Category: Society

Introduction

The teenage years mark a critical stage in a person’s life—a time of self-discovery, growth, and the pursuit of independence. Just as the United States crafted its Declaration of Independence to assert its autonomy and establish its values, teenagers too can envision their own “Teenage Declaration of Independence.” In this analytical essay, we will explore the significance of teenage independence, the challenges faced by teenagers in asserting their autonomy, and the potential benefits and responsibilities that come with this declaration.

The Significance of Teenage Independence

Teenage independence is a fundamental aspect of personal development and transition into adulthood. It represents a period of exploration, self-expression, and decision-making. Independence allows teenagers to develop their identity, make choices that align with their values, and take ownership of their actions. It is a crucial step towards becoming responsible, self-reliant individuals who can contribute positively to society.

Challenges in Asserting Autonomy

While the pursuit of independence is essential, teenagers often face various challenges in asserting their autonomy. Society’s perception of teenagers as inexperienced or immature can limit their opportunities for independence. Additionally, parental concerns for safety and well-being may lead to restrictions and limitations on their freedom. Peer pressure and societal norms can also influence teenagers’ decisions, making it difficult for them to express their authentic selves and exercise true independence.

Benefits of Teenage Independence

Teenage independence offers numerous benefits for personal growth and development. It fosters self-confidence, resilience, and critical thinking skills as teenagers navigate their own paths and make choices based on their values. Independence also encourages creativity and innovation, allowing teenagers to explore their interests and talents freely. It promotes a sense of responsibility and accountability as teenagers learn to manage their time, resources, and relationships.

Responsibilities that Accompany Independence

With independence come responsibilities that teenagers must embrace. They must learn to balance freedom with accountability, making thoughtful decisions that consider the consequences of their actions. Taking responsibility for their education, personal finances, and relationships is essential for their long-term success. Additionally, teenagers should recognize their role in contributing positively to their communities and society as a whole.

The Importance of Support and Guidance

While teenagers strive for independence, it is crucial for them to have a support system that provides guidance and mentorship. Parents, educators, and mentors play an essential role in empowering teenagers to make informed decisions and navigate the challenges of independence. Open communication, trust, and mutual respect between teenagers and adults foster a healthy environment for growth and independence.

Conclusion

The Teenage Declaration of Independence holds immense significance in the lives of teenagers as they navigate the path to adulthood. It acknowledges the rights, responsibilities, and aspirations of teenagers as they seek autonomy and self-expression. By asserting their independence, teenagers can develop their identity, make informed choices, and contribute to their communities. However, the journey towards independence is not without its challenges, as societal perceptions, parental concerns, and peer pressure can hinder their pursuit. Nonetheless, with the support and guidance of parents, educators, and mentors, teenagers can overcome these challenges and embrace their independence responsibly.

As teenagers craft their own Teenage Declaration of Independence, they pave the way for personal growth, resilience, and self-determination. It is through this declaration that they can exercise their rights, assert their values, and forge their unique path towards adulthood. Ultimately, the Teenage Declaration of Independence empowers teenagers to embrace their individuality, fulfill their potential, and become active contributors to society.

Global

The 21st century has witnessed a downward trend in air quality around the globe. To solve this major and urgent issue, the idea of everyone becoming veganism was generated. There have been numerous controversies surrounding this suggestion. Besides the variety of advantages to people’s health, the effect of veganism on the world economy is undeniable. According to the World Economic Forum, there is a proportional trend between the number of vegan individuals and the number of tax revenues for governments (WorldEconomicForum, 2018). The globe will engender plant-based economies for nations as the figure of a vegan diet increases. This plant-based economic trend will save an enormous amount of money that governments can use later on. This amount of money can be spent on improving the environment. Money can be used to build incineration plants, where waste is being burned down by 90 percent (TheStraitsTimes, 2018). These incineration plants have already existed in Singapore and are useful when taking Singapore to one of the world’s cleanest countries. By following a vegan diet, individuals are helping their own countries in the journey of cleaning and consuming rubbish including plastic and food waste. Together, veganism can bring an exclusive benefit to the environment according to economists’ views. However, on the other hand, veganism is threatening Mother Earth by increasing the level of soil erosion and degradation. There are three typical kinds of soil in agricultural which are grazing land, perennial cropland, and cultivated cropland (PBS, 2016). These types of soil are detached based on their function in farming. According to the research conducted by PSB – The Public Broadcasting Service in America, a vegan diet does not utilize perennial cropland it owns the biggest area of all three categories (PBS, 2016). This action leads to the consequence of wasting useful land while the two consumed types of land do not provide nutrients at the beginning of the season’s crops. Non–perennial crops which are grazing land and cultivated cropland are usually frozen in springtime. Consequently, these crops will flow down into the river, taking the nutrients with them. Moreover, as time goes by, without being used by humans, corn earworms or corn rootworms can appear and reproduce in perennial crops. These insects are not only destroying farming yield but also taking all the nutrients and vitamins away (Guardians, 2018). Therefore, after some time, this type of cropland might never be able to be used for farming anymore as there will be no vitamin left. This is an alarming problem that the vegan diet is facing. As a result, veganism can lead to a lack of nutrients in vegetables as well as land waste around the world. In conclusion, the trend of individuals becoming veganism can exert an essential advantage to the world economy as countries will earn larger amounts of tax revenue. Besides that, people following a vegan diet can create harmfulness to crops as well as wasting helpful land.

National

In this day and age, some people are changing their meat-based diet to a vegan diet to live a healthier lifestyle. Environmentally, veganism is a possible solution to reducing air pollution while economically, becoming vegan might exert detrimental influences. Alongside health benefits, veganism helps to reduce harmfulness to the environment in the United States in particular and the world in general. Going vegan plays an important role in solving air pollution. According to a paper published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), if every American becomes vegan, agricultural greenhouse gases will decrease by 28 percent (Chow, 2017). Animal agriculture appears to provide resources for humans to survive and as the rapid population growth happens, farmers need to raise a large amount of livestock to fulfill citizen requirements. As a result, animal agriculture is responsible for 51 percent of greenhouse gas emissions as they release multiple amounts of waste (Angle-Traegner, 2018). As the US population ranks number three on the list of countries in the world that depend on population, the need for food is enormous (Worldometers, n.d.). Consequently, pollution levels will expand, especially air pollution. Air pollution is considered the worst pollution because it releases carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, etc. These elements can cause diseases related to the heart and lungs. Farmers use plenty of grain and water for farm animals, and after that, farmers will sell to markets around the world. 50 percent of animals were produced in factory farms across the USA for food. This process requires an extremely high energy source. In the end, animals that are being killed release plenty of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as cows, pig or chickens produce 16,000 lbs. of waste per second (Angle-Traegner, 2018). Greenhouse gases contain powerful elements like carbon dioxide, methane, or nitrous oxide which will cause the majority of air pollution which leads to climate change (Reporters, n.d.). Moreover, farm animal is the leading cause of water waste in the USA. 55 percent of the consumption of water in the US is being used for animal agribusiness (Angle-Traegner, 2018). Freshwater is essential in our life and only a small amount of water on the earth is fresh but raising billions of livestock will require a significant amount of freshwater. Even though 71 percent of the earth is water only 2.5 percent is freshwater and the majority of them are being used to raise farm animals (USGS, n.d.). To feed farm animals, freshwater is being used every day, consequently, it is a waste of water because a vegan diet uses five times less water than a meat-based diet which saves more water (Wills, 2018). To sum up, animal agriculture has negative impacts on the environment.

While veganism is beneficial for the environment, animal agriculture may be advantageous for the economy. As one-half of the US agricultural economy came from livestock and poultry, eliminating animal agriculture means hurting the US economy (EPA, 2017). Replacing animal agriculture is dangerous as it is important in contributing to the economic activities in the US. Following a vegan diet means you won’t consume any meat and if every American doesn’t eat meat, $375.3 Billion in economic output annually will be gone (THE NATIONWIDE IMPACT OF ANIMAL AGRICULTURE, n.d.). Moreover, the livestock industry creates nearly two million jobs for American citizens (iGrow, 2014). This means eliminating the poultry industry might create unemployment across the country. Unemployment can lead to reducing GDP rate or lack of incoming taxes which are disadvantageous for the US economy (Stephen D. Simpson, 2017). As a result, it is dangerous to eradicate the poultry industry. To conclude, from an economic perspective, the livestock industry is crucial.

Various methods can support the US in promoting veganism and solving pollution. Firstly, agencies, individuals, and the government should organize and propagandize campaigns for people to eat vegan diets together. For example, the Green Monday organization, they are creating a campaign weekly named “Green Monday” for people around the world to follow a plant-based diet on Monday which has good influences (Green Monday, n.d.). Campaigns like this can help countries to reduce negative effects on the environment. As people only have to eat a vegan diet one day per week, it’s easier for them to follow and it will receive more attention from the citizens. However, this is not a perfect solution as people can forget to follow the campaign because it is optional. Besides creating events, the government can add taxes on livestock. As the government increases poultry taxes, the meat price will be higher and not everybody can pay for meat (The Guardian, 2016). According to a study from Oxford University, higher taxes on livestock mean fewer people will consume poultry, consequently, it can save the planet (The Guardian, 2016). However, higher tax means new laws and it is not easy to create new laws in the US as members of the House or Senate have to vote (USA GOV, n.d.). Let’s take cigarettes as an example. The US government has raised taxes on cigarettes and there is a significant decrease in cigarette consumption, but it took a great deal of time for the law to pass (Wan, 2107). Higher tax laws on livestock might pass but it is going to be a long process and our planet might not have enough time to wait as the pollution level is increasing rapidly. To conclude, the US government should encourage campaigns on veganism and tax poultry more.

Local

Veganism can be promoted in Hanoi. While the main cause of pollution in Hanoi is manufacturing actions, becoming vegan does not fully contribute to reducing the pollution level in the capital of Vietnam. As the main factor contributing to air pollution is motorbikes or cars and most farms in Vietnam are not located in Hanoi, becoming vegan will not solve this problem completely (export.gov, 2017). If people become vegan but don’t use fewer private vehicles, veganism doesn’t have significant impacts on helping the environment in Hanoi. However, the Mayor of Hanoi should encourage its citizens to be vegan for their good. Becoming vegan helps individuals to be healthier as there are various nutrients and vitamins in a plant-based diet. Consequently, this will have huge impacts on reducing diseases across the city and making people’s lives healthier and better (Richarson, n.d.). Fewer diseases mean a decrease in the number of patients in hospitals and stopping overload in public hospitals (Lam, 2011). As a result, this will help to improve the clinical qualities around Hanoi (Nhan Dan, 2014). To summarize, even though, veganism might not help protect the environment in Hanoi, the authority still should motivate residents to be vegan to protect their health.

Personal

From my perspective, veganism is beneficial to human beings. Being vegan helps individuals to enhance their health. Vegan diets contain nutrients and vitamins that meat-based diets cannot provide, for example, vitamin C or fiber (Team, 2014). As veganism means eating dishes from plants, we can receive nutrients and vitamins that are good for our health and upgrade our body resistance. Personally, eating more vegetables can help to improve my skin and make it look more beautiful, lighter, and tighter. In addition, veganism helps to stop numerous diseases. Being vegan means a lower possibility of getting diseases than eating meat instead. Vegetarians have better digestive systems or a smaller potential of getting diabetes than other individuals as eating meat can lead to high heart pressure, hypotension, or cancer (Huong, 2018). I believe also that declining will help becoming vegan easier as the veganism process is hard to follow. As our bodies cannot adapt to big changes immediately, individuals should go at their own pace. According to Victoria Moran, the author of a book named “Main Street Vegan”, it is crucial that vegetarians can go at their own pace to help their bodies fit with the process (Blumberg, 2018). Going at your speed gives numerous merits to humans. In reality, it is hard to change from a meat-based diet to a vegan diet in a short amount of time, consequently, making small changes every day, and not forcing yourself to change immediately will help the process become more successful. Taking the process slowly will help your body adapt new diet more easily. As everything requires time to fit and people usually say that “small changes have big impacts”, having your pace on becoming vegan is important. Making small changes in your daily meals is the easiest way to gain several plant-based foods in your diet (Society, n.d.). However, having your own pace can create negative impacts on individuals. The deceleration in changing diets can lead to giving up as the process might take more time. Taking it slow means a higher possibility of people being lazier as there is more time to change. In conclusion, I believe that becoming vegan will decrease the ability to get diseases, and secure your health, and slowing down is necessary.

Bibliography

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Athletes should not be allowed to take part in professional sports due to actions in their personal life, as proven by evidence that there is a strong correlation between personal life and work life. People are pressurized to do better, and put more effort and time into their job. They could be doing that because they have a commanding boss or because they want to do it for their own good. Kary Mullis invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction. It was one of the most important contributions to molecular biology in the 20th century. He won the Nobel Prize in 1993. He did not design this experiment while he was at work. He thought of it on a drive home to his cabin. A person’s life outside of their work can doubtlessly influence their performance (Tipirneni, 2018). This shows that one’s personal life connects to their work life, and what they can contribute to their work. This links back to how athletes could commit actions in their personal life, such as abuse, and go to work and reflect the same thing on other players. Anything that happens during work links back to one’s personal life since they are thinking about how their day went, what was successful, etc. Same thing how a spouse could leave their house thinking about their significant other and what they are doing, while they are on their way to work. If their significant other made them very stressed out and upset, they will be going to work and thinking about how angry they are, therefore, their actions might reflect as abusive on other players.

Personal life and work life impact each other. Balancing one’s personal and work life is hard when both of them collapse. When work gets overwhelming, it is very likely to reflect that in one’s personal life and relationships. It also impacts one’s mental health and well-being. If an athlete gets frustrated from an opponent, they could go home and take their stress out on their significant other, resulting in potentially harmful actions or abuse. As a result, they could be mentally stressed, and show negative actions at both places. Moreover, when a personal relationship is not working out, that will negatively impact their work life, resulting in a pessimistic vibe at work (Alex, 2017). Therefore, they should be held professionally accountable for anything they do in their personal life, so it does not reflect in how they perform, and not harm other players. Harming other players is not ethical and they should learn discipline by not being given another chance to participate in sports. It is also unethical because an abusive player should not get the same treatment and money in sports like other innocent players.

There is a lot of violence in sports and outside of sports. NFL’s biggest off-the-field problems, with 87 arrests including 80 players over the last 14 years. The person with the most charges and domestic violence is Denver Broncos (Still Playing: 12 NFL Players Have Domestic Violence Arrests, 2014). This amount of violence in sports is unacceptable because of a couple reasons. Firstly, because it is against the law and some celebrities do not get penalized severely for their actions because of their fame; which is immoral towards the person who was affected. Secondly, the increase in crime rates ruins a country’s economy and reputation as a whole, which could influence the amount of immigrants coming to the country, therefore, dropping rates of employment. This is why athletes should not partake in sports due to the relationship between stress of personal life and professional life, and a reflection of that through their actions.

One in three workers have gone through domestic violence, and for a lot of them, the violence chases them to work. Over 80 percent of domestic violence victims report that their work performance was negatively impacted. Abusers feel the effect of their actions during their work. They could reflect those actions and demonstrate violent actions. This relates back to how athletes could reflect their abuse on other athletes while playing, as a result from an action or domestic violence demonstration in their personal life. Abusers could be forgetful or disturbed, which could impact their work performance and could make them susceptible to discipline or job loss, which then puts their victim at a higher risk for severe injury or death. This shows that they need to learn discipline and take some time off sports to reflect on what they have done, rather than making them return to the sport and enjoy their time. Coworkers are also at a high chance of safety risk (Canadian Labour Congress, 2015).

In 2013, singer Chris Brown was guilty of physically assaulting a man. He spent 36 hours in jail. After arguing for a bit, they went to court, and his sentence was decreased to a simple assault offense and he was released. He was sent to California and had to stay 100 yards away from the man he assaulted. This crime would have taken him to jail, it was only because of his fame did he get out of it. He was later convicted of abusing his previous girlfriend, Rihanna. He only had to serve some community labor hours (Yovino, 2017). The first time when they let Chris Brown go, he did not learn from his mistake and he later abused Rihanna. This shows that if he would have stayed in jail, he would have been taught discipline and not commit another crime shortly after. However, that did not happen and he went back to singing without the weight of the burden of his previous actions.

Boston Bruin Marty McSorley hit an opponent in the head with his hockey stick. The public has seen enough of violence from athletes in such sports, and they did not fight for him to not go to jail. The National Hockey League suspended him for the rest of the season. This is right because it taught him discipline so that he would learn that violence is not always the answer (Axtman, 2000).

In conclusion, if an athlete commits a crime in his personal life, they should be held professionally accountable. Athletes that are guilty of committing a crime, should not be allowed to play the sport anymore. That way, they are taught discipline, so they know that if they commit a crime, they will not just be allowed to look past it, and still go play the sport and make money. There are more than 3 million incidents of domestic violence reported each year, including both men and women. Nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by an intimate partner in the United States. One-third of women and one-fourth of men will have experienced some form of interpersonal violence (Lancer, 2017). If players continue showing negative actions in personal life, these numbers will keep increasing. Furthermore, not disciplining them will allow them to further commit crimes, since they know that if they do it again, they will not be penalized.

Introduction

The Columbian Exchange, triggered by Christopher Columbus’s voyages to the Americas in the late 15th century, ushered in a new era of global interconnectedness. This critical essay examines the profound effects of the Columbian Exchange on early American society in the 1600s. By exploring the exchange of goods, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World, we will shed light on the transformative impact this historical event had on the social, economic, and cultural fabric of early American civilization.

Economic Transformation

The Columbian Exchange revolutionized the economic landscape of early America. The introduction of crops such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes from the Americas transformed European agriculture, leading to increased food production and population growth. Simultaneously, European traders brought commodities like wheat, sugar, and livestock to the New World. This exchange of crops and livestock reshaped farming practices, diets, and economic systems. The integration of American and European agricultural products and techniques paved the way for a more diverse and productive agricultural sector.

Societal Changes

The exchange of people and ideas through the Columbian Exchange had a profound impact on early American society. European colonizers brought with them their social structures, political systems, and religious beliefs, significantly altering the indigenous societies they encountered. The forced labor system and the establishment of plantation economies fueled by the demand for American goods, such as sugar and tobacco, led to the brutal enslavement of African people, forever reshaping the demographic composition and social hierarchy of the Americas.

Cultural Exchange

The Columbian Exchange facilitated the exchange of cultural practices, ideas, and knowledge between the Old World and the New World. European explorers and settlers encountered indigenous communities with distinct languages, religions, and traditions. Through this cultural exchange, both sides were exposed to new perspectives, technologies, and art forms. The fusion of European and indigenous cultures gave rise to syncretic traditions, shaping the unique cultural landscape of early American society.

Disease and Demographic Consequences

The introduction of European diseases to the Americas had devastating consequences for the indigenous populations. Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to which Europeans had developed some immunity, spread rapidly among the native communities, leading to widespread death and population decline. This demographic catastrophe disrupted traditional societies, altered power dynamics, and created a void that European colonizers exploited for territorial expansion and resource extraction.

Environmental Impact

The Columbian Exchange brought about significant environmental changes in the Americas. The introduction of European plants and animals had both positive and negative effects on the environment. While some species, such as wheat and horses, thrived in their new environments, others became invasive and disrupted native ecosystems. The extraction of resources, deforestation, and the introduction of new agricultural practices also had long-lasting environmental consequences. The Columbian Exchange marked a turning point in the relationship between humans and the natural world, foreshadowing the environmental challenges that would emerge in later centuries.

Conclusion

The effects of the Columbian Exchange on early American society in the 1600s were far-reaching and transformative. This critical essay has explored the economic, social, cultural, demographic, and environmental impacts of this historic event. The exchange of goods, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World altered the course of history, shaping the trajectory of early American civilization. By critically examining these effects, we gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of colonialism, cultural exchange, and the interconnectedness of global history.

Rationale

World Health Organisation (2008) published an article that allegedly suggests that “Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide.” This article gives a detailed insight into the effects, eradication and control vaccine has on diseases, hence shining a positive light on vaccination to showcase the benefits of it on health, society and life expectancy.

With thorough research, a broad research question was formed from the initial claim: “Does the use of vaccine reduce the amount of disease in society?” This question was further refined to focus on a specific disease to show the explicit effect of vaccines. The research gathered to refine the question is presented below.

“Vaccination has greatly reduced the burden of infectious diseases.” (WHO 2008). Public attention is majorly turned towards vaccine safety rather than vaccine effect, however, WHO has proved that vaccines are safer than therapeutic medicine. Consequently, vaccination supposedly saved more lives than any other intervention, hence immunisation programs has drastically decreased mortality rates worldwide caused by diseases. High rates of immunisation are vital to the population to guard them from preventable diseases. “95% of the population needs to be vaccinated to obtain herd immunity against a disease.” Without vaccination, members are vulnerable towards preventable disease which may spread and infect throughout the population, especially young children and unborn babies. Also, vaccines aren’t 100% effective, therefore the population is at risk of obtaining diseases if the immunisation rates are low (McKell 2017).

Vaccination is the most effective medical defence introduced against diseases; it has eliminated a large amount of infectious diseases that once killed millions of people. A recent study concluded that today vaccines prevent 2.5 million deaths per year. Furthermore, vaccines now have potential to prevent not only communicable disease but also noncommunicable diseased such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders hence contributing hugely to the health of the society. Contagious diseases such as influenza, diphtheria, smallpox, polio and tuberculosis were once the leading cause of death, but vaccines have managed to eradicate to keep them under control (Rino Rappulio 2014).

Dr Lipsitch from Harvard School of Public Health states, “Infectious disease eradication is possible, even when a disease such as measles, polio or Hib hasn’t been completely wiped out but immunisations can reduce disease transmission, so that epidemics become less frequent.” (NIH 2011).

Thus, research above help derive towards the specific research question: “Does vaccinating people with polio vaccine reduce the prevalence of the disease?”

Background

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite, protists and prions. They can be transmitted via person to person, insects, animals or exposure to contaminated food and water. Disease can cause nausea, sickness, vomiting or even death in severe cases (Mayo Clinic 2017).

Vaccination is a way to effectively immunise people against life threatening diseases such as chickenpox, measles and polio. Vaccines consist of a modified version of disease-causing pathogen, knowns as antigen, they are given via injection or orally. Vaccine guards the host from diseases by introducing a weak or dead pathogen into the body. Immune system responds to the weak pathogens as if they are fully fledged, thus producing antibodies to destroy it. The immune system is made of cells and chemical called antibodies which fight infection, hence building immunity naturally or through vaccines. An immune response will take approximately 7-21 day. Vaccine is the most effective way to prevent deadly diseases, since the introduction of vaccine, mortality rates have been dropping (Better Health 2018).

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a life-threatening disease caused by a virus, spread via contact of contaminated food, water, faeces and throat secretions of infected person. There are 3 types of Polio virus Type 1,2 and 3. Incubation period is for 6-20 days, however, many infected people with polio don’t experience any symptoms but in mild polio cases symptoms of Polio include: nausea, vomiting, headache, fever, muscle pain (Health New York 2014). In severe cases the outcome of polio can result in death, brain damage or paralysis. 2% of polio cases result in death. Half of the survivors will have permanent paralysis. (Better Health 2018)

Polio Vaccines can be given orally or via needle. There are proteins in your body that identify poliovirus as a foreign object, hence signalling the body to eliminate it via antibodies or cells called macrophages (Sophie Ochmann 2017). Polio immunisation is recommended for: children aged 2-6 months, adults who haven’t been vaccinated, travellers, health care/laboratory workers and refugees. People that are eligible can get free polio immunisation under the National Immunisation Program. It has been found that the introduction of polio vaccine has succeeded in controlling polio and nearly eradicating it (Health Gov 2018).

Evidence

The epidemic disease of Polio was first detected in Italy after the first World war. Figure 1 shows 10 000 notified case of polio in Italy from 1925-2000. According to Figure 1, polio slowly started increasing at 1925, but it wasn’t until 1935-1940 where a big spike in the numbers occurred. During these times, hygiene and sanitation was really poor which didn’t help control the disease (Sci Elo 2012). Figure one shows that in 1950, polio in Italy was continuously escalating. The epidemic peaked again on 1953, after that, there was a decrease in the number of cases from 1954-55, but the numbers started to increase gain from 1956. According to the graph above, the 1958 polio cases appear to be the most serious amount experienced in Italy. 8,394 cases were reported with a lethality rate of 14%. These number were the highest since the beginning of the polio cases registration in 1925(Sci Elo 2012). According to the graph, after 1958, the number of cases has steadily decreased and by 1969, polio was completely eradicated from Italy. These figures clearly indicate that polio vaccine has had a huge impact on the disease. Before the mass vaccination, it can be seen the number of cases was on the rise and the mortality rates continued to rise as well. One the vaccine was introduced, the number of cases steadily escalated down and by 2000, polio was fully eradicated from Italy, hence showing a clear relationship between vaccine and the prevalence of polio. It shows that vaccine play a key role in maintain the health of society. From this evidence, it can be concluded that vaccine plays a key role in controlling the epidemic, hence supports the research question and proves the claim wrong. Figure 2

Figure2 represents a similar trend to figure 1, but the dates of the increase differ due to it being in different parts of the world. Figure2 starts with varied spikes of the disease while steadily increasing overtime. The first biggest spike in the number of paralytic case and death both occurred in 1916, with 27 363 cases and 7130 polio deaths. It can be seen that this was the highest amount of death for the whole century. The biggest number of paralytic cases peaked at 1952 with 57 879 cases and 3145 deaths (Sophie Ochmann 2017). Upon the introduction of polio vaccine in 1952, the numbers started to drop showing a reduction in the amount of cases and deaths. By the year 2010, polio was completely eradicated from US. A trend in the death cases can also be seen. According to the graph above there were more paralytically cases then there were death cases. The death rates seemed to peak nearly every time the paralytic cases peaked, but otherwise there were no big increase. From this graph, it can be derived that if a person contracts polio, there is higher chance of being paralysed than dying. This graph clearly supports that polio vaccine helped reduce the prevalence of the disease by lowering and eradicating it. Before vaccination, paralytic cases and mortality rates were increasing but post vaccination, both numbers plunged down, showing the positive effect of polio vaccine (Max Roser 2018). Not only does the graph supports the importance of polio vaccines but it also urges the importance of it in [image: ]society, without polio vaccine, polio would’ve still been present in US (Max Roser 2018).

Figure3 is a visual representation of the success polio vaccine has brought upon the world and it correlates to figure4 showing the stages of pre and post vaccine activities in Australia. According to figure 4, before vaccination was introduced, it followed similar trend as the other graphs. Polio increased rapidly with peaks every now and then and it wasn’t until the introduction of vaccine that the prevalence of it was reduced. Figure3 shows the world status of polio from 1988 and 2017 (Joseph Hall 2018). From figure4, it is clear that Australia has nearly eradicated polio by 1988, which is visually supported in figure3. Figure3 shows that most of the world was affected by polio in 1988(AIHW 2018). Whereas in 2017, polio was eradicated by most countries expect Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria, but in theses country, the prevalence has been reduced (Farrah Khan 2018). Pre-vaccination, the number of countries affected was 125 and post vaccination, the number of countries affected was only 3. All the graphs show a similar trend hence indicating he effectiveness of polio vaccine. These evidences clearly show the relevance of vaccine in society and in the world. It suggests how important it is to receive polio vaccination, not only to protect yourselves, but to protect the people around you and to eradicate the deadly disease. The evidences above clearly show the effects of pre and post-polio vaccination and highlights the effects and importance of herd vaccination (AIHW 2018). Therefore, vaccines have played a vital role in the eradication of polio and helps with the prevalence of the disease, hence supporting the research question, and helps object the claim. All the evidence above has aided in proving the research question which assisted in objecting the claim.

Evaluation

For the validity of this investigation, a variety of different and reliable sources were used and analysed for the maximum accuracy of this investigation. All sources used were referenced and the authors used were either scientist who hold a PhD, professors or other credible writers recognised as profound authors, hence all the evidence used are trustworthy, peer reviewed or from a government run website. Strong arguments were used through out to back up justification and to prove research question. This investigation has fully, thoroughly proved the research question with use of accurate data and graphs. The claim was derived to a broad research question, then further research was done by collecting data and information from credible sources which lead towards the specific research question, therefore, the method to come to that research question was highly accurate.

There were a few limitations present within the investigation. One was that some articles used were 5 years or older but contained very relevant and accurate information which was used in the investigation. Another limitation was that the claim was derived to a specific research question which consisted investigating the effects of only polio vaccine and not any other vaccines, therefore, the claim couldn’t be entirely proven wrong, but it was partially proven. When reading this in investigation, this point needs to be taken to consideration. No tables were used in the evidence section, as there were no appropriate ones found, this may affect the variety of the data collected.

Therefore, future recommendations are: to fully prove the claim, more extensive and wider research needs to be conducted as polio only cover a small sector of the whole claim, therefore it can’t be fully proved. Also, newer research and data should be used in future for validity of investigation. Furthermore, at least one table should be used for the extensive variety of data collection.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the claim “Vaccines are not required for the overall health of society,” has been disapproved partially because the research question only focuses on polio vaccines, therefore it couldn’t be fully disapproved. From this investigation, it is clear that vaccinating people with polio vaccine helps reduce prevalence of the disease hence proving the research question. The research shows that it is vital for people to get vaccinated for the health of the society by preventing and eradicating the diseases such as polio, but as suggested in evaluation, more research needs to be conducted to see if vaccines are necessary for the overall health of society, because the investigation only covers a small sector of the claim, thus the claim cannot be fully proved.

Bibliography

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Music can possibly change a state of mind and mood, and empower idiosyncratic behavior and views in society. Actually, the normal American tunes into four hours of music every day! Simply envision what sort of effect music is having on our feelings for the duration of the day, regardless of whether we deliberately acknowledge it or not. So, to put it plainly, music has the ability to socially, ethically, and sincerely impact our general public. Consequently, the more purposeful we progress toward music, messages, and states of mind we make when creating music, the more dominant we will be coming in having a bigger impact on society. Musicians have the mandate and authority to change our world on account of the impact they have and how they are seen in the public eye.

Throughout the decades, music has been used to communicate ideologies and start revolutions, as well as pass messages to the public. For as far back as the 1960s, music has been linked to great events in history. During this decade America experienced great social, economic, and political change, as described by Bob Dylan in his song dubbed ‘The Times They Are A-Changing’’ (1964). There were a series of social movements that aimed to stamp out the social inequalities in American society. The most prominent of these movements was the civil rights movement which sought to ensure absolute equality before the law for all African Americans in the United States. They marched to the streets singing songs to support their endeavors while they tried to achieve their goals. Most of the songs that were produced in this decade all had the same message and tone, which was to gunner more support and show the rest of society how wrong they were. Women also wanted to be considered and given equal opportunities as men when it came to making contributions to the growth of the economy. They lamented about the unequal wages. There were other movements, such as the fighting for the rights of gay and lesbian members in society, as well as the condemning of the Vietnam War, which some people deemed immoral and refused to participate. All these movements were backed by songs that were used to pass the message, as well as try to change people’s ideologies on how they viewed these historic events.

The black power movement that started in the 60s continues even in the 70s. The black community continues to express their displeasure with the way that they were treated by the white community. They soldiered onwards stronger than ever and even invented a symbol to show how proud they were of being black (involved raising the right hand in a black glove). This became a symbol of black pride and was supported by musicians from all walks of life, such as Johnny Cash. He only wore black attire, while on stage, with his long black coat, which was in contrast to the stereotypes associated with the color. Johnny Cash decided to distance himself from the beliefs of other singers and even went a step further to explain why he did it in a song (‘The Man in Black’, the 1970s). His protest, though subtle, went a long way in the revolution at the time.

Amid the 80’s we likewise observed the breakdown of conventional socialism and the end of the Cold War. The discontinuity of socialism incorporated the breakdown of the Berlin Wall and the separation of what was the USSR towards the finish of the ’80s, prompting German reunification. The 80s additionally flagged a time of the ascent of conservatism in political and social life, brought about by Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the USA. Many of the countries in South America also returned to democracy after a long period of dictatorship, and it was considered a turning point. The Senate also passed a bill that virtually eliminated the practice of busing to achieve racial integration. After the abrogation of servitude in the United States, three Constitutional changes were passed to give recently liberated African Americans legitimate status: the Thirteenth Amendment annulled bondage and slavery, the Fourteenth gave them citizenship, and the Fifteenth ensured the right to vote. Notwithstanding these revisions and social liberties acts to uphold the corrections, somewhere in the range of 1873 and 1883, the Supreme Court passed on a progression of choices that for all intents and purposes invalidated crafted by Congress amid Reconstruction. Viewed by numerous individuals as peasants, blacks were isolated from whites by law and by private activity in transportation, open housing, recreational offices, penitentiaries, military, and schools in both northern and southern states. In 1896, the Supreme Court authorized legitimate detachment of the races by its decision in H.A. Plessy v. J.H. Ferguson, which held that a different however break even with offices did not damage the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment. Music development in this decade was as usual with artists trying to tackle everyday problems with lyrics and wordplay.

This however changed in the 1990s when the World Wide Web rose to greatness. It was a new phenomenon that tickled the interest of many Americans and other people in the world. The message in the music became more direct and vibrant than ever before, with new genres and types of music being released and spread through the web. With the Internet to spread awareness atrocities such as the beating of an African-American man named Rodney King by police officers in Los Angeles did not go unnoticed even though the officers were not charged. Songs were sand and played all over to express people’s feelings in their situations. The rap music scene had developed to a crescendo before the finish of the ’80s, and during the ’90s it exploded, making not just inward city youths have rap playing on their Walkmans, but also those from rural areas young as well. Musicians such as Dr. Dre and ‘The Chronic’, Snoop Dogg and ‘Doggystyle’, Tupac with ‘All Eyez on Me’, The Notorious B.I.G. and ‘Ready to Die’, Eminem, The Wu-Tang Clan with ‘Enter the Wu-Tang’, The Fugees, and The Score – the decade of the ’90s generated a ridiculous number of rap hits and was primed for the music genre to create classic sounds that not only defined music but an entire generation and the issues around them. These songs among others were very controversial and sparked discussions over race censorship and the class that indulged these songs. They were viewed as somewhat different.

The music has evolved more as we have progressed. The songs that are now being produced cut across all races, gender, and social status in society. A perfect example is ‘Hush’ by Usher, which focused on the everyday American and how they perceive the issues affecting them in society. They tend to ignore and neglect the simple problems that are right in front of them and choose to serve only their goals. “Searching through the channels, skipping past the news, she is more entertained by gossip, because it’s more hurtful to see the truth”. This is the kind of music that raises awareness and brings people together to serve a common objective and tackle problems in our society.

In conclusion, music has evolved from being seen as belonging to one culture or a particular group of people to what it is today. Through the use of technology and social media, we have developed a way of using music to reach and touch the heart of people throughout the globe, unifying them to be one. We have transcended our petty differences and achieved common goals by finding some common ground. This is because we spend almost four a day listening to music that contains ideas and messages coming from people from all walks of life. Ever since the digitization of music records in the ‘70s and ‘80s, we have become what can be perceived as a cohesive unit in that music can be used to reach and convince our social ideologies peacefully, thus reducing the risk of extreme measures such as riots. An example is a video by Joyner Lucas ‘I’m Not Racist’, sharing views about each other peacefully through spoken word without fear of judgment or retaliation.

References

1. Campbell, M. (2018). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Cengage Learning.
2. Hanson, J., & Hanson, K. (2006). The Blame Frame: Justifying (Racial) Injustice in America. Harv. CR-CLL Rev., 41, 413.
3. Rose, T. (1994). Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America (Vol. 6). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
4. Nelson, R. L., & Bridges, W. P. (1999). Legalizing Gender Inequality: Courts, Markets and Unequal Pay for Women in America (Vol. 16). Cambridge University Press.
5. Ture, K., & Hamilton, C. V. (1992). Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. New York: Vintage.

The challenge regarding human rights that I would like to discuss is women’s rights, including their right to life, health, and safety. More specifically, their rights during domestic abuse, their reproductive rights, and the application of the right to life of women. A core actor in this human rights challenge is the state, more specifically the government. They have a state responsibility to ensure all rights are applied to all their citizens; this may have become compromised during the COVID-19 global pandemic. I will be looking specifically at women in the UK and how they have been affected. The right to life is a first-generation right, a right that is there to protect personal autonomy regarding freedom, safety, and ownership, it is important that all women are entitled to this right. COVID-19 has increased domestic violence and made it more difficult for some women to access sexual health services and apply their reproductive rights. This has caused many questions and concerns regarding women’s rights and human rights.

Domestic abuse takes away or compromises the right to life and the right to health of the victim, violence against women or girls is a human rights violation. Six women are killed every hour by men around the world, most by men in their own family or their partners; A new report shows that in the UK a woman is killed by a man every three days [1]. According to UN data, more than half of women or girls murdered by men are killed by their current partner. Women being killed by partners are being deprived of the right to life, women being beaten and injured (mentally, physically, emotionally, or sexually) are being deprived of their right to health and any woman who is suffering violence in their household is potentially being deprived of their right to safety. The right to life is a first-generation right to which every human being is entitled to under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person (UDHR), we all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety [2]. Women experiencing domestic violence will often be unable to feel safe and may suffer from mental health conditions e.g. depression, anxiety, PTSD, battered woman syndrome. This would clearly be compromising the person’s right to health. Reports of domestic violence increased drastically during the COVID-19 pandemic. The UK police recorded 206,492 violence against the person offenses flagged as domestic abuse-related between March and June 2020, a 9% increase compared with the same period in 2019 [3]. This means that during the national lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic, domestic abuse rose. Women were trapped in their houses with their abusers and the restrictions made it much more difficult for victims to reach out and access help services and safety. This suggests that when the government said ‘stay at home’ to the nation, they were not thinking about the victims who consequently suffered. The state has a responsibility to keep its citizens safe and ensure they have access to all of their human rights. By definition, the state is a nation territory that is considered an organized political community forming part of a country. By allowing women to be trapped indoors with their abusers and allowing domestic violence to rise, they are not fulfilling that responsibility because they put many citizens at risk of violence from their partners. When the state fails, other actors can step in, in this situation, helplines, refuges, and occasionally the courts can become involved. The Office for National Statistics reported that in mid-May 2020, there was a 12% increase in the number of domestic abuse cases referred to victim support [4]. More support could’ve been provided by the government establishing a more suitable plan to tackle the foreseeable risk of domestic abuse rising during the COVID-19 pandemic, or by helplines and other community actors being more involved with those in need during the national lockdowns.

All women should be entitled to be in control of their own reproductive system and be able to access reproductive healthcare, safe abortion, birth control, and confidential advice. If they are denied their reproductive rights they are effectively having their human rights violated. Reproductive rights are important because this ensures that the person is being treated in a humane and fair way, many women worldwide are still not provided with the reproductive rights that everyone deserves. Sexual and reproductive health and rights mean the right for everyone, regardless of age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, HIV status, or other aspects of identity, to make informed choices regarding their own sexuality and reproduction [5]. Sexual and reproductive rights mean you should be able to make your own decisions about your body and: get accurate information about these issues, access sexual and reproductive health services including contraception, choose if, when, and who to marry, decide if you want to have children and how many; They also mean our lives should be free from all forms of sexual violence, including rape, female genital mutilation, forced pregnancy, forced abortion and forced sterilization [6]. However, this is not provided or only provided to an extent for some women. The case study of abortions in Northern Ireland shows some of the many effects that Covid-19 has had on reproductive rights. The UN, the government, and the state as a whole have a responsibility to ensure women’s human rights are fulfilled and this is not being done if some women are not being given their reproductive and sexual rights. The 1967 Abortion Act, which allowed for abortion in England, Scotland, and Wales, did not include Northern Ireland, where abortion remained illegal except when a woman’s life was at risk. Rape, incest, and fatal fetal abnormality were not sufficient grounds for abortion [7]. In October 2019 abortion was decriminalised and became lawful in Northern Ireland, a new framework for lawful abortion services came into effect on 31 March 2020 [6]. Though the law technically came into effect, services were not rolled out at the time. Guidelines for healthcare professionals who were ready to perform abortions were not issued [8]. This means that at-home abortion pills were supposed to be available to women in Northern Ireland however, guidelines were not given out to the health professionals who would be providing the service and so it did not happen as it was supposed to. This provided false hope to women in Northern Ireland and restricted their reproductive rights and therefore their human rights. Another human rights dilemma in reproductive rights is Christian protesters at abortion clinics and sexual health clinics. Everyone has the right to freedom of speech and the right to assembly (UDHR), so legally they are allowed to protest at these clinics. This however makes people uncomfortable and distressed when they are trying to access the services that these clinics provide. Some religious protesters are pro-life and believe that abortion is murder and is unacceptable in every case, this is why they protest. However, part of reproductive rights is the right to a safe abortion, as long as it is not being used as a long-term contraceptive method and therefore the women accessing these services should be allowed to do so without confrontation or judgment.

Women’s rights contain many human rights challenges, women need extra rights to keep them safe and equal to men because of the human rights challenges that are specific to women. Many women’s rights issues have worsened due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including domestic violence and reproductive rights. Domestic violence is the cause of death, injury, and mental health problems for many women globally, in my essay, I have focused on domestic violence against women in the UK. Another human rights issue affecting women during COVID-19 that I have researched for my essay is reproductive rights, specifically in Northern Ireland where it was thought that women in Northern Ireland would be allowed to receive at-home abortion pills during lockdown but guidelines were never issued to the appropriate healthcare providers.

1. Douglas Broom, 25 Nov 2020, https:www.weforum.orgagenda202011violence-against-women-femicide-census
2. Amnesty International UK, 21 Oct 2017, https:www.amnesty.org.ukuniversal-declaration-human-rights-UDHR
3. Domestic abuse during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, England and Wales: November 2020, Office for National Statistics, https:www.ons.gov.ukpeoplepopulationandcommunitycrimeandjusticearticlesdomesticabuseduringthecoronaviruscovid19pandemicenglandandwalesnovember2020
4. Domestic abuse and Covid-19: A year into the pandemic, 11 May 2021, https: commons library. parliament.UK domestic-abuse-and-covid-19-a-year-into-the-pandemic
5. Action aid, 24 Feb 2021, https:www.actionaid.org.ukour-workvawgsexual-reproductive-health-rights-women-and-girls
6. Amnesty International: Sexual and reproductive rights, https:www.amnesty.orgenwhat-we-do sexual-and-reproductive-rights
7. Division over abortion exposed during COVID-19 despite the change in law, Rohan Naik, 6 May 2020, https:www.thedetail.tvarticlesabortion-northern-ireland-covid-19
8. Division over abortion exposed during COVID-19 despite the change in law, Rohan Naik, 6 May 2020, https:www.thedetail.tvarticlesabortion-northern-ireland-covid-19

Have you wondered how much food is being thrown away every year? Or how throwing food away affects so many people in the world? Well, “each year 108 billion pounds of food is wasted every year in the United States.” That is a crazy big number. When that much food is being wasted there are so many people out there not just in the United States but everywhere in the world are going hungry. “ When we waste food, we also waste all the energy and water it takes to grow, harvest, transport, and package it. And it goes to the landfill and rots, it produces methane – a greenhouse gas even more potent than carbon dioxide,” says WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) an organization that works with wilderness and human impact on the environment.

One of the main causes of world hunger is poverty. Poverty is just not having enough money to spend on groceries and such to fill your body with nutritious foods. In places like Africa for example there are not many job opportunities for people in villages so they often have to deal with poverty and not having that income to pay for things. The countries with the highest poverty rates are South Sudan (82.30%), Equatorial Guinea (76.80%), Madagascar (70.70%), Guinea – Bissau (69.30%), Eritrea (69.00%), Sao Tome and Principe (66.70%), Burundi (64.90%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (63.90%), Central African Republic (62.00%), and Guatemala (59.30%).

World hunger is rising every day. Every day more and more food is being thrown away. “Globally, about 8.9% of the world’s population – 690 million – go to bed on an empty stomach each night,” says Kathryn Reid 2020. In the past couple of years with Covid 19 going around, I have learned a lot about nutrients and how important it is. So I know that these children and adults are not getting what their bodies need. It is not gonna help them any. Whether it’s because of low income or something else these people need to be getting their nutrients.

Children are most affected by not getting the food they need. Children need food to grow and become big and when they are not getting what they need they could honestly not live for very long. I recently read a post from a friend on social media that they walked down the baby formula and food aisle and there was nothing. When things like this are children are not going to be successful health-wise. With the past couple of years and how Covid has affected everyone a lot of people lost their jobs. So there is no one to package and ship these foods like baby formula and food to these stores for parents to buy them. Even if the baby is still in the womb and the mother is not getting the nutrition for herself the baby has a chance of not developing before entering the world.

Right now there is a war going on in the world. With something like a war those people where the wars are happening people won’t be able to get the food they need because you really can’t go outside. “Ukraine and Russia combined export 30% of the world’s wheat, in addition to other food supplies. Now, because of the ongoing war, the price of food worldwide is skyrocketing and 38 countries are facing acute food insecurity, meaning they are just one step from famine,” says NPR (National Public Radio).

In Africa, Niger which has a population of 24 million people is struggling to go into April which is Ramadan this year. The malnutrition rate in Niger is about 10% of kids under the age of five. “Niger also hosts over 800,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees or other uprooted people, and these populations are also food insecure,” says WHES in Hunger Notes

When the pandemic hit in 2020 people were frantically shopping to get whatever they could to stock up their houses with what they needed so they did not have to leave their homes. The U.S. Global Leadership Coalition states that “In March 2020, world food prices surged at the fastest pace ever, jumping nearly 13% to a new record high. Low-income countries that are already struggling to recover from Covid 19 and rely on reasonably priced wheat, vegetable oils, and other food staples will be hit hardest by skyrocketing prices.”

Earlier I stated that poverty was the number one cause of hunger. Well here are a few more reasons why food shortage, war and conflict, climate change, poor nutrition, poor public policy, economy, food waste, gender inequality, and forced migration are the top reasons why hunger is so big in the world.

In the world, there are so many farmers. Farming and agriculture are so important in helping fight hunger but there are a few things that might be putting a hold on farming. If the farmers around the world don’t adapt to climate change then they won’t have crops to harvest to be processed and sold. According to EWG (Environmental Working Group) “The number of people living in poverty could increase by between 35 million and 122 million by 2030. The FAO said that’s because the population will grow fastest in developing countries that are the most vulnerable to more frequent droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events caused by climate change.”

We all wish we could just snap our fingers and world hunger would be gone but that’s not the case. Here are some possible ways world hunger could come to an end: sustainable food, access to credit, food donations, transitioning, urban farming, access to education, social change, and government intervention. Those are just a few examples of how we as a world could help try and end world hunger. If we don’t take a step in helping solve world hunger more and more children could die and not just children but adults and the elderly as well.

In conclusion, world hunger can be ended with just some changes that we as a world have to help with. More and more food is being wasted and more people are dying because of world hunger. There is so much we could do and even donating money to organizations like Action Against Hunger and The Hunger Project would be so amazing. As a world, we should try not to throw away as much food and start having gardens of our own that we can pick from when things are needed. Given these points, I encourage you and others to try and do something that will help with ending world hunger.

In many professions, it’s easy to overstate the importance of work. But when it comes to our educators, people are more likely to underestimate the importance of teachers in our society. For those who have dedicated their lives to teaching others, it is good to reflect on the critical role that well-trained and highly qualified teachers play in shaping the world around us. Taking on the task of shaping the minds of young people is a great responsibility. It is no exaggeration to say that teachers can change lives. In this essay, I’m going to look at the following important roles that really illustrate the importance of teachers.

Firstly, the importance of teachers as role models. Interestingly, much of the public debate revolves around celebrities, athletes, and even politicians as role models. The fact is that standing in front of the classroom outside your own home is one of the most important role models in the lives of young people. Teachers are worthy of respect and emulation. Almost everyone has a teacher they look up to (in many cases, there are many teachers), who gives them an example of how to behave.

Teaching students information in the way they remember and use is one of the best gifts anyone can give to another. This allows students to see new ways of looking at life. Although today’s focus is on learning the skills necessary to achieve excellent results in specific occupations, especially in the post-secondary environment, many life-changing things happen at a young age because children have accumulated knowledge in the good hands of a teacher. Yes, schools have counselors. But almost all teachers approach students in one way or another. They seek advice on everything from academic interests to personal life issues. In the classroom, the teacher also acts as a sounding board for students’ thoughts on everything from historical events to the meaning of literary works. Teachers also provide guidance to receive higher education and participate in activities that promote the growth of young people. When children are considering continuing their education, the importance of teachers as guides is immeasurable.

In addition, the best teachers also inspire their students to study harder and put in an effort. They encourage students to understand the importance of working on exciting projects or efforts. And success is built on the basis of success. The more a student strives to achieve his goals, the more he realizes his abilities. How can anyone give value to something like this?

Teaching can be a complicated task. As with any profession, there are difficult days to pass. But those who have devoted their lives to the profession are joining some of the brightest and most important people who will meet in their lives.

Social capital is essential in the success of alliances between universities and firms, both types of social capital (cognitive and rational based on case study) play a different yet important role. During an alliance, there might be tension that arises due to many reasons. One of these tensions is that firms concentrate on short-term goals while universities focus on long-term goals. For the alliance to be successful, the tensions need to be mitigated to allow for a type of relationship that accommodates the interest of both parties. Alliances between firms and universities are important because they lead to increase innovation and learning opportunities. University-industry collaborations help both parties, when two form an alliance, the discoveries made and technology developed through the findings is present to both of them. Students in universities acquire sufficient knowledge because the university is well equipped with resources and information. The firm also benefits because of the advancements made that help increase the market value.

Social capital types are important in such alliances because they outline the basic things firms have to look at when they decide to form an alliance: shared goals and culture. The first step for the firm and universities is to look at whether they have shared goals and a shared organizational culture. If these exist, then it will be easier for them to work together, but if differences exist, they need to find a way of resolving these issues. One of the strategies that can help is good communication, both can communicate with each other and find common ground on how the relationship will work. The interests of both parties have to be considered, and the results have to be winning for both. The bottom line is that the firm and universities have to be actively involved in the process, they have to show understanding toward each other and find a way to be successful in this alliance. When both are involved and show such understanding, it is easier to develop a shared culture and goals.

Another critical point to note is that both types of social capital have to exist at all levels, individual, organization, and alliance. Mutual understanding starts at an individual level; if there are people who agree with the decisions made and others do not, the alliance may fail. The alliance may be between the firm and universities, but in fact between people who work for both of them. These people have to be in sync, meaning that they have to agree on the proposed culture and goals the alliance is working towards. Finally, cognitive social capital start at the firm level before moving to the alliance level and finally to the individual level. Social capital is important because it helps the participants in the alliance to form a shared culture and shared goals through understanding and involvement, thereby allying success.

Relational social capital helps organizations to realize how close relations between the participants of both parties can reduce collaborative challenges. The participants of both parties can be people who have known each other before, or people who have worked together or studied together, or people who got acquainted together through social interactions. These close relations make it easier for both parties to communicate with each other and to make decisions that favor both parties. It also makes it easier for organizations to trust each other. Without trust, the firm and universities will push for their interest without considering those of the other participants in the alliance.

Relational social capital also shows how important building trust is between the organizations in the alliance. There are many ways of building trust, one of them being involvement. During the decision-making process, both parties have to be included, both of them have their opinion, and together they can make a decision that favors both of them. If one of them is more dominant than the other and so implements its own culture and makes decisions without involving the other, one will become frustrated and eventually withdraw from the alliance. The one being left out will feel less important and feel like the other party is only using them to benefit itself. Involving each other build trust, both the firm and universities have to share information and expertise. Also, both of them need to be willing to learn from each other and keep an open mind to the procedures and ideas laid out by the other party.

In conclusion, social capital is very important in the university-industry alliance. Both types, cognitive and relational, examine how organizations can mitigate tensions to create a successful alliance. Some of the suggestions offered include understanding and involvement; understanding the differences between both will lead to the formation of a middle ground through communication. Involvement in the operations makes it easier to resolve these differences. Also, creating a strong relationship full of trust between the two organizations helps overcome the challenges. It can be created through open communications, existing relationships, involvement, and willingness to learn from each other.