Category: Study

Essay on Trauma Theory

To establish her argument, Redstone provides brief context on the rise of trauma research, then clearly states that the essay aims to discuss the potential and limitations of trauma theory, as well as encourage an engaged and critical relationship to ‘trauma theory’. There are short, titled sections that make the article easy to navigate. Her tone is sensitive, which is appropriate considering the topic concerns human suffering and traumatic events such as the Holocaust. Her caution when approaching these topics provokes consideration of how problematic studying trauma theory has the potential to be. Her tendency to question each theory she presents inspires the reader to do the same. She has some strong and convincing opinions about new methods of approaching trauma theory and her opinions are supported by sufficient evidence from studies of trauma theory. However, as there is so much evidence, some without sufficient explanations, individual research was required. I didn’t feel as though the article led me to a distinct conclusion on how I think trauma research should be conducted, as Redstone explores the nuances of approaches yet doesn’t endorse one single approach that should be taken, giving instead multiple points to consider and warning against certain approaches.

The abstract explores research on trauma theory and identifies the sources Redstone intends to use, such as the writings of Caruth, Felman, and Laub, and the Laplanchian and object relations psychoanalytic theory. It critiques trauma theory’s model of subjectivity, linking it to theories of referentiality and representation, history, and testimony. Then it argues the importance of the theory’s politics; throughout the article, she is mindful of the subject matter. She advocates for further examination of the context in which the theory has become prominent and concludes that trauma theory needs to prevent Manicheanism, rather than enable it. Under her first subheading, titled ‘The academic context’, Redstone explains that trauma theory is supported by deconstructuralism, poststructuralism, and psychoanalysis, as well as clinical work with survivors. She also references the neuroscientists and literary theorists she has studied, discussing the codification of PTSD and the neuroscientific approach to memory disorders. She also explains the purpose of the following sections and references the idea, which is reinforced throughout the article, that trauma theory promises a way through difficulties instead of around them. The section ‘Referentiality’ introduces the idea that the absence of traces in trauma theory indicates that it is more concerned with referentiality than memory of an actuality, exploring whether ‘encoding’ could become the foundation for a general theory of representation.

Radstone begins the section on ‘Subjectivity’ by condoning the lack of debate on the model of subjectivity implied by trauma theory. She explores how trauma theory upon the ‘postmodernization’ of Freud, and how ‘postmodern’ psychology also emphasizes intersubjectivity and the role of the listener or witness. She then uses this to highlight a contradiction between a mimetic and an anti-mimetic theory of trauma, which she then explores, using sufficient evidence such as the work of Leys, for the remainder of this section, covering problems such as how the contribution of hypnosis to understanding trauma threatened individual autonomy, and subsequently bourgeois ideas about subjectivity. The following section ‘Subjectivity, Forgetting and Testimony’ outlines how a traumatized subject doesn’t repress fantasies, they have dissociated memories, thus dismissing any misconceptions of how trauma works. The idea of testimony demands a witness, as dialogic meaning-making takes the place of unconscious processes of repression. Radstone uses the works of Felman, Laub, Caruth, and Leys to support her point.

Radstone uses the next brief section on ‘history’ to address both mimetic and anti-mimetic theories, this time comparing them to the Holocaust to demonstrate the problems of each.

Finally, in the last section, ‘Analysts and Readers: The Ethics and Politics of Trauma Analysis’, Redstone links theories of trauma, testimony, and witnessing to how they are currently informing literary, film, and media studies. She addresses the issue of which texts should be chosen and which should be excluded and the delicate balance between making sure the discussion isn’t unethical and yet still permitting discussion. After presenting a balanced and thorough argument she warns the reader against the Manichean tendencies which govern western politics and culture.

Unemployment in Texas Essay

In this assignment, I will present several laws/permits and regulations that a business should obtain to do or run their business in Houston, Texas. The regulations that will discussed in the following paragraphs are: Employer Identification Number, Federal and State Unemployment Insurance Number, Non-Occupational Disability Insurance, State Insurance Fund Policy, and Quarterly Wage Reports. These are several of the state and/or federal insurance and labor regulations that companies must have and abide by to be up and running. (Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2014).

The Employer Identification Number (EIN) is issued by the IRS and is utilized for the enrollment of the business or entrepreneur. This number is mentioned with government-managed savings, ideally, it is from the business since it must be mentioned once. This EIN can be mentioned in a few different ways, among these, the most utilized is using the web, on the off chance that you have any issue with the business distinguishing proof you should demand it through mail and by fax. This number should just be utilized for regulatory purposes. In Houston, other permits need to be included with my EIN, like a Texas/State Sales Tax Permit, Employer ID Number (EID) from the IRS, and Property Tax Rendition to start a business. Below is the facility information on where to obtain these and I also took a screenshot of the form to apply/register for an EIN. (Smith, 2012).

• Texas Sales & Use Tax permit: Texas State Comptroller, 1919 North Loop West, Suite 510, Houston, TX 77008. Phone: 713-426-8200, 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM – www.window.state.tx.us.
• Federal Tax Identification Number (EIN) Form SS-4 & Employer ID Number (EID): Internal Revenue Service, 1919 Smith St. Houston, Texas 77002. Phone: 281-721-7021, 8:00 AM – 4:30 PM – www.irs.gov.
• Property Tax Rendition: Harris County Appraisal District, 13013 Northwest Freeway, Houston, Texas 77040. Phone: 713-957-7800, 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM – www.hcad.org.

The Federal & State unemployment insurance numbers can be acquired via the US Department of Labor. In this application, the business will have the option to satisfy its expense risk as a protection subsidize for joblessness and handicap. The business is required to contribute 0.60% and the representative 0.30% for joblessness benefits. The government and state advantages must be filled in the US Department of Labor, the locale that the office has a place, as it were, contingent upon where the business is found or where the offices of the business or the enterprise will be bosses ought to go to the workplace nearest to their geographic area. (Smith, 2012).

State Unemployment Insurance (SUI) is a business subsidized program required by both state and government law. The protection pays jobless laborers benefits while they are searching for work. SUI is legally necessary, and each express that you have a representative in will expect you to have a SUI number and pay for state joblessness protection. Besides, the contrast between Government and State Necessities is that entrepreneurs need SUI to ensure their representatives should they ever need to fire their work. SUI sponsors the person’s salary while the person in question secures another position. The national government manages the protection, however, the individual states decide the joblessness benefits your representative may get. Both government and state annual charges support the program, however, they do so under various names. Federal unemployment insurance benefits are withheld under (FUTA). State-retained protection is ordinarily alluded to as SUI, and it’s required at the two levels as your organization develops. (Farnan & Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., 2001).

On the government level, bosses report their FUTA charge by recording a yearly Structure 940 with the Inner Income Administration. The FUTA forces a 6.0% assessment on the first $7,000 of gross profit of every specialist every year (as a general rule, it is commonly 0.6%, because you get credits for paying SUI). When the laborer’s income reaches $7,000 during a given year, the business is never again in charge of any further Government joblessness charge for that year. You’ll have to examine if there are credits permitted as for state joblessness charges paid, that may decrease your FUTA rate. (Farnan & Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., 2001).

At the state level, there are two parts to how SUI expense is determined: ‘Pay base’ and rate. Pay base is the most extreme measure of income that can be exhausted in a given schedule year. This is built upon every state premise and may change from year to year. Your SUI duty rate is resolved depending on what number of your previous workers have recorded a joblessness guarantee before. New organizations are burdened at ‘another business’ rate and afterward, the rate is refreshed on a yearly premise by the state dependent on joblessness guarantee movement. New manager rates for the most part go from 2-4%. You should enlist with each state you have workers in. You should enlist for SUI, record an SUI report on the entirety of your workers, and pay for SUI quarterly (you typically pay with your retention charges). You should report your FUTA charge by recording a yearly Form 940 with the Internal Revenue Service. (Farnan & Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., 2001).

Non-occupational disability insurance is not required in the state of Texas. On the off chance that a specialist’s incapacity isn’t business related, at that point he is ineligible for laborers’ pay and on the off chance that he can’t work, he is moreover ineligible for joblessness remuneration. In any event, five states and Puerto Rico have instituted laws that furnish people in this circumstance with nonoccupational benefits. California, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island give brief money advantages to people who are crippled from off-the-work wounds or ailments. A few of these states have given these advantages since the 1940’s. (Smith, 2012).

In case employers want to get non-occupational disability insurance for their employees, The Texas Income Protection Plan (TIPP) includes short-term and long-term disability coverage. TIPP is accessible to dynamic workers as a discretionary advantage and gives advantages to inabilities coming about because of word-related and non-word-related ailments or damage. Momentary handicap gives the greatest advantage of 66% of an enlisted worker’s month-to-month compensation (up to a most extreme pay of $10,000) or $6,600, whichever is less, for a period as long as five months. Long haul handicap inclusion gives a most extreme advantage of 60% of an enlisted worker’s month to month compensation (up to a greatest pay of $10,000) or $6,000, whichever is less, for a period running from a year up to full Government managed savings retirement age, contingent upon the representative’s age at the hour of incapacity. ReedGroup gives client assistance and case handling for TIPP. Retrieve from US Department of Labor in Houston, Texas: Texas Workforce Commission (TWC), business hours are Monday – Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Central Time. Call: 866-274-1722 – Employers only. https://twc.texas.gov/.

State insurance fund policies in which laborers pay state protection assets are government-supported associations that give laborers’ comp protection to businesses and workers in a particular state. Texas is unique among most different states since it doesn’t by and large command laborers’ remuneration protection. Nonetheless, this inclusion is as yet an engaging alternative for most entrepreneurs since it gives significant assurances to representatives and bosses after business-related damage or sickness. Organizations that agree with government elements are required to have inclusion. Entrepreneurs that choose not to buy laborers’ comp protection are called nonsubscribers. If a worker is harmed at work at a business with no inclusion, that individual can sue the business. All things considered, the business isn’t permitted to protect itself in court with a contention of worker carelessness. Disability protection pays advantages to representatives who are not working due to non-work-related mishaps or diseases. (Workers’ compensation covers job-related injuries.) It additionally gives inclusion to representatives who may not be qualified for laborers’ pay, or it might enhance laborers’ remuneration. A couple of states have laws that expect bosses to give handicap protection, however, Texas isn’t among them. Texas businesses may give such protection, however, they are not required to do as such. State law, be that as it may, may require explicit arrangements in a gathering inability approach sold by back up plans in Texas. Texas Division of Protection guidelines give that, by and large, handicap protection strategies offered, issued, reestablished, or conveyed on or after February 1, 2011, may exclude a discretionary clause (TX Admin. Code Ch. 28 Sec. 3.1201 et seq.). A ‘discretionary clause’ is defined as a provision that:

• Indicates or acts to tie a petitioner to, or awards reverence in consequent procedures to, unfriendly guarantee choices or approach understandings by the guarantor;
• Indicates that a policyholder or other inquirer may not challenge or request a refusal of a case;
• Determines that the guarantor’s understanding of the conditions of a strategy or its choice to deny inclusion or the measure of advantages is authoritative on a policyholder or other inquirer;
• Determines that in any intrigue of the guarantor’s basic leadership control with regards to the understanding of the particulars of an arrangement is authoritative; or
• Indicates a standard of the survey in any intrigue procedure that offers reverence to the first guarantee choice or gives models of understanding or audit that conflict with Texas law. Retrieve from US Department of Labor in Houston, Texas: Texas Workforce Commission (TWC), business hours are Monday – Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Central Time. Call: 866-274-1722 – Employers only. https://twc.texas.gov/.

Quarterly salary reports are the reports displayed by the businesses on a quarterly structure. Where they uncover and detail the measure of pay that is paid to representatives in that association, regardless of whether it be a business, enterprise, or another. These businesses are charged the assessment rate that is running at the hour of presenting the structure. Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) Guidelines 815.107 and 815.109 require all businesses to report Unemployment Insurance (UI) compensation and to pay their quarterly UI imposes electronically. Managers who don’t record and pay electronically might be liable to punishments as recommended in Areas 213.023 and 213.024 of the Texas Unemployment Compensation Act (TUCA). TWC offers businesses and their delegates two free electronic techniques for documenting reports via Unemployment Tax Services and QuickFile. Business programming is likewise accessible through a privately owned business that enables a business to transfer pay reports dependent on data in the finance record. For data on this alternative, visit the Intuit EasyACCT Proficient Arrangement segment. Retrieve from US Department of Labor in Houston, Texas: Texas Workforce Commission (TWC), business hours are Monday – Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Central Time. Call: 866-274-1722 – Employers only. https://twc.texas.gov/.

In conclusion, we can contend that anybody wishing to have their own business ought to be told of the principles and guidelines that administration organizations have, regardless of whether state or government since this causes us to stay away from various punishments, and fines, among others that could hurt the business. Consequently, I can think that the most ideal route for a business or future entrepreneur to comprehend the standards and guidelines is to peruse and being at the front line of all laws that may hurt a business or company. The way that the business and future representative are ensured by law doesn’t imply that these administration offices don’t research, despite what might be expected. All of these administration offices have a strategy for research where if a case is made that goes to that organization’s examination group. (Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2014).

Silver Trade DBQ Essay

Introduction

The silver trade, also known as the silver exchange, had a profound impact on global trade and economic systems during the period between 1500 and 1750. This essay will analyze the causes and effects of the silver trade, examining its impact on various regions and societies around the world. Through the analysis of primary sources and historical context, this DBQ essay will shed light on the motivations behind the silver trade, its consequences for global commerce, and the social and economic transformations it brought about.

The silver trade led to significant economic changes, including the emergence of a global economy, the rise of mercantilism, and social upheavals in both silver-producing and silver-consuming regions.

Motivations behind the Silver Trade

The silver trade was driven by a complex set of economic, political, and social factors. European powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and later the Dutch and English, sought to exploit the vast silver resources in the Americas and Asia to bolster their economies and enhance their military capabilities. The primary motivation behind the silver trade was the desire to accumulate wealth and maintain favorable trade balances. This desire for silver was influenced by the prevailing economic theories of mercantilism, which emphasized the accumulation of precious metals as a measure of national wealth and power.

Consequences of the Silver Trade in the Americas

The influx of silver from the Americas had far-reaching effects on both the Spanish colonies and the indigenous populations. In the Spanish colonies, the silver trade fueled the growth of mining centers such as Potosí in present-day Bolivia, leading to the extraction of vast amounts of silver and the exploitation of indigenous labor. The massive influx of silver disrupted local economies, causing inflation and economic instability. Additionally, the silver trade facilitated the growth of transatlantic trade networks and connected the Americas to the global economy.

Effects of the Silver Trade in Asia

The silver trade had a profound impact on Asia, particularly in China and Japan. China became the largest consumer of silver, using it to finance its growing population, expand its economy, and maintain a favorable trade balance. The influx of silver from the Americas led to significant social and economic changes in China, including inflation and the emergence of a market economy. In Japan, the silver trade played a crucial role in the unification and centralization of power under the Tokugawa shogunate. The shogunate implemented policies to control the silver trade, leading to the development of a regulated economy and the emergence of a wealthy merchant class.

Global Economic Transformations

The silver trade had a transformative effect on the global economy. The flow of silver from the Americas to Europe and Asia facilitated the growth of global trade networks and interconnected economies. Silver became a universally accepted medium of exchange and played a vital role in financing trade between regions. The increased availability of silver stimulated economic growth and fueled the expansion of capitalism. The global silver trade laid the foundation for the emergence of a global economy and the integration of different regions into a global network of trade and commerce.

Conclusion

The silver trade had significant implications for global trade, economic systems, and social structures during the period between 1500 and 1750. It shaped the fortunes of nations, fueled economic transformations, and facilitated the growth of global commerce. The motivations behind the silver trade were driven by the pursuit of wealth and power, as well as the prevailing economic theories of mercantilism. The consequences of the silver trade were complex, with both positive and negative effects on different regions. It led to social upheavals, economic changes, and the integration of economies into a global network. Overall, the silver trade played a pivotal role in shaping the modern world and continues to have lasting legacies in the realms of commerce, finance, and global interconnectedness.