Category: Stress

Two Types Of Stress Management In The Workplace

In our daily lives, we get to hear of word stress from our surroundings. Even the word ‘stress’ can be heard nowadays in the news, in magazines, and on other social media too. Stress is not something new for most people. Most people will experience stress at least once in life. Stress could come from various reasons. It can be from life, family, friends, and works. But the most common stress happened in the workplace. There are two types of stress management. We have acute stress and chronic stress. Acute stress is basically stress that develops within a short time frame and does not last long. For example, during an interview, when you have no answer to a question given. While on the other hand, chronic stress is an emotional pressure that the person has no control over it for a prolonged period of time. A chronic can lead to illness. It can cause high blood pressure, migraine headaches, and even weakening the immune system. As I mentioned earlier it can cause emotional pressure, having this disease can lead to depression. We will start to lose our self-esteem and doubt our capabilities. Stress also can happen in an organization due to many reasons such as work overload, job insecurity. Stress in limited quantity is advantageous to the organization and employee too. It helps to accomplish personal goals and organizational objectives. But stress in overabundance quantity can cause harm to the body, mind, and the psychology of an employee.

Based on the article that I have read, stress is vital for the employees in any organization. An approach to cope with the stress includes ample sleep, sports, talking to a companion or a friend, relaxation habits, and quitting obsessive products. These all need to be used in order to relieve all the stress. Workplace stress plays an important role in the physiological and psychological well-being of workers. It also influences the efficiency and productiveness of organizations. The various results of workplace stress like role ambiguity, personal problems, emotional imbalance, economic pressure, and behavioral disturbance lead to the interruption of the climate organization. These difficulties create interpersonal conflicts, reduced productivity, low organizational commitment, increased truancy, and more attrition. By facilitating the employees with effectual practice, the management can offer them a platform to fix their stress-related problems. Exercise, meditation, yoga, and recreational activities can provide a more conducive environment to manage stress. These useful steps can pave the path for developing the efficacy of employees and the increased performance of the organization.

Recently, the COVID-19 virus is triggering stress-causing varying reactions like sadness, worry, confusion, and fear in society. Most companies in the world have facing problems due to the COVID-19 that had happened all around the world. The company especially employees need to cope with a new style of working. Some were even forced to take leave without being paid. It really affects everyone physically and spiritually. Some are afraid of losing their jobs, others worry about having to shut down their business. Those who receive a daily salary wonder whether they can survive during the pandemic. There are few ways to cope with the stress during this pandemic. Firstly, we need to accept ourselves and acknowledge our strengths and weaknesses and admit the fact that life has its highs and lows. This principle can shape an employee to be more confident about facing new challenges. Next, do not hesitate to communicate with your co-workers, supervisors, and employees about any work that stresses us out while maintaining social distancing. Also, always get the update about the virus so that you know how to protect yourself and others. Understanding the risk and being considerate by sharing accurate information with your surrounding can reduce stress and help you to connect with others. The most important thing is to take breaks from watching, reading, or listen to the news, including social media. Hearing about the pandemic frequently can be depressing and mentally exhausting.

Stress Management: Work Related Stress And Major Health Concern

Stress is a major health concern in America today, and it is especially prominent among American workers. Studies have shown that over 94% of American workers have reported work-related stress and that over 61% of these American workers are ready to quit their jobs because of it (Milenkovic, 2019). Occupational stress poses different physiological effects involving hormones as well as pathological effects because of the suppressing of the immune system. It also leads to decreased productivity at work, increased costs for companies, and promotes negative coping behaviors which further increase work-related stress.

There are a variety of cultures made up of their own unique characteristics that influence how each individual thinks or behaves within their lives. When it comes to the topic of stress, specifically stress in the workplace, different cultures tend to view and manage it differently. There are different factors that make up work-related stress including a workers’ sense of control, but psychosocial factors like “emotional demands, demands of hiding emotion, sensorial demands … organizational influence, trust, the social community at work… work-life balance, and negative acts (such as violence or bullying)” are some important contributors to stressful workdays as well (Hsu, H.C., 2018). The level of stress per occupation goes deeper than just the stressors themselves. It is the internal makeup of the individual that determines how these stressors will affect their physical and psychological health. Different cultures, such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status can have a huge impact on how one copes with work-related stress, but luckily they have the ability to rely on certain ethical laws to help relieve the burdens of the stress within the workplace.

Scientific Inquiry

The body experiences many physiological changes when it is exposed to any form of stressor, especially stressors that are work-related. What the body tends to do is activate our “General Adaptation Syndrome” or our “GAS”, which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and recovery or exhaustion (Copstead & Banasnik, 2013). The alarm stage is also referred to as the “fight-or-flight” response, “because it provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to either evade or confront danger” (2013). This stage is responsible for triggering the hypothalamus of the brain to secrete corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH) resulting in a cascade of events activating the SNS (sympathetic nervous system) (2013). This causes a release of essential hormones such as catecholamines and glucocorticoids to be secreted into the bloodstream causing a variety of inflammatory effects (2013). The resistance stage does not progress until the pituitary gland is activated by the cascade of events mediated by CRH being released from the hypothalamus (2013). Copstead and Banasik explain that the resistance stage involves the body trying to adapt to the physiologic changes occurring by its “allostatic return to homeostasis” (allostasis), meaning all body mechanisms are working together to bring the body back within the normal range (2013). Every system or physiologic effect triggered by the stressor is in full force in this stage trying to fight the stressor and calm the body down. If allostasis takes into effect and the body responds well to the stressor, it will enter the recovery stage. If not, it moves onto the exhaustion stage where “the body is no longer able to effect a return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to noxious agents” (2013). The exhaustion stage emphasizes that the body’s continuous response to stress proves to be more damaging than the stressor itself (2013). This response includes secreted, inflammatory mediated hormones that pose a plethora of effects on the body which damage the immune system and can then lead to increased susceptibility to disease and infection.

Hormones play an essential role in responding to stressors and produce profound effects when they are secreted into the bloodstream. The body triggers multiple pathways to release certain hormones, but the “sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system” and the “hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system” (HPA) are extremely important. The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system releases the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream (2013). These hormones produce a range of effects including the elevation of cardiac output, heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure, and myocardial activity (2013). They also inhibit insulin secretion and decrease gastric acid secretions (2013). The HPA axis leads to the stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol (2013). Cortisol is an anti-inflammatory hormone, but “chronic elevations can lead to the immune system becoming “resistant”, an accumulation of hormones, and increased production of inflammatory cytokines that further compromise the immune response” (Morey, J. N., Boggero, I. A., Scott, A. B., & Segerstrom, S. C., 2015).

When the body experiences stress and is exhausted from compensation, the immune system is hindered, and we become immunosuppressant. As was previously mentioned, if our bodies do not make it past the “recovery” stage, they instead settle in the “exhaustion” stage, which is categorized by what is called “allostatic overload” (2013). Allostatic overload is a fancy term for the wear and tear on our bodies when compensating for the exposure of the stressor (2013). Science has shown that excessive catecholamine levels are linked to certain cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension, stroke, and myocardial infarction (2013). Stress also causes “hair loss, emotional tension, burnout, mouth sores, insomnia, asthma, heart palpitations, neuromuscular movement disorders, muscle contraction backaches, tension headaches, digestive disorders, and irritable bladder” (2013). Stress is also a key factor in contributing to certain psychological disorders. Cells in the amygdala tend to hypertrophy (an increase in size or function) and undergo “remodeling”, which results in an increase in fear, anxiety, and other mood disorders (2013). It is appropriate to say that stressors, especially work-related stressors, heavily contribute to the suppressing of the immune system and the damaging effects that are posed on the body.

Mathematical and Analytical Inquiry

Constant stress within the workplace leads to decreased work performance. Surveys have shown that 41% of stressed workers say that stress leads to a loss of productivity (2019). This loss of productivity can hinder the relationships with one’s boss, coworkers, clients, patients, etc. Which can then continue to add more stress within their work. The American Institute of Stress states that 51% of stressed, American workers are “mentally checked out” at work (2019).

Stress can have a significant impact on one’s ability to perform certain tasks and can lead to a lack of concentration and decreased motivation (Davey, A., Shukla, A, Sharma P., Davey, S., 2019). There are a variety of occupations that require different levels of focus and productivity, however, when it specifically comes to working in jobs associated with health care, it is important that one does not let the stress of the job cause a mental block so they can avoid hindering their performance when caring for their patients. Patients are usually sick and vulnerable, and they depend on health care workers for care and support. It is essential that the stress of the job itself does not affect the care that is needed for them. A few of the causes associated with occupational stress include a heavy workload (accounts for 39% of the cases) and a lack of clarity of their supervisor’s expectations when experiencing any form of change at work (accounts for 31% of the cases) (2019). The decrease in productivity has lead to 61% of American workers being ready to quit their jobs (2019). Work-related stress makes day-to-day life unenjoyable for those suffering. They might turn to become absent more frequently, or they might turn to quit their jobs as a solution for their problems.

Occupational stress is a major issue concerning the costs of the company. Work-related stress causes 120,000 deaths and results in $190 billion in healthcare costs annually (2019). This averages about 5-8% of total national healthcare spending associated with stress at work (2019). According to some calculated estimates, “job stress has been the main factor in 70% of absenteeism cases and nearly wasting of 10% of the country’s gross domestic product” (Davey, A., et al., 2019). Those who are suffering from work-related stress tend to simply turn to increase the frequency of their absence or quit their jobs in order to avoid the complications that are associated with stress. Companies need to accommodate those who decide to not show and/or quit their jobs due to stress by spending about 75% of workers’ annual salaries to cover the costs of absenteeism, the decrease in productivity, and the replacement of workers (2019). That is another stressor within the workplace itself. Those who work with the people who are experiencing stress from work are also affected partly because their hard-earned money is being taken away from them to cover the costs of those absent or gone. They are now forced to deal with the stress of receiving less pay while working more hours because of their stressed-out colleagues. Those who suffer from work-related stress report that this stress has carried on within their homes and that the added stress within their homes turns them into negative coping mechanisms, which adds more fuel to the fire.

54% of people have said that their home life has been affected due to occupational or work-related stressors (2019). It is common for people to use their home as their “safe haven” in times of stress, however, it is not easy relying on the comfort of one’s home if they are bringing the stress of their occupation into it. 76% of workers have reported that stress from work affects their personal relationships (2019). Affected workers tend to turn to their loved ones for support, but they end up taking that work-related stress out on them instead. This overload of stress has also led those affected to cope in unhealthy, negative ways. 46% percent of women tend to turn to food and eat more because of their stress (2019). 19% of men are reported to have sex more frequently risking the chance of developing a sexually transmitted disease, and 12% of men have turned to illicit drugs for a sense of ease (2019). These unhealthy coping behaviors are extremely taxing on the body and cause the body unnecessary stress that adds to the stressors of working.

Cultural Inquiry

Culture can be defined in a variety of ways, but many view culture as “shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understandings that are learned by socialization” (Zimmerman, K.A., 2017). Cultures of men and women tend to experience different levels of stress within the workplace and tend to have different reactions when they experience work-related stress. Men “are more likely to occupy higher positions”, while women tend to work in low-paying, unstable jobs on top of caring for duties within the home, which just further adds to the stress (Rivera-Torres, P., Araque-Padilla R.A., & Montero-Simo, M.J., 2013). Women tend to react heavily with their emotions when initially contacted with stress while men tend to use more logic in the matter (Mayor, E., 2015). Women seem to “experience more chronic stressors than men and consider stressors as more threatening” (Mayor, E., 2015). This is mainly because “masculinity, in particular, is related to better physical and mental health … better self-assessed general health, [and] less physical symptoms” (Mayor, E., 2015). Having better overall health makes it easier to cope when stress is introduced. When it comes to coping, men tend to lean towards “active coping” where problem-solving is the main engaging factor, while simultaneously ignoring “avoidance coping” which is strictly a more emotional coping mechanism used by women (Mayor E., 2015). Not only do men and women differ in terms of stress effectiveness and management, but age also makes a difference in how one copes as well.

Age has a major impact on how one perceives and manages their stress levels. There are a variety of factors that add influence to the differences of younger versus older-aged workers. For example, younger workers have reported experiencing more stress regarding the workplace with certain factors being of influence including “being in a physically demanding job, greater self-related work pressure, not being able to work at home, [and] feeling tired before work” compared to older groups (Hsu, H.C., 2018). The fact that younger workers tend to experience more work-related stress compared to older adults can be stemmed from the possibility that “younger workers are still learning to fit into the working environment or that older workers are more resilient in adapting to a changing environment” (Hsu, H.C., 2018). Being more resilient to the stressors experienced has been shown to reduce the degree of burnout at work (Hsu, H.C., 2018). It has also been recorded that younger workers have more work-family conflicts with more discriminatory experiences at work as well (Hsu, H.C., 2018). Although younger workers experience more work-related stress, they tend to manage it better compared to older adults because older workers seem to have less psychological well-being compared to younger adults (Hsu, H.C, 2018). Older workers’ “declining health and creativity with age could affect their potential to deal with work challenges”, which makes coping with work-related stress much more difficult (Hsu, H.C., 2018). There are different health training programs to encourage “new methods and creative thinking” and to provide social support for workers of all ages so they could have more beneficial work experiences and work outcomes (Hsu, H.C., 2018). Socioeconomic status also plays a role in the intensity and management of stress within the workplace.

Although one would think that living in a lower socioeconomic status would increase the levels of stress within the workplace, studies have shown otherwise. Low SES individuals tend to have more accompanying stress outside of the workplace while those with higher SES jobs tend to report more stress within the actual work itself. Certain results have shown that “in comparison to high SES individuals, those with lower SES reported greater happiness at work, less self-reported stress, and less perceived stress” (Damaske, S., Zawadzki, M. J., & Smyth, J. M., 2016). Older workers have reported, “feeling unable to meet work demands, fewer work resources, and less positive work appraisals” (Damaske, S., Zawadzki, M. J., & Smyth, J. M., 2016). Both high and low SES jobs provide different stressors which influence the stress that is experienced within the workplace. For example, high SES jobs “typically come with greater job demands, including more responsibility, more time demands, greater interpersonal conflict, and greater conflict over the use of authority” compared to those with low SES jobs who “experience low job control and little schedule control” (Damaske, S., Zawadzki, M. J., & Smyth, J. M., 2016). These different work-related stressors produce different effects on a person, which can then urge them to turn to their legal rights for support.

Ethical Inquiry

“According to the World Health Organization, workers who are stressed are more likely to be unhealthy, poorly motivated, less productive, less safe at work, and at risk for depression and anxiety disorders” (Zabawa, B.J., 2019). It is important for employers of any company “to ensure that as much assistance, training, support, and guidance is offered to staff as possible so that stress at work can be avoided” (Morris, 2019). Employers are taught through various training programs and Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) to initially address the issue of work-related stress (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.). These EAP programs teach employees about “stress, the effects of stress on health, and personal skills to reduce stress, …and provide individual counseling for employees for both work and personal problems” (Occupational Safety and Health Act, n.d.). Although these training programs have been enforced as preventative measures, some employees still feel the burden of workplace stress on top of these measures being implemented.

Many employers are made aware of the issue at hand but fail to alter the working environment to accommodate for the stress received. Because of this, many employees suffering from work-related stress turn to legal action to take effect. They rely on their rights and the laws that protect them. The different laws provide assistance that also “help[s] to create work environments that reduce employee stress” (Zabawa, B.J., 2019). For example, one does have the right to make a legal claim such as a personal injury or constructive dismissal claim for stress against their employer (Landau, P., 2010). This presents the issue to the employer, who can possibly grant the employee Statutory Sick Pay (SSP) in order for them to take time off to manage their chronic stress (Landau, P., 2010).

People experiencing work-related stress also turn to certain laws such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The OSHA helps to “provide guidance on how to prevent workplace violence” with some of these guidelines including “getting a commitment from management, asking employees to participate in decision-making, and conducting a worksite analysis” (Zawaba, B.J., 2019). The OSHA provides safety to its employees while requiring them to work together, which teaches them the basics of teamwork. The greater effectiveness of working as a team can promote better support among coworkers when the work environment deems to be too stressful. Employees suffering from long-term stress in the workplace also turn to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ADA “support[s] the need for more comprehensive wellness programs that include reducing stress and its various causes” (Zawaba, B.J., 2019). The ADA “prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals who have, had, or are perceived to have a disability as to terms, conditions, and privileges of employment” (Zawaba, B.J., 2019). The ADA protects people with disabilities due to stress that has been acquired within the workplace (2019).

There are also other worker’s compensation laws to not only help reduce the amount of stress within the work environment but also help protect against any form of discrimination amongst employees. Some examples are Title VII, which “prohibits employment discrimination based on an employee’s gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion” (Zawaba, B.J., 2019) and the Age Discrimination and Employment Act (ADEA), which “prohibits discrimination against employees age 40 or older” (Zawaba, B.J., 2019). These worker compensation laws protect those who might be receiving chronic amounts of stress due to bullying among coworkers and thus reduces the risk of acquired stress within the workplace.

Stress Management: Why It Is Important For Employees And Employers To Deal With This Issue

In 2017, 56% of British workers felt very or quite stressed due to their jobs. (Evans, 2017). In 2018/19, according to the Labour Force Survey (2019), 1,800 workers in 100,00 suffered from work-related stress, anxiety or depression. Even that mental health and stress are current topics in society and between companies, these numbers show how it still is a lot to work on. This essay will, firstly, define what stress and work-related stress are. Secondly, it will explain the causes that can lead to work-related stress, having the “Amazon: The Truth Behind the Click” as an example. And, thirdly, this essay will mention some of the consequences that can occur from work-related stress. It will discuss why is important for employees and employers to deal with this issue and suggest ways how they can reduce it or cope with it better.

So, it can be questioned what stress is. Well, stress is a response from our body to help us cope with a situation in our life. Usually, it is a new situation, something that we are not used to dealing with, it can be when a person feels threatened or that does not have control over what is happening at that moment. When this happens, our body starts to generate stress hormones that set off our body in a “flight or fight” mode. This can help to cope to deal with the pressure that is felt at that moment. Normally, people can return to their normal condition without any problems. The problem starts when the person is exposed to a level of stress frequently, it starts to become more difficult to cope with it and it starts to feel overwhelming (Mental Health Foundation, 2018; Shiel, no date). Even that some people would like to be able to ‘switch off’ stress it is not possible since it is a reflex that our body has to protect us (Teasdale, 2006). When the person is feeling constant stress for a long time is what is called long-term stress. According to the World Health Organization (no date), long-term stressed is often caused by the stress that a person is under while at work. Work-related stress can occur from different causes, such as, being asked to do a type of job that do not have the skills or the appropriate material, do not have support from the managerial team or/and colleagues, feeling of not being part of the decisions or the process regarding their job. It is known that most of the jobs put people under pressure, and pressure is needed to help to achieve better results.

The factors related to work that can lead to stress are the ones where the employees are asked to do more than they actually can, where they feel a lack of support and lack of opportunity to express their opinions or to have any choices (King and Lawley, 2019; World Health Organization, no date). The “Amazon: The Truth Behind the Click” proves that. They have targets that are almost impossible to achieve, for example, 110 units per hour (1.80 units per minute). Employees are pressured all the time about their targets and if they have a continuously poor performance, they occur the risk of being fired. Stressed is usually associated with the overload of work, but the opposite can also help to increase it. If the employees do not have work that matches their abilities, they can feel demotivated and under-stimulated what can lead to them start questioning their value and their future in the company (World Health Organization, no date). Long or/and inflexible hours (British Academy, 2010), “Amazon: The Truth Behind the Click” showed that they have shifts more than 10 hours with a 1-hour break. Not knowing the working schedule in advance also helps to increase stress. Even that it is possible that the employees do not have long shifts, if the rota is not known with time, it makes it more difficult to make plans and enjoy life outside work. Employees need a balance between work and their social life (Hope, 2015). It may make them feel that they cannot control their work-life and by a consequence their private life. Another factor that can help to increase stress at work is the uncertainty regarding the position of the employee in the company. For example, it is getting a promotion, or if the job is secure/stable or not (World Health Organization, no date). Since employees are afraid of losing their job, they are going to work even when they are sick. This is called “presenteeism”. If they are sick, they will not be as productive as normal and they are increasing the risk of contaminating their colleagues as well (Allen, 2011; British Academy, 2010). In “Amazon: The Truth Behind the Click” he was a temporary worker like almost all his colleagues were. If the person is temporally and knows that very hardly will become a permanent worker, it is harder to feel part of the company. Furthermore, they were monitored for everything related to attendance and punctuality. If they were late, or if they were sick (even if they were already at work) they would gain some points and if they end up with 3 points they would be fired. Additionally, the company should have rules that need to be followed by everyone. Having different rules for some employees may increase the feeling of unfairness. The managers have a big role in this topic. Managers can help to increase or decrease the stress that their employees are feeling. If the manager does not know how to communicate clearly and effectively, the employee can feel frustrated, not heard, and unsupported. The manager needs to be aware of the relationship between employees. He/she needs to be alert if any harassment is happening or if any employee seems to be affected by any kind of problem at work or even outside work (Allen, 2011; World Health Organization, no date). In the Amazon case, this did not happen. The job itself was already giving him high levels of stress and his managers did not help him to feel secure or to feel supported. They just help to get him even more stressed by pressuring him about his targets and by not allowing any kind of conversation between workers.

These factors that help to increase work-related stress have consequences. Although stress is not an illness, it can make people ill. This means that it can make people under stress more prone to get sick or to have health problems. It can go from just feel bored and not have any motivation at all to go to work, to anxiety, depression to being emotionally unstable (Shiel, no date). It can increase the risk of heart problems (British Academy, 2010). It can also change your healthy habits. It can make a non-smoker start smoking, in a way of seeking ways to reduce stress. For a smoker, it can make an increase in the number of cigarettes that the person smokes per day. Stress might change the person eating habits, from making him/she eat all the time to not eat at all. It can increase the consumption of alcohol and drugs, and when the person is completely overwhelmed and might think that he/she reaches his/her limit, she might end up by committing suicide (World Health Organization, no date). In “Amazon: The Truth Behind the Click”, after some long shifts running from one side to the other with a heavy trolly, the employee created foot blisters and felt that the job was physically demanded. Another consequence of the long hours and the routine job was that he could not forget the beeping sound from his machine, which did not let him rest, creating insomnias.

However, these consequences are not only for the employee but also for the employer. When employees are under excessive pressure, their performance and job satisfaction decline. They are not motivated so their decision-making is weaker what leads to numbers of human errors getting higher. If people are suffering from the effects of long-term stress, they need to call in sick more often so the company is going to suffer from their absence (for example they might need to contract more people, which involves more investment in training). If the company is a warehouse, stress can increase the number of accidents with employees. If employers harass their employees, at some point they can look for revenge and sabotage the company plans (e.g. they can leak a new idea to the public, or sell a product to a rival company) (British Academy, 2010; Teasdale, 2006)

Companies need to avoid these consequences as much as they can (Allen, 2011). If the employee is healthy, it will give is best contribute to the company, so if the company cares about their employees and what is best for them, the company will be a ‘healthy’ company as well. The company can achieve this by paying attention to their staff, to make their work environment more organized, by recognizing their hard workers, by giving more training and enough tools for staff to develop their jobs with more security and confidence (Teasdale, 20016). Also, if the company listens to their staff’s opinions, or if they are given more responsibility, support, and trust they will feel more integrated into the company that will lead to more effort to succeed. Another point that a “healthy” company should consider is the working hours and their flexibility. Their staff needs to be able to have time to develop their personal life (Hope, 2015). If, for example, one person can go on holiday, it is very likely that when returns to work the person is going to be happy to be back, probably are going to have new ideas and be more creative. Stress will always be present at work, so instead of ignoring it, companies should have ways to help their employees to cope with it. One possibility is by having medical advice available, or to do workshops (how to cope with stress, how to work as a team, or actual learning workshops regarding the company subject) or lectures (British Academy, 2010; Teasdale, 2006).

Nevertheless, employees should try to be able to cope with stress without depending on their company. The first step is to acknowledge the stress and to analyse if and which problems are causing, not forgetting physical problems (fatigue or headaches). The next step is to try to find some possible causes for the stress, then try to dive them into two parts, the ones that are out of the person control and the ones that are possible to make some changes to avoid more stress. Consider these last ones and try to find solutions for them by making small changes at work or in private life (Mental Health Foundation, 2018). Another helpful step is to have strong relationships. To create a strong bond with people that it is possible to rely on, it can be friends, family, colleagues (King and Lawley, 2019), or some reading club for example. Eating healthy and being careful with drugs and alcohol also can help to improve well-being (Mental Health Foundation, 2018). One more way that will help to reduce stress is by doing exercise, it can help to liberate stress and feel more “light” (Hope, 2015).

Concluding, stress is the body response to help to cope with unusual situations. When a person is under pressure, usually at work, they can feel stressed however, when the pressure is excessive and the person is constantly feeling stressed, it develops long-term stress. Long-term stress can lead to having health problems, such as fatigue or heart problems. These problems not only affect the employee but also the employer. To improve the work environment and avoid both the company and staff feeling stressed, they need to work together. The company needs to provide appropriate conditions, support, trust and reasonable hours. And needs to provide help to help to cope with stress. While staff needs to do their best job, working with the company to achieve their targets and be loyal. Also, staff cannot depend on the company to cope with stress, they need to have their solutions as well.

Organization Approaches To Managing Stress

Stress management is conducive to reducing the excessive psychological pressure of employees. When employees are in a group, they can feel the power of the collective, so they are not lonely, afraid, and have a sense of belonging. Maintaining moderate pressure and interdependence among employees creates a sense of identity. Moderate pressure is the driving force of work, forming unique psychological habits and positioning role, which is the sense of role. The implementation of pressure management in enterprises and the mutual care and care of group members can eliminate the dull psychology and generate a sense of strength so that employees can improve their work efficiency and the performance of the whole organization. When an organization knows the pressure of employees in different timelines and conducts management to dredge it, it will take a correct attitude to examine employees’ inner feelings, pressure sources, and opinions. Attaching importance to the stress management of employees has become the human resource management of the organization. Thus, organizations should set up these preventive solutions to manage stress:

First, employees work pressure preventive solutions. It should establish a formal organizational communication mechanism to achieve seamless communication. Communication is a good way to release stress. It provides a way to express emotions. Effective communication channels help employees understand the company’s status and changes in the external environment in a timely manner, so that they can make adjustments in a timely manner, change from passive to active, and reduce stress. When employees are in a work environment beyond their capacity, set strategies of work stress management of employees they often feel stressed out. Therefore, ensuring that employees’ ability meets the requirements of the work is the basic starting point of human resources management. In the hiring, it is necessary to reduce the blindness of employees’ work awareness through pre-introduction of work topics, thereby reducing stress. On another side, the hire must meet the job requirements, and strive to avoid after taking up the job, there is huge psychological pressure because of incompetence. The organization should provide more welfare like high wages, housing, medical care, and social insurance. These comprehensive benefits could effectively reduce the external pressure of work for employees.

Second, employees personal pressure preventive solution. A person’s mindset and way of thinking largely determines the person’s attitude and views, so change personal mind and understand stress correctly. Cultivate the ability of employees to control psychological stress and anxiety: To reduce the harm of psychological negative factors, requires efforts at both the organizational and individual levels. Letting employees learn to manage their own stress and anxiety is an important way for both levels to work together. In this regard, both attitude guidance and specific methods should be taught to employees. Employees don’t have to worry too much about their weaknesses, but they must give full play to their strengths and make themselves confident to solve their depression problems. There are some tips to reduce personal pressures:

1. The principles of time management commonly used in work and complete the most important things in your most productive time period jobs.
2. A healthy body thereby reducing the effects of stress, the best way is take a good sleep.
3. Take time to make fun and relaxation, and keep sense of humor because this is a good way to fight stress.
4. While stress is an automatic response from nervous system, to practice the 4 A’s (Avoid, Alter, Adapt and Accept) of stress management.
5. There is nothing more calming than spending quality time with another human being who makes safe and understood.
6. The fastest way to reduce stress is by taking a deep breath and using all senses to relieve stress in the moment.
7. Maintaining an optimistic attitude can give impetus to personal development.
8. Individuals must establish good values and formulate a practical career plan (Robinson, Smith, and Segal, 2019). Self-confidence is a kind of confidence that an individual often maintains in self-ability, identity and value. Only by strengthening self-confidence cultivating and exercising strong willpower can adapt to the stress environment.

Third, Organizations could look for some different ways to helping employees cope with stress, it includes promote mental health plan, making clear expectations to employees, and to create fair work treatments. At the same time,

Organization approaches to managing stress:

1. The organization should popularize the knowledge of stress management to employees, and it also sets up publicity columns to promote employees’ mental health knowledge. Establish corresponding pressure consulting organizations or institutions to help employees relieve stress. The main idea is to help employees manage stress by maintaining physical and mental health. Content is a way to reduce stress for employees. The reason for implementing the plan is that in the final analysis, employees’ own lives must be controlled by employees themselves. Employee self-management and self-adjustment are the most effective way to relieve stress.
2. As a manager of an organization must be made clear expectations to employees. In a workplace, managers should change unreasonable beliefs and behavior patterns to help employees clear descriptions of their job to less stress. If managers don’t make clear descriptions for their jobs, the employee will feel role ambiguity and conflict in the work environment. On other hand, the human resources department should feedback the performance evaluation results to employees in a timely manner, and let employees participate in some of their decisions, so as to reduce the ambiguity of roles and conflicts, and reduce the uncertainty of tasks and roles. According to the research showed that exactly how role stress and various performances of individuals are related has received considerable attention, in which stress has been found to affect individual creativity (Yan and Chen, 2010).
3. Organization to create fair work treatment for the employee. Organizations improve the working environment and conditions to provide employees with a pleasant and ensure they have good tools and equipment to do their jobs well. Allowing employees to freely determine the time to go to work within a specific period of time, and to arrange their time reasonably. This way will not only help the organization handle work, life, and family balance but also more effectively complete tasks. To help employees set up goals can enhance employees’ motivation, and to plan some activities such as reading, running or play basketball, and so on.

Stress Management: Supporting Individuals In The Team

As individuals interact with the workplace environment, there occur situations where one cannot cope with associated demands and pressures. Besides affecting one’s physical and emotional health, the stress in the workplace can undermine one’s productivity hence harming the organization. The high incidence of workplace stress necessitates research into causes of stress and how the individual and the organization can contribute to stress management. Investing in stress management is important since the productivity of human resources is key to a firm’s success.

Managing Stress

As an intern at XYZ organization, I experienced several overwhelming situations. Most of it was caused by my inexperience in workplace dynamics. Within a few weeks, however, I was conversant with workplace activities and could work comfortably with minimal supervision. My colleague, Peter’s, situation resonates when it comes to workplace stress. Peter was a middle manager at XYZ organization. He had worked hard to achieve the position after six years at the company. For Peter, promotion to a management role was critical to his ideal career development path. At last, he could be involved in strategic planning and help implement strategies that would drive the firm to the future. However, within months of his promotion, Peter started having doubts regarding his new job. As the link between executive management and employees, he regularly found himself in the middle of conflicts between the two groups. His workload increased substantially, and he spent more time at the workplace as he tried to implement strategies prescribed by the organization’s top leadership. Peter felt underappreciated and was concerned that his career would stall at middle management.

Peter’s stress was the result of role conflict, high workload, and difficulties negotiating organizational power dynamics as a middle manager. According to Anicich and Hirsh (660), the last cause of stress results from the nature of the middle manager’s job which involves interacting with various stakeholder groups which most likely have conflicting priorities. Peter’s stress had a negative impact on the workplace. He always seemed distracted and had trouble concentrating on even the smallest tasks. The effect of this development was the quality of Peter’s decision-making decreased drastically. He seemed to lack the motivation to turn up to work every day and perform his supervisory duties. Another important observation was that Peter was increasingly temperamental. Even the smallest mistakes angered him, and he lacked the patience to allow junior employees to learn about workplace operations. Stress was affecting his ability to work, and it was clear at the time that the situation had to be managed to avoid Peter’s situation developing to occupational ill-health.

Since workplace stress is gradual, it is important to know associated symptoms so that one can recognize stress not only in oneself but also in workplace colleagues and implement relevant stress management techniques. Behavioral symptoms of workplace stress include increased irritability, social isolation, changes in eating habits, changes in sleeping patterns, increased alcohol consumption, self-medication, becoming less cooperative and more accident-prone, and neglect of personal appearance. Physiological symptoms, on the other hand, include headaches, stomach problems, fatigue, muscle spasms, and raised blood pressure. Additionally, a stressed individual could also exhibit psychological symptoms such as anxiety, forgetfulness, apathy, and low self-esteem (Hilton and Whiteford 924). A practical stress management technique that I could use to overcome workplace stress is mindfulness meditation. Life can be hectic in the workplace hence emphasizing the importance of slowing things down and concentrating on one’s mental health. Meditation helps cultivate calmness in the mind and body which helps relieve stress-related tension. The consistent practice eventually transforms how one deals with difficult situations in the workplace since one develops resilience to stress. For an individual like Peter, mindfulness meditation would help him remain in the present and deal with the disappointments of middle management more positively. Despite the severity of workplace stress symptoms, mindfulness meditation can help overcome stress.

An organization’s management has a duty of care towards its employees and as such should address workplace stress by using preventative measures, identifying stress symptoms, and developing stress management programs. Since the incidence of stress in the workplace is on the rise, an organization’s management should be proactive. Accordingly, management should foster a conducive and supportive workplace atmosphere as the foundation of the proactive approach. The management could take several actions in this regard. First is encouraging and providing access to health and wellbeing opportunities. An employee feeling the strain of work would, therefore, get prompt treatment. Secondly, an organization’s management should empower staff to exercise some control over their workload. Encouraging staff to give views on their workload ensures better workload management hence helping avoid burnout which could lead to workplace stress. Another important consideration is considering the use of flexible working schedules. The move would help improve work-life balance which is necessary if employees are to remain contented with their work arrangement and thus maintain productivity. Regarding identifying the symptoms of stress, individual managers should have knowledge of their team and their working styles. The management would, therefore, identify uncharacteristic behavior which could be indicative of workplace stress early enough and act accordingly.

Counseling, advising, and mentoring are effective strategies for providing support for staff which could help in stress management. Counselling provides support by providing a safe place for individuals to talk about troubling issues. Besides, counselors help individuals find solutions to their problems and help develop coping strategies. Counseling should be offered as a specialist resource for all staff that can be accessed at any time. Providing advice, on the other hand, is appropriate when a manager notices a behavioral change in a staff member. While only a short-term fix, proper advice could help an employee deal with issues at the workplace better. Mentoring is a long-term engagement that involves a senior employee guiding a junior employee through high-pressure situations. Accordingly, advice can take place at any time since the parties involved are in close contact. Mentoring is especially effective when an employee thinks that they have messed up and that they are not good enough for the job. Through the use of knowledge and experience, mentoring helps individuals handle anxiety better.

Conclusion

Stress in the workplace is prevalent in the modern organization hence making it imperative for organizational leadership to take reactive measures to deal with the situation. Workplace stress results from factors such as work overload, role ambiguity and conflict, poor workplace relationships, and organizational structure. Understanding causes as well as symptoms of workplace stress is key to developing stress management strategies. Techniques such as meditation and management initiatives such as counseling, advising, and mentoring have proved important in providing support for individuals.

Stress Management Strategies at Rossmoyne Senior High School (RSHS)

Stress is something that everyone experiences in their daily life. Stress is a heightened sense of anxiety, caused by specific situations and pressures. These circumstances and tensions are commonly known as stressors and can vary from person – to – person. Stressors can be internal or external and are generally experienced as negative rather than a positive feeling. Positive stressors or Eustress as they are commonly known as are short-term and tend to motivate us and are perceived to be within our coping abilities resulting in improvement and change. Examples of positive stressors include going on a vacation, learning a new hobby or sport, moving houses etc. The more common type of stress, however, is negative stress or distress. Distress can be short or long term and in contrast to Eustress, is perceived to exceed our coping ability. Upcoming exams, deadlines, family issues, poor performance in certain subjects are all examples of distress and are also a few examples of stress that students in Rossmoyne SHS face regularly.

Approximately 47% of Australian students’ experience stress daily resulting in a decrease of student motivation and increases the chance of school dropouts, poorer academic achievement and a greater chance of risky behaviour in young Australians and society. With a growing rate of students’ experiencing stress daily, stress management strategies are a must for Rossmoyne SHS students and community as this would help in developing resilience and coping skills for stress. The expected beneficial outcomes of practising stress management strategies include stable moods, clearer thoughts, improvement in relationships and decreasing the risk of mental and physical illness for Rossmoyne SHS students and community.

Stress is the body’s reaction to harmful situations, both real and perceived. These reactions can be physical, social and emotional and can have consequences that affect the body physically and mentally. A few physical consequences of stress include insomnia, low energy levels, aches and pains, rapid heart rate, sweating, high blood pressure, obesity, shaking and tension. Stress affects our balance of hormones impacting in social and behavioural consequences in our bodies. Examples of social and behavioural consequences include isolation, depression, aggressive feelings and behaviours, difficulties in relationships and drug or alcohol misuse. Along with stress comes unpredictable moods and other emotional consequences. Examples of these consequences are frustration, anger, extreme mood swings, defensiveness, sadness and fear. Many students in our school suffer from stress and these consequences have a serious impact on students at Rossmoyne, indicating that we need to educate the students at the school on how to cope and overcome stress.

Common causes of stress that students experience at Rossmoyne are a heavy workload, social pressure and extracurricular classes. Heavy workload and meeting deadlines create a large amount of stress for students making them feel overwhelmed and frustrated resulting in an increase of difficulty for the child to fully understand all the topics to the fullest. The main cause for the heavy workload is due to the lack of communication between teachers and the clash of each teacher giving a large pile of work for the student to get done all on similar due dates. All teachers in Rossmoyne have high expectations for each student to perform well, but due to the amount of the workload we students receive, students find it hard to meet all those expectations resulting in the student being negatively stressed. Social pressure is another cause of stress that students experience in Rossmoyne SHS. Students in high school place a high value on their social lives and finding and keeping your friend groups can be very stressful to many students. High school students are at that age where they are learning and changing, both physically and mentally. With their mind and body changing, many teens engage in behaviour outside of their comfort zones to appease to their peers. Another cause of stress that students experience at Rossmoyne is being in extracurricular activities and due to the increased difficulty of the task and the amount of time we must put in the activity, this results in students being stressed. Many of these activities are very competitive, requiring practice and participation and constant commitment to coaches, teachers, teammates and peers. The students experience stress not only because they constantly push themselves to be the best but also because their activities are often very public events causing them to be disappointed in themselves, become stressed and blamed/feel a failure when they make a mistake.

Two homeroom activities that allow students to practise and learn about stress management techniques are 20-minute meditation and positive thinking skills. When our bodies are exposed to a sudden stress or threat, we respond with a characteristic ‘fight or flight’ response. The “fight or flight” response refers to the days of the cavemen where when you were faced with danger, your instincts would either tell you to either fight through the problem or run away from it. Numerous studies have shown that meditation is an effective stress management tool, that allows the mind to have more capacity to manage stress. Meditation is known for reversing the effects of the stress response (fight or flight). When meditating, the body experiences many healing effects such as a decrease in heart rate, normalisation of blood pressure, reduced production of stress hormones and more efficient oxygen use by the body. A 20-minute meditation session – that can be found online (YouTube) – during homeroom will allow the students to practice stress coping skills and leave the students feeling relieved and less stressed about situations and pressures that they were experiencing that day.

Another activity which could be used during homeroom, which allows students to learn about stress management, is positive thinking motivation. For this task, students will be given a scrap piece of paper each, where they write three negative skills/beliefs/thoughts that they have. They will then receive an A5 piece of card where they write three affirmations in bold, e.g. I AM INTELLIGENT, I AM WORTHY, I AM IMPORTANT etc. The students are then asked to decorate the piece of card with self – motivating colours, take it home and put in a place where they are constantly reminded of it – like their study area/table. Finally, the students will then tear up the scrap piece of paper, where they wrote their three negative skills, and toss it into the bin. Students physically remove the negative thoughts from their head and instead focus on the positive. This also makes the students feel motivated and increases their self-esteem. Negative thoughts clutter the mind resulting in stress and directly contribute to feeling overwhelmed and unable to cope. This activity allows students to practice and learn about stress management and can be easily done during homeroom.

Therefore, I believe more stress management strategies are critical to supporting the young students of Rossmoyne SHS students and enhance our school community.

Is There Good Stress?

Until the recent introduction of positive psychology, the field of psychology has primarily focused on the study of deficits rather than assets. Because of this, there is limited and little literature regarding the study of ‘good stress’ and positive responses to workplace stress. It was questioned whether all occupational stress is damaging and upon investigation of the little research available, it can be argued that this is not true. Eustress is the word that is used for stress that is considered ‘good’ and which is associated with healthy and positive outcomes (Simmons & Nelson, 2001). This topic is important because there is little research regarding this topic. It is a topic that requires more empirical study and therefore more attention is required. This essay will examine the little literature that regards this topic. The literature examined found that, eustress is a legitimate response depending on the individual’s response technique, and the type of stressor that is occurring. Based on current research, this essay will argue that not all forms of workplace stress are negative, and that stress can elicit positive responses in occupational settings.

Brule and Morgan (2018) provided a nice introduction into the concept of eustress in occupational settings by summarising the few current theories regarding ‘good stress’. This piece argued that there are two types of stress, eustress and distress, and that eustress can be immensely positive, “Certain situations can seem overwhelming for individuals and diminish performances and leads to burnout are distress. O’Sullivan revealed a significant positive correlation between eustress and life satisfaction… If individuals view the demands as something they do not have autonomy over (too much pressure either internally or externally), the effect on workplace well-being is negative – lower levels of engagement, less positive affect ” (Brule & Morgan, 2018 pp. 2) While providing a short snapshot of this field of study, the article was short and did not pose any new or advancing information on the topic. What was learnt from this study was a basic understanding of stress in the workplace, the basic meaning of eustress and brief summaries of the work of O’Sullivan, Simmons, Gavin and Mason, and Oswald et al. It was appreciated as an introduction into the topic but was not useful for the level of investigation this essay is aiming to achieve.

A study was conducted by Bret Simmons and Debra Nelson that examined the effect of a positive response to work demands on the health of nurses. While the study agreed that certain stressors cause negative impacts on health, the primary argument was that there are stressors that can elicit positive responses and positive perceptions of health (Simmons & Nelson, 2001). This study was conducted by distributing questionnaires to a sample of 450 nurses in two separate hospitals. Before the questionnaires were distributed, the researches established the primary stressors that nurses face. These are role ambiguity, work overload and death/dying. The questionnaires included questions that inquired about their stress responses to these variables and their perception of their health. The response constructs were based on distress, which included only negative affect, and eustress, which included hope, positive affect, and meaningfulness. The study found “a positive relationship between hope and perception of health in hospital nurses” and that “workers can have a positive response to even the most demanding work environments, and this positive response is significantly related to employee health” (Simmons & Nelson, 2001, pp. 14). What made this source so convincing is that, unlike other sources found, this study focused exclusively on eustress and it really supported its existence. However, this study lacked significant consideration to why nurses have better health perception and why they have a positive response to stress. This study supported this essays thesis in the sense that the study suggested that eustress is a legitimate reaction to stressors in demanding workplaces, however, why this is so was not as evident in this study. The reference to theories such as Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional stress model did however enhance the potential reasoning for eustress responses. The study suggested that eustress might be based on Lazarus and Folkman’s theory that stress response is based on individual appraisals to relevant stressors as positive or negative in their environment, “When a person encounters a stressor, she or he evaluates the encounter with respect to its significance for well-being. This evaluative process is the essence of cognitive appraisal” (Simmons & Nelson, 2001, pp. 8). Additionally, there was little reference to potential limitations of the study. There are many variables that could have affected this study which the study failed to acknowledge. This diminishes the reliability of this source.

It can be assumed that by referencing Lazarus and Folkman’s research, that Simmons and Nelson’s research agreed that positive responses are due to the appraisal techniques of the individual rather than the stressors themselves. A study conducted be Jeffery Lepine (2005) also acknowledged a potential positive response to stress but credited this to the stressor itself rather than the individual’s appraisal method. The basis for the research conducted by Jeffery Lepine et al, is that stressors are conditions that cause strain, but that not all stressors lead to strain (Lepine et al, 2005, pp.764). Whether or not the stressor will cause strain is dependent on the type of stressor, either challenge or hinderance (Lepine et al, 2005). Challenge stressors causes personal growth and gain whereas hinderance stressors cause burnout, exhaustion and anxiety (Lepine et al, 2005, pp.764). They conducted a meta-analysis of data based on work stressor-performance relationships. They found that hinderance stressors had a negative effect on work performance and challenge stressors had a positive effect on work performance (Lepine et al, 2005, pp.769). Challenge stressors “the potential to promote personal gain or growth, trigger positive emotions and an active or problem-solving style of coping (e.g., increasing effort)” and hinderance stressors “have the potential to harm personal growth or gain, trigger negative emotions and a passive or emotional style of coping” (Lepine et al, 2005, pp.765). This study was very comprehensive and very reliable because it considered a variety of limitations and used studies and research to support their theories, “As with all studies, limitations in our work exist. First, the primary research did not allow us to assess alternative explanations for the differing effect” (Lepine et al, 2005, pp.771). Lepine et al. (2005) acknowledged that their theory is closely related and incorporates elements of the individual response reasoning for eustress. While they believed that the eustress response is based on the type of stressor, either hinderance or challenge, they believed that the individuals reaction techniques also plays an important role in determining if the response is eustress.

Research shows that not all stress is bad. While there are varying ideas of why positive responses to stressors occur, it is accepted that there is ‘good’ stress. This essay investigated the research that supports eustress as a functional response and found that there is empirical evidence supporting its legitimacy. The two conflicting possible reasons for eustress were either individuals’ reactions or the stressors themselves. It is important that this area of research receives more attention because the World Health Organisation “estimates that stress costs American businesses $300 billion dollars per year” and that “stress has even been dubbed the “Health Epidemic of the 21st Century” (Brule & Morgan, 2018 pp. 1). Considering how detrimental stress can be, understanding positive responses to stress and eustress can aid in the creation of strategies that can be implemented in occupational settings to utilise stress in a positive way and better stress management.

References

1. Brulé Gaël, & Morgan, R. (2018). Editorial Working with stress: can we turn distress into eustress? Journal of Neuropsychology & Stress Management, 3.
2. Lepine, J., Podsakoff, N., & Lepine, M. (2005). A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships among Stressors and Performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764-775. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20159696
3. Simmons, B. L., & Nelson, D. L. (2001). Eustress at Work: The Relationship between Hope and Health in Hospital Nurses. Health Care Management Review, 26(4), 7–18. doi: 10.1097/00004010-200110000-00002

Stress Management of Healthcare Professional in Hospital

“The young doctor should look about early for an avocation, a pastime that will take him away from the patients, pills, and potions.” Medical training should include helping doctors recognize their own limitations and develop skills to better track how stress affects their well-being and professional practice. This research work is a process to study the need and techniques of stress management. It is based on all people who are working and students. The sample size used for this research is 20. The tools are used for this research are “chi-square Test, percentage analysis.”

Stress is the “wear and tear” our minds and bodies experience as we at the attempt. To cope with our continually changing environment. Stress is the reaction people have to excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them. It arises when they worry that they can’t cope. Problems with healthcare seem to be getting quite a bit of process, but one significant problem may not be receiving enough attention. This is the challenge of having a high population of overly-stressed doctors. Understanding the stress doctors face and how it affects them can help us to understand behind the scenes factors the doctors deal and raise awareness of their heavy level of stress. Stress management consists of a making a changes to life if women are in a consistent stress level is actually a survival, response when our body thinks that it is in danger Every women has a different journey when getting to the root cause of stress, symptoms of stress may include an increased heart rate, disturbances, etc….. Employee in both public and private sector experiences stress and respond in different ways today’s life is so busy and complex and stress can manifest itself in both positive and negative way. Healthcare is defined of the prevention, treatment and management of illness and the services offered by the medical and health professions. The need towards have the safest working environment and the best quality of health care delivery to patients by health care professionals overemphasized. It is therefore imperative to identify factors that old promote these goals and to prevent other negative factors from impending their achievement. Work stress has been recognized as a main issue in service delivery in every organization and in most field of works. How this works stress affects health care professionals institution, how they cope with it and the resultant effect of the coping strategies on their output forms. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Literature review focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesizone all high quality research evidence relevant to the question.Systematic reviews of high quality randomized controlled trials are crucial to evidence based medicine. An understanding of systematic reviews and how to implement them in practice is becoming mandatory for all professionals involved in healthcare delivery (aveyard Helen 2014)

Brendal happel (2013) nurses and stress recognizing causes and seeking solution journal of nursing management. They identify from the perspective of nurses, occupational stresses and ways in which they may be reduced. Saijo y (2013) Australia an journal of rural health. He explained the difference in burnout status and job stress.

Maria tims, Arnold B.baker (2011) do transformations leaders enhance their followers daily work engagement the leadership quality. They look into how transformational leaders enhance their daily works engagement. Nielson (2008) the importance of transformation leadership style for well being of employees working with older people, journal of advanced nuring. He found the relationship between transformational leadership, anticipated working condtions and employees well being job satisfaction.

Van de (2008) managing what kind of job stress in nursing what kind of resources do we need. Journal of advanced nursing discovered the different kinds of job resources and their functions for managing job stress in health care professional.

Stress is unavoidable now-a-days it can be handle positively by coordination with workers, time management, loving the professional, family support, and creating personal hobbies improves your diet ,by eating well-balanced meals and skipping junk food. Make time for exercise meditation and yoga that is a phenomenal way of dealing with stress and depression.

REFERENCE

1. http:// days. Darmouth. edu/2011/02/the-physiology-of-stress-cortisol-and-the-hypothalamic-pictuitary-adrenal-axis#.W C L V Pp 7 1 U.
2. https://WWW.Randomlists.com/team-generator?Items=IA,OL, VV. SB. LV, M, VI,MV,IT,ND,LA,MA &qty=14&grp=2
3. http://hydesmith-com/de -stress/files/stress ssMgt.pdf.

Learning Stress and Stress Management in Public Health Workers

Stress has a significant impact on people and affects their emotions, actions and interpersonal relationships. connections are a case that is made by incorporating many factors. (Torun, 1997 and Rice, 1999). Stress is a form of illness that can feel anxiety, fear, frustration, and sadness that can be extremely stressful for a person to experience. Stress is difficult to resist because it can lead to depression in children or adults who may be undergoing it.

Stress management is a broad spectrum of methods and psychotherapies directed at managing one’s stress level, particularly chronic stress, usually for purpose and to improve daily functioning. (Wikipedia, 2020). It’s good to know about stress, especially for public health workers. because individuals under stress find it difficult to succeed and also for happiness. Stress management for public health workers should be prioritized to protect mental and physical health. Stress with a significant impact on individuals, affects this behavior, way of life, and affects their attitudes, relationships with others and stress is very difficult for everyone. Individuals who experience stress find it difficult to be happy and successful. To protect individuals in mental and physical health one should know stress management. Stress management enhances the quality of living and Sleep is a type of illness where we feel anxiety, fear, anxiety, frustration and sometimes even sadness that can be easily exacerbated in humans. While providing services, healthcare staff, they see many patients and relatives of patients with many different levels of health problems. These situations threaten the health of an individual and cause stress due to uncertainty and anxiety affecting health care staff as well as the patient (Aslan et al.1998). These are the reasons public health workers find fatigue, stressful work, job uncertainty, and poor relationships with colleagues or bosses caused by tension and mental illness. According to Jennifer LeClaire, fatigue – the stress that comes from caring for too much – can strike any health care worker. Because they care deeply about their patients, healthcare professionals who listen to stories of fear, pain, and suffering may find themselves at the same time experiencing similar emotions. Eat healthy foods.

According to the Department of Health (DOH) As defined by the Stress Management Society, stress is primarily a physical response. When stressed, the body thinks it is under attack and switches to fight or flight model. The SMS further noted that having stress is not necessarily a bad thing, as it can also be a ‘boost’ of energy that allows a person to complete an activity. However, when the ‘fight or flight’ keep going consistently, it could have negative effects on the body. Under the 12S of the DOH, the emphasis is placed on ‘Stretching as a physical, it will help the body relax the muscles, lubricate the joints and increase the supply of oxygen to the body. Meanwhile, participating in ‘Sports’ keeps your body active, not only reaping the physical benefits but also great social benefits. The Health department added that an individual who is stressed can take a ‘Sensation technique’ or have a massage.

The study will be conducted with public health workers in the Rural Health Unit of Bayambang Pangasinan. It will also evaluate the stress management strategies adopted by public health institute are Nurses, Midwives, Med-tech, Pharmacist, Dentist, and Medical Doctor. The studying Such areas also include concepts and types of stress, sources of stress and stressmanagement strategies. Personalized stress management strategies, work-related stress management techniques, interpersonal stress management strategies, and general stress management strategies will beinvestigated. The study will draw on three theories: the stimulus model, transactional model, and the response model.The foregoing discussion on the stress and stress management of Public Health Workers

through LinkedIn Learning is guided by different theories of stress. These theories include the stimulus-based model of stress, response-based model of stress, and the transactional-based model of stress. Figure 1 below shows the connection between the theories that serve as a framework of the study.The present study is a stimulus-based model of stress. In these models stress is defined as a stimulus, According to Holmes, there are 43 life events or lifestyle changes, which can cause stress. There are positive and negative life events that are considered stressful. The scale of stressful life events is used to record recent stressful experiences of the individual, such as divorce, pregnancy, retirement. those scales must be revalidated by age and by socioeconomic status, also, they must be culturally adapted. Stress theory as a stimulus viewed stress as a significant life event or change that required response, adjustment, or adaptation. There is some supporting evidence in this, but the correlation is relatively low. Moreover, this theory has been criticized for ignoring the cognitive aspects of the effect of stress. In other words, it is not attained for individual betting on the meaning of different life events. A stimulus, life event, or a set of events that provokes physiologic a psychological reaction that may increase the individual’s vulnerability.

Another theory is that the response model is based on stress. Stress as a response model, first introduced by Hans Selye (1956), describes stress as a pattern of physiological response and is captured within the general model of adaptation syndrome (GAS). The definition of stress as a response was developed and described by Selye, who defined stress as an unrelated response to the body of any kind applied to it. The general reaction of the body’s overall response, (GAS) has been demonstrated by the release of many hormones, resulting in changes in the structure and chemical composition of the body. This model emphasizes the general physiological outcomes of stressful situations. the response is a physiological one in which provocative of the sympathetic nervous system consequence in many physiological and somatic changes and finally disruption of homeostasis. Selye(1956), developed this conception into a theoretical model of stress called the General Adaption Syndrome theory. He defined stress as (non-specific response and demand made upon the body). He proposed that different kinds of stimuli would consequence in similar physiological responses. Stress may be deemed as response .the general adaption syndrome (GAS) is physiological response of the body towards stress.

This is the last theory which is the transactional-based model of stress. The Transactional Model of Stress Theory is a framework that emphasizes evaluation to assess the injury, threats, and challenges, 9esulting in the process of coping with stressful events (Lazaurus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).The degree of stress experienced in the form of thoughts, feelings, emotions, and behaviors, as a result of external stresses, depends on situational considerations that involve a judgment of whether internal or external factors requests exceed resources and the ability to cope when requests exceed resources (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). This theory includes environmental factors, social support or assistance, knowledge, and skills to mitigate this threat. The model transactional examines how major life events and daily interruptions impact on emotions with an emphasis on cognitive evaluation and stress. Cognitive learning consists of the primary appraisal (to assess the harm or threat of the situation that may occur) and the secondary appraisal (which evaluates what can be done and the ability of the individual to manage and cope with it).

Stress learning is easier when there is a paradigm because the requirements or methods of conducting research are fixed or stated. It also covers the most important reasons why research is being studied. Statement of the Problem

The principal goal of this study is to recognize the stress management strategies adopted by the public health workers in the Rural Health Unit of Bayambang Pangasinan. Specifically, the study seeks to find out the:

• source of stress in public health workers;
• work-related stress management strategies adopted by public health workers 3. personal characteristics of stress management adopted by public health workers;
• general stress management strategies adopted by public health workers;
• difference stress factors of Nurses, Midwives, Med-tech, Pharmacist, Dentist, Medical Doctor public health workers.

Stress is a difficult experience for people and administrative problems continue to threaten the aspirations of the tertiary administrative staff institutions. According to Businessballs(2019), the problem of stress has become an important area of research in medicine and psychology, and management, development, and stress are believed to experience 70% of doctor visits and 85% of serious it hurts. if there was a pleasing stress level exist in highly technologically developed. One can imagine what will happen to everyone especially in the field of medicine.

Studies in Nigeria, Ofoegbu & Nwadiani (2006) have documented the prevalence of stressful working conditions in third-party institutions. According to them those things Threats, harmful and challenging situations that stress people’s availability and well-being of the administrative staff. Research findings it is also indicated that work-related stress is captured in each task and can be as dangerous as smoking. For example, a survey of 21,000 women in Britain found that those who had the most demands for jobs, little control over their work environment and lack of support from the co-workers and superiors are more likely to suffer from stress than satisfied ones with their jobs (Madisori, 2000). Many studies have also been conducted on administrator stress management strategies (Dardick, 1990; Terril, 1993; Hartzell, 1994; Michell, 1996; Marnic, 1997; Laws, 1997; Goodsoon, 2000) found humor, exercise, discussion, and prayer as management strategies.

For example, studies on heart and respiratory disorders (Cohen & Herbert, 1996), common cold (Costa And VandeBos, 1996) some types of diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders such as being influenced by stress-related responses (Cohen, Frank, Doyle, Skonner, Rabbin, & Gwaltney, 1998). This is of particular concern as the leading cause of illness and may be reduced by adopting skills that help to relieve stress for the administrative staff university institutions. People try to manage their stress conditions and their strategies differ from person to person and situation to situation.

There is a clear indication from the literature that stress-related disorders are rapidly becoming the most frequent cause for workers’ disabilities. For example, research in the United States found at least 40% of employee reductions turn out because of on-the-job stress (World Federation For Mental Health, 2000). In Japan, 59% of workers are found feeling ‘tired’ from work. Impact, ‘Karoshi ” is a word for stress on It is said that the Japanese claimed about 10,000. The problem with Japanese stress is their refusal to search for help because of their culture of work obsession as a virtue and tiredness as a sign of weakness (Segal, 2020). A significant amount of research in recent decades implicated stress to be an important factor in susceptibility to diseases.

A Study Stress Management and its Impact among Students

Abstract

In this article provided reveals a vast amount of ideas on stress management and its impacts among students analyzing the reasons and some problems of stress. As well as, suggesting possible solutions to reduce them.

Introduction

Stress is a frustrating feeling, that has an influence to individuals’ psychological and physical system. There is no doubt, that every person feels stress in their daily basis, because of the varied reasons or problems. To be more specific, students considered the most sufferers of stress and they are most affected by stress due to the academic and social success. The reason is that, they face up with a range variety of challenges, hardships and they live under pressure in today’s globalized world.

Students from science stream goes into further stress by giving entrance exams for different universities or colleges and they suppose that examinations are extremely significant action in their life. Therefore, majority of youngsters do not pay attention to their health during the preparation because of depression.

The reasons of why students have stress about their studies

According to the scientific researches of professors, R. Hemamalini, V. Ashok and psychologist V. Sasikala, stress occurs when one worries about something which is extremely essential or think about the same thing for a long time.

They found some reasons when and why occurs depression among students:

• Many hours of studying;
• Language difficulties;
• Lack of support;
• Examinations;
• Misunderstanding of subjects.

Without shadow of a doubt, every student faces up with mentioned hardships during the academic year, especially in examinations they work under pressure and be concerned about their results and fear of failure.

Professor R. Hemamalini gave data on suffering from stress and feeling depression among both genders in his research by analyzing the characters of them. Following pie-chart is concerning this issue:

According to the psychologist V. Sasikala’s data, a number of activities, which majority of students consider would be more stressful. By the way, 33.6 percent of students have chosen that examinations are more serious and they feel depressed during the preparation. Yet by far, many hours of study (26.4%) also can be stressful for them, because of learning for a long time would be frustrating.

Problems of stress

Stress has a negative impact on the brain and the whole anatomy of the body.

Naturally, stress-related diseases, cardiovascular system, metabolism and gastrointestinal diseases are determined by great areas of genetic and developmental factors which are different from a human to a human but also symptoms of this illness would be the same as among humans. According to the researches of professor V. Ashok, stress causes to many serious illnesses, such as heart diseases, blood pressure and other kinda problems of health.

Stress explained as “An uncertain reaction to external and internal factors” that means a negative or positive reaction to environmental stimuli. In this regard, it is how the totality of your body relate to changes and unfamiliar situations that present itself in the course of time. During such a period, significant parts of our bodies, such as sexual organs, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate in the body react speedily. Many hormonal responses are at peak.

Ways to manage or reduce stress

Manage time

Proper time management is one of the most effective stress-relieving techniques. Choose a relaxing break between work and study, even if it is just taking out time to breathe.

Exercise and get some fresh air

A healthy lifestyle is essential for students, especially at university level. Stress is generally lower in people who maintain a healthy routine.

Water therapy

Water therapy is extremely helpful way for reducing the stress and the body relax. It can improve academic performance too.

Take one step at a time

Do not put too many eggs in one basket. Instead of feeling overwhelmed about all the deadlines, it is more effective to sort out them one by one.

Spend time with your friends

A cup of coffee with your friends or family is all you need to bring your stress levels back to normal.

Conclusion

A vast percentage of the students of higher education have many depressions during the academic year. Individuals facing stress at the academic level can be a reason of many psychological diseases in the form of decreased motivation, absenteeism for class and exams, incompletion of all work and others. The stress management is a leading fact that each and every management should concentrate so that they can keep an eye on their academic and personal life. All the students regardless of his or her age, gender, income level or any other priority should treat equally and should manage without any dissatisfaction. The introduction of stress management education into the curriculum could prove useful in combating this problem. Students themselves should become trainers of managing their own stress. This trend will totally lead to empower the students and to get succeed in their academic and personal life. Students facing stress are advised to attend stress management courses which will help them to build up their future life and give them brilliant motivations in order to increase their self-evaluation.

References

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