains such as in the military, learning institutions as well as industries.
Works Cited
Artman, Jason. The Disadvantages of Voice Recognition Software. 2011. Web.
Bowker, Lynne. Computer-aided Translation Technology: A practical Introduction. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2002.Print.
Khosrowpour, Mehdi. Annals of Cases on Information Technology. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing, 2002. Print.
Obermaisser, Roman. Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems. New York: IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, 2007.Print.
Police brutality is a problem that continues to affect many American citizens. The involvement of different stakeholders is an approach that has led to effective mitigation strategies. However, there are numerous forces that influence the nature and future of this predicament. This paper describes how technology continues to influence police brutality.
Technologies and Information Systems
Different technologies have revolutionized the way human beings and professionals pursue their aims. Within the criminal justice system, modern information systems have made it easier for the police to achieve their goals. However, different departments have failed to acquire and implement adequate technologies to educate different officers about the importance of ethical policing (Brown, 2014). This gap has led to the current problem of police brutality.
Mass media has developed within the past few decades due to emerging technological systems. Different inventions such as the Internet and platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have transformed the way information is shared. These developments have created a situation whereby more officers and individuals propagate prejudiced or biased ideas (Brown, 2014). The negative portrayal of Muslims and minorities in the country is something that promotes this malpractice. The inappropriate use of information systems to support misbehaviors such as discrimination based on gender, race, and religion has contributed to this problem.
Using Technology to Address the Problem
Modern technologies can be proposed to deal with this problem. To begin with, video recording is a technology that can be considered to capture cases of abuse and brutality. This move can ensure that culprits are identified and punished. Members of the public can view such videos in order to acknowledge the nature of this problem and implement superior campaigns to deal with it (Koper, Lum, & Willis, 2014). Cell phones can also be utilized to inform the relevant authorities about incidents that amount to police abuse. This practice can make it easier for more people to report similar malpractices.
Emerging technologies can be considered to install surveillance cameras in different locations and towns. This idea can ensure that any form of mistreatment is captured. When police officers are aware of this technology, they will act ethically and pursue their aims in a professional manner (Koper et al., 2014). Such initiatives can also present adequate evidence that can be used in court.
Koper et al. (2014) argue that a number of police officers might be victimized by an offense they did not commit. With these proposals in place, different authorities and agencies can make informed decisions and act accordingly. Modern platforms such as Facebook and Twitter can be used to inform and educate more people about the nature of police brutality. The model can target those who at risk of abuse and empower them to report any misconduct (Schulenberg, Chenier, Buffone, & Wojciechowski, 2015). Apps can also be launched to monitor or report every form of abuse instantly. These initiatives should also be funded by the government if positive results are to be realized.
Conclusion
This discussion has revealed that police brutality is a major problem that makes it impossible for many people to realize their potential. The failure to use different technologies to deal with this misbehavior is an issue that must be addressed immediately. Such information systems should be considered to monitor the practices of different police officers and empower citizens to report every malpractice. Such measures will deal with this challenge and make it easier for more individuals to achieve their potential.
References
Brown, A. (2014). Technology and police brutality. The Prindle Post. Web.
Koper, C. S., Lum, C., & Willis, J. J. (2014). Optimizing the use of technology in policing: Results and implications from a multi-site study of the social, organizational, and behavioural aspects of implementing police technologies. A Journal of Policy and Practice, 8(2), 212-221. Web.
Schulenberg, J. L., Chenier, A., Buffone, S., & Wojciechowski, C. (2015). An application of procedural justice to stakeholder perspectives: Examining police legitimacy and public trust in police complaints systems. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 27(7), 779-796. Web.
Information Technology (IT) Architecture refers to the high-level plan of an information system asset or software within an organization. The term also defines the specifications, guidelines, attributes, and models of an IT system or software. Developers and IT engineers construct these systems through a process known as systems engineering. Such systems have both non-functional and functional requirements. The functional attributes define the functions, structures, and behaviors of the IT systems (Wiegers, 2010). The non-functional requirements mainly examine the applicability or operational ability of the IT systems or software. Such requirements are critical because they determine the attributes, constraints, and qualities of each IT system.
Some examples of non-functional requirements include extensibility, maintainability, and portability. Extensibility is a critical concept because it plays a significant role in IT architecture. According to Wiegers (2010), extensibility refers to the ability to add or make new changes without necessarily altering the original program or system. This non-functional requirement is essential for any solid architecture so that it can successfully support different information systems. A solid IT architecture might not accommodate certain functions or changes if such requirements are unavailable. For instance, an organization might be required to widen its services without necessarily affecting its current performance. The attribute makes it easier to widen the services while using the same IT structure. As well, the end-users of the IT system might be required to create their own scripts or come up with user-defined fields.
Extensibility is an important concept because it can make an IT system useful. This quality of any IT architecture or system is critical because it can help an organization make new changes to its systems. As well, all IT architectures should have an adjustable database schema in order to accommodate any new changes. As well, the IT system should allow the user to do something known as Inversion of Control (IoC). The system should also allow third-party users and developers to leverage the system and use it in accordance with their needs and expectations (Withall, 2007).
Each non-functional attribute or requirement of an information system (IS) makes it easier for employees to use the software in an effective manner. For example, a good IT system should accommodate these non-functional requirements such as maintainability, security, scalability, extensibility, portability, and portability (Withall, 2007, p. 58). Software developers and companies can use their existing IT systems to make various changes. This is necessary for producing new software systems that can help companies realize their goals. This non-functional attribute helps companies use their IT systems effectively. According to Wiegers (2010), different companies in the communication industry can use their current IT systems to introduce new software for monitoring purposes. This will help the users locate callers and internet devices.
Many users might not need most of these non-functional attributes. However, such attributes are necessary because they make the software more effective and reliable. Some financial companies, such as banks, might purchase an IT system to record transactions and deposits. However, users can modify any software with the extensibility feature to record and display all the transactions in real-time (Wiegers, 2010). This example explains why companies should ensure their IT systems have these non-functional attributes. This discussion also encourages software and systems developers to consider such attributes in order to make them more reliable and effective.
Reference List
Wiegers, K. (2010). More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice. Washington DC: Microsoft Press. Web.
Withall, S. (2007). Software Requirement Patterns (Best Practices). Washington DC: Microsoft Press. Web.
From time to time it is essential that an organization adjusts its internal systems to cope with increased demand or to conform to pressures arising from competition. In such instances it is common to observe the introduction of information systems. Despite the numerous benefits associated with such systems there are often difficulties that need to be overcome to allow to maximum benefit and the realization of the complete functionality of the system within an organization (Beisse, 2009).
There is a good chance that the end user could end up causing serious problems in the course of undertaking their work. During implementation training is normally offered but there is a need to provide additional support to answer the questions that arise during day to day operations. For this reason it is common for organizations to put in place technology support teams. The work of such a team would be to provide answers that users may forget easily such as configuration data, high level troubleshooting and problem solving (Beisse, 2009).
User support is a major issue in many industries and it has been reported that the projected growth within the networking and computer support industry in the US is expected to reach 25% by 2020 (Beisse, 2009). In smaller organizations this is accomplished through a peer support approach. In this approach a sales representative with prior experience on computer systems can provide the service of support to colleagues. In larger organizations, the technical department can set up a help desk to receive calls from various departments to address the support issues.
Another approach is to enlist the services of some of the staff to form a part time support team (Beisse, 2009). These individuals can work on a rotational basis to ensure there is always help on hand to solve arising issues. Regardless of the approach the team performance is crucial to the success of the implemented system. It is for this reason that this report will consider crucial factors that are essential for the success of a technology support team.
Building an Effective Technology Support Team
Among the benefits that can be garnered from working in teams is the fact that through the combined skills and expertise of the group there can be improved efficiency and results. This is observed when analyzing other team activities such as pit-stop service crews, surgery staff, etc, where each individual actor plays their part efficiently to bring about the final result. In a well orchestrated team the operation is so smooth it is difficult to recognize the role of the team leader (Duke Corporate Education, 2005).
For this reason it becomes very essential that before beginning the selection of the team the organization outlines the goals it intends to achieve. For this reason the experience of team members may not be the most crucial factor. This is because team capability is not just about identification of capable individuals but involves bringing together the correct mix of people (Duke Corporate Education, 2005).
In line with this it is important that due consideration is given to the correct number of people to make up the team. A large team may not necessarily meet the goals as it is often harder to control than a smaller group. On the other hand too few may result in too much work and inadequate expertise to cope effectively with the tasks at hand. In the selection of team members it may be wiser to consider the nature of the project before making any decisions. An example is illustrated by the Volvo Co. in 2001 when designing a concept car mainly for women. The CEOs thought that since the ordinary teams are primarily composed of men they would be inadequate for such a project. This decision saw the selection of an all female team and the result saw the production of a very successful and feminine concept car (Duke Corporate Education, 2005).
Given that a team is a group of individuals working together it is essential to give consideration to the attitudes of the members of the unit. A common cause for disagreement within groups can be attributed to assigning of roles to team members that they are not comfortable playing. To help in choosing the right people for the right roles it has been observed that insight into the current role and future aspirations may be critical in this respect (Duke Corporate Education, 2005). The more opportunity the team provides to meet aspirations the more likely the member will be interested and committed to their role in the team. In this regard there is a common saying that there is no I in team. This can be taken to signify the absence of egocentric motives and personalities in a team. A personal agenda within the team is likely to cause friction. It is important to select individuals who possess a commitment to achieving group goals for success to be attained.
Another crucial aspect in building a technology support team is the provision of adequate resources to allow the achievement of established goals. It has been observed that technology can be used effectively to make work faster and more efficient. In a similar fashion, through the use of resources such as high speed internet access, additional telephone lines, video conferencing, etc., team efficiency can be enhanced (Duke Corporate Education, 2005).
In addition to this there may be a need to access information externally and this may require subscriptions and other payments to be made. Also some internal information may require the upgrading of information access for the team. All these when appropriately handled will play a major role in the team performance and production of results. As a result of this the team members morale is also expected to be higher and as such efficiency can be maintained.
In addition to the above points it has been noted that it is crucial to examine a variety of ways that can be used in making team members learn. In the case of a member that needs to learn technical skills the provision of classes is an option worth giving consideration. To become an effective member of group one needs to build confidence in their ability. This additional training in the case of technical skill will provide the member the much needed skills and a boost in confidence (Midura & Glover, 2005).
In addition to boosting confidence this action will equip the team member with knowledge that allows them to earn self esteem. In a team setting performance is crucial in earning self esteem and for this reason for every member to feel a part of the team it is crucial they have what is required to earn it in their respective roles (Midura & Glover, 2005). In contrast without appropriate tools in hand it is likely that team members will become disillusioned and loose motivation to be a part of the process.
Given that a team is an existing entity within the organization its performance is likely to exhibit dynamism. For this reason an effective technology support team will require a regular diagnostic operation to ensure that it is operating efficiently and to identify and solve existing problems in time (Quick, 1992). Just as with a machine a spare part can wear out and bring the whole system to a halt. Similarly in a team there is the possibility of encountering problems as a result of minor issues. A frequent meeting or questionnaire circulated among members can be essential in identification of potential problems (Quick, 1992). The faster problems can be identified and solved the more likely the team will continue operating as desired.
Although the above are not the only things to consider when forming a technology support team they were reported among the most common factors to consider. In a team based operation it has been reported on many occasions that the development of a strong foundation is crucial for success (Maddux & Wingfield, 2003). In this regard it becomes very important to take adequate time to plan and give consideration to all important factors. When a team based activity is well planned more often than not the results will reflect the desired outcomes.
References
Beisse, F. (2009). A Guide to Computer User Support for Help Desk and Support Specialists. Boston: Course Technology Cengage Learning.
Duke Corporate Education. (2005). Building Effective Teams: Learning from the Center. Chicago: Dearborn Trade Publishing.
Maddux, R. B., & Wingfield, B. (2003). Team Building: An Exercise in Leadership. USA: Crisp Publications Inc.
Midura, D. W., & Glover, D. R. (2005). Essentials of Team Building: Principles and Practices. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Quick, T. L. (1992). Successful Team Building. New York: Amacom.
The popular culture of Japan is known to reflect the issues of the current period as well as creating a linkage to the issues that happened in the past. For instance, some of its cultures like videos, television series, comics, and songs are originated from their past themes and styles. Their culture does not only create entertainment to the people, but it is also a source of education to create solutions of their challenges that they face on daily basis (Wittner, 2007).
The government of Japan is considered to be a constitutional kingdom, although some of the Japanese scholars have been defining Japan as a republic. The parliament of Japan consists of two systems such as, Kokkai and Diet. From the beginning, Japan consists of a royal family with an emperor acting as the head, but the rules in the current constitution removed all the powers of the emperor. All ministry heads are members of the Diet together with the prime minister.
The prime minister has the power to hire or fire ministers without consulting the president. There are two administrative systems of legislature in this country as follows, representatives and councilors houses with a life span of four and six years respectively. The entire elective houses practice secret ballot during their elections, to ensure the elections are free and fair (Kalman, 2008).
The 1947 constitution of Japan states clearly about its religion being full of freedom. The government of Japan does not favor any religion. There is no religious group allowed by the constitution to take the responsibilities of the political authority. The government of japan has been trying to separate the religion from the state, an exercise which has proofed to be challenging. The constitution declares that different religious groups should respect the views and opinions of their counter parts.
In the past, the views of scientific fields were combined with those of religious groups whereby, any of them could perform rituals (Wittner, 2007). Later, these two were separated having the religious groups being used only by the administration for political reasons. The Japan government had requested citizens to join Buddhists as a way of having social control. The major challenge of the Japanese religion is to separate it from the state activities, especially after considering the vague responsibilities of the empire.
Japans economy is considered to be second best after that of United States. Its economy is highly boosted by the international trade. On the other hand, its productivity in Agriculture is below average, although it receives assistance from the well doing sectors. From 1961 to 1981 the Japanese economy was marked as the highest, although it drastically flopped in the early 1990s. Japan uses the income from its technological industries to boost the agricultural sectors, through buying raw materials that are not readily available in the country (Klemens, 2010).
The countrys system of education is segmented into four subdivisions namely, primary school, middle school, high school, and university; 6-3-3-4 respectively (Kalman, 2008). In the year 2005, the government tried to make some efforts of emerging the middle school and the high school to utilize the resources fully. Japanese school calendar year commences in April until March of the preceding year, and its marked by three terms and a holiday after every term. Both the middle school education and that of elementary school is compulsory.
Japan is a high tech nation because after the Second World War, the United States prohibited it from investing in militaries. On the other hand, Japan decided to invest much of their resources in science and technology. This has made Japan to be the second largest in technology after United States in the world. Japan has an advanced cell phone technology (Polishuk, 2007). Cell phones were first used in Japan in early 1950s. Throughout the history of Japan, cell phones have been referred to as keitai meaning mobile. From the beginning of the mobile phones usage, to date their core purpose is to provide users with a reliable social links. The mobile phones feature that has changed over time is the size.
Through the assistance of mobile industry in Japan, banking systems have become more efficient through online banking, and electronically cash transactions. The mobile industry has boosted the banking industry of Japan a great deal through both domestic and international transactions (Klemens, 2010). The Japan population has benefitted from the mobile industry through employment creation both directly and indirectly. That is the reason why Japan is among the nations with high employment levels, where the youth are actively involved in jobs provided by this industry that include mobile repairs and phone selling among others.
The mobile industry has led to the modernized infrastructure in Japan which has stimulated the overall economic development of the country. The telecommunication networks which are the co-host of mobile industry have expanded a lot hence promoting growth of services to the nation as a whole. The level of security in Japan has been improved through mobile industry due to the availability of quick communication through mobile phones. Moreover, recording of conversations from a central communication centre has made it easier for the security team in coordination with mobile service providers to track criminals (Klemens, 2010).
The mobile technology in Japan is considered to fuel the engine for growth through cell phone internet where the citizens have more fast and appropriate access to information. This has made it convenience for people to get knowledge on different issues relating to there fields.The well informed society of Japan is considered to be more powerful in terms of skills which acts as a pre-requisite of economic growth (Kalman, 2008). Mobile phones are considered to save lives during emergencies, for example, during the recent earth quake in Japan the gadgets provided quick notifications which made response crews to act immediately and save those who were within reach.
Mobile phones in Japan are fitted with videos and sports clips where various online shops have been put in place to cater for this increasing market. This provides leisure to the Japanese as well revenue used to boost economy. In the contrary, mobile phone have been found to affect Japan negatively through road accidents which result when people drive while using there mobiles especially for communication (Wittner, 2007). This results to loss of life or body injuries where the government of Japan spends it revenue for medication. From this, the Japan insurance industry has suffered greatly from the high compensations of damaged motor vehicles as well as to those with life policy or other medical covers. The radiation from cell phones has also some negative impact to the human beings as it affects their healthy. This type of radiation has been proofed to cause cancerous cells.
Reference list
Kalman, B. (2008). Japan the Culture. New York: Crabtree Publishing Cmpany.
Klemens, G. (2010). The Cell phone: the History and Technology of the Gadget That Changed the World. Tokyo: McFarland.
Polishuk, P. (2007). Japan telecom. Tokyo: Information Gatekeepers Inc.
Wittner, D. (2007). Technology and the Culture of Progress in Meiji Japan. New York: Routledge.
