Category: Tech & Engineering

The study under analysis called Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web-Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury explores sociodemographic factors concerning completion of a follow-up survey through online communications and by telephone to define health status and health quality (Rivara et al., 2011).

According to the results, information received solely from the World Wide Web provides biases and ambiguities, which means that data should be collected by various means to increase its reliability and validity.

It is important for a research to be ethically approved which means that all researchers should have the permission for conducting different observations and surveys (Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2011). Most importantly, the participants should also be informed whether the interview responses will be anonymous or not. In the given study, the researchers have mentioned that all the procedures were controlled by the human subject committees.

Hence, parents and children were contacted by a telephone call to inform about their admittance to a survey. However, one point of the research seems to be ethically wrong because parents and children were given monetary rewards for taking part into a survey, which means that researcher intended to get an easy access to results. However, the survey results have turned out to be objective.

Overall, the course of research has been presented in a consistent way. The scholars have successfully presented all the procedures and results. Their findings are based on objective data received from the identified sources. The statistical data has also been processed accordingly. The initial information and justification of the research has also been sufficiently presented. Overall, the hypothesis and accompanied evidence relate to the discussed topic. The research conforms to the highest ethical and academic standards.

1^st Interactive Response

Conny, your article analysis is quite exhaustive. You have successfully managed to define the basic hypothesis, as well as the one that has been rejected. The main idea of the article has also been defined. Further, ethical considerations are sufficiently exposed and many references have been made to valid resources to support your analysis. However, excess of direct quotes does not provide an impression of understanding the actual topic of the article. Next time, be more analytical and render the ideas in your own word to make sure that you are aware of the importance of the article.

2^nd Interactive Response

Cherry, the chosen article provides an insight into important cultural and economic aspects. You have managed to provide an in-depth analysis of presented issues. The displayed results revealed a number of pitfalls concerning the quality of the conducted interviews. Specifically, understanding employed environment as well as employees’ needs, is essential for strengthening a favorable retention policy within an organization.

Due to the study of many dimensions of the workplace, it is possible to track the areas that need improvement and the ones that can be enhanced to increase productivity levels and employee’s performance. Finally, the results have provided a fresh insight into the importance of presenting statistical data for making decisions.

References

Purdue Online Writing Lab (2011) Ethical Considerations in Primary Research. Purdue. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html

Rivara, F. P., Koepsell, T. D., Wang, J., et al. (2011, June) Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web-Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury. Health Services Research. 46(3), 964-981.

Introduction

Management of Information Systems (MIS) is sometimes regarded as Information Management and Systems is the research which plasters the appliance of people, techniques, and processes — cooperatively called information systems — for the aims of resolving commercial matters. Management Information Systems are different from regular Data systems in that they are applied to investigate other Data systems used in operational performances in the companies.

Rationally, the definition is generally applied to refer to the collection of Data administrational processes connected to the mechanization or maintenance of human conclusion taking, e.g., Decision Maintenance Systems, Expert Schemes, and Executive Data Schemes.

‘MIS’ is a considered scheme of gathering, keeping, and distributing information in the form of information required carrying out the roles of administration.

The terms of MIS and IS are often puzzled for some particular companies, and often appear to be individual. Information systems involve schemes that are not meant for decision-making. MIS is sometimes regarded in a restraining intelligence, as data expertise administration. It is necessary to mention that MIS has also some dissimilarities with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as ERP incorporates elements that are not necessarily focused on decision support. Relating to the Beak Bar, the following statement should be applied: Beak Bar is one of the companies that need system management principles to be elaborated. These principles, surely, would be individual, but the essence is single for all the MIS principles.

The Management Information Systems (MIS), or Information Systems (IS), discipline is researched by the whole community of researchers concerned in the enhancement, application, and collision of data techniques in widely classified communal and managerial settings. Consumer approaches, acuities, taking, and application of IT have been long-placing matters and include a key subject of MIS explore since the early days in IT science.

These matters go on engaging a major section of researches in the MIS writing, and they satisfactorily balance numerous theoretically directed research aims to concentrate primarily on the planning stage of technologies. Jointly, the design and application/contact importance of studies has grown essentially in the past and have superior our realization of human interaction with techniques in an essential approach

Purposes

The Purpose and Scope of MIS Management Information Systems for Beak Bar Company can be classified as ‘The amalgamation of human and computer grounded supplies that consequences in the compilation, storeroom, recovery, contacts, and use of information for the goals of competent organization of processes and commerce preparation. Management Information Systems are chiefly anxious with the distributing of data (both interior and exterior) to directorial affiliates from the ordinary employees to the administration.

MIS aims to help the flat running of the dealing by offering information on the companies data (such as accounting calculations and data) staff from dissimilar stages will then estimate this data so that conclusions can be taken to guarantee that the business stays competitive and flourishing. MIS for the Beak Bar is necessary to be created to maintain the entire variety of business’s direction and regulatory actions and can be regarded in all parts of the world and all types of companies, in all spheres of services.

Document and record control is usually noted to be the most critical component of any data arrangement. Some instances of kinds of data supported in these schemes would be accounting, economic, industrial, marketing, and human resources. An information system can also serve as a library. For the Bead bar, it may be the library with all the necessary literature for the customers to use as the manual. For management, the database with customers and productions may be arranged. When correctly gathered, arranged, and classified according to the prerequisites of the association, its held information becomes available to those who require the data.

The position and recovery of recorded information can be a straight and rational procedure if alert development is used throughout the design of the system. The creation of a sketch of how the data should be arranged and classified can be a very important instrument during the blueprint stage of a system. A dangerous attribute of any data system should be the capability to not just contact and retrieve data, but also to keep the recorded data as present as probable.

Tasks

The unique computerized data systems should be based on main principles (mainframes). “Mainframe” is a term initially linking to the cabinet enclosing the central processor component of a room-filling computer. But about the data systems “mainframe” definition is used to describe the technical side of the system design. The term carries the nuance of a machine created for consignment quite than interactive use, while probably with an interactive time-sharing working structure retrofitted for it.

It has been conservative understanding in most of the commerce population since the late 1980s that the key creational practice is fundamentally departed, having been infested by huge advances in included circuit design tools and low-cost individual computing.

Essentially, there are two elements of the task that are worth mentioning. First, the task is one of those perceptions that are intrinsically clear, thus most researchers usually do not feel the necessity to provide proper descriptions in research.

For conversation aims, it is necessary to classify tasks grounded on the following notion: Task is a typically allocated part of business activity to be completed within a certain time. Its synonyms involve responsibility, profession, task, time, obligation, chare, and devoir. Among the gathered editorials, few types of research give official meanings for chores. Some papers define tasks grounded on their precise features, such as intellective against favorite assignment, near-transport versus the far-transport assignment, analyzable versus less-analyzable tasks, well-planned versus ill-planned assignments.

Steps

The design of an information system for Beak Bar may be grounded on different components. Cost is a major deliberation, but there surely are others to be taken into account, such as the numeral of customers; the modularity of the classification, or the ease with which new constituents can be incorporated into the structure, and the ease with which outmoded or failed elements can be returned; the number of data to be practiced; the kind of data to be processed; the computing control necessary to convene the dissimilar necessities of the company; the expected practical life of the structure and its elements; the simplicity of use for the people who will be using the system; and the necessities and compatibility of the software that would be installed in the system.

There are dissimilar ways to create a data structure, grounded upon arranging conditions, both in the functional component and the economical meaning. Surely, the company requires taking into account that hardware that is attained and collected into a system will turn redundant rather rapidly. It is approximately obvious that the techniques applied in data structures progressively augment authority and adaptability on a rapid time scale. Probably the most complex stage of creating a data system from a hardware position is spanning the line connecting “too much” and “not enough” while remaining an eye on the necessities that the outlook may oblige.

Pertaining prudence when intending a system can transport considerable payments in the potential when system elements are easy to revamp, restore, eliminate, or modernize without stopping the activity of the whole information system, which may result in crucial outcomes. When an information system is delivered unreachable or broken, the system is regarded to be “down.”

A principal purpose of supporting a data structure is to reduce downtime, or optimistically, to eliminate downtime in general. The price composed by a sector, capability, arrangement, or personnel being unoccupied by a broken system can become staggering in a short amount of time. The problem to consumers can cost the solid even more if sales are lost as an outcome, moreover to any additional prices the purchasers might acquire.

Another fundamental reflection viewing the intend and formation of an information system is to decide which users have access to which data. The system should be regulated to grant admission to the dissimilar parts of data and information by offering user-level authorizations for admission. A widespread technique of managing system admittance rights is to make exclusive outlines for each user, with suitable user-level consents that supply proper permissions.

Personal secret codes should be applied to define each consumer and their level of admission privileges, as well as recognize the tasks executed by each consumer. Data regarding the presentation of any customer unit, whether personal, departmental, or corporation can also be gathered, gauged, and charged through the user discovery procedure.

The MIS principles and regulations usually effort to provide a way of dividing any computer network into autonomous units from the lowest (physical/hardware) stage to the highest (application/program) one.

An essential feature of managing data structures is supporting statements among the IS staff, who have a scientific standpoint on circumstances, and the system consumers, who typically communicate their apprehensions or requirements in more mundane language. Getting the two parts to discuss the language blockades can be complex, but the burden of paraphrase should fall upon the IS staff. A little tolerance and realization can go a long way toward evading aggravation on the part of both parties.

Administrators should take into account the subsequent recommendation to obtain the most out of an information system:

• Use the obtainable hardware and software means to maintain commerce. If the data system does not maintain superiority and efficiency, then it is displaced.
• Use the obtainable technologies to make and assist the flow of contact within the company and, if practical, external of it as well. Association and elasticity are the key improvements suggested for all complicated parties. Make the most of those improvements.
• Decide if as in the spheres of order assignment, consignment following, order accomplishment, market predictions, just-in-time supply, or ordinary catalog. If the company can expand any sort of improvement by the use of its information system, it should be used.
• Use the quantification prospects offered by the data scheme to gauge, examine, and aim the recitals of a person, branch, section, or entire organization.

Conclusion

There is more to maintaining a data structure than applying scientific skills to hardware or software. Information Systems specialists have to viaduct the gap among technical matters and sensibleness for the consumers. The information system should also have a central matter that meanings to provide data, support, and overhauls to the consumers of the structure. These services will generally include phone and electronic mail “help desk” type repairs for consumers, as well as the straight link between the consumers and IS specialists.

References

Caldelli, A., and M.L. Parmigiani. “Management Information System: A Tool for Corporate Sustainability.” Journal of Business Ethics 55, no.2 (2004): 159–171.

Goodhue, D. (2005). Task Technology Fit: A Critical (But Often Missing!) Construct in Models of Information Systems and Performance. In D. Galletta (ed.), Human-Computer Interaction and Management Information Systems: Foundations. M.E. Sharpe.

Leitheiser, R. L., & March, S. T. (1996). The influence of database structure representation on database system learning and use. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4), 187 -214.

Lucas, H. C. (1975). Performance and the Use of an Information System. Management Science, 21(8), 908-919.

Abstract

As media evolved, it gave a life to the words inscribed in black and white. Today, although more people read as literacy is increasingly at an expeditiously great rate, they prefer different electronic media over books which are simply filled with text. Besides, the electronic text is more conveniently revised. Books with pictorial illustrations and colors are still, comparatively, a pleasure reading. No matter how expressive the plain words are, the power of linguistic signs, gestures, tone of voice and the body language cannot be denied. These make it easier for the mind to absorb, understand and even feel the underlined meaning the words convey. However, critics argue that technology is constrained by circumstances and eras whereas the books and the written word lives forever.

The Nature of Inscription and Its Place in Our Current Electronic Life

Suppose that, instead of displaying the Stars and Stripes, we were to write the words “American flag” across a piece of cloth and to display that. While the symbols would convey the same meaning, the effect would be quite different. (McLuhan, 89).

Introduction

Just as the conversion of colors into words would be to take away the intangible attributes and values associated with the flag, the translation of imagery, sound and gestures into prose would, probably, be deprivation of related emotions and feelings. Today, even bear facts stated in black and white are supported by pictures, images, graphs or charts and other pictorial representations such as in newspapers. These are not just to attract the attention of the reader and keep his interest alive; they also assist in better comprehensive of the text and help in recall. Electronic media has brought about a revolutionary change in the method of inscription in the modern era. One of the main benefits, other than the use of special image and sound effects, is that text can be revised and updated as and when needed without having to reprint repeatedly.

Impact and Interpretation of Words

It is considered common knowledge that the same words, either when spoken or written, should convey identical meaning. However, this is not always true. The way those words are inscribed is the real determinant of how they are construed. The use of different fonts and imagery in case of written text and the usage of different phonetics, sound effects and signs in case of verbal prose actually have a great impact on how the message is received by the recipient. Emile Benveniste discusses the theory of Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, concerning the use of words and language. The premise on which Saussure built his philosophy was that language is composed of signs which connect with the worldly entities. Benveniste explains the relevant terms of the theory, “signified” and the “signifier”.

One calls sign ‘the total resultant of the association of a signifier [=sound image] and what is signified [=concept]’ (Benveniste, 43).

The signifier is either the words we read on paper or the words that we hear. The signified is the “concept” or the idea which evokes when the words are interpreted in the mind. The main conjecture is that the relationship between the signifier and the signified is “arbitrary” and is influenced by circumstances and knowledge.

This characteristic ought then to explain the very fact by which it is verified: namely, that expressions of a given notion vary in time and space and in consequence have no necessary relationship with it (Benveniste, 43).

Along with the way the words are inscribed, the situation in which they are read or spoken, and the contemporary knowledge and conventional wisdom all play a crucial role in comprehension of the message by the recipient. These external factors influence the way a message is decoded and interpreted. Nonetheless, the inscription is of primary importance as the basic gist or the essence of the meaning of the words remains essentially the same. It is the degree of reception and the values associated with it which differ according to circumstances.

Argument in Favor of Books

Kittler negates the philosophies of media theorists including McLuhan who claim that the printed material has “simply played out”. Instead, he defends his disagreement with others by stating that the book has aided the spread and improvement of visual and audio effects and pictorial illustrations.

This power, which is probably the basis of all Europe’s power, accrued to the book not because of its printed words alone, but rather because of a union of media that, with technical precision, joined these words with technical images. (Kittler 39)

He argues that had it not been for the printed text, the ideas of graphical illustrations and pictures would have not come about. In fact, these images are developed by keeping the words in mind. He maintains that many theorists assert that pictures and images give a two-dimensional view and thereby, help in better understanding of the words. However, he disapproves of this belief of theirs.

… the books used most often – Bible, once upon a time, and today more likely the telephone book – are certainly not read in a linear manner. (Kittler 39)

… the page of a book has been two-dimensional since the Scholasticism of the twelfth century… Each paragraph and section, footnote and title plays across a surface whose two-dimensionality is no different from that of an image (Kittler, 39).

It can be said that Kittler is refutes the conventional wisdom that a picture is worth a thousand words. He believes that an image not explained in words does not have the same impact as would a picture supported by words. He elaborates that the layout of the text and use of different writing styles also perform the purpose of imagery.

Conclusion

Supporters say that printed and electronic material aided by pictorial illustrations, or audio and visual effects helps enhance understanding interpretation and recall. The success of a movies being made today not only attributable to the dialogues or the songs do not just rely on the lyrics. The special effects, music and the acting are all equally important. Nonetheless, critics argue that it is the books which have assisted the use of and development of technology.

Works Cited

McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding the Media: The Extensions of Man. Canada: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 1964.

Kittler, Friedrichn Adolf. “Perspective and the Book”. Grey Room 5 (2001): 38-53.

Emile, Benveniste. The Nature of Linguistic Sign. Denmark: Copenhagen, 1939.

Our new system is certainly the solution to all your entertainment needs. If you have been looking for a stylish way of enjoying yourself, you have just made the right choice by purchasing our new, stylish high power DVD meant for multi-purpose entertainment use. This Stylish High Power DVD System comes with a combination of a DivX® Ultra Playback, Bluetooth options and a ready Progressive Scan, among various other exclusive features.

Product Description

GMR OX8SW 200W DVD and CD Micro Component unit is made into special features which are certain to make a difference in your entertainment options (Fenner 12). Among other significant components, the system features Bluetooth options, Progressive system scan, DivX® ultra system play back and a three-USB input host bearing music and sound recording adjustment. All these wonderful features makes the system an exceptional choice for lovers of entertainment.

Other exciting features of GMR OX8SW 200W DVD and CD Micro Component unit include a 4×45 high power Amplifier, double cassette decks and a 50-station memory FM/AM Tuner. The unit’s sound system includes a 9mode Sound field control, Dolby Digital Decoder, MP3 Expander and a Bass X-Boom.

Incase the 3 USB ports were not enough for your entertainment needs, you can always find happiness in our additional terminal extensions which include a Component Video Out, a Composite Video Out, AUX in, headphone input plus a two-way Karaoke microphone input system. Another outstanding feature coming with our new system is its ‘Photo Viewing’ option which enables easy viewing of images through a mini LCD screen which presents itself at the press of a button.

High Power Subwoofer and USB Direct Recording function are other exclusive pack of our High-power DVD micro system. The High Power Subwoofer will always have you daring to move closer to the beat and the vibration mode is enough to turn your house into a club.

The USB direct recording feature makes it easy for you to record music and other audio. This convenience ensures that you are closer to your favorite stuff all the time. On top of the DVD changer, movie fans can enjoy themselves to the fullest in the services of this stylish unit. USB memory devices can be plugged into the system for easy playback of video files of any format including the ones captured using the phone (Yagi 128).

GMR OX8SW 200W DVD and CD Micro Component unit has proved to be user-friendly in all ways. The unit’s well-defined labels make it easy for anyone to operate. This excellent micro music system also comes with a remote control unit which enables users to operate the system right from the comfort of their seats.

The system is less bulky and it would fit well on top of your shelf right above your television set. Both FM and AM antennas are provided to maximize your entertainment needs. More importantly, the system also comes with an outlet for connection to a Television or computer, a feature that enables the unit to function like a typical DVD player. The system’s compatibility nature with various other electronic equipment and devices makes it a multi-purpose unit which is likely to find use in various environments.

To enjoy the exclusive services of this product, users should always follow the right channels of operation and handling of the system. Power connections and other connectivity to the unit should be done in the right manner, to avoid damage of the device. Overloading the unit with numerous activities at the same time should not be encouraged, for this can result to system’s failure.

The unit comes with a two-year warranty guarantee that gives our users an opportunity to enjoy exclusive after-sales services on our products. Incase of any mechanical problems, you should never hesitate seeking the services of our competent experts who are ever ready to serve you at fair desirable costs. Our company recognizes the value of your money, that’s why we are dedicated to giving the best of our quality products and services. Enjoy the best of our Products!

Works Cited

Fenner, Kennedy. Entertainment micro system. New York: Google Patents, 2008. Print.

Yagi, Thomas. “High-power high-efficiency 660-nm laser diodes for DVD-R/RW.” Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 9. 5 (2003): 126-130. Print.

Thesis Statement

Linux Operating system has rescued small business owners and consumers from exploitative tendencies from manufacturers of operating systems. Its capabilities has changed the world of computers especially on how small business will reduce the hidden computer maintenance costs that affect business performance.

Introduction

Linux is an “Operating System” which facilitates applications and helps operators to access programs so that they can execute preferred operations. The OS sends out information from an application to the central processing unit. The CPU executes instructions, which sends outcomes to the application through the OS (Stallings; 2008).

Linux operating system has developed into a computing force that creates change in cellular phones, Stock Exchange in NY, customer devices and super-computers. Linux operating system was initially used as a server operating system on wristwatches and super-computers. The Linux establishment is setting up federal databases that will create a list of all available Linux products and store the devices that initiated Linux electronics.

How Linux has made lives better

Linux has made life better in a number of ways. The first one is that it is an open source software, which means that it is free. Users of Linux therefore do not incur any cost as they download the operating system from the internet.

This has lowered the competitors prices on Operating System, as they were very expensive before the introduction of Linux. This has made it possible for many people to have their own personal computers as they can buy the hardware and get the Operating System free of charge, which was not the case before Linux introduced its open source software (Stallings, 2008).

The advanced technology and integration of technological innovations into one product or system has made many electronic devices become obsolete especially computers. This is because as computers advance in age their processing speed becomes slower or they usually clutter with many files that make the computer crash or lower its performance.

The case with Linux is different because it is capable of operating in a computer with very slow processing speed. This has led to reduction in electronic waste from computers as it is easier to install them with Linux and they can work as long as the user wants to use them (Egan, 2000).

Linux operating system has made life better for consumers because no one is forcing them to upgrade their software and hardware by Operating systems. The users of Windows operating system, which upgrades their systems regularly, force them to incur unexpected costs. For Linux, the user only upgrades the hardware or software at will as the system is compatible with all types of hardware and incase there is a newer version, the users of Linux are in a position to download it free of charge.

Consumer products based on Linux

Linux is free software and manufacturers of consumer products are now using Linux to reduce manufacturing expenses. Some of the consumer products include audiovisual entertainment devices such as the Philips Pronto, which is a home theater system with light control systems. The Digital Dream box radio and television decoder with satellite capabilities is another example of use of Linux in electronic products (Stallings, 2009).

Linux has made life better through the introduction of cellular phones, which use Linux operating system. The Nokia N900 is one of the phones, which run on Linux operating system. Samsung Galaxy among other phones are some of the examples of Linux application that have been embedded in cellular phones thus giving the user the ability to edit documents using phones, among other capabilities (Bovet, 2006).

How Linux has promoted small businesses

The first and the major way in which Linux has benefited the small business owners regard lowering their costs. Linux is free software that is available to all people. The small business owners who are involved in lowering costs are welcome to use this software.

With Microsoft Operating system, the policy for buying operating system for a business requires that, someone buy each computer in the business with its own operating system. However, it is a different case with Linux as the Operating System is usually free of charge and incase one buys it on a diskette there is no obligation to buy diskettes for each computer in the business (Egan, 2000).

Small business owners benefit from the development of Linux operating system that incorporates software such as Ubuntu operating system, which is becoming popular. The computers using Linux are safe from malware, which usually affects computers using windows operating system.

This operating system helps in wiping out worms, viruses and other problems found in computers. Even though it is possible to acquire these viruses even with the use of Linux, (malware is mostly written-for Windows), its system architecture, based on a server-consumer relationship can make it intricate for a virus to cause any damage (Stallings, 2008).

The small business owners who use Linux benefit from increased efficiency, as there is no waste of time waiting for processing of documents. When Windows are used for long and store many different programs, the desktop or laptop computer usually is filled with trash information and as a result, it becomes slower.

This affects the efficiency and increases the cost of doing business. However, with Linux this is not a challenge because the Operating system is very fast even on a computer whose hardware has a processing speed of 256 MB. The system does not have many multi programs or additional programs, which exist in Microsoft to make it slower.

Linux operating system is easier to use compared to Windows and terminal use is not essential in most cases. What can be easier than creating a package manager, picking the software of your choice, and allowing Linux OS to download it? Linux has the ability to support more devices compared to Vista (Haldar, 2009).

The small businesses benefit from this feature of Linux in that they manage to save a lot of money used in training staff on how software operate. This training is not necessary when dealing with Linux as the staff can learn to use it within a short period. Online free tutorials for Linux are also available for anyone interested in learning how to use it.

Linux has enabled the small business owners to save the costs of upgrading their hardware and software, which is very common in other operating systems. This is because Linux Operating System is very fast even when installed in old computers (Stallings, 2008). Linux operating system has readily available customer support systems to assist the business owners in case of a problem.

Conclusion

Linux has indeed changed the world of small business owners who have embraced it. Much software is increasingly becoming free leading to the end of monopolization of modern of technology by capitalists. The use of Linux will be as popular as the use of internet all over the world in future.

References

Bovet, D. (2006).Understanding the Linux Kernel. New York: O’Reilly Media Inc.

Egan, D. (2000). DBA’s guide to databases on Linux. New York: Elsevier.

Haldar, S. (2009).Operating systems. New York: Pearson Education India.

Stallings, W. (2008).Operating systems: Internals and design principles. New York: Prentice Hall.

Project Charter

Business Case

The popularity of air transport is increasing by the day in today’s world. Many aviation companies have emerged to offer both private and public flight services. Public air transport involves carrying a large number of passengers using one aircraft. Large airports have also come up to cater for the rising demand in the industry. Many companies have invested in this industry to take advantage of the increasing opportunities in the market. The development has seen the manufacture of large capacity planes and the introduction of new routes over the years.

The rising number of passengers has necessitated the development of a new and more efficient boarding system. Aviation regulatory bodies require information about passengers, such as seat number, travel class, and gate, to be clearly indicated in the boarding ticket. The process is time consuming and involves a lot of paperwork, impacting negatively on the profitability of the airlines. The use of papers during the boarding process also creates room for errors. The shortcomings stated above can be dealt with by developing a new system that uses wrist watches fitted with chips. The watches provide information concerning the boarding gate to be used by the passenger, their seat number, as well as the class that they are travelling in. The information provided is based on the colour of the watch. The device is important in monitoring the movements made by the customer. The chip provides the location of the owner at a given time.

Scope and Overview of the Project

Main activities

The project involves addressing the boarding needs of passengers. Information required during the boarding process will be taken into consideration. The project will analyse a real life situation in an international airport. The model airplane will be fully occupied to provide an ideal environment for investigations. Flight attendants and cabin crew (including pilots) will be accounted for.

Primary deliverables

• Organising flights through collaborations with airlines and customers scheduled to board the aircraft. Partnering airlines will be identified to help in the implementation of the project.
• Collecting information about the passengers waiting to board the plane. The aim of this process is to collect such data as the name of the customer and their preferred travel class. The data will be used in reviewing the success of the project.
• Dividing the passengers into travel classes. The reason behind this is to ease the process of issuing the wrist watches. The colour of the device varies with the travelling class.
• Determining the capacity of each of the classes. The reason is that the classes generate varying revenues for the airline. As such, it is important to keep track of the income made from each of them.
• Issuing the wrist watches at the beginning of the boarding process. The chips in the watches will be matched to the seating position and the boarding gate. The move will help to monitor the passengers and regulate the whole boarding process.

Project Objectives

The proposed project has a number of objectives. For example, it aims at coming up with a new boarding system that is more efficient than the current paper model. The project also intends to reduce the costs incurred during the boarding process. The current system is expensive given that a lot of resources are required. The resources used include scanners, printers, and a large number of employees needed to manually verify the documents. In addition, a lot of time is needed to process the passengers through the boarding gates. The current system is also characterised by extensive filing activities. Filing is needed to deal with the large volume of paper work generated during the boarding system. A small number of workers will be required to implement the proposed boarding process.

The wrist watches are durable and can be used for a long time. As such, the partnering airlines will not be required to purchase the devices on a regular basis. The watches can be used more than once. The project also aims at saving the time spent during the boarding process. Saving time will be beneficial to the company and to the customer. For example, the airlines will be able to handle more clients, while the travellers will reduce the amount of time spent in airports.

Project Exclusions

The project is limited to air transport. Other forms of transport, such as rail and sea, will not be part of this undertaking. In addition, only the wrist watches fitted with chips will be used for boarding purposes. The passengers are not required to produce any form of documentation to transit through the airport. The watch will provide all the information needed by the airlines to keep track of the passengers. For example, the device will indicate the seat number, the gate to be used during boarding, and the class boarded. However, it is important to note that the device does not entitle the customer to any special treatment during the flight. What this means is that all passengers will be treated the same way they would have been handled in the absence of the new system. The measure is very important in reviewing the success of the project.

To this end, the positive attributes noted during the monitoring and review process will be solely associated with the project and not with other changes made by the airline. It is also important to note at this juncture that the use of the wrist watch is limited. For example, the device will not be used for other proposes apart from boarding. As such, the passengers are required to return the watches to the airline after the flight. The device is also to be used for a single trip. What this means is that passengers who need to connect flights will use a different watch to board the new plane. It should be worn on the wrist during the flight. Customers will be discouraged from putting it in their luggage or in other locations where the flight attendants may not see it. All passengers must be wearing the device for easy identification and monitoring throughout the journey.

Milestone Schedule and Acceptance Criteria

Acceptance Criteria

• The project will attract enough customers. It is noted that the test flights should be at least 75 percent full.
• The cost of the new boarding system will be lower than that of the current arrangement. If the expenses incurred in the new system are the same as those associated with the current model, then the significance of the project will be watered down. The same applies when the costs are higher than the prevailing ones.
• The watches will be ready prior to the flight.

Milestone Schedules

• Preparation of the watches and fitting them with chips.
• Training staff on how to match the devices to seat number, gate used, and travel class. The crew and flight attendants are crucial to the success of this program.
• Booking of the aircraft to capacity. As already indicated, a capacity of 75 percent is needed. If this is not achieved, it will be hard to determine the viability of the project.
• Scheduling the flight.
• Issuing the watches to the passengers at the start of the flight. In addition, the devices should be retrieved from the customers at the end of the journey.

Due Dates

• Watches should be ready at least a month before they can be used in commercial flights.
• Staff training should take place at least two weeks prior to the launch of the project.
• The aircraft should be fully booked a day before the flight.
• The flight should be scheduled as soon as the aircraft is booked to capacity.
• The watches should be issued to the passengers only at the beginning of the boarding process.

Risks

The project is likely to encounter the following risks:

• Technological problems, especially when fitting the watches with the chips. The risk will be managed by contracting the services of reputable firms that have previously dealt with similar technology.
• Insufficient number of passengers to meet the required threshold. The problem may lead to the cancellation of the flight. The profitability of the airline will also be reduced. The risk will be managed by ensuring that sufficient time is provided for booking.
• Last minute cancellations by passengers. The risk would impact heavily on the airline’s profit margins. The risk will be dealt with by requesting down payments upon booking the flight.
• Damage to the watches and the chips. As a result, the cost of implementing the project will rise. The risk can be handled by purchasing durable devices and installing protective casings, such as rubber and plastic.
• Technological failure in the chip monitoring system. The usefulness of the chip in showing the location of the holder will be compromised. The chips can also get lost easily. The risk can be addressed by ensuring that the network used is secure and inaccessible to unauthorised parties.

Stakeholders

List of Stakeholders

• Project sponsor
• Project manager
• Project team
• Passengers
• Airline
• Competitors (other airlines in the aviation industry)

Stakeholders’ Concerns

• The sponsor is mainly concerned with the success of the project in easing the boarding process and cutting on operational costs.
• The managers are concerned with the time schedules, planning and coordination, guiding the team, and budgeting for the available resources to enhance accountability.
• The project team is interested with achieving the project objectives and offering assistance to the manager.
• The passengers are concerned with the safety of the wrist watches, the impacts of the new boarding system on flight costs, and the efficiency of the project.
• The airline is concerned with the efficiency of the new system and the implementation costs.
• The main concern of the other airlines is the competitive edge provided by the new boarding system and the quality of services offered.

Team Operating Principles

Clear Statements of Operation

• Activities must be concluded in a timely manner for the project to succeed.
• Work should be shared out among all members of the team. There will be no room for laxity.
• The activities of the team must be in line with the set objectives.
• Mistakes should be reported and collected as soon as they occur.

Communication and Meeting Statements

• A meeting should be convened as soon as one of the milestones is achieved. The next activity will be planned for during these conventions.
• Communication is vital to the success of the team. Team members should maintain close relations to promote communication.

Requirements Documentation

Business Need

The popularity of air transport is attributed to the fact that businesses are globalising their operations. Employees are expected to make frequent flights to branches located across the globe. The tourism sector has also greatly impacted on the popularity of this mode of transport. Every year, millions of tourists travel to various destinations across the globe. A rise in the number of passengers has prompted airlines to expand their operations. As a result, fierce competition is experienced between different airlines as they seek to cash in on the growing market. Many of the companies have opted to offer incentives to customers with the aim of attracting more clients. Such incentives include lowering the price of air tickets. As a result, airlines can compete favourably with investors in other means of transport, such as electric trains and cruise ships.

Today, many people prefer air transport over other means of transit as a result of efficiency and affordable prices. However, airlines need to improve their operations to remain profitable. Boarding is one of the areas that can be improved on. With the introduction of the watches, airlines can ease the boarding process. Time will be saved since less paper work is required. As a result, passengers will not have to wait for long before their flight is processed.

The new system is expected to attract more customers. Airlines will cut on operational costs, a process that translates to more profits. The wrist watches can also be reused, eliminating the cost of purchasing new ones. The expensive chips are tiny, which means that they can get lost easily. Inserting them in wrist watches reduces this risk. Since the holder is required to wear the watch throughout the flight, it cannot get lost easily.

The project will address the need for faster boarding services as less time will be required to process flight information. In addition, the wrist watch has some ornamental value. As such, the clients will feel appreciated by the airline, adding value to the flight experience.

Requirements

Functional Requirements

• To establish a new boarding system for air travel by using wrist watches fitted with chips.
• To create a comprehensive and automated paperless boarding system.
• To allow passengers to board within a short duration of time in order to provide competitive services in the aviation industry.
• To briefly demonstrate to the passengers how the new system works prior to the flight.
• To control traffic and reduce congestion in airports by speeding up the boarding process.
• To ease the work of the cabin crew in commercial aircrafts by ensuring that passengers can guide themselves during the boarding process.
• To lower the costs associated with boarding aircrafts, generating more income for the airlines in the process.
• To trace the location of the passenger to prevent the loss of the device and to account for all persons on board.
• To assemble a team to oversee the implementation of the new system. The team will be composed of engineers, technicians, cabin crew, and flight attendants.
• Acquire funding to tender for the chips and wrist watches, monitoring devices, and the software needed to ease the boarding process.
• To order the required equipment from reputable firms. The watches and the chips will be combined in the desired manner to ease the boarding procedure.
• To integrate the new system with the appropriate support technology to enhance its functionality.
• To test the new system before implementation in order to identify and plan for possible shortcomings.
• To note the problems associated with the new system and make the necessary changes to improve on its functionality.
• To train cabin crew and flight attendants on how the new system works to make them efficient facilitators.
• To reduce the possibility of mistakes during the boarding process.
• To cut on operational costs by reducing the number of workers, eliminating the current paper system, and reusing the watches.

Non-functional requirements

• Ensure smooth boarding across the globe.
• To guarantee the passengers of a fast boarding process that will save on time otherwise spent in the airport preparing the necessary papers.
• To ensure that customers experience high quality services in an attempt to retain them in the future.
• To improve the welfare and security of the passengers since their location can be traced when the need arises.
• To reduce on waste generated in airports in terms of boarding papers.
• To ease record keeping among airlines. Filing will no longer be needed and information can be retained in computerised servers.
• To reduce the time required to retrieve boarding information for past flights.
• To ease the work of the cabin crew since the passengers will get more involved in the boarding process.
• To easily allocate the available space in aircrafts without any confusion in seating positions since the wrist watch corresponds to a particular seat number.
• The total revenue generated by each flight will be acknowledged since the airlines will have information on the number of watches issued to passengers in all travelling classes.
• Training the cabin crew will help airlines to improve the quality of services offered.

Stakeholders’ requirements

The requirements of the stakeholders involved in the project are listed in order of priority.

Project sponsor

• The major requirement of the sponsor involves the success of the project. They will require the manager and the team working under them to come up with a suitable and feasible business plan. The sponsor will also expect the team to carry out a review of literature on similar projects for them to get information on the tasks they are to carry out.
• The sponsor also needs to be assured that the revenue generated with the help of the new boarding system exceeds the costs incurred during its implementation. The business should break even as soon as possible to start earning profits.
• The stakeholder will need assurance that the team charged with the responsibility of implementing the changes is qualified and has the necessary skills. Their commitment to the project will also be of great importance to the sponsor.

Project manager

• The manager will require the sponsor to fully fund the project. Prompt funding is needed to make the necessary purchases and to pay the team involved in the implementation process.
• The manager will also expect the sponsor to avail funds in a timely manner for the project milestones to be achieved within the timelines stipulated in the work plan. People working on the project need to be paid on time for them to remain motivated.
• The manager needs to be assured by the project team and the sponsor that they will offer support throughout the implementation process. They should also show commitment to the project and be ready to sacrifice their resources to see to it that the implementation succeeds.

Project team

• Team members will require the sponsor and the manager to ensure that funds are available to keep the project going. The business plan should be approved on time to ensure that the funds are released.
• They will also need assurance from the sponsor, the manager, and fellow team members that they will be committed to the success of the project
• Clear guidelines from the project manager on what is expected of them are needed. They also require clearly defined tasks and guidance on how to effectively accomplish them.
• The team will need their views to be taken into consideration. Since they are professionals in their fields, their opinions should be respected.

Passengers

• A flawless system that does not lead to confusion during the boarding process is required. The new model should ensure that less time is spent in boarding aircrafts.
• The cost of flights will not be hiked following the implementation of the new system. The system should enhance the efficiency of the services offered at no extra cost.
• The technology used in the proposed boarding system should be easy to comprehend and use.
• Enough watches will be availed to avoid last minute cancellation of flights. The devices should also be functioning properly.
• The wrist watches should be presentable. There should be uniformity, meaning that the devices should be identical.

Airlines (Client)

• A flawless boarding system that will guarantee the comfort of the passengers, attracting more customers in the process.
• Technology that they can afford to implement on a large scale once the success is guaranteed.
• A system that is easy to manage and which is not labour intensive. The new technology should increase profits by reducing operational costs.
• The airline also needs assurance that once the project is tested and proven, technical assistance will be provided to manage it. Routine maintenance will also be carried out by the team members.
• Information concerning the new system, including its advantages and limitations, is disclosed to help the airlines tackle any problems that may arise.

Competitors (other airlines)

• Competitors need assurance that the new system will not interfere with their operations in the airport.
• That the airport authorities will ensure that the airline using the new system does not receive any preferential treatment in terms of resource allocation.
• Policy makers in the aviation industry do not show any form of bias when dealing with airlines. All players should be allowed to freely carry out their activities as long as they adhere to the rules and regulations set out.

Project’s Scope Statement

Justification

The wrist watches will be issued prior to boarding and will be collected at the end of the flight. Care will be taken to ensure that the chip fitted in the watch reflects the gate used and the seat number. The colour will also be taken into consideration to ensure that it reflects the class boarded. The traceability of the chips will help to monitor the location of the holder. The new boarding system will then be compared to the currently used paper model. Airlines will improve service delivery with the new system, increasing their profits in the long run.

Scope Description

• Implementing the new system will help save the time spent by passengers in boarding airplanes prior to commercial flights by over 30 percent.
• The project will encourage more people to travel by air by making it the most efficient means of transport in terms of boarding. The number of people using this mode of transport is likely to increase by over 35 percent within a span of one year.
• The project will help airlines increase their revenue by about 25 percent. The cost of operations will reduce approximately 30 percent. A small number of employees will be needed and the cost of purchasing and printing boarding papers will be eliminated.

Product Acceptance Criteria

• The project will succeed if at least three quarters of the aircraft’s capacity is booked.
• The airline adopting the project will retain or improve its customer base following the introduction of the new system.
• The revenue collected by the airline after the project is implemented exceeds the costs incurred.
• The new system is profitable to the airline compared to the current one.

Project Deliverables

• Advertising the new boarding system through media to create awareness in the market. Marketing is expected to increase the enthusiasm with which the project is adopted by the stakeholders.
• Getting a reputable airline to partner with in testing the project. It will be very expensive and uneconomical to purchase planes to test the system.
• Training the cabin crew on how the new boarding system works. The employees will then be expected to brief the passengers on the requirements of the new system prior to the flight.
• Scheduling the flight on which the new system will be used.
• Availing the devices prior to the flight.
• Making arrangements for passengers to book flights to test the efficiency of the new system.

Project Exclusions

• No other means of transport will be used apart from air.
• The introduction of the system will not result in an increase in charges. Subsequently, the airline is not expected to adjust other services apart from those involving boarding.
• No boarding papers will be provided to the passengers. Instead, they will be issued with the wrist watches.
• No passenger will be issued with the boarding wrist watch before clearing the flight charges and going through all the protocols involved in boarding commercial aircrafts.
• No refunds will be made to passengers who cancel their flight without a three day notice.
• No policy changes concerning the operations of the airline will be made. As a result, both the passengers and the airline will be comfortable in trying out the new system.

Project Constraints

• Difficulties in convincing airlines to adopt the new system. Some stakeholders may be opposed to the move.
• Confusion among the passengers during the boarding process given that they are not used to the new system. When customers are not sensitised beforehand, they are likely to make mistakes and develop negative attitudes towards the system.
• Last minute cancellations by passengers will result in losses, which may create a negative impression on other airlines.
• Technological failures, making it hard to implement the new system. The model can only work when the chips fitted in the watches are functioning properly. The chips require constant monitoring using computer systems.

Project Assumptions

• Both the airlines and the passengers will embrace the system.
• Revenues generated by the new system will be higher than the costs incurred during implementation.
• There will be enough wrist watches for all the passengers. The devices will be available within the stipulated deadline.
• The budget for the project will not exceed what is indicated in the business plan. There will be no shortage of funds.
• The project will succeed, leading to large scale adoption by airlines.
• Prices will not be hiked.

Work Breakdown Structure

Project Schedule

Project Budget

Expenses

Expected Income

Excess Revenue = $787500 – $538526.5= $248973.5

Project’s Budget Estimation

The costs to be incurred during the implementation process are estimated on the basis of prevailing market prices. Online resources were used to provide market information. The choice of goods and services was arrived at following careful considerations. Prices and availability are the most important considerations in lowering the cost of the project. The prices are multiplied by the number of units required.

Budget Assumptions and Constraints

It is assumed that the items and services acquired are of high quality and will be appealing to the passengers. It is estimated that the airline will operate at maximum capacity. The system will not discourage passengers from using the services of the airline. Airbus A380 was used in making the estimates. It can accommodate 525 passengers in a single flight and has 3 travelling classes. Three gates will be used to board the aircraft in order to avoid congestion. Each passenger will require a single watch, which means that only 525 pieces will be needed. Each class will require its own boarding gate. The success of the project will be judged by the number of customers willing to try the new system.

Cost Performance Baseline

Risk Management Plan

Risks

Risk refers to the probability of failing to meet the objectives of the project. The term can be used to refer to ‘uncertain’ events that may lead to failure. As a result, return on investment reduces if these events take place. Major risks likely to face the project include:

• Confusion among passengers while boarding. As a result, the new system may be viewed as complex and difficult, forcing passengers to avoid the airlines using it.
• Inability to convince airlines to adopt the system. The project cannot be of any use if there is no company willing to make changes to their boarding system.
• Last minute cancellations. If a large number of passengers withdraw, the flight may be cancelled.
• Technological failure may lead to negative publicity. As a result, the system may be viewed as problematic.

Risk Response Plan

Mix ups when boarding the flight are the greatest risk associated with the project. The development will discourage many passengers and airlines from using the system, leading to huge losses. However, confusion can be avoided by training passengers and staff before the flight. Proper labelling using bright colours will also help. Each class should board using a different gate. In the event that problems occur, the passengers will be requested to take the seats next to them as the flight attendants sort out the issue. The problem would be mitigated by making sure that passengers board in a specific order.

Measuring Performance

The performance of the project will be monitored by comparing what has been achieved with what should have been accomplished at a particular time according to the project plan. A variance analysis will be used to determine the performance of the project manager and the team. Below are the performance measurements values for phase one:

• Earned Value (EV): Value of the work already accomplished
• Planned Value (PV): Estimated value of the work to be carried out.
• Actual Cost (AC): Actual amount of money spent.
• Schedule Variance (SV)
• SV=EV–PV
• Cost Variance (CV)
• CV =EV–AC

Schedule Variance (SV) current system of boarding till now:

• SV= $1000 – $1500 = -$500

The SV is negative, meaning that the project is 3 days behind schedule.

Cost Variance (CV) of the current system of boarding till now:

• CV= 1500-2300 = -$800
• CV= -$800

The current boarding system is currently $800 over budget.

Introduction

Modeling means designing of software before coding. It is not easy to visualize software before developing it. Therefore, a visual model such as UML makes it simple to understand, by visualizing it from multiple dimensions. This paper discusses the various functions of UML, and why it was developed. It will conclude by discussing its impact on modeling.

Functions of UML

UML is a third generation object oriented programming language created, and managed by the Object Management Group from 1997 (Erickson, 2008) It produces standard visual models for software applications and system architectures.

UML was used to analyze future application requirements with solutions that met them, using customized diagrams. It shaped models that provided design solutions that were to be delivered by software systems (Deitel & Deitel, 2008). To ensure that the system went through technical analysis process for satisfactory development, a model had to be formulated.

Properly modeled systems helped in minimizing loss of information and misinterpretation in communicating the decisions taken during development. Team members developing a system would have a better understanding on how to go about the implementation process if an appropriate and, user definable model was created for that system.

Why UML was developed

Different companies initially defined their requirements in languages that were totally unfamiliar to software vendors hence the need to produce a unified language that would simplify modeling and make it understandable by all vendors. UML is a communication tool which gets key information of what the code should do.

It is an architectural tool which makes obstacles to be seen from high levels. Software that are poorly documented or not documented at all can make a company lose command of what the software operates, thus making modeling a vital tool in software development. UML was created to be used in modeling of software intensive systems by use of diagrammatic models making it easy to introduce more objects to an existing project.

Its visual models provided the ability to convey large amounts of complex information in ways that were easy to understand (Mammar, & Laleau, 2006). Requirement gathering stage also required this kind of language where used case diagrams show users what to do as well as what the system needs to do for them. They were also suited as basis for testing applications and forming user guides.

Impact of UML on modeling

It led to more accurate systems with better performance than older systems. Being object oriented, it led to web development which wasn’t previously on the minds of programmers. Systems that were developed without modeling mostly deviated from their requirements. Increasing model coverage would help reduce incorrect implementation of systems. UML went further to reduce the defect density in software systems compared to those developed without modeling.

The right decisions can now be made earlier in the development process and re-usable code identified therefore producing a system with the highest efficiency, and low development costs. Re-work in development lifecycle has been eliminated since that whole system can be viewed before implementation starts (Booch, Rumbaugh, & Jacobson, 2005). New members can find it very easy to integrate into the development team through the visual assistance offered by the easy to understand UML diagrams.

The efficient documentation of the system also makes it easy for internal and external stakeholders to share. In the case where incremental software development model is employed, UMLs allow the developer to first fulfill areas that are urgently required for the project to work while still developing other additional extensions hence maximizing reusability. Different parts of the same complex model can be independently implemented by different groups if the UML models are user-definable.

Conclusion

For system requirements to be easily understood by implementation groups, it’s important to employ UMLs since they simplify the system, and make reusability and maintainability simpler.

References

Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J., & Jacobson, I. (2005). The unified modeling language user guide (2nd ed.). MA: Addison-Wesley.

Deitel, P.J., & Deitel, H.M. (2008). C++ how to program (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Erickson, J. (2008). A decade and more of UML: An overview of UML semantic and structural issues and UML field use. Journal of Database Management Vol. 19(3), p. I-VII. Retrieved from ProQuest Database.

Mammar, A., & Laleau, R. (2006). UB2SQL: A tool for building database applications using UML and B formal method. Journal of Database Management, Vol. 17(4), 70-89.

Introduction

The vast majority of the world’s transport system is powered by fossil fuels. In all industrialized countries, transportation accounts for a significant amount of the total fossil fuels consumption. Curtis and Anderson reveal that by the year 2005, approximately 20 percent of the oil used in the US was used for transporting purposes (11). In the recent decades, it has come to the world’s attention that the overreliance on fossil fuels is both unsustainable and detrimental to the environment.

New technologies have therefore been developed which promise to significantly reduce the fuel consumption by motor vehicles. One of these technologies is the hybrid engine which makes use of an electric motor which is powered by high voltage batteries as well as a conventional engine to propel a vehicle. Hybrid engines have been used to power hybrid cars with significant advantages being reaped by the user and the environment.

However, the hybrid engine still suffers from significant demerits which have led to some people questioning if these engines are preferable to conventional engines. This paper will argue that hybrid cars are superior to standard cars and therefore should be used more widely. The paper will highlight the strengths that hybrid engines have over standard engines. To provide a balanced view on the topic, the paper will also highlight the major arguments against hybrid engines and provide counterarguments for the same.

Comparing Hybrid Cars with Standard Cars

Merits of Hybrid Cars compared to Standard Cars

Arguably the most significant advantage of hybrid cars over standard ones is their low CO2 emissions. The growth in automobile mobility has resulted in increased use of standard engines and consequently a worsening of air quality for the country.

Research indicates that road transport and international shipping are the two largest contributors to the global emissions of Nitrogen Oxides which are greenhouse gases. Calef and Goble reveal that in California, on-road mobile sources were responsible for 51% of nitrogen oxides (4). Greenhouses gases have been blamed for a myriad of negative environmental impacts including; global warming, acid rains, respiratory conditions to name but a few.

While other solutions such as electric cars have been tried out in the quest to reduce the CO2 emissions by vehicles, hybrid engines have emerged as the only realistic technological option for personal vehicles that does not rely exclusively on gasoline (Calef and Goble 25). Hybrid engines that are used to power hybrid vehicles have proved to be a viable technological option to reduce air pollution.

The use hybrid engine powered vehicles in California and France has resulted in an improvement of the urban air quality in both these two regions (Calef and Goble 27). Hybrid engines ensure that the minimum possible levels of CO2 are emitted by the vehicles. In these engines, temperature and other parameters are constantly regulated when the gasoline engine is running to ensure that they are running at the lowest level of emissions.

In addition to this, the gasoline engine is powered off when the vehicle engine is turned off therefore ensuring that there is zero carbon emission. Arguments are raised that standard engines have been significantly improved to reduce their pollution levels. Stewart contends that diesels have been efficient due to their high compression rations and while the exhaust fumes produced by the engines made them environmentally unfriendly, today’s engines are engineered to burn cleaner (Stewart 61).

While this assertion is true, standard engines can still not match the low levels of emissions that are achieved through hybrid engines. The more fuel efficient engines are, the greater the reduction in the deleterious environmental impacts of fossil fuels and also the longer the fossil fuel reserves on earth will last (McKinney and Schoch 236).

Hybrid cars are more economical to operate than standard engines due to their lower overall fuel consumption. This makes them much cost efficient since the hybrid engine is able to achieve more miles per gallon compared to standard engines. The cost of fuel is constantly rising and the fuel consumption rate is becoming a major consideration for many people as they purchase vehicles. In addition to this, there have been concerns by policy makers about the reliance on fossil fuel imports.

The government has been imposing fuel economy standards in a bid to reduce on the fuel consumption by passenger cars and trucks (McKinney and Schoch 236). Hybrid engines help to reduce the fuel expenditure since the conventional engine in the hybrid system is not used when the hybrid vehicle is running at low speeds or when it is idling. Hybrid engines help the government to achieve a reduction in imported oil which has been the goal of the Federal government for decades.

This is because hybrid engines attain impressive energy efficiency when compared to engines fueled by gasoline (Demirdöven and Deutch 974). In their analysis of energy efficiency of hybrid engines and conventional internal combustion engines, Demirdöven and Deutch indicate that hybrid engines offer significant energy efficiency advantage over conventional engines (974). Proponents of standard engines insist that major improvements have been made in engine designs which bring about increased fuel efficiencies.

McKinney and Schoch reveal that the high fuel intake by old engines was as a result of energy in gasoline being lost because of the inefficiency of the engines (236). Newly developed engines burn leaner as a result of delicate electronic oxygen sensors and therefore increase the fuel efficiencies. While it is true that the engines of the last decade are more efficient that the standard engines of the former decades, hybrid engines result in even greater fuel efficiency.

Hybrid cars are attractive to both policymakers and manufacturers of automobiles since they do not require the use of technology that is entirely new to the motor industry. Calef and Goble elaborate that electric vehicles that are both efficient and have a high performance are yet to be developed (8).

Hybrid technology on the other hand makes use of the conventional engines whose performance has been perfected over the decades. Hybrid technology gives the same range drivers expect from standard engines and do not suffer from the recharging-time problems that is associated with electric vehicles. Hybrid engines therefore make merge the efficiency of the electric motor with the high performance of the standard engine.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cars compared to Standard Cars

Hybrid cars pose a significant danger to human beings since their electric motors are powered by high-voltage batteries which may electrocute a person. The Zurich American Insurance Company reveals that hybrid engines are especially dangerous for technicians due to the more complicated electrical components that are part of the system (2).

A significant point to note is that the high voltage contained in the hybrid engine battery is enough to be lethal to a person who is exposed to it. This is a major demerit since all machines require servicing and/or repairing at some point in time.

As a result of the high risks and complications associated with hybrid engines, there are few workshops which offer repairs for hybrid engines. This is in contrast to the high number of repair shops for standard engines. In most cases, a person may be forced to take the hybrid to the manufacturers for repairs or for maintenance.

This makes maintaining the hybrid engine significantly more expensive than the standard engine. While it is true that hybrid engines pose significant risks to technicians, this risks can be minimized by following safety protocols.

The high voltage cables of hybrid engines are color-coded which acts as a warning for the technician to avoid contact with them when repairing the vehicle (The Zurich American Insurance Company 2). In addition to this, more technicians are receiving training on how to deal with hybrid engines as the popularity of hybrid vehicles grows. It can therefore be expected that the number of competent technicians and repair shops will increase in the near future.

Compared to the standards engine, the hybrid engine is an immature technology and advancements in its productions have not yet been achieved. Initial objections for the hybrid engine were based on the fact that it was a new technology. Opponents of hybrid engines initially cited “unproven technology” as the main reason for their opposition to this technology (Darrel and Anderson 83).

Half a decade ago, this assertion that hybrid engines were a new and untested technology could have held true. This is no longer the case and major manufacturers such as Honda have been working with the technology for over a decade and have made improvements on the technology over the years. Today hybrid engines are a mature technology and manufacturers and consumers are familiar with the technology.

Hybrid engines result in the generation of magnetic fields which are said to have adverse health effects on human beings. Motavalli reveals that exposure to electromagnetic fields is inevitable for the drive and passenger of a vehicle which is operating on a hybrid engine (1).

This is because the batteries and the power cable in hybrid vehicles are located close to the occupants of the vehicle. The situation is made worse for people who operate the hybrid engines for extended periods of time. Studies indicate that there is a strong relationship between long-term exposure to high EMF and cancer risks (Motavalli 1). While it is true that hybrid engines do result in the emission of EMFs, manufactures are keen to ensure that the EMF levels do not pose risks to vehicle users.

Toyota which is a major manufacturer of hybrid vehicles strongly asserted that the EMF generated by hybrid engines in their vehicles was as low as that of conventional gasoline vehicles and as such, the concerns about high EMF were unwarranted (Motavalli). Where there is real concern about the EMF generated by the engines, people can make use of electromagnetic shielding to safeguard themselves from high EMF emissions.

Hybrid engines cost significantly higher than standard engines due to the cost of the components of the system as well as the technology. The initial cost of a hybrid car is therefore higher than that of a standard engine car which makes them unaffordable to some people. Darrel and Anderson reveal that even with the relatively higher cost of hybrids, these engines are beginning to have markets all over the world (107).

Governments in many parts of the world are offering incentives to manufactures so as to reduce the cost of hybrid cars. The high efficiency and low emission of hybrid engines has also led to some governments and local authorities encouraging their use through special tax reductions and waiving of levies.

Discussion and Conclusion

Today, more emphasis is being place on efficient transportation and environmentally friendly means of transportation. The increasing costs of fuel as well as the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels have led to the search for alternatives to conventional engines. Hybrid cars assist in the realization of these goals due to their high fuel efficiency as well as reduced CO2 emissions.

Many governments are therefore encouraging the development and use of hybrid cars by the population. While there are some valid concerns about hybrid cars, this paper has demonstrated that most of them are exaggerated. The real concerns such as the risk of electrocution to vehicle service personnel can be overcome by following best practices when dealing with hybrid cars.

This paper set out to argue that hybrid cars are more advantageous than standard cars. The paper has shown that hybrid cars have gained a broad market appeal due to the fact that they result in substantial improvements in fuel efficiency and reduce on the emissions of green house gases.

However, the paper has noted that hybrids have some significant weaknesses when compared to standard cars. Even so, it has been demonstrated that this weaknesses are not tremendous and the benefits that hybrid engines posses makes them preferable to standard engines.

Works Cited

Calef, David and Goble Robert. “The allure of technology: How France and California promoted electric and hybrid vehicles to reduce urban air pollution.” Policy Sciences 40.1 (2007): 1-34.

Darrel, Curtis and Anderson, Judy. Electric and hybrid cars: a history. New York: McFarland, 2010. Print.

Demirdöven, Nurettin and Deutch, John. “Hybrid Cars Now, Fuel Cell Cars Later.” Science, 305.56 (2004): 974-976. Print.

McKinney, Michael and Schoch Robert. “Improving the fuel economy of gasoline powered vehicles.” Environmental science: systems and solutions. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2007: 236-239. Print.

Motavalli, Jim. “Fear, but Few Facts, on Hybrid Risk”. The New York Times. 2008. Web.

Stewart, Ben. “Diesel Engines.” Popular Mechanics 182.2 (2008): 60-64. Print.

Zurich American Insurance Company. Hybrid Vehicles: Today’s newest technology produces new risks for automotive service businesses. Zurich American Insurance Company, 2010. Web.

Annotated Bibliography

Calef, David and Goble Robert. “The allure of technology: How France and California promoted electric and hybrid vehicles to reduce urban air pollution.” Policy Sciences 40.1 (2007): 1-34. Print.

Calef and Goble point out that all advanced industrialized societies face the problem of air pollution as a result of motor vehicles. This problem is prevalent in spite of the significant improvements that have been made in internal combustion engine technology over the years.

The authors discuss the different approaches used by California and France to improve air quality through the promotion of clean vehicles. While California policymakers imposed stringent regulations to achieve their ambitious goals of zero emission vehicles, France adopted a less adversarial process. Calef and Goble argue that the Californian approach resulted in development of innovative hybrid vehicles which were more effective and had a positive impact on the environment.

Darrel, Curtis and Anderson, Judy. Electric and hybrid cars: a history. New York: McFarland, 2010. Print.

Darrel and Anderson give a historical overview of the electric and hybrid cars. The technological and environmental issues which have increased the popularity of hybrid engines are addressed. The authors trace how the hybrid engine has evolved from being an “unproven technology” to a mature technology that is today popular with both manufacturers and consumers. The authors note how the hybrid concept had a negative impact on electric cars since resources were diverted to developing better hybrid engines.

The convenience of not having to plug hybrid cars for charging was a major selling point and this popularity has increased markedly over the years. Darrel and Anderson highlight the role that governments have played in the development of hybrid electric vehicles. These contributions have been in the form of subsidies as well as grants for research efforts to help develop new batteries and encourage manufacturers to develop technologies to make the hybrid engines more efficient.

Demirdöven, Nurettin and Deutch, John. “Hybrid Cars Now, Fuel Cell Cars Later.” Science, 305.56 (2004): 974-976. Print.

Demirdöven and Deutch compare the energy efficiency of hybrid engines as well as conventional internal combustion engines so as to demonstrate that hybrid engines are more efficient. They advocate that the shift to hybrid technology is necessitated by the need to meet energy needs at an acceptable cost, with greater efficiency and less environmental damages. The authors indicate that the government and policy makers should give priority to hybrid engine development over other technologies such as fuel cell.

They demonstrate that hybrid engines attain energy efficiency that is better than fuel operated engines. Demirdöven and Deutchassrt contend that if the priority by key players is to develop technology that brings about reduction in imported oil and carbon dioxide emissions, then there is strong justification to make advances in hybrid technology which will achieve this results in a fairly small time.

McKinney, Michael and Schoch Robert. “Improving the fuel economy of gasoline powered vehicles.” Environmental science: systems and solutions. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2007: 236-239. Print.

McKinney and Schoch note that despite the impressive advances in the development of cars and trucks that are powered by electricity or natural gas, vehicles that rely on conventional gasoline and diesel will remain predominant in the private transportation sector for many years to come.

The authors therefore deem hybrid engines as being most ideal since they attain remarkable fuel ratings while mitigating harmful environmental effects of the standard engine. They conclude by noting that energy conservation and increasing energy efficiencies are today the most important means of mitigating fossil fuel environmental problems as well as ensuring that energy resources of the earth last longer.

Motavalli, Jim. “Fear, but Few Facts, on Hybrid Risk”. The New York Times. 2008. Web.

Motavalli sets out to discuss the health risks that the electromagnetic fields emitted by hybrid vehicles pose to the occupants. He notes that concerns about the health impacts of EMFs are legitimate since credible bodies such as the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute have explicitly acknowledged that hazards posed by this radiations.

He documents that the damage caused by the EMFs is especially significant for drivers who spend extended hours per day using their vehicles. Motavalli notes that while manufacturers of hybrid vehicles insist that the EMF levels of hybrid vehicles are too low to have any health impacts, experts in the field advice that the potential health effects should not be completely ignored. People should therefore be wary of the risks that hybrid risks and take protective measures to avoid the exposure to EMFs.

Stewart, Ben. “Diesel Engines.” Popular Mechanics 182.2 (2008): 60-64. Print.

Stewart argues that while hybrids are becoming popular due to their fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness, standard engines such as the diesel engines have a long history or efficiency and are today engineered to burn cleaner. The author however acknowledges that hybrids improve efficiency of standard engines. He also notes that most hybrid cars are built to deliver both performance and economy which makes them less fuel efficient since high performance is a key consideration.

Zurich American Insurance Company. Hybrid Vehicles: Today’s newest technology produces new risks for automotive service businesses. Zurich American Insurance Company, 2010. Web.

The Zurich American Insurance Company warns about the additional risks that hybrid engines bring to the automotive service businesses. They begin by noting that there has been a significant increase in the number of hybrid vehicles sold in the US over the past decade due to the advantages that hybrid engines possess. They note that the significant safety dangers that are inherent when servicing hybrid engines can be mitigated by obtaining proper training on how hybrid engine handling and following manufacturer recommendations.

Introduction

File sharing is the technology that allows online file sharing. The past the files sharing software that existed were designed as pear-pear networks that had a centralized file list. In this network the user could send their requests from the central server that could then send a list of pears that contain the data that the user requires and at the same time facilitate the linking and download of files. Currently this technology has being replaced by web-based file sharing and File sharing from the social graph. These two other fashions are more effective and efficient than the later. This fashion is such effective due to its decentralization that helps it to overcome request conflicts that are common on the centralized server that renders its execution of these requests slow. The growth of music industry, the high speed internet connection and the moderately small size and high quality MP3 audio format has facilitated the popularity of file sharing.A unique aspect of file sharing is its ability to allow users to download the shared files while at the same time retaining its original copy. This reduces the costs of files sharing greatly.

This is one reason why files sharing and mostly sharing of and downloads of music has become a major activity for many in the 21^st century where many people are spending most of there times downloading songs from the internet both at home and at work. Creating a major social problem in the society and at work due to increased piracy and bad use of official time where people are paid more hours than they have worked due to wastage of time while downloading illegal music.

File sharing relies on computers forming networks which allow the transfer of data. Each computer (or node) may agree to share some files and has the ability to search for and download files from other computers in the network. Individual nodes are referred to as clients if they request information, servers if they fulfill requests, and peers if they do both. Clients, servers, and peers are connected in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. In a decentralized P2P network there is no central server, and every node acts a peer. Each peer is connected to some small number of other peers, and some set of associations interconnect any peer pair. A peer’s searched requests are sent to neighboring peers that in turn transmit it to their adjacent pears. Positive matches are sent back though the intermediate peers, though transfers occur directly between the nodes as with centralized P2P. (Charles 2003).

Impacts of File Sharing

The effects of file sharing in relation to the sale of CD can either be discussed from a positive or negative perspective. File sharing is a legalized activity all over the word. Therefore sharing of songs through the internet can greatly acts as very economical method of existing and new musicians to market their songs globally. This is because this method allows musicians to sell their songs all over the world at a very low cost. This enables even the upcoming musicians that may not have enough resources to market their music to produce their music and sell them online in the global market. Hence through this method file sharing helps greatly to accelerate the sales of CDs. Also sharing of files enables users to learn about new and good songs from upcoming musicians that otherwise they could not have come across hence increasing their sales. File sharing allows browsing of files of other users and initiating a chat on the file server chat room. This can promote the number of CDs sold because of the positive feedbacks the users may receive from the chats. File sharing can also boosts the CD sale since it provides users with an opportunity to sample their music of interest s before going ahead to purchase them. On the other hand File sharing can affect the sale of music CDs negatively.

This occurs when users samples the music before buying them and do not like them thus making a decision of not purchasing them. Such incidences are very often where many users do not purchase some music when they test them and find that they do not match their expectations. Therefore to prevent this effect, musicians should only allow sampling of their best music but not all to facilitate users buying their music. The sharing of files also has another negative effect on the sales of CDs which is unauthorized downloading of music. Although file sharing is a legal technology with legal uses, many users use it to download and upload copyrighted materials without permission, which can be copyright infringement if done without authorization for improper purposes. Despite the existence of various international treaties, there are still sufficient variations between countries to cause significant difficulties in the protection of copyright. This has led to attacks against file sharing in general from many copyright owners and litigation by industry bodies against private individual sharers. Increasing piracy and reducing CDs sales. The legal issues surrounding file sharing have been the subject of debate and conferences, especially among lawyers in the entertainment industries. The challenges facing copyright holders in the face of file-sharing systems are many. They include: (Dickson 2001)

• Ambiguities in the interpretation of copyright law
• The new challenges posed by international communications and varying legislations
• Mass litigation and the development of processes for evidence and discovery
• Rapidly developing new technologies and uses
• File-sharing approaches developed in response to litigation against sharers, which obfuscate or hide the fact that sharing is happening, or the identities of those involved. For example: encryption and darknets.
• The transfer of segmented files that; arguably, by themselves do not constitute a copyright issue.

Other new challenges that have cropped up involve striking a balance between self-protection against legitimate use and unauthorized uses. (James 1997)

To conclude we can say that the lack of sound rules that regulates file sharing can be narrowed as the major problem that has rendered this method disadvantageous on CDs sale. This is because it has been established beyond reasonable doubt that files sharing lowers the overall sale of CDs due to increased piracy or unauthorized CDs downloads. Also it has been identified that many users makes a decision of not purchasing music CDs after listening to them due to online sharing. Therefore to eradicate this problem the music industry requires to develop and enforce strict policies that will regulate unauthorized downloads of their music. (Stephen 2006)

References

Charles M. (2003) Files Sharing Technology: Oxford University Press: London.

Dickson T. (2001) Effect of File Sharing in Music Industry: Oxford University Press: London.

James K. (1997) The Challenges Facing Files Sharing Process: Prentice Hall1: New York.

Stephen A. (2006) How to overcome Piracy: Chicago University Press: Chicago.

Abstract

Forestry and paper-product industries in Australia have faced numerous challenges despite the fact that they play a vital role in boosting the economy of Australia. Some of the challenges occur due to the relationship that exists between the industries and electrical engineering sector in the country.

This implies that there are ethical dilemmas in electrical engineering that cause negative effects on the industries. Some of the challenges can be eliminated using informed and rational decision-making by distinguished groups. Moreover, numerous tools can be used to allow the entire society to participate in safeguarding the aggregate resources and also raise concern towards the prevailing issues.

Introduction

Research has shown that forestry and paper industries play an integral role in the Australian economy (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 42). One the same note, electrical energy has highly been harnessed in order to increase productivity in these industries.

In this case, it is evident that increased commercialization of electrical engineering and its application in paper and forestry industries have heightened the extraction and processing of raw material into consumable products in Australia (Slee 2001, p. 17). Despite the notable improvement, there exist diverse dilemmas facing the paper and forestry industries due to increased use of engineering technology in Australia (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 42).

In this case, it still remains questionable whether electrical engineering is a problem or a solution to the forestry and paper product industries in Australia. This paper explores the ethical issues, decisions and recommendations that should be made while examining the implication of Engineers’ Australia Code of Ethics in tackling the challenge.

Ethical issues associated with forestry and paper industries

Current survey results have revealed that increased use of electrical engineering technology in forestry and paper-product industries has increased the production costs due to use of expensive inputs. Despite the fact that this technology increases productivity by 30% over natural ones, it boosts the cost of outputs by over 25% (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 42).

From a careful review of literature, it is certain that engineered infrastructures used in forestry and paper industries are relatively expensive to purchase and their maintenance attract an increase in operational costs.

A careful review of research outcomes have shown that the paper industry is intensive since it has large scales of operation that runs on 24 hour basis. Moreover, evidence has revealed that the machineries involved in processing the pup require regular maintenance and hence more than one hundred million dollars is used every year to cater for the expenses (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225).

From this figure, one can deduce that employing sophisticated engineering technology becomes far more expensive and this can cause inefficiencies in the production chain. Moreover, one should note that engineering processes has made it possible to device paper machines that can produce numerous grades of papers with diverse designs though very expensive (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225).

These expenses are catered for by increasing the prices of products derived from the paper industry. This reduces the number of potential users who prefer to use substitutes that are cheaper and favourable as per their economic status (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225).

Another notable ethical issue facing these industries as a result of using complex engineering technology is that the country has experienced heightened damage of its environment (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 43).

This can be argues in numerous perspective especially in a case whereby the technology increases exploitation of forest products in order to supply pulp to paper industry. Notably, excessive exploitation has resulted into deforestation (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225).

This has become a dominant problem facing forests in Australia whereby reforestation ratio does not match with the rate of deforestation. Studies have shown that some of the natural fuels such as petrol, diesel, fossil and bio-gas have been replaced by renewable sources of energy in order to eradicate the side effects such as emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The end-products of these fuels have been said to cause climate change and global warming. Having replaced them with renewable sources of energy such as hydro-electric, wind and solar, some of the side effects have been decimated. Nevertheless, the renewable technology which has been made possible through engineering has a critical side effect in its application (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 44).

As mentioned earlier, renewable sources of energy are more effective and hence results to overexploitation of forest products in order to sustain the paper industry. It has been noted that increased production has overmatched the consumption rate of paper products (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225). Therefore, there is need to ensure that engineers apply technologies that are compatible with the forces of nature.

Empirical research has revealed that engineering technology poses ethical challenges in forestry and paper industries by reducing the number of labourers employed to work in the sector. This is due to the fact that manual labour has been replaced by use of heavy machineries (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 43).

Despite the fact that engineers have devised sophisticated tools that are used in the industries to increase the production efficiency, evidence have shown that the machineries replace human labour and hence many people are rendered jobless. In fact, recent surveys have shown that new control and processing systems have been incorporated in the paper industry in Australia and hence replacing more than 30% of human labour (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 45).

According to Ferguson and Johnston (1999, p. 27), electrical engineering has also affected the forestry and paper-product industries negatively due to development of telecommunication gadgets such as mobile phones, televisions, radios and wireless networks. This has largely reduced the credibility of paper-based communication such as posters and newspapers.

Studies have shown that more than 75% of Australian population use telecommunication gadgets to relay and receive information on daily basis (Herbohn, Peterson & Herbohn 1998, p.55). This implies that the number of individuals relaying on newspapers as a communication medium has diminished with time. As a matter of fact, the paper industry has suffered a big blow since the consumption ratio of their products is relatively low.

Engineering Codes of Ethics in Australia

In spite of the ethical dilemmas posed by electrical engineering in forestry and paper-product industries, studies have shown that there are codes of ethics that can be applied to ensure that engineering skills and knowledge assist to decimate the ethical challenges. The engineering codes of ethics are based on four ethical frameworks that include rights, duties, virtues and utilitarianism (Johnston, McGregor & Taylor 2000, p. 316).

Arguably, Australian engineers need to incorporate the ethical frameworks in the decisions they make and which are related to their practice. Therefore, based on these frameworks, engineers should fully employ all possible measures to ensure that the ethical dilemmas facing forestry and paper-product industries are tackled effectively. For instance, on the engineering codes of ethics, engineers are expected to portray integrity (Johnston, McGregor & Taylor 2000, p. 317).

Additionally, laws made should be practiced competently while upholding honesty and trustworthiness. In this profession, one is also expected to demonstrate competency on the basis of skills and knowledge acquired. In line with the topic at hand, electrical engineers are expected to promote sustainability of community resources with the aim of enhancing safety and wellbeing of both the community and environment (Johnston, McGregor & Taylor 2000, p. 320).

Implications of engineering codes of ethics on the forestry and paper-product industries

One of the implications of engineering codes of ethics on forestry and paper industries is that engineers should ensure sustainability of available resources. This is vital since it ensures a balance within the ecosystem. For instance, the code of ethics enforces a policy that there should be no overexploitation of forest products to ensure successful regeneration of indigenous plant species while preventing their extinction.

The code of ethics enforces the frame work on duties that ensures that are the professionals adhere to their duties (Johnston, McGregor & Taylor 2000, p. 316). Therefore, applying the expected virtues impartially and objectively has a positive impact on the forest and paper industries. This is due to the fact that professional engineers will be able to act and foresee challenges, give their due opinion on what is legal while effectively applying their skills and knowledge to solve problems.

Another implication is that the codes of ethic allow engineers to exercise diversity in terms of ideas, opportunities and other deliberate ethical practices in order to achieve positive outcomes in any respective field (Johnston, McGregor & Taylor 2000, p. 321). In this context, the aspect of utilitarianism applies effectively to the topic at hand.

How decisions should be made

It is essential to note that professional engineers cannot be able to establish effective measures in response to the identified ethical issues without the assistance of the Australian government. Therefore, it is definite that an integrated approach should be used whereby the government, community and distinguished engineers should join hands to establish appropriate decisions that will help to curb the challenges (Herbohn & Harrison 2004, p. 46).

It is definite that the bigger role should be played by the government since it has the mandate to make legal policies and finance appropriate development strategies in the industries. Moreover, the government has more authority to deliberate upon vital activities to ensure sustainable outcomes. In addition, one should note that the government often use appropriate persons with skills and knowledge to act upon vital activities across all levels in the society (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225).

Therefore, one cannot afford to do away with the role played by professional engineers in eradicating ethical issues facing the forestry and paper industries. On the other hand, since the resources used by the industries are under the care of the public, engineers have to collaborate with the masses to ensure that effective and sound actions are taken to solve the challenges within the environment.

There are numerous decisions that can be made in order to overcome the existing dilemmas that face forestry and paper-product industries. However, there are distinct strategies that can be used to make decisions. For instance, having an open consensus between the community, government and respective professionals on the challenges facing the forestry and paper-product industries will help to discover and resolve more ethical issues facing the sector (Slee 2001, p. 29).

In line with this, use of public opinion on the challenges facing the industries is another strategy that can help in making decisions (Philpott & Everett 2001, p.225). This can be done by engaging the masses in public forums and creating awareness campaigns on the need to protect forest and paper-product industries in the country. In addition, awareness campaigns can help the public to realize the value of forest resources.

It is also necessary to engage the society to participate in making decisions through media news and free press. Public debates also play a significant role in raising ideas on appropriate management strategies. Besides, Ferguson and Johnston (1999, p. 22) note that there can be use of public discourse through editorial letters in newspapers.

In fact, recent survey results have illustrated that the use of public opinions through media communication has heightened the awareness and influenced public opinion on diverse issues affecting forestry and paper industries (Herbohn, Peterson & Herbohn 1998, p.63). Therefore, significant impacts in society can be realized through the use of media news and free press since they provide opportunities to sensitize the public on the essence of safeguarding the environment.

That notwithstanding, another way of making decisions entails conducting numerous researches within the industries in order to unearth more ethical issues while establishing possible solutions (Slee 2001, p. 19). Notably, any type of research based on either quantitative or qualitative analysis will highly engage the society whereby some individuals will be used as respondents to provide data (Slee 2001, p. 23).

Since research is systematic and follows a scientific process, the participants in the community will get an opportunity to express their views. Moreover, researchers will also seize the opportunity to explore emerging issues during the entire process. Eventually, adequate data obtained will help the distinct groups to come up with sound decisions.

Recommendations about how society might make decisions about the ethical issues

In order to achieve the above, there are myriads of recommendations that should be made in order to ensure that aggregate changes within the industries are realized.

One of the recommendations is that there should be a multidisciplinary approach through which every individual in society participates in decision making (Slee 2001, p. 26). Some of the approaches that can be used include use of free media press, public campaigns and official forums where issues facing forestry and paper industries are addressed (Herbohn, Peterson & Herbohn 1998, p.65).

Another in addition, there should be an integrated approach whereby the community, government officials and professional engineers participate in making rational decisions (Slee 2001, p. 29). Moreover, the society should be given an integral role to play in decision making since it directly handles and protects the aggregate resources within the environment.

Conclusion

Studies have shown that electrical engineering poses numerous ethical challenges that negatively affect forestry and paper industries. For instance, engineers devise telecommunication gadgets that are highly embraced by users who neglect use of paper-based communication technology such as newspapers.

Although electrical engineering is effective in inventing highly productive machines, it contributes to over exploitation of forest products. This poses threat to the ecosystem. Moreover, engineers invent machines that are used in harvesting and manufacturing forest and paper products.

The machineries are expensive to purchase and maintain and hence increase the cost of end products. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the machineries makes them to be preferable to human labour which limits the number of human resources within these industries. Nevertheless, irrespective of the ethical issues presented by electrical engineering, there are numerous benefits. Notably, informed decisions between the government, community and engineers will help to overcome the challenges.

References

Ferguson, I. & Johnston, R 1999, “Fibre supply models for the Australian and New Zealand paper industry.” Appita Journal. Vol. 52 no.3, pp.12-45.

Herbohn, J.L. & Harrison, SR 2004, “The Evolving Nature of Small-Scale Forestry in Australia.” Journal of Forestry vol. 102 no. 1, pp. 42-47.

Herbohn, K., Peterson, R. & Herbohn, J 1998, “Accounting for forestry assets: Current practice and future directions.” Australian Accounting Review vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 54-66.

Johnston, S., McGregor, H. & Taylor, E 2000, “Practice-focused ethics in Australian engineering education.” European Journal of Engineering Education vol. 25 no. 4, pp. 315-324.

Philpott, A. & Everett, G 2001, “Supply chain optimisation in the paper industry.” Annals of Operations Research vol. 108 no. 1, pp. 225-226.

Slee, B 2001,”Resolving production-environment conflicts: The case of Regional Forest Agreement process in Australia. Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 3 no. 2, pp.17-30.