Category: Space Exploration

Jupiters newly discovered moons elevated a question of a more realistic natural world, a question that was to be raised in the future every time a new solar system object was discovered. Since no one had ever discovered a new member of the solar system before 1610, no procedure had yet been established for naming either moons or planets, and Galileo simply seized the prerogative for himself.

Galileo declared publicly his innovation of four planets speedily turning on or around Jupiter at contradictory distant region and the interval taken to complete one cycle of the regularly repeating phenomenon, which has never been discovered by anyone. Galileo perceived them and decided that they should be named the MEDICEAN STARS. However, he did this comparatively as a sense of showing his appreciation, to Ferdinand de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who made arrangements for his non-elective position at the University of Pisa.

A more important factor in Galileos choice of name, it is certain, was his desire to better himself politically and financially.

The Medicis, rulers of Tuscany, were the most powerful family in Italy both politically and financially, and though they had a history of ruthlessness toward those who threatened them, they were also known as great patrons of art and science.

In 1609, the Grand Duke of Tuscany was Cosimo 11, Ferdinands son, whom Galilei had tutored in mathematics when he was younger. Honoring Cosimo de Medici with Jupiter, Galileo thought, might result in the granting of substantial favors.

In line with this, Galileos naming of the four newly discovered moons of Jupiter after the Medici family is the act not only of a canny courtier but of someone with a sense of the skys allegorical depth.

In a move calculated to gain Galileo a plum patronage position in the Tuscan court, was his intention of naming the moons of Jupiter the medician Stars. However, the dedication was as florid as anything, complete with astrological references. After noting that the known constellations and planets have been named for Greek and Roman deities and mythological heroes he says it is only fitting that Cosimo should have the same honor by saying Indeed, the Maker of the stars himself has seemed by clear indications to direct that I assign to these new planets Your Highnesss famous name in preference to all others. For just as these stars, like children worthy of their sire, never leave the side of Jupiter by any appreciable distance, so (indeed who does not know?) clemency, kindness of heart, the gentleness of manner, splendor of royal blood, nobility in public affairs, and excellency of authority and rule have fixed their abode and habitation in your Highness&&. And so, most serene Cosimo, having discovered under your patronage these stars unknown to every astronomer before me, I have with good right decided to designate them by the august name of your family. And if Im first to have investigated them, who can justly blame me if I likewise name them, calling them the Medicean Stars, in the hope that this name will bring as much honor to them as the names of heroes have bestowed on other stars? For, to say nothing of Your Highnesss most serene ancestors, whose everlasting glory is testified by the monuments of all history, your virtue alone, most worthy Sire, can confer upon these an immortal name. (Drake and Galilei 24). Though, Galileo had smelled an opportunity to win the patronage of the Medici family and set out to reach the goal with characteristic impatience and bluntness. Despite this, to have anything from the public one must satisfy the public and not any one individual.

Galileo knew that patronage would take him out of the university system with its wearisome academic politics and time robbing teaching commitments. It would increase his income and status. And most important of all, the identification with the powerful Medicis would provide a degree of insulation from the attacks of intellectual opponents, making it easier to publish controversial ideas.

Though, patronage had its drawbacks, as well. Galileo would have value to the Medicis only insofar as he was seen to be a great discoverer of new things and a brilliant philosopher, the doyen of his profession.

However, patronage was a two-way street and the patron expected a payback. It typically came in the form of reflected glory, the more glory, the more dazzling the reflection. And so Galileo would have to perform.

Furthermore, His performance would henceforth take place in the public realm rather than in the cloistered world of the university. Criticism of his work would become a matter for public consumption and debate, which would mean his rebuttals, would be timely and convincing.

Work Cited

Drake, Stillman. & Galilei, Galileo. Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1957.

Among the recent scientific discoveries, one of the most fascinating is a presence of liquid lake on Mars. The scientists found liquid water under the ice caps on the planet. It might be a sign that Mars can have some living organisms after all. Despite the previous reports about water on the planet, it is the largest discovery which is supported by undeniable evidence (Chang & Overbye, 2018). The article describes how exactly scientists were able to obtain the data about water. They used the radar measurement to find a 12-mile-wide lake. The ice caps protect water from dust, radiation, and temperatures which are destructive for living organisms (Chang & Overbye, 2018). Hence, the lake and ice create a comfortable environment for microbes and other organisms to exist.

A topic of planetary exploration seems very exciting, especially, considering the Mars mission which will be completed in several years from now. As a matter of fact, it is also an interesting article because it revolves around the probability of having a new form of life in the Solar System outside the Earth. Therefore, if there are living organisms in the lake on Mars, there can be even more of them on other planets (Chang & Overbye, 2018). The space exploration overall seems a very positive field of science as it keeps looking for new opportunities for humankind to learn about the universe, its laws, and potential ways of development. Additionally, the article is not speculation, but a reliable description of discovery which is based on accurate data.

I fully support the discovery and the scientific activity focused on space research. First of all, it helps to understand the general development of planets, systems, and galaxies. Even though this type of analysis can take years and even decades, still the results are significant for entire humankind (Chang, 2015). Secondly, the space exploration slowly but steadily creates opportunities for people to populate other space objects or to find alternative sources of energy. The field might seem a part of the science-fiction universe; however, it has substantial progress which pushes the boundaries of modern technologies, knowledge, and capabilities of humanity.

The authors of the article provide the reference to an original scientific study. However, the article is an interpretation of scientific findings, it can be even called an adaptation. The original article includes complex diagrams and graphs with the numbers of the radar measurement. At the same time, there are no references which might prove or reject the information. Even though the article might seem to contain unverified information, the status of The New York Times establishes a certain extent of credibility. Typically, such media companies do not want to risk their image to discuss scientific discoveries and they do not publish unverifiable information. Hence, I am sure that the data is reliable and can be used as a credible source.

I need to see some evidence to believe the information when I read a scientific article; however, it also depends on the platform where I read this data. For instance, it is hard to expect a list of references, a well-conducted research on the popular news websites like Forbes or The New York Times. Typically, I expect a brief description of the study with further reference to an original publication. At the same time, if I read articles on the scientific websites like NASA, I need to see the undeniable evidence as it is the original source of information and comes directly from scientists.

References

Chang, K. (2015). Mars shows signs of having flowing water, possible niches for life, NASA says. The New York Times. Web.

Chang, K., & Overbye, D. (2018). A large body of water on Mars is detected, raising the potential for alien life.The New York Times. Web.

Introduction

An extensive study of the outflow channels among other geological properties show that Mars has the most hospitable climatic conditions after Earth in the entire solar system.

These studies carried out by outstanding Mars scientists have been successful through various robotic explorations and missions to Mars. Here, the success of these missions is based on the fact that autonomous rovers have the ability to traverse through Mars thereby enabling the scientists to make various observations within limited areas (Arny & Schneider, 2010, p. 1).

So far, the Mars Exploration Program (MEP) undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aims at searching for various evidence suggesting past life in Mars, exploring the hydrothermal habitats in Mars, searching any form of past or present life, and discovering the evolution of mars (Rapp, 2008, pp. 1-5).

Accordingly, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (n.d., p. 1 of 3) notes that the series of missions to Mars have so far been carried out in three stages, that is, Flybys, Orbiters, and Landers/Rovers. Furthermore, additional studies note that the future of Mars exploration will entail Airplanes & Balloons, Subsurface Explorers, and Sample Return (Arny & Schneider, 2010, p. 3). To this end, this research paper presents a detailed account of the past, present, and future missions to Mars.

The past, current and future missions to Mars

Flybys

During the early days of Mars exploration, the missions to Mars involved the Mariner 3-4 and Mariner 6-7, which were spacecrafts with the ability to take pictures as they flew past the surface of Mars. The Mariner 3-4 and Mariner 6-7 were among ten identical spacecrafts weighing approximately half a ton without including the onboard rocket propellant, which were designed by NASA in 1962-1973.

The ten Mariners were to fly by the inner solar system including the planets Mercury, Mars, and Venus (Rapp, 2008, p. 15). However, the first flybys to be launched to Mars include the Mariner 3 and 4. On November 5, 1964, Mariner 3 launched on an Atlas rocket but failed to reach Mars.

And on November 28, the same year, the successful launching of Mariner 4 saw the spacecraft flying past Mars by July 14, 1965, and thus enabling the scientists to discover lunar-type impact craters on the surface of Mars. Due to its longer survival than expected design lifespan, Mariner 4 enabled the scientists to study the wind environment of the solar system relative to measurements made by Mariner 5 located in Venus by then (Arny & Schneider, 2010, p. 9).

The second pair of spacecrafts to be launched to Mars includes Mariner 6 and 7. The two robotic spacecrafts were launched in February 24, 1969 and March 27, 1969 respectively. In this dual mission to Mars, Mariner 6 and 7 enabled the scientists to analyze the surface of Mars and the Martian atmosphere through the remote sensors in the spacecrafts besides the Mariners taking and sending several pictures of the Mars surface.

Unfortunately, Mariner 6 and 7 did not capture some aspects of the surface of Mars, which were explored later such as the gigantic northern volcanoes and the Grand Canyon (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, n.d., p. 1 of 3).

Orbiters

The spacecrafts located in the orbit surrounding Mars are referred to as orbiters, which include Mariner 8-9, Viking 1-2, Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The third pair of spacecrafts to be launched to Mars in the early 1970s includes Mariner 8 and 9. As opposed to other flybys, Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 were the first pair of orbiters designed to spend some time around Mars rather than flying past its surface (Arny & Schneider, 2010, p. 10).

Despite that Mariner 8 failed to launch, on May 30, 1971, Mariner 9 become the first successful artificial satellite to enter the Martian orbit thereby completing its transmission by October 27, 1972. Here, studies note that Mariner 9 collected pictures of about 100% of the Martian surface, the two Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), gigantic volcanoes, and the equatorial Grand Canyon (Rapp, 2008, p. 23).

Subsequently, NASA embarked on a project that saw the designing of a pair of orbiter-lander spacecrafts in the hope that if the orbiter and lander flew to Mars together, they will eventually separate with the orbiter entering the Martian orbit and the lander settling on the Martian surface. The Viking 1 and 2 orbiters launched on August 20, 1975 and September 9, 1975 respectively while the Viking 1 and 2 landers successfully landed on July 20, 1976 and September 3, 1976 respectively.

With various science instruments on board, the landers took pictures of the Martian surface besides conducting three major science experiments aimed at investigating any signs of life in Mars. Despite that the Viking orbiters/landers were meant to last for 90 days, they continued to send data until the early 1980s (Arny & Schneider, 2010, p. 18).

The most recent orbiter launched in August, 2005 is the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which consists of the most advanced camera with the capability of capturing and sending images of detailed aspects of geology, the structure of Mars, and any other details that could influence the landing of additional rovers and landers in the future.

This device consists of a sounder (which aids in discovering subsurface water), multitasking/multipurpose spacecraft (for mineral identification), and the interplanetary internet to link communication between the Earth and Mars. As a result, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter forms the basis for future advancement in planetary explorations (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2011, p. 1 0f 7).

Landers and Rovers

Besides the Viking 1 and 2 landers/orbiters discussed above, the NASAs MEP has used several landers and rovers in its missions to Mars including the Mars Pathfinder, Polar Lander/Deep Space 2, Mars Exploration Rovers, Phoenix, and now the most anticipated Mars Science Laboratory (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, n.d., p. 1 of 3).

In December 4, 1996, the Mars Pathfinder was launched with the aim of discovering alternative means of delivering instrumented landers and free-ranging rovers to the Martian surface. The lander and rover reached the surface of mars successfully besides outliving their design lifespan, and thus sending in more information including the observations made by scientists that Mars was warm and wet at some point in the past.

However, according to the Astronomy (2011, p. 28), the most recent and advanced lander/rover projected to launch in fall 2011 and reach the Martian surface by fall 2012 is the Mars Science Laboratory.

Relative to the earlier design of other Mars Exploration Rovers and the successful innovation undertaken by rover geologists in 2004, the Mars Science Laboratory is more advanced, and thus it is projected to carry out rock/soil sampling and analysis to discover the organic compounds responsible for past, present, or future life in Mars. The laboratory contains a hydrogen detector (for water detection), a Meteorological package, and a Spectrometer for various analytical measurements.

Besides, the laboratory is said to use advanced landing techniques compared to other spacecrafts in order to land on a specified location on the Martian surface. Furthermore, using laser technology, the laboratory is anticipated to perform various analyses to detect acids/bases, proteins, amino acids, and atmospheric gases (Astronomy, 2011, p. 31).

Conclusion

Overall, using the technology displayed by the Mars Science Laboratory, there is the possibility that the future missions to mars will enable scientists to explore the greater detail of Mars including various underlying aspects of the Martian surface such as geologic processes, water circulation/distribution, the Martian atmosphere, the composition of gases, and the chemical state of different gases in the Martian atmosphere.

Furthermore, based on data collected from earlier missions to mars, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (2011, p. 1 of 7) notes that the future explorations to Mars will entail Airplanes and Balloons, Subsurface Explorers, and Sample Returns, which will give the finer details of Mars from a broader perspective including carrying to the Earth the samples of soil, gases, and rocks from Mars for analysis in human-manned laboratories.

References

Arny, T., & Schneider, S. (2010). Explorations: Introduction to Astronomy. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Astronomy. (2011, June 9). Next NASA Mars mission rescheduled for 2011. Astronomy Magazine, 135, 28-31.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2011). Lunar and Planetary Science: General Information. National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). Retrieved from https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/marspage.html

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (n.d.). Mars Exploration Program: Programs & missions. Retrieved from https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/

Rapp, D. (2008). Human missions to mars: Enabling technologies for exploring the Red Planet. UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd.

Introduction

Set to launch in 2013 the MAVEN which standards for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN will be an exploratory satellite that will examine the upper atmosphere of Mars and will attempt to determine its interaction with the Sun and solar winds.

What must be understood is that there are currently various theories which make assumptions regarding the previous state of Mars several million years ago. It is theorized that Mars used to be a planet with a stable oxygen based atmosphere and flowing water but due to some event lost its ability to sustain an atmosphere conducive to life.

Taking this into consideration, NASA along with a science team from the University of Colorado will attempt to examine the atmosphere for not only traces of an oxygen based atmosphere in the past but also of the current state of the Martian atmosphere. It is actually quite interesting to note that based on the work of Updike (2008) examining the current state of Mars can actually be considered a way of looking at the future of the planet Earth (Updike, 86).

There will eventually come a time wherein the Earth will be unable to sustain its own atmosphere and will slowly transform into a Mars like planet. By examining the current state of the Martian atmosphere as well as the degree of interaction it undergoes with the Sun and solar wind it can actually be determined whether people on Earth could possible live on Mars like environment should worse come to worse.

Examining the Purpose of the MAVEN

The instruments onboard the MAVEN consist of magnetometer, a Solar Wind Ion Analyzer, Solar Energetic Particle Analyzer an Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer and other similar instruments used to examine the condition of a planets upper atmosphere.

One of the goals of the project, as indicated by various press releases and posts from NASA, is to assess the potential for future colonization on the planet and to determine whether life could exist on the Martian surface depending on what is currently know about the ability or organisms to survive in adverse conditions. What must be understood is that the atmosphere of a planet and its interaction with the Sun and Solar Wind largely dictates the ability of life to form.

A planet such as Mars which has a relatively thin level of protection due to a compromised atmosphere has a surface that is exposed to direct solar rays and solar radiation as direct effect of this. While it is true that sunlight was one of the initial factors that helped life to thrive on Earth the fact still remains that excessive quantities of sunlight and solar radiation can have a sterilizing effect on a planets surface in effect wiping out all traces of life.

If the MAVEN is able to determine that the Martian atmosphere has indeed this level of deterioration that means that for future searches for possible life on Mars the surface may not be the most ideal location to check. Thus future exploration of the Mars for signs of life may involve digging into caves, fissures or other locations not directly affected by solar rays or radiation and as such may yield more positive results for the search of life outside Earth.

Sustaining Human Life on Mars

Another effect of the MAVEN mission is to judge the ability of Mars to sustain human life in the future and what would be necessary in order to ensure that a human colony would be sustainable. Just as solar radiation affects the ability of life to sustain itself on the Martian surface this also severely limits the ability of humans to effectively live on its surface.

Factors related to the degree of radiation, the temperature of the planet, the level of ion dispersion within the atmosphere and the ability of solar wind to affect the Martian surface are all factors that need to be taken into consideration when examining the possible establishment of a colony.

Readings from the MAVEN mission would help to determine what sort of protection would be needed on the first manned mission to Mars, what should buildings be composed of should a colony be established on the planets surface and what sort of filters would e necessary in order to establishment a sufficient agricultural center on the planet.

Furthermore, atmospheric readings taken by the MAVEN can also help to determine whether terraforming the planet in the future is at all possible. If the degree of atmospheric degradation has been determined to exceed the level necessary for the sufficient development of a habitable ecosystem this would go a long way towards determining humanitys future course of action regarding off-world colonization.

The Differences Involved

What makes the MAVEN mission exciting lies in the fact that while there have been missions in the past which have explored the quality of the Martian atmosphere from the surface of the planet there have been no studies which have precisely examined the current state of the Martian upper atmosphere from space.

One of the reasons behind this has been an overall lack in sufficient technology and willpower to even get the project underway in the first place. What most individuals fail to notice is the fact that the recent global financial recession which occurred as a direct result of toxic subprime mortgage debt has in effectively limited numerous potential space programs from getting underway.

It is actually quite and expensive affair involving billions of dollars in technological expenses as well as staff expenses. Taking this into consideration the sheer cost of the MAVEN mission which is estimated at several billion dollars is quite amazing especially when comparing it to the problems the U.S. economy is currently facing.

Conclusion

This paper would like to conclude that despite the inherent costs and problems associated with space exploration and space, it is actually a very important and vital step for the future of mankind that people attempt to explore your solar system sooner rather than later.

No one really knows how long the planet Earth can sustain life or if it is already on the verge of being unable to sustain life in the future. It is based on this exploratory missions such as the MAVEN help to examine the current state of planets within the solar system in order to determine their viability as either future homes or as mirrors into what could possibly be Earths coming future.

Works Cited

NASA . MAVEN. NASA, N.I.. Web.

Updike, John. Visions Of Mars. National Geographic 214.6 (2008): 86. MasterFILE Premier. Web.

It would not be an overstatement to say that Mars has been the most sought-after, although extremely hostile destination in the Solar System since mankind has set the foot on the Moon in 1969. The so-called Space Race, which initially involved only the United States and the Soviet Union, nowadays has come to a new stage, encompassing the whole world. However, even while the most cautious NASA estimates speak of the scheduled date of departure in the year 2030, a few major problems have not been solved yet. The list of such problems includes the exposure to space radiation during the flight and later, due to the lack of atmosphere on Mars, soil contamination, the need for air, water, and, most importantly, energy. The power sources might become one of the key aspects of future Mars colonization as they ensure the life support and the production of necessary resources. Even if the first expedition would be preceded by robotic cargo missions, the machines and robot systems will be in great necessity of a constant energy supply to maintain stable performance. This paper explores the possible options of electric-power production sources and attempts to gain insight into the benefits of the application of the most recent scientific developments, such as nanotechnology, for enhancing and expanding the use of these sources.

Despite the problem of energy sources accessibility, there exists a variety of theoretical options for energy sources, all of which are quite viable. First of all, one of the most valid options would be solar energy. Solar panels are already widely used in space exploration missions, as the energy of light is immediately available and the photovoltaic industry in the past decades has made significant progress and allowed to produce cheaper and more efficient solar cells and modules. The latest breakthrough efforts have also allowed creating a solar cell with over 40% efficiency and are the highest solar conversion efficiency yet achieved for any type of photovoltaic device (King et al. 1). Another popular solution would be the use of nuclear power. While the energy density of nuclear fuel is very high, and the cost of transportation would be reasonably low, numerous debates about the dangers of launching spacecraft with nuclear fuel still arise because there is still a small chance that the at the explosion of the spacecraft, the radioactive materials may go into the atmosphere and cause severe contamination.

However, the American Chemical Society has already proposed a plan for implementing nuclear power plants for Mars settlements, which involves compact, safe, and reliable fission power systems offering unique possibilities for supporting continuous power supply (American Chemical Society par. 3-6). The wind energy on Mars has some potential of becoming at least a secondary source of power. One of NASA researches envisions a Mars space station powered by solar energy during clear weather, with wind power as a backup up during the dark months & the turbine under consideration for the Mars project generates about 100 kW, depending on the location and the air density (Ragheb 1-2). Some more exotic options for power production are available too, among them is the use of geothermal planet activity, the technique of harvesting energy from carbon dioxide, or dry ice, which is also known as Leidenfrost engine, although these sources are not primarily considered alternatives.

Nanotechnology, a branch of science that deals with components less than 100 nm in size, recently has become one of the most promising scientific directions. Its application has already proven its worth in the field of energy generation, for example, nanofabrication and nanomaterials science is already used for solving various problems of energy technologies. Nanotechnology is capable of increasing the efficiency of power sources, which would be incredibly useful for Mars settlements as the power efficiency will be a crucial point for their survival. Solar cells and, subsequently, solar panels can benefit from the use of nanotechnologies by utilizing special spray-on nanoparticles, or quantum dots composite that will increase their performance and cost-effectiveness, according to research conducted by scientists at the University of Toronto (Lovgren par. 1-24). Another useful method for increasing the lifespan of solar modules is the application of nanoparticle protection coating that would make the panels more robust and abrasive-resistant, as the dust and sandstorms on Mars are considered the major threats for solar energy implementation in the settlements.

The turbines for harvesting wind energy, if ever used on Mars, would be exposed to extreme conditions, including low temperatures, sandstorms, and high-speed winds. Nanotechnology can offer a solution to these problems and solve a challenge of increasing turbine lifetime through the use of nanoparticle-containing lubricants that reduce the friction generated from the rotation of the turbines, nanocoatings for de-icing and self-cleaning technologies, and advanced nanocomposites that provide lighter and stronger wind blades (Eldada 1). The nuclear energy field has a large potential for nanotech applications as well. Some of these applications would involve the use of nanostructured actinide materials, nanoporous materials for the separation of high-level liquid waste, and non-radioactive nanomaterials for nuclear waste disposal and environmental protection (Shi et al. 727-736). Chinese researchers believe that despite being in their infancy, these technologies will become important subjects in future advanced nuclear energy systems (Shi et al. 734). Indeed, such a combination of nuclear physics, radiochemistry, and nanotechnology may lead to enhancing the efficiency and safety of nuclear fuel use and aid in solving the problem of waste disposal, which could be an immensely important issue for a future Mars colony.

Despite that idea of sending manned missions, exploration, and development of Mars territories today are no more than long-term perspectives, theoretical studies of possible planet colonization can already prove useful. First of all, such studies will help to gather data and material, which could later be used in the actual Mars missions; moreover, the empirical studies with specific, predetermined conditions could lead to several discoveries in areas that had previously been insufficiently investigated. The emergence of cross-disciplines at the intersection of different scientific fields, such as nanotechnology and clean energy sources studies, can bring significant benefits to applied science, engineering, and industry, as well as contribute to improving the quality of life. In conclusion, it should also be noted that there exists a high probability that the results of these studies would be in-demand in the nearest future because the technology develops rapidly, and private-owned companies, such as SpaceX and Blue Origin, have already made significant progress in the space industry; so, eventually, a mission to Mars could come true much sooner than it was expected.

Works Cited

American Chemical Society. The first nuclear power plants for settlements on the Moon & Mars. 2011. Web.

Eldada, Louay. Nanotechnologies for efficient solar and wind energy harvesting and storage in smart-grid and transportation applications. Journal Nanophoton 5.1 (2011): 051704-051704-18. Print.

King, Richard R., DC. Law, Kenneth M. Edmondson, Chris M. Fetzer, Geoffrey S. Kinsey, Heayoung Yoon, Raed A. Sherif, and NH. Karam. 40% efficient metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge multijunction solar cells.Applied Physics Letters. 90.18 (2007): 183516-1183516-3. Web.

Lovgren, Stefan 2005. Spray-On Solar-Power Cells Are True Breakthrough. Web.

Ragheb, Magdi 2012, Wind Power for a Mars Mission. Web.

Shi, WQ., LY. Yuan, ZJ. Li, JH. Lan, YL. Zhao, and ZF. Chai. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies in Nuclear Energy Chemistry.Radiochimica Acta 100.8-9 (2014): 727-736. Web.

Facts about Mass

Mars is one of the eight major planets that form the solar system together with the sun. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun, and it takes about 686.93 days to completely revolve around it. The atmosphere of Mars is estimated to be less than 1% of that of the earth.

Its atmosphere is so thin that it can neither retain heat within the surface, nor prevent the planet from receiving strong radiations from the sun. The atmosphere comprises about 95% carbon dioxide, 1.6% argon, 2.7% nitrogen, 0.13% oxygen, and 0.03% water (Coffey 1).

Apart from its unique atmosphere, Mars has other interesting features that other planets do not have. Firstly, the planet has the tallest volcano in the entire solar system. The volcanic mountain is called Olympus Mons and it is approximately 27 kilometers in height above the plains surrounding it.

The volcano is still active as evident by the lava that flows from it. Additionally, Mars has the most extensive and deepest gorge in the entire solar system, which is called the Marineris Valley. The canyon covers a distance of approximately 4,000 kilometers along the planets equator and stretches for a depth of about 7 kilometers into the ground (Cain 1).

In addition, Mars is regarded as the only other planet apart from the earth that can support life. Mars has an atmosphere that is composed of gasses such as carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen and oxygen. Mars also has water, which is also one of the essential elements that support life. The planets water exists in liquid form just like it does on earth, which has numerous living things (Cain 1).

The Trip

The trip to Mars can take a long time, but that depends on the date of the trip. The shortest distance between the earth and Mars is approximately 55 kilometers, which occurs when the former and the latter are at their farthest and closest points from the sun respectively. When the two planets are on opposite sides, the distance between them can go as far as 401 kilometers.

The trip to Mars could take about 160 days if it started on the right time of the year. The trip will be made comfortable as much as possible by providing the passengers with luxurious items, such as cameras for capturing the unique features found on the planet. The trip to Mars is worth it since it will provide the passengers with an opportunity observto e the unique features found on the planet.

Food and Accommodation

The passengers involved in the trip to Mars will be provided with higthe h-quality packed food and the best accommodation facilities to make their trip interesting and comfortable. The passengers will be provided with a variety of foodstuffs that are sufficient for the entire journey. The passengers will also be given insulating jackets and blankets to protect them from the strong radiations, which fall on the surface of the planet.

Safety Risks

There are a few safety risks that may arise during the trip. Firstly, the spacecraft might develop mechanical problems during the journey. Secondly, the passengers may be adversely affected by the strong radiations hitting Mars surface as a result of the thin atmosphere of the planet.

However, these risks will be well provided for to ensure that the journey remains successful and comfortable. The first risk will be mitigated by using a spacecraft that has been severally tested for efficiency. The second risk will be prevented by using a spacecraft with a highly polished surface that can reflect the dangerous radiations from the sun.

Works Cited

Cain, Fraser. Interesting Facts About Planet Mars. Universe Today, 2008. Web.

Coffey, Jerry. Atmosphere of Mars. Universe Today, 2008. Web.

Introduction

Jupiter has always attracted a lot of attention due to its rings and numerous satellites. The most famous and the first satellites that were discovered are Io, Callisto, Europa and Ganymede. Some researchers even note that these satellites can be seen as a kind of miniature solar system orbiting Jupiter (Elkins-Tanton 60). It is noteworthy that all the moons of Jupiter keep one face towards the planet just as the Moon does not revolve. Galileo used his telescope to observe Jupiter and discovered the four moons on January 7, 1610 (McAnally 91). Clearly, these four satellites were called Galilean moons. Importantly, observation of these moons orbits helped researchers measure the speed of light (Elkins-Tanton 61). Of course, the satellites helped understand many secrets of the universe. More so, one of these moons is seen as potentially appropriate for human life. It is possible to focus on Io and Callisto as they have more secrets and interesting answers than the rest of Jupiters satellites.

Naming the Moons

Interestingly, Galileo did not give the names to the moons he discovered. Galileo simply gave numbers to the satellites. Thus, Io was primarily known as Jupiter I and Callisto was known as Jupiter VI. Simon Marius (1573-1624) claimed he discovered the satellites simultaneously with Galileo, but since Galileo was the first one to publicize his discovery, Marius failed to prove he was the first one (Young 20).

The moons got the names of lovers of Jupiter, Io and Callisto. However, these names were forgotten and they came in use only in the 19^th century. Now, the four major satellites are known Io, Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, famous characters of the Greek and Roman mythology.

Io

As it is clear from Galilean name, Io is the closes satellite to the planet. In the first place, it is necessary to note that this moons mass and density are very similar to those of the Moon (Lissauer and De Pater 260). It is also clear that Ios surface is very young only a few million years. The satellites diameter is 3,631 km and it orbits Jupiter at the distance of more than 421,000 km (Young 20).

Io is very unique due to its high volcanic activity. There are around 400 volcanoes on Io. All the volcanoes are active. It is noteworthy that Io can be regarded as a major polluter of the Jovian environment as the moon develops clouds of neutral atoms and spreads deposits sulfur and dust on the surface of other satellites (McAnally 92). The moon has certain atmosphere that consists of gaseous sulfur and oxygen. However, the proportions of the gases are very changeable as the volcanoes erupt and emit one ton of gases every second but these gases go into space due to the moons low escape velocity (Seeds and Backman 514).

As for the surface of the moon it is very specific. There are enormous volcanoes and mountains (some of them are very tall). The volcanic activity accounts for the abundance of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. It is necessary to note that sulfur dioxide (which is a gas on the Earth) can take any form on Io and it can be a gas, solid or a subsurface liquid (Koupelis 252). This is the reason why the moons surface is constantly changing. The mix of the elements mentioned above also creates a very specific color of Ios surface that can range from bright orange to pale yellow as well as green and blue (see fig. 1).

Another peculiarity of the satellite is that lava flows at such high temperature as 1800 K, which is 1/3 the temperature of the Sun (although it is known that sulfur evaporates ate significantly lower temperatures 700 K). Researchers note that Io can reveal many secrets of the history of the Earth as volcanoes on the Earths surface about 2 million years ago were as hot as they are now on Io (Koupelis 253). The satellite is predominantly rocky with no traces of water or ice. More so, Io is the driest body in the solar system (Seeds and Backman 514). Therefore, it is unlikely to become appropriate for human life.

Io was a subject of extensive research and a number of expeditions were launched. Thus, the Voyager and the Galileo were important expeditions that helped identify composition of the moons atmosphere and surface. The observation is still taking place and scientists observe the satellite with the help of numerous telescopes.

Callisto

Callisto is the second largest moon of Jupiter. The diameter of Callisto is 4,801km and it is approximately equal to Mercury (in size). At the same time, the moon is only third of Mercurys mass. The satellite orbits the planet at the distance of 1,883,000 km (Young 19). The satellite is tidal locked to Jupiter and it keeps one side to the planet. Callisto is a mixture of ice and rock (and these two elements make up almost equal parts in the satellite), which leads to a specific color of the planet. The planet is grey due to the dusty crust that is created by chemical reactions caused by radiation and dust from meteorite impacts (Seeds and Backman 511). The compounds found on the satellite are carbon, dioxide, water, silicates and some organic compounds (see fig. 2). The surface of the moon is covered with numerous impact craters. Interestingly, the moon is the most cratered object in the solar system (Koupelis 255). The largest impact crater of Callisto is called Valhalla, which is 600 km in diameter (Young 20). It is noteworthy that due to low tidal heating the surface of the satellite is inactive. The crust of Callisto is approximately 4 billion years. The satellite is also one of the oldest objects in the solar system.

Interestingly, analysis of the gravitational field led to the assumption that there is not a dense core and a lower-density mantle (Seeds and Backman 511). It is noteworthy that Callisto is the largest object (which is not fully differentiated) in the solar system. The satellite consists of different layers of rocks and ice. It is also clear that the moon has a weak magnetic field. The moon has a very thin atmosphere that mainly consists of carbon dioxide, particle of oxygen and some ionosphere.

Importantly, the moon is seen as potentially appropriate for human life as there is a lot of ice. More so, it has been found that the satellite must have a layer of salty water. It is approximately 100 km below the surface of the moon. The radiation will ensure the necessary heat that will prevent the waters from freezing. It is necessary to note that there were numerous expeditions to Callisto. One of the most successful ones was Galileo. The spacecraft sent by NASA recorded numerous valuable data including atmospheric composition. This was the expedition that helped researchers hypothesize that there is a layer of salty water below the surface of Callisto.

An Important Mission to Jupiter

It is necessary to add that there is an important mission that has recently been launched, Juno. The spacecraft developed by scientists coming from many countries has been sent to Jupiter and its satellites (The Journey to Jupiter). The researchers expect to learn more about the planets formation and its origins. The spacecraft will collect data and samples from the planet and its satellites. This robotic spacecraft will make photos and carry out numerous tests. This will also help researchers understand the way the Earth developed and the reasons why water is on our planet in such abundance.

Conclusion

On balance, it is possible to note that Jupiters moons Io and Callisto have revealed many secrets of the solar system. Analysis of these satellites composition and surface has helped to understand the way planets were formed. It is noteworthy that researchers consider each object of the solar system in terms of its qualities that can be favorable for organic life. Callisto has proved to be quite appropriate for human life. It is possible that someday the two moons will help researchers answer all their questions concerning the past, present and the future of the solar system and the human within it.

Works Cited

Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. Jupiter and Saturn. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print.

Koupelis, Theo. In Quest of the Universe. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2012. Print.

Lissauer, Jack J., and Imke De Pater. Fundamental Planetary Science: Physics, Chemistry and Habitability. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print.

McAnally, John W. Jupiter: And How to Observe It. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. Print.

The Journey to Jupiter. Web. 2014.

Seeds, Michael, and Dana Backman. The Solar System. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.

Young, Abby. Jupiter. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005. Print.

Introduction

Recently, there have been growing interest from astronauts on the whole issue surrounding a manned maiden trip to the planet Mars (Red Planet). Meanwhile, researchers are gathering vital information concerning the planet thanks to robots and satellites that revolve around the planet. Therefore, in order to understand what to expect we take a quick look at the planet. The planet Mars is fourth on the solar system and has a size (radius= 3390 Km) that is approximately half that of the planet Earth.

Its mean weather condition is chilly and the atmospheric composition is dominated by carbon dioxide (95%) with oxygen constituting a paltry 0.13%. Importantly, the planet has low atmospheric pressure and weak magnetic fields. Moreover, strong dust storms are common on the planet. All these together with the fact that man needs to traverse dangerous cosmic rays from the sun present the challenges that man need to overcome in order to set a foot on the planet.

As such, in the thesis statement we ask whether the current technology can assist man to land and settle on the planet Mars at the face of all these challenges. In this article we therefore explore this thesis by looking at the potential challenges that man is likely to face and the prospective mission plan in place.

Potential challenges that man is likely to face

Mars landing presents numerous challenges that scientists need to research about before they takeoff. Importantly, scientists are working round the clock to come up with ways to maneuver in order to land on the planet. As such, scientists are trying to figure out on the challenges that one may encounter in the process of landing. Both scientists and engineers are brainstorming and present their thoughts with respect to the kind of designs that would be suitable for that process.

As such, their discussions are dominated by ideas to determine the final shape of the spacecraft and the design of the engine to be installed. Another question is whether propulsive maneuvers, performed in the form of short thruster burns, will be accompanied by parachutes during landing (British National Space Centre, 2009). This list is as long as are the ideas proposed by scientists.

One of the main challenges in landing people on the planet Mars is working out on ways to prevent crash-landing, a challenge that is caused by the planets thin atmosphere. However, this problem is not common to the landing process of Mars rovers. This is owed to the fact that they are lightweight. Human landing on the planet Mars will probably include massive luggage that would render them heavy. As such, the Mars thin atmosphere cannot offer enough drag force to limit crash-landing.

Comparably, on the Earths atmosphere, the availability thick atmosphere is the reason that spacecrafts can brake simply, resulting in a smooth landing. Other factors, for instance, weather patterns, season and latitude further complicate the whole situation. Importantly, they play a role in determining the density of the atmosphere. For instance, it is estimated that almost 8 million metric tons of carbon dioxide leaves and re-enters Mars atmosphere seasonally (Aldridge, 2008).

This is equivalent to twenty-three centimeter thick of dry ice. Researchers headache is to somehow work on modifying the environment to form a dense atmosphere that would provide enough visibility and prevent crash-landing.

The designers of the mission are weighing the options on whether to allow astronauts to directly land on the planet or to orbit around it to give them sufficient time to scrutinize the atmosphere that is synonymous with dust storms. Faced with these challenges, planners are bracing themselves with possible solutions to counter them.

The prospective mission plan

The mission of landing on Mars wouldnt be like a walk in the park; however, the mission might not be as complicated as earlier thought. With many ideas still streaming in from scientists around the world; the text that follows presents a detailed prospective plan that the mission entails.

The planners are yet to decide on whether to land by portion such that their payloads land separately from them or land with them at once. Planners opinion is however skewed to landing on portions and advises against massive payloads (Christian, 2008). One main idea that has received considerable approval is the brainchild of Robert Zubrin, an aerospace specialist.

As such, in his report he emphasizes on the need to release two consecutive spacecrafts with the first one carrying cargo and the second one carrying astronauts together with their habitat. He explains that the first spacecraft would be vital in enhancing an extended stay of the crew and generate enough fuel important for a return trip. Upon landing, they would kick-start their infrastructural development on the planet by leaving the second spacecraft and its contents behind as they travel back home to collect more materials.

The main highlight in Zubrins plan is that the fuel for the return voyage is to be manufactured on the planet Mars (Bell, 2008). Zubrins plan takes the advantage of Mars atmosphere that is rich in carbon dioxide to develop a chemical process that would manufacture fuel, oxygen and water necessary for an extended stay, and to make a safe trip back home. However, they will be required to carry a surplus of hydrogen gas to achieve this.

Planners are also weighing options on whether to bring the entire spacecraft down on the surface or leave a portion of it orbiting around it (Connolly, 2007). However, for now the important part is to know whether the spacecraft can safely land on the surface and make a return flight back home. As such, the spacecraft has been dubbed the Earth Return Vehicle (ERV).

The ability to make a safe landing for the entire ERV would avoid the complexity that comes with orbital maneuvers. Now that it is apparent that man is ready to make his maiden trip to the Mars, it is important that the design of the spacecraft assumes a dish-shaped aero-shell vital in increasing friction that would enhance a smooth landing. This will further be enhanced by an attached parachute (Connolly, 2007).

Conclusion

In a conclusion, human mission to land and settle on the planet Mars is riddled with many challenges that keep scientists the world over burn the midnight oil in search for answers. One important challenge comes in the form of the landing process that would ensure a smooth landing at the backdrop of a thin atmosphere that is full of carbon dioxide with insufficient oxygen.

However, planers and engineers have proposed efficient designs of spacecrafts and planned on how to execute the mission to a success. Nevertheless, as for now, this mission remains a dream, but as it looks, humans will finally land and settle on the planet Mars.

References

Aldridge, E. C. (2008). A Journey to Inspire, Innovate, and Discover. Report of the Presidents Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, 45 (7), 6-9.

Bell, J. (2008). Space for Both? Human vs. Robotic Space Missions. Scientific American Science Talk Podcast, 5(5), 13.

British National Space Centre. (2009). Aurora: Exploring the Moon, Mars and beyond. British National Space Report Magazine, p. 7.

Christian, J. (2008). Sizing of an Entry, Decent, and Landing System for Human Mars Exploration. Space 2006 Proceedings, 6(5), 2.

Connolly, J. (2007). Constellation Program Overview. Constellation Program Overview, 9(3), 19.

Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the critical sources of inspiration in the development and production of components that can be used to produce energy in various environments such as in the harsh undeveloped Martian atmosphere. According to Lyons and Whelan, the possibility of using nanotechnology to produce electricity has not been extensively explored but research in that area is gaining momentum (3). The rationale is that little or no progress has happened in terms of discovering fossil fuels that can be converted into electrical energy using nanotechnology on Mars. However, the Martian surface is continuously bombarded with radioactive rays from the sun, making it an environment that is rich in solar related energy. The possibility of tapping into solar energy is feasible because of the development of nano related technologies, which includes devices such as the optoelectronic device that has solar harvesting capabilities.

Binns notes that several materials have been suggested as the potential candidates to be used in generating energy using nanotechnology (2). Among those materials are nano-composites, nano-coatings, nano-electrode, and carbon nanotubes. It has been established that technology driven devices can be used to generate large amounts of electricity that can be stored in special batteries that are designed for use on the Martian environment. According to Binns, the strategy is to improve the performance of solar cells to make them fit to be used on Mars to store energy and supply electricity for various applications on the planet (5). That can be made possible by the use of new ceramic, heat-resistant materials that have high performance ratings. This study is going to focus on plasmonic nanostructures to show how solar energy can be tapped to generate electricity using nanotechnology besides the use of carbon nanotubes, which offer a strong promise for use on Mars.

A study by McCray notes that plasmonic nanostructures are good candidates that can be used to develop light sensitive materials in the nano scale. Examples of excellent materials for use include porphyin molecules that are made from fine particles of gold organized in structures that are arranged in special patterns (3). Plasmons resonances occur at excellent rates because of the reduced symmetry in the nanostructure cells. Konstantatos and Sargent affirm that the behavior leads to the production of a magnetic field that enables the production of current when plasmons resonate in response to the induced light (3). However, the orientation and intensity of the light helps to determine the amount of excitement and resulting electric current. The set up makes it possible to excite the electrons in their parent materials using radiation from the sun in a process known as optical radiation to generate electricity. However, the intensity of the current generated from the collective oscillation of electrons depends on the nature of the gold plating, size, and layout of the particles (Konstantatos and Sargent 3). In addition, the electrical condition and amount of radiation incident on the electricity generating components could also be used to determine the amount of electricity generated through the use of nanotechnology.

According to Bostrom and Löfstedt, the fabrications of plasmonic nanostructures have very strong potential of generating large amounts of electivity because of the array of gold particles that interact with each other at the Nano level to create a potential difference that leads to the flow of current (9). The underlying mechanism that can be used is known as ferroelectric nanolithography. Ferroelectric nanolithography functions by manipulating the local electronic structures at the nanoscale that creates a polarized direction of the structures that influence the electrons to flow in a given direction. The domains of the polarized particles are then written using scanning probe nanolithography techniques with precision at the nanoscale level (McCray 21). In this set up, electricity is created by the movement of hot electrons due to the plasmons when they operate in an excited state.

Konstantatos and Sargent emphasized on the importance of noting that when the particles or electrons in the plasmons move to higher energy states due to the incident light that is optically radiated on the surface. The process is deemed to cause the excitement of electrons to occur in the material resulting in an environment rich in freely moving electrons. If a circuit is created with the material acting as the source, a potential difference happens and electrons can be harvested from the material. Such a large source of electrons acts as a source of energy or electricity that can be used to operate appliances and other devices on the Martian environment.

McCray notes that another one of the approaches that promise to use the nanotechnology to produce electricity on Mars is carbon nanotubes. It is a phenomenon that was discovered and provides significant promise on the production of electricity because the tubes discharge powerful waves of electricity when exposed to incident energy under certain circumstance (Konstantatos and Sargent 3). It has been one of the occurrences of its own because normal sources of electricity include water, which is not yet fully conformed to exist on the surface of Mars, energy from burning fossil fuels, heat waves, sun, and the wind.

The carbon nanotubes, which are based on nanotechnology form structures that are billionths of a meter in diameter (Salem 2). It has been observed that electrons flow through the tubes when the material is subjected to some pulses of heat. By merely moving in the material, the result is the creation or generation of electricity (Bhushan 11). It has also been shown that when the velocity of heat wave increases, the amount of current increases, providing further evidence that nanotechnology that relies on the use of carbon nanotubes is feasible on the surface of Mars. One approach that has been researched on and established to work is to coat carbon nanotubes with reactive fuel (Konstantatos and Sargent 10). The fuel is subjected to an environment that makes it to start decomposing. Once the reaction begins, it is evident that with the introduction of heat waves or thermal waves, the resulting thermal waves start to move at high speed in the carbon nanotube that eventually increases the temperature of the tube. The result is that electrons also start to move very fast in the nanotube, which guides the current into an external storage, deice, or appliance.

In conclusion, the specific carbon nanotubes that provide the potential application of nanotechnology to produce electricity on Mars include different types of nanotubes such as the single walled material. The material is highly conductive and can be easily configured to be highly conducive or to exhibit the properties of semi-conductors such as silicon.

References

Bhushan, Bharat. Scanning probe microscopy in nanoscience and nanotechnology 2, New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. Print.

Binns, Chris. Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print.

Bostrom, Ann, and Ragnar E. Löfstedt. Nanotechnology risk communication past and prologue. Risk Analysis, 30.11 (2010): 1645-1662. Print.

Konstantatos, Gerasimos, and Edward H. Sargent. Nanostructured materials for photon detection. Nature nanotechnology 5.6 (2010): 391-400. Print.

Lyons, Kristen, and James Whelan. Community engagement to facilitate, legitimize and accelerate the advancement of nanotechnologies in Australia. NanoEthics 4.1 (2010): 53-66. Print.

McCray, W. Patrick. The Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies, and a Limitless Future. Princeton University Press, 2012. Print.

Salem, Hatem Fikry. Nanotechnology Research Center, Lodond, Alexandria University, 2010. Print.

Introduction

The Martian is among the greatest science fiction novels Andy Weir published on his website in 2011. The book attracted a significant audience appreciation, making it among the New York Times Best Sellers. Andy Weirs lifelong interest in science fiction inspired him to write The Martian. The novels review also portrays that Weir conducted extensive research when writing the book to understand the attributes of orbital mechanics. In his narration, he analyzes the operations of NASA and the history and activities of space travel. Extensive research allowed Weir to understand the critical rules and policies that governed the spaceship. Weirs narration of the planet Mars will enable readers to perceive the features of the planet. Literature critics have praised The Martian for its realistic premise and execution. The novels plot follows the survival adventures of Mark Watney, who struggles to survive alone on Mars after being abandoned by his crew in Hermes. The essay critically reviews the attributes that Weir incorporates in writing The Martian, including the third-person tone, symbolism through potatoes, and the themes of abandonment and patience.

Discussion

The Martians success is attributed to the critical themes, tones, and figurative language that Weir incorporates in the novel. Weir narrates the story in the first and third person. Most of the account is in the first person because fictional journal entries that Mark recorded during his experience on Mars inspired the book. Mark recounted the days experiences and documented them in the past tense to portray the tone of rest after a long days work. Weir composed the remaining novel sections in the third-person omniscient perspective. He employs a third-person technique to describe the activities on Earth and the Hermes spaceship. Despite being in a terrible situation, the author incorporated a lighthearted tone through a sense of humor and a sarcastic tone to portray Marks attitude. In Log entry SOL 61, Mark wonders, How come Aquaman can control whales? Theyre mammals! Makes no sense (Weir 264). The author depicts that while everyone on Earth, including NASA, was worried about his rescue and survival plans, he kept his brain preoccupied to avoid thinking about his predicament. Humor allows the main character to focus on other things, such as watching the 70s television shows and music. Although The Martian is science fiction, the combination of first and third tonal variations makes the book realistic and exciting.

Andy Weir incorporated symbolic techniques in The Martian to make the narrative more interesting. Symbolism is the most prevalent style that the author employs in the science fiction novel. The author utilizes potatoes to symbolize Marks perseverance during his encounter on Mars. Mark exploits the potato as his primary source of food throughout his stay on Mars. He allows the potatoes to grow through a system of engineering and botany, portraying the themes of survival and perseverance. The hope of being rescued guides Marks persistence and allows him to endure the experiences of each day on a foreign planet. Mark shows his hope by saying, If a hiker gets lost in the mountains, people will coordinate a search. If a train crashes, people will line up to give blood. If an earthquake levels a city, people worldwide will send emergency supplies (Weir 304). Therefore, symbolism through potatoes plays a critical role in depicting the theme of hope, which influences our daily lives. Hope allows readers to relate to Marks experiences and emotions during his expedition and influences the belief that everything will be okay in the long run.

Weir incorporated the theme of abandonment in The Martian to show Marks predicament on Mars. Mark is left behind when Ares 3 aborts its mission. Abandonment is an emotional feeling that people develop when they are undesired. Mark thinks he is alone and everyone has given up on him. One of the NASA members asked his colleagues, What kind of effect does that have on a mans psychology? I wonder what hes thinking right now (Weir 267). Watney recognizes that the crew leaving Mark behind is necessary for the mission. Despite being abandoned on a foreign planet, Mark embraced his current dilemma and adjusted to the environment to survive. He remembers how his protective sheath is weak and how he is far from Earth. Mark uses a cloth, the Hab, and two rovers to protect himself from Martian elements. When Watney can communicate with NASA through the Pathfinders radio and Morse code, he feels connected to human life and becomes optimistic about his possible return home. However, the drill shorts the electrical systems, which damages the link between him and NASA, so Mark must do all he can without NASAs advice and input. He feels isolated throughout the novel until Beck pulls him back into the Hermes, where he rejoins his crew members for their return voyage. The theme of abandonment allows Weir to create tension in his narration through Marks survival uncertainty. However, his rescue enables the novel to reinforce the theme of hope symbolized by the potatoes.

The theme of patience is also a primary idea that Weir illustrates in The Martian to show Maks character. Marks time on Mars needs a lot of foresight, patience, and planning before the Ares 3 trip happens. He is stranded on Martian soil because NASA takes years working out the technical information on deep space travel, from the biggest to minor issues. Mark does not ditch NASAs stage-wise and careful planning when on Mars without his crew members. Mark states, Either itll kill me, or it wont. A lot of work went into making sure it didnt break. If I cant trust NASA, who can I trust? (For now, Ill forget that NASA told us to bury it far away) (Weir 296). The quote indicates Marks trust in NASAs strategic plans to rescue him and allows him to focus on surviving while on Mars. Nonetheless, he relies on this process by approaching huge problems systematically and double-checking checks to avoid mistakes. Marks most vital qualities enable him to wake up every morning and keep chipping away at the massive challenge of making his way back to Earth from Mars. Therefore, Mark is patient because he spends nights and days waiting for NASA to rescue him.

Conclusion

The Martian attracted a positive reception and significant success because of the vital themes, tones, and figurative language the author incorporates in the novel. Abandonment is a central theme present in this book. Mark is left alone on Mars by his crew and has to survive the Martian elements. He survives on Mars for over 500 days as he waits to be rescued by NASA. His loneliness causes him to think about how far he is from the earth and how he has weak tools to protect him. The main character portrays the theme of patience through his ability to persevere until NASA rescues him. Mark is also intelligent because he uses all the planning taught by NASA to survive and manages to grow potatoes on Mars through bioengineering. To make the story realistic, Weir narrates Marks experiences in first and third-person tonal variations. He employs a third-person tone to describe the activities of Hermes and Earth. Also, the author incorporates figurative styles of symbolism through potato farming to show the hope that people have in life. Therefore, The Martian is a powerful science fiction novel that inspires readers to integrate attributes of patience and perseverance when facing life challenges.

Work Cited

Weir, Andy. The Martian. Random House, 2014.