None of Colombia’s defamation, sedition, advertisement, and intellectual property laws under study conform to the Social Responsibility media system, and each is used to limit it.
Defamation
Articles 220-222 of Law 599 of the Colombian Penal Code provide for responsibility for defamation. However, the law does not precisely define defamation or what kinds of statements are permissible (CJP, 2016). In addition, the case of Luis González shows that the law does not permit commentary condemning the actions of any person, although the case of Claudia López demonstrates permission (CJP, 2016). The representational picture of the various groups is not specified, and any comment could be an insult (CJP, 2016). The dissemination of bad news does not fall under any provision of the law of sections 220-222, so the nature of the law cannot be accurately ascertained. Finally, the law prevents discussion: offensive language carries a slight increase of up to 50% (CJP, 2016). The case of Esperanza Castro confirms that users on social media should not discuss and criticize public figures.
Sedition
Article 378 of Law 599 of the Colombian Penal Code defines the concept of sedition but does not consider it outside the context of state power and does not provide facts limiting the concept of sedition (Codigo penal, 2000). Not only are the available forms of discussion and exchange not reported, but criticism of the state is prohibited (Flórez et al., 2022). The article only grants the interests of the dominant group, the government, while other social parameters are not taken into account and are used to pressure cases (Peterson et al., 1984). The law also wholly prevents the dissemination of bad news: the case of the construction of the environmentally damaging oil pipeline became part of the criminal prosecution. News portals are subject to government inspections, and many journalists are prosecuted because the law prevents conviction.
Consumer Protection
Article 30 of the Colombian Consumer Statute (Law 1480 of 2011) is the primary document regulating consumer protection from fraud and harmful advertising. The law does not have any clear definitions of what advertising is misleading; therefore, it cannot be said that both consumers and the media will be protected (ClarkeModet, 2018). Any particular political or ideological themes are not explicitly prohibited and, in theory, can be present in advertising. However, defamation laws do not allow this right to be exercised. The right to safe and fair advertising is granted to all consumers, regardless of their social characteristics. Just as the law does not regulate specific prohibited elements in advertising, one cannot judge the freedom to interpret the law (Peterson et al., 1984). Finally, the law does not contain definitions in that it is possible to condemn the actions of other advertising or consumers.
Copyright
Article 270 makes the use of copyright marks and the violation of the author’s moral right liable, implying severe penalties (Cecolda, n.d.). The law clearly and fully defines that the category of infringement includes the use of the author’s publications (published or not) without documented consent. The law obliges authors to use trademarks, indicating that the work belongs to one person or another; however, what is prohibited from taxing the copyright – is not specified (Peterson et al., 1984). There is also no precise information that the law allows the use of ideological or political marks for copyright works. The law probably also does not prevent the dissemination of bad news in terms of morality, but the state apparatus can ban objects of art by personal order. The law does not prohibit publications critical of the government, but other laws may be obstacles.
Flórez, M. C. C., Parada, A. F. M., & Hoyos, J. F. S. (2022). Punishment and pardon: The use of international humanitarian law by the Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia. International Review of the Red Cross, 1-23.
Peterson, T., Siebert, F. S., & Schramm, W. (1984). The social responsibility theory of the press. In Four theories of the press: The authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and soviet communist concepts of what the press should be and do (pp. 73–104). University of Illinois Press.
Social responsibilities are vital and play an enormous role in every aspect of human life. Consequently, individuals must live in a wealthy and expanding society, and they must be mindful of both domestic and international responsibilities (“Roles and Actions”). “Millions” by Sonja Larsen, “Cranes Fly South” by Edward McCourt and “How to live in history” by Yvonne Blomer describes the various ways in which individuals should be responsible to others. Social responsibility allows a person to understand the interconnectedness of causes and effects that form the fabric of life.
The Power and Responsibility of the Adults’ Influence on Children
The interest of adults in children’s lives is significant in developing a child’s social skills. For instance, in “Millions” by Sonja Larsen, the child is obsessed by thoughts of buying guns (Larsen). However, upon being engaged by the school counselor, the child turns his attention to catapults and medieval weapons because they less harmful as the guns.
Parents face challenges in understanding children’s problems. For instance, despite being asked about the million-dollar question, the child’s interests comprised the anti-social activities (Larsen). As a result, the adult school counselor is forced to institute an assessment program to help the child change his thought processes.
Teaching children morality and sensitivity is one of the key responsibilities of parents. For example, through the school counselor’s continuous interest of the child, the narrator states, “sometime I’m a hero, and sometimes I’m the first victim” (Larsen). In this case, the narrator is capable of understanding the consequences of the adults influence on children by instilling social skills.
From the above analysis, responsibility and understanding of the consequences of the adults influence on children. Therefore, through adult’s social responsibility, children are able to understand the interconnectedness of causes and effects of certain life mistakes. The result is a change of behavior to the better.
Intergenerational Communication for Enriching Human Life Experiences
Through social responsibility, the conditionality of children’s love for the older generation improves. For instance, in “Cranes Fly South” by Edward McCourt, Lee’s love for his grandfather makes him take him to witness the flight of the crane because he knows it would be exciting to his grandfather. Lee does this despite the day being cold and bleak.
The probable extinction of the whooping crane, which is stated at the beginning of the narrative, links to the notion of mutual respect as the most important prerequisite for intergenerational communication. Grandfather is aware that his time on earth is limited and that he must see the majestic grandeur of the crane one more time before dying. This is realized through the help of his grandchild, Lee.
The story uses the symbolism of the whooping crane to mean a change of life. For example, his grandfather’s health begins to improve, which makes Lee pleased, as seen by his last words, “He’s gone south.” Grandfather will finally have a chance to see the sea (McCourt 143). It points towards the distinctive abilities and skills of children in adult’s life.
It is important to equal value the contributions of both parties through intergenerational communication. For instance, when the grandfather finally dies, Lee’s parents blame it on him. This makes Lee so depressed and anguished over his grandfather’s death. Therefore, grandfather’s delirious raving and the parent’s reactions demonstrate that children have insight into life and death, hence, the need for equal value contributions.
Listening As the Main Way of Knowing the World by a Child
Communication is one method of passing on a parent’s worldview to a child. According to Lee and Sandra, children develop self-concepts and beliefs depending on how their parents interact with them (48). Lack of communication between the child and the mother is clear when the narrator say, “he begrudgingly helps out his mom” (Larsen). Therefore, communication should be used to transfer the worldview of parents to a child.
Listening is also a way for a child to learn about the world by hearing both expressed and unspoken feelings and thoughts. For instance, according to Blomer, language is “the way your mother may have told you—her forehead pressed to yours, saying: Listen, dear, listen.” (Blomer. para. 3) As such, despite not loudly speaking, the child understands the mother’s communication through pressing of the foreheads alone.
Communication forms a new fabric of reality due to the perception of a child. In “How to live in history” Blomer relates language as both being a family and having the feeling of a child (Blomer). Furthermore, Blomer states that, “They forget that part of language is listening “(Blomer, para. 4). Therefore, language, which is communication, can be understood by children by visualizing the world through listening.
Listening is one of the primary ways a child learns about the world because it connects generations as well as the past and the future. For instance, in “Cranes Fly South,” Lee listens to his grandfather’s story about never having seen a whopping crane before (McCourt 143). The narrative points towards the child’s capacity to link the two generations using the symbolism of the whooping crane.
The Importance of the History of Intergenerational Relations
The importance of responsibility to others as a foundation of nation history is significant for intergenerational relations. Lee, a child, is closely related with his grandfather because of the social responsibility he feels for the old man (McCourt 143). This indicates the importance of history in relating the two diverse generations.
As a society and as a community, individuals should embrace the historical perspective of social aspects of life in order to establish social responsibilities within a society. Lee embraces the generational past aspects of the grandfather (McCourt 143). The effect is the unlocking of his grandfather’s happiness because throughout his life, he has been envying seeing whooping cranes go south.
Importance of the history of intergenerational relations is established by the interconnectedness of causes and effects in life. For instance, in Larsen’s narrative, the effect of obsession of guns by the child has a familial cause, and the effect could be life damaging to the child. Therefore, the narrative uses the interconnectedness of causes and effects in life in helping the child understand other important life perspectives.
Social responsibility is a key to comprehending the fabric of life. In Larsen’s story, without the school counselor and Lee, intergenerational relations are challenging. Therefore, social responsibility makes both the child and the narrator to establish the prerequisite of all the fabrics of life: the child’s viewpoint of life and the narrator’s perspective.
Conclusion
In conclusion, as indicated in “Millions” by Sonja Larsen, “Cranes Fly South” by Edward McCourt and “How to live in history” by Yvonne Blomer, Social responsibility enables an individual to comprehend the interdependence of causes and consequences that comprise the fabric of life. As such, listening facilitates connection with others and a sense of responsibility.
Works Cited
Blomer, Yvonne. “How to Live in History.” Create Victoria-Cultural Plan, Web.
The creation of the global market has contributed to the necessity for companies from different states and belonging to different cultures to develop a platform for successful communication. Delving into the subject matter, one must bring up the fact that the CSR principles, which are currently viewed as an essential component of the operations in any organization, are perceived differently in the U.S. legal system and the one of SA.
United States
When considering the specifics of the U.S. CSR legal framework, one must mention that a heavy emphasis is placed on the need to meet the needs of stakeholders (Walker, Kent, & Vincent 2010), the dividend payment being the primary aspect of their relationships. Furthermore, the necessity to eliminate the possibility of corporate fraud as part and parcel of the American interpretation of CSR needs to be brought up (Uddin, Hassan, & Tarique 2008). Research points to the fact that the global economy realm requires taking the needs of stakeholders into consideration: “To fully incorporate CSR into a business strategy, the individual business firm and its management must understand the firm’s relationship with the stakeholder” (Brown 2013, p. 6). The emphasis on the needs of all parties involved can be deemed as the primary advantage of the American approach toward CSR.
Saudi Arabia
The way in which the SA sees the CSR as a concept requires using the environmentalist perspective. Although it would be wrong to claim that the American CSR framework does not include environmentalism, the green philosophy is only mentioned as par for the course and is not singled out as an essential area for concern (Lambooy 2014). In other words, the SA approach requires carrying out detailed legal procedures that will allow the organizations meet the standards set by EAD, even though the U.S. companies also need to meet the EPA provisions.
Future Prospects
There is a possibility that the way in which the SA and the U.S. view the concept of CSR are likely to change in the nearest future. Having been underexplored so far, the environment of the global economy does not have a set of rigid legal provisions according to which different types of interactions, including the financial ones, must be carried out between organizations, especially the ones represented by different cultures (Scherer & Palazzo 2011). Therefore, there is a possibility for the global market to become the middle ground where a new and improved concept of CSR will be established, to which the U.S. and the UA can contribute. Furthermore, the SA interpretation of the CSR philosophy seems to revolve around the cooperation between an organization and the community (Macbool 2015) whereas the American one does not single out any particular stakeholder and implies that a company must cater to the needs of all parties involved. The connection to the community allows the SA companies to build a more efficient communication strategy than the American one (Ali & Al-Aali 2012). The tendency to promote improvements in the workplace environment, however, serves as the link between the SA and the American vision of the CSR (Khan, Al-Maimani & Al-Yafi 2013). Arguably, the community issue is supposed to be addressed with the principle of the corporate governance, which is currently supported extensively in the U.S. (Aras 2016).
Conclusion
Therefore, it can be assumed that the environment of the global economy will contribute to designing the ultimate CSR framework. The latter is bound to incorporate the elements that will help the representatives of any culture encourage the economic growth in their organization. Thus, both an increase in diversity and the economic growth can be expected.
Aras, G 2016, Global perspectives on Corporate Governance and CSR, CRC Press, Chicago, IL.
Brown, D 2013, Corporate Social Responsibility. Web.
Khan, SA, Al-Maimani, KA & Al-Yafi, WA 2013, ‘Exploring Corporate Social Responsibility in Saudi Arabia: the challenges ahead’, Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 65-78.
Lambooy, T 2014, ‘Legal aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility’, Utrecht Journal of International Property and Law, vol. 30, no. 48, pp. 1-6.
Macbool, S 2015, ‘An overview of CSR programs in Saudi Arabia with reference to select organizations’, International Journal of Human Resource Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, 282-289.
Scherer, AG & Palazzo, G 2011, ‘The new political role of business in a globalized world – a review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 899-931.
Uddin, MB, Hassan, R, & Tarique, K 2008, ’Three dimensional aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility’, Daffodil International University Journal of Business and Economics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 199-212.
Walker, M, Kent, A, & Vincent, J 2010, ‘Communicating Socially Responsible initiatives: an analysis of U.S. professional teams’; Sport Marketing Quarterly, vol. 19, pp. 125-131.
“An inspector calls” is one of the plays produced immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1946. During this period, most scholars and human activists were majorly concerned with the welfare of the less privileged individuals within society (Priestly et al., 1992). The poor individuals in the United Kingdom did not have people who could fight and address their grievances, leading to most leaving a low-quality life. Priestly wanted to address the issue of classism and how poor individuals can be empowered to climb up the social ladder. He advocates for successful individuals to help poor individuals to live a quality life in the community (Priestly et al., 1992). Priestly also encourages that it is an individual’s responsibility to ensure that those close to them are safe and always available for each other when need be. This paper strives to highlight how Priestly has portrayed the theme of responsibility in different scenarios within the play.
Main body
Good neighborliness is when one cares about the well-being of those who are around them when things seem not to be okay on their side. One of the major points where Priestly portrays the theme of social responsibility is whereby Sheila feels a sense of duty when she realizes that she has a role to play in the death of Eva Smith. She tells Gerald to stop looking at her angrily since he also has once been involved in circumstances that are shameful (Priestly et al., 1992). Sheila finally admits and agrees to be held culpable for her actions and talks out the truth. However, Gerald is also blaming her for various faults while he has declined to take responsibility for his actions that also contributed to the demise of Eva Smith (Priestly et al., 1992). The target audience can learn the importance of taking responsibility for various aspects and how their actions may impact the well-being of other individuals.
When one lives a responsible lifestyle, members of the community will not be worried much about them compared to those who are careless with their lives. Priestley also explores the theme of social duty when Mr. Birling fails to take responsibility for various actions that led to Eva Smith’s death. His sentiments suggest that everyone should be held responsible for their own life and well-being (Priestly et al., 1992). Individuals who take the responsibility of taking care of others mostly land into awkward situations in case an unlikely event with a devastating effect occurs to the individuals. Dr. Priestley strives to encourage the target audience to ensure utmost self-care and responsibility to maintain a good relationship with others within the community since there will be no unnecessary blames.
Putting one in an individual’s shoes is one of the major ways of understanding other people’s struggles. In the play, some of the characters also display social responsibility in some instances. For example, Erick feels socially responsible for some of his actions in the final parts of the play (Priestly et al., 1992). This indicates that Erick possesses some sense of social responsibility to ensure that other individuals within the society are always safe. Erick’s mother and Gerald have withdrawn from being involved in Eva Smith’s incident, but he still insists that something could have been done to salvage Eva Smith’s actions that cost her life (Priestly et al., 1992). He takes Eva Smith’s Matter very seriously and even urges her mother to be responsible for the unfortunate occurrence too. The reader can learn that nobody can understand other people’s struggles unless they go through the same experience.
Responding quickly to other individuals’ struggles is also a major aspect of ensuring effective social responsibility and good neighborliness. Mrs. Birling, who is a close individual to Eva Smith as well, also elaborates on the theme of social responsibility when she fails to take control over the events that contributed to the death of Eva Smith. Even after being questioned by the inspector and the inspector elaborating that she had a responsibility to undertake during the process, Sybil Birling still does not want to take the responsibility. This can be seen when he negatively remarks on Erick’s sentiments by saying that he is ashamed of him (Priestly et al., 1992). Telling Erick that she is ashamed of him indicates that she does not care about the inspector’s investigation and the impact the investigations have on other members close to Eva Smith (Priestly et al., 1992). This context enables the reader to stop being greedy and self-centered individuals and instead act responsibly when dealing with other individuals in the community.
Conclusion
In conclusion, responsibility is considered one of the most significant social characteristics since it enables individuals to care for other people. Human beings have universal rights, ensuring that no individual is subjected to circumstances against human rights. Priestly also highlights how individuals in higher positions and social class should effectively use their influence by positively impacting community members. One should always adhere to the principle of supreme morality when dealing with fellow human beings. The target audience can understand that social responsibility begins with good and productive neighborliness.
Reference
Priestly, J. B., John Braine Priestly, & Bezant, T. (1992). An inspector calls. Heinemann.
It is necessary to note that both countries do not have a particular set of laws and codes that focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Thus, the UK Corporate Governance Code regulates various processes, but it does not directly refer to CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 1). At the same time, the code’s provisions include various regulations that are consistent with CSR.
For instance, the Turnbull Guidance (which is a part of the UK Corporate Governance Code) holds it that companies should strive for the reduction of risks associated with “health, safety and environmental, reputation, and business probity issues” (qt. in Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 3). Another regulation concerned with SCR is the Companies Act 2006 where it is stated that companies should address environmental issues.
When it comes to the UAE, CSR regulations are mainly inserted in various acts. It is important to note that Emirati companies follow the Sharia law alongside with particular governmental regulations (Hawa 25). The Sharia law is deeply rooted in the Islamic religious culture. The Shariah principles involve the facilitation of moral practices consistent with societal values, the focus on socially responsible activities in the financial sphere, the development, and compliance with “responsible values based management practices and products” (Hawa 25). One of the examples of practices inspired by the religion and accepted in the business world is the commitment to Zakat. Zakat is a practice of donating 2.5% of the income to those in need. This practice is widely used by Emirati companies.
When it comes to particular regulations, one of the ways to maintain corporate social responsibility in the business world as seen by the governments of many countries is reporting. The UK and the UAE have a similar position in this respect. Thus, under the Company Act 2006, UK organizations are required to provide relevant information concerning financial performances as well as practices related to CSR (Grayson 433). Reporting in the Emirati business law is not one of the highest priorities. However, companies use the provisions of such initiatives and guidelines as ISO14001, UN Global Compact, and the Global Reporting Initiative (Mahajan 426). It is necessary to add that the UAE still has quite a low rate (22%) of CSR reporting (The KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 12).
One of the spheres that have considerable attention in both countries is environmental protection. As far as the UK is concerned, the Climate Change Act 2008 is one of the regulations related to the environment. This Act imposes the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 80% compared to the 1990 baseline (Grayson 433). The Company Act 2006 also has provisions related to environmental protection. According to the Act, organizations should make sure they pursue their organizational goals that are consistent with major regulations and values associated with the environmental responsibility (Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 4). Thus, organizations are encouraged to act responsibly and strive for environmental protection and sustainability.
The UAE business law also implies a significant focus on environmental protection. Thus, the Ministry of Environment and Water has introduced several regulations concerning the impact on the environment. One of the examples of similar regulations is the Green Building Code that implies strict compliance with building plans developed by the authorities (Mahajan 426). Emirati companies are also rated following the US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design that was modified to fit the peculiarities of the country’s environment. It is also necessary to add that Sharia also involves quite significant attention to environmental issues and organizations are encouraged to act responsibly and sustainably (Hawa 24).
Finally, ethical conduct is seen as an important background for the development of the business sphere as well as the entire nation. As has been mentioned above, Sharia is the central legal background for Emirati companies. Organizations in the UAE follow major principles of ethical conduct as outlined in Sharia law. These principles include transparency, fairness, accountability, respect for others, commitment, and so on (Hawa 24).
Apart from these provisions, it is possible to note that the Emirati government, as well as non-governmental entities, encourage organizations to comply with the values of SCR through various awards. For instance, in Dubai, authorities provide the Corporate Social responsibility or Sustainability Award (SajadiFar 117). The Business Ethics Excellence Award is another meaningful distinction valued among Emirati organizations.
As for the UK, the Turnbull Guidance includes numerous provisions concerning ethical conduct. Thus, organizations are encouraged to focus on the health and safety of people as well as the organizational reputation (Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 3). Such situations as the scandal concerning Enron is also a reminder for companies and authorities as well as the background for the development of particular regulations (Grayson 432). UK companies try to adhere to the principles of sustainability, commitment, and accountability.
Grayson, David. “United Kingdom.” The World Guide to CSR: A Country-By-Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility. Ed. Wayne Visser and Nick Tolhurst. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2010. 430-437. Print.
Hawa, Nadine. Factors Shaping the Definition and Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility at Local Banks in the United Arab Emirates. 2012. Web.
Mahajan, Aparna. “United Arab Emirates.” The World Guide to CSR: A Country-By-Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility. Ed. Wayne Visser and Nick Tolhurst. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2010. 423-430. Print.
SajadiFar, Vajiheh. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the United Arab Emirates. 2013.
The KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting. 2013. Web.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to business activities and practices that organizations participate in for the benefit of the society. These activities do not bring any revenue or profits. CSR in the UAE encompasses a variety of practices ranging from charity work to giving away part of company revenues. CSR has gained increased attention in the last decade primarily due to the influence of globalization. Studies show that CSR in the UAE is shifting from philanthropy-based practices to more expansive strategies that aim to attract customers and improve societies. The three main forms of CSR in the UAE include emiritization, corporate philanthropy, and environment.
Activities that promote emiritization include education, hiring, training, and skills development. One of the main challenges in the UAE is unemployment. The World Bank has identified unemployment as the main development barrier in the Gulf Countries. As a result, many countries have created initiatives in the private and public sectors to promote the creation of job opportunities. Several organizations are providing education, training and development, and career counseling to young people. For instance, TANMIA helps young people find employment by reducing the number of foreign workers in the UAE and increasing the number of youths qualified for jobs. Other companies are trying to increase the number of women in the workforce by finding ways around the religious and cultural limitations that prevent them from getting jobs.
Corporate philanthropy is a very common form of CSR in the UAE. This is driven by the teachings of Islam that value giving to the needy and mitigating the pain and suffering of other people. Companies donate to local charities, set aside part of their revenues for the improvement of communities, and give scholarships to needy students. In addition, they help clinics and hospitals improve the quality of medical care services. Many companies donate money to set up medical facilities that provide medical care to needy people. These companies usually partner with international aid organizations such as WHO and UNICEF.
According to studies, the UAE has huge demands for electricity and, as a result, use fossil fuels to produce energy. The carbon footprint per capita of the UAE is the largest in the world, thus making environmental conservation an important CSR activity in the public and private sectors. UAE has the highest rates of water consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, solid waste, and energy consumption in the world. Therefore, the rates of environmental pollution are relatively high compared to other parts of the world. Companies such as Enoc and DLA Piper have programs that aim to reduce the impacts of business operations on the environment. Emirates Environmental Group (EEG) educates residents on the importance of preserving the environment. The UAE has a stringent waste management program that aims to protect the environment from degradation. The activities of numerous companies augment the policies and programs created by the Emirati government to protect and conserve the environment. Islamic teachings and Sharia consider taking care of the environment an important religious responsibility.
In conclusion, CSR is gaining attention in the UAE. The three main forms of CSR include philanthropy, environmental conservation, and emiritization. Emiritization aims to increase employment opportunities, environmental conservation aims to protect the environment from the massive pollution caused by electricity demands and the use of fossil fuels to produce energy, and philanthropy aims to help needy people by offering scholarships and medical care.
Communication and social networking at any of its level is an important issue in the history and tradition of any society irrespective of its level of development. The case of Mike Sterling shows that communication and effective interaction is a core of any business (Canary et al 2003) The potential benefits of the strategy and policies are improve communication quality and better information sharing. As it has already been mentioned, communication between individuals and groups is usually indissolubly related to social responsibility of these people and groups to the society they live and operate within because all of their interactions to this or that degree influence the social life.
When we consider social responsibility in the context of communication, it is necessary to emphasize upon three angles of this question: individual level of social responsibility, interpersonal communication in the context of social responsibility, and finally, group communication and social responsibility which in many situations can be made equal to corporate social responsibility (if organizations are contemplated). And thus, all these three angles will be discussed hereinafter (Wood, 2003).
Also, change will allow user to share expertise experience, save time & money. There exists such a notion as individual social responsibility. This notion implies the individual becoming responsible in one’s actions which may have some kind of effect upon communities outside one’s immediate circle (which is one’s family and friends). In other words, the individual is always included in the community one lives in, and individual social responsibility will mean interest towards all events which happen within the community, as well as active participation in solving the problems of the community.
What is more, improve job satisfaction also includes donations of the individual for different society purposes. But new communication does not only include donations and participation in the social life, but also ethical behaviour. Ethical behaviour derives from individual knowledge as for what is right and wrong (Knapp and Vangelisti 2004).
Risks
Potential risks are lack of anonymity, potential of misuse of information and inappropriate sharing of sensitive information. If the question arises concerning the practicability of social networking, this appears, that for the most people this question of responsibility is indeed practical, because most of the population in the US (two-thirds, in particular) support their behaviour by decisions which rely on their understanding of what is good and bad.
Individual interests are promoted by people but to the degree their realization does not harm other members of the society. Thus, it is evident, that this theory of communication states that any individual is supposed to take an active part in the life of the society, but not to concentrate on oneself only, for if all people unite and behave in an ethical way and act for the benefit of all society members irrespective of their background, but not act selfishly and on their own account, the society will change for the better.
Also, the proposed changes may lead to information overload, so difficult to handle and malicious intent. In the context of ethics as a crucial element of people’s behavior and attitudes towards society and its members, interpersonal communication also plays a significant part. Interpersonal communication occurs between two or more (as many as four) individuals who see each other and it can be both verbal and non-verbal, as well as both one-way and two-way. Interpersonal communication still is not only subject-object interaction, but a more serious interaction which implies mutual approval of companions. And this as well places a serious importance on responsibility towards the relationship of companions because any interpersonal communication which happens between people can be called a relationship (Wood, 2003).
The process barriers involve all components of the perceptual model of communication. The personal barriers involve components of an individual’s communication competence and interpersonal dynamics between people communicating. The physical barriers pertain to the physical distance between people communicating. Finally, the semantic barriers are related to the different understanding and interpretations of the words we use to communicate. The more detailed perceptual barriers to effective communication include stereotyping and generalizing; criticizing or discriminating others based on race, gender, sexual and orientation
Measurable Objectives
The measurable objectives of implementation will involve logging time, number of active users and statistics about types of shared information. Thus, interpersonal responsibility lies in care for interpersonal relationship. And in different types of relations and communications, interpersonal relationship responsibility means the distance and closeness in these relationships, and this is the factor which identifies the quality of any individual’s personal life This level of commitment to interdependent living means a lot for people as members of a society because their interaction and mutual respect is vital for the society to exist.
Interpersonal domain includes these two issues. One of them is social interactions of people (engagement with others – people who differ from an individual – and the degree of cultural sensitivity as well). This is one more aspect of interpersonal relationship – respect to representatives of other cultures, with who the interpersonal relationship may occur. The other aspect is social responsibility – focus not on the relationship alone, but on responsibility for the relationship to the companion (Sims, 2002).
If group communication is considered, it is as well closely related to the issue of social responsibility, and in this context it is often contemplated as group social responsibility or corporate social responsibility. Often companies, which co-operate within a country or represent different countries in their work, form groups. And these groups in their turn have their social responsibility at the group level. When corporate social responsibility is examined, it is usually an essential part of any business, or at least is supposed to be so. In this context the impact of a company’s operation is viewed in conjunction with its influence on society and environment.
The entire strategy of business dealing usually has its impact on the company’s environmental and societal footprint. As well, it can be good, if social responsibility of the company is integrated in the processes of work such as investment or decision-taking. Furthermore, successful partnerships may depend greatly upon the politics of social responsibility the company conducts, such as connected with its influence on environment and society. (This works out under condition that the potential partners are as well socially responsible and are concerned with this question) (Robbins, 2002).
High level functional requirements
The social networking system will improve all levels of communication and interaction at MGBI. It is understandable that corporate social responsibility is just an abstract notion in the sense of its composite nature. This composite nature means that even the smallest organizations, let alone serious corporations, are a collection of participants, or stakeholders, who influence the operation of the company. And in many cases, individual social responsibility in particular plays the key part in the formation of corporate social responsibility. This happens because of the fact that any corporation consists of individuals, who help it work and progress, and thus, their individual social responsibility impacts the corporate operations at all levels and in all forms.
Any employee makes one’s contribution in corporate social responsibility, and as a result, social, environmental as well as economic goals of the company will be reached. And the examples of this opinion can be many. For instance, to reduce company’s carbon footprint, an employee may save electricity and reduce the bills, and in order to prove that the company is socially committed, this employee may participate in social camps organized by the company. Supporting the company in difficult economic situations and being committed and loyal, the employee can improve the company’s economic situation. This is the proof that corporate social responsibility depends on individual social responsibility of the company’s employees (Knapp and Vangelisti 2004).
Communication within groups here implies communication of employees of an organization, or communication of social workers who work in certain organizations and realize their kind of group social responsibility – helping other society members, less provided or those who for some reason have lost everything. In this case, group social responsibility of people is to improve the society, and people operate in groups and share the same ideas and ideals.
Any type of social networking is a crucial thing for the company to be consistent of adequate people who understand what is the best for the society and who are committed to what they do, for any type of social responsibility implies an individual’s or a group’s responsibility to the society in general, and to each of its members in particular and to the environment. And in this context, it is vital for every person to understand and live to one’s social responsibility. To promote effective communication towards diversity, Mike could additionally implement the following initiatives:
involve every employee possible in formulating and executing diversity initiatives in the workplace;
encourage employees to express their ideas and opinions and attribute a sense of equal value (Robbins, 2002).
Conclusion
Thus, it is understandable that social networking implies sharing knowledge to this or that degree, and can happen at different levels, which include individual and small groups, different types of communities and networks, formal organizations, municipalities, states, and finally, international organizations level. As well, it is known, that communication as a form of social interaction happens within the framework of the society, and thus this interaction impacts seriously the behaviors and relations of individuals interacting (Knapp and Vangelisti 2004). Thus, there exists a responsibility for everything said and done by any individual within the society.
This is social responsibility of individuals – an entire theory which regulates the relationships between people and which is the basis for the actions people perform. Any entity, whether it be an individual, a company, a government – have their responsibility to society for the words spoken and actions performed. A diverse collection of skills and experiences allowed the company to provide service to customers on a global basis with special attention to local demand and consumers’ taste.
This paper examines how business projects do (or do not) promote growth through adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Firms usually administer business operations in order to generate general positive effects on community. Firms normally respond both to quality of their administration in serving people and nature of their effects in community.
According to Friedman, state’s administrations normally mediate association to the general public in trade transaction (2012, p. 7). Actually, Corporate Social Responsibility has been perceived as acquiescence with regulation and guidelines laid down by civic sector. Moreover, business regulations and rules have contributed to considerable desired shared values (Schwartz, 2007, p.5).
In fact, business firms perceive conformity to regulations both as price of undertaking businesses and as foundation of prospective outlay factors in terms of status and legal action.
Furthermore, Berkhout viewed that modern business firms have become global through penetrating into new trade projects to transact services and goods, and to interact with new international suppliers (2005, p. 5).
Indeed, the price of business conformity to trade regulations has increased due to need of globalization. Moreover, failure to stand for domestic and international regulations has ruined trade reputation, though conformity alone is not capable to develop business brands.
Modern business therefore has considered Corporate Social Responsibility as a podium for development and delineation (Samuelson & Barnett, 2012, p. 10). Besides that, business projects have used Corporate Social Responsibility to built new income opportunities. Business firms have employed Corporate Social Responsibility in order to acquire a fair viable gain over rival projects.
According to Gautama & Singh, business project normally succeed to progress beyond trade conformity through Corporate Social Responsibility (2010, p. 4). In fact, such businesses usually excel with strong reputation due to adoption of CSR.
Smith expressed that business strategic humanity usually supports generous provisions according to market demands, business policy and firm’s skills (2012, p. 19).
Such determinations normally support firms’ social dedication with continuing gain of profits especially due to friendliness and implied financial opinions.
Indeed, adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility enables firms to aspire for indirect financial interests. Nevertheless, Bob explained that such business projects have to form an enduring effect through sustaining and influencing positive impacts on society (2012, p. 3).
Actually, most firms have witnessed that CSR policies support to minimize overall expenditure configuration or enhance business output. Moreover, Silber viewed that:
Firms which successfully perform better than rival competitors already have adopted CSR ideals in their business projects. Actually, such firms perform better because: they comprehend clients’ expectation, have enhanced information about resourcing and cost of their business, team up with customers and business associates, and involving every employee in CSR principles (1996, p.8).
Bob expressed that CSR is expected to develop impartial objectives in business operation (2012, p.5). Actually, firms and entire community should all gain business benefits. However, it is doubtful whether society really gains in business transaction.
In fact, it is important to note that CSR has hidden intention in business operations (Silber, 1996, p. 3). For instance, when firms make contribution to assist society, companies normally perform such tasks only in case they spotted prospective gains they need to reap.
Actually, according to Berkhout, firms intend to enhance their image through relating themselves with basis they need to acquire; there is usually a primary interest of financial intention (2005, p.2). In fact, firms gain more than aid organizations they provide to community. Actually, Friedman viewed that:
CSR normally averts interest from actual issues hence supporting firms to: evade business regulations, achieve authenticity in market and business policymaking, and modify position toward privatization of community utility.
Moreover, CSR permits trade operations that create futile market-based consequences to environment and social disasters (2012, p.5).
Besides that CSR averts faults or challenges contributed by business functions into customers’ interest. Furthermore, CSR usually impedes determinations to get fair and objective solutions in business processes.
Conclusion
CRS is an outstanding business principle which enhances prospect of firms in consideration of environmental and social values. Effects of CRS are perceived as important matters in most business firms. Unfortunately, selfish gains normally come up during allotment of resources required to increase CRS objectives.
However, such CRS goals are channeled to meet social principles and accomplishment of conformity with CRS guidelines associated to environmental and public conscientiousness.
Reference List
Berkhout, T 2005, “Corporate Gains: Corporate Social Responsibility can be the Strategic Engine for Long-Term Corporate Profits and Responsible Social Development”, Alternative Journal, vol 31, P. 2.
Bob, F 2012, “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Challenge for the Donor Community”, Development in Practice, vol.15, no. 4, p. 7.
Friedman, V 2012, “The Increasingly Abstract Economics of Fashion”, Financial Times, 4 viewed on blogs.ft.com>
Gautama, R & Singh, A 2010, “Corporate Social Responsibility Practice in India: a Study of top 500 Companies”, Global Business and Management Research: an International Journal, vol. 2, p. 4.
Samuelson. P & Barnett. W 2012, “Inside the Economist’s Mind”, Development and Change, viewed on www.economistsubscriptions.com>
Schwartz, M 2007, “Corporate Responsibility and Australian Business: Identifying the Issues”, Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 42, p. 5.
Silber, K 1996, “Revenue and Responsibility: a Counterattack against the Corporate Social Responsibility Movement is Taking Shape”, Insight on the News, vol. 12, p. 3.
Smith. A 2012, “Free Exchange Economics”, The Economist, viewed on www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange>
Studies show that the world has been changing at alarming rate. Global warming is experienced, the number of the world inhabitants has increased, monetary systems endure shocks and the supply of water is strained. Organizations have realized the significance of sustaining the innovative green economy.
This implies that transformations in the customary modes of doing businesses have been made clear. The leading motorcar production corporations and venture financial institutions have detected that the state of entrepreneurial activities should be transformed.
It is reported that corporations must not just do businesses to generate profits, but the entire global economy should quickly adapt and be innovative in order to be green. This will enable societal morals, ecological stewardship and conventional monetary matters to merge and result into ethonomics.
This research paper discusses ethonomics, how the concept is related to corporate social responsibility as well as the implemented social responsibility and sustainability initiatives in different organizations.
Ethonomics
Several ethonomics definitions have been proposed by scholars and organizations. Ethonomics is a word that was used to illustrate the intellectual procedures used to map value system. However, a magazine written by Fast Company (2009) gave a novel meaning of the phrase “ethonomics”.
In this magazine ethonomics means ethical economics. A report by Fast Company (2009) asserts that all companies and organizations claiming to be resourceful and sustainable ought to be responsible, transparent, offer appropriate commercial operation balance and should be well-organized in utilizing ordinary reserves and power.
This implies that ethonomics is a fusion of social responsibility, design and know-how or an ethical study of any given market.
According to Gray, Brown and Macanufo (2010), any definition that an individual prefers still describes ethonomics as concept that primarily entails ethics observed when doing business.
It is the application and learning of specialized revolution and organizations that decide to implement commercial activities which might yield positive end result.
It is an improved and friendly economic version that was invented just in time to rescue the universe from activities that lead to downgrading. Ethonomics incorporates stockholder commitment, micro-lending, fair business dealings, CSR and social entrepreneurship.
The aim of ethonomics is to offer mechanisms that can be used to resolve conflicts which emerge between different value systems.
Ethonomics versus corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the new ethonomics definition as various ethonomics organizations propose. The relationship between CSR and ethonomics is clearly shown through the description of economics.
For instance, any rule which governs material things in a market is what constitutes economics. In comparison to economics therefore, ethonomics entails rules which govern marketplace ethics (Steffen, 2011).
Economics matches various concepts and its equivalence to this description proves that ethonomics is a dominant, wide-ranging and an impending intellectual area of study.
The impact of ethonomics has been shown by problematic incidences like pollution, global warming and disparities reported in the living standards. All these attributes are practiced under CSR.
The inflexibility of principled ethonomics issues appears in form of the growing disparities in modernization process. Hence, similar to what CSR fosters, ethonomics takes into consideration the economic linkages and the size of the community (Terra Choice, 2010).
That is, the lengths of the basic geographical supply chain and the actual societal links between individuals. Communities barely monitor what currently affects their surroundings and the mutual benefits they derive from economic, social and environmental resources.
Thus, CSR and ethonomics concepts emerged to help such communities to effectively and ethically manage the available resources.
Ethonomics which is similar to CSR sets up permissible systems intended to contain the mounting societal and economic problems.
According to Terra Choice (2010), CSR and ethonomics address two specific ethical issues in the global economy which require human responsibility. These include:
Consumers: The ultimate aim of these two concepts is to incorporate the societal consumers in matters which relate to resource conservation, equitable distribution of resources and ethical governance issues.
Business or corporations: CSR and ethonomics endeavor to have all businesses and corporations actively involved in regulatory decisions. This should however be accomplished via voluntary agreements provided the laws of interpretation and competition are modified to permit this to occur.
According Terra Choice (2010), from the above identified groupings, the planned resolutions intend to generate enhanced prospects which will guarantee collective measures.
Thus, the two concepts seek to redress the existing balance amid group competitions and collaborations in economic, environmental and social groups.
Social responsibility and sustainability initiatives
From the relationships that exist between the two concepts, it is true that the modern financial systems abruptly ended to pave way for ethical economics called ethonomics.
Through ethonomics concept unknown generations of innovators and entrepreneurs found in multinational corporations have established businesses considered to be suitable for entrepreneurial outcomes.
These groups implement various CRS initiatives to ensure that life during social, economic and political reforms have no any side effects.
The widely embraced social responsibility and sustainability initiatives include practicing social change through online society empowered investments, investing in energy sources, green information technology, sustainable farming and metropolitan revival (Gibbs & Soell, 2011).
Businesses that are revolutionary and sustainable are very efficient in the use of natural resources and alternative energy. Individuals and groups found in different corporations are accountable and obligated to be transparent in their business undertakings.
Fast Corporation is an example of various companies that foster ethonomics. This company trusts in its business prospects. Fast Corporation is not a winded cheer leader of any activity that downgrades and splash washes the environment (Fast Company, 2009).
This corporation puts a doubtful eye, monitors and reports both small and large corporations that fail to make the environment green.
The value economy has created arms and races for sustainability, performance and social responsibility. Currently, the performances of corporations and businesses are not merely judged by the created shareholders values and profitability levels.
Instead, when compared with the olden times, businesses and corporations’ accomplishments are determined and graded on the basis of multiple value creation levels. Workers, consumers and investors are compelled to put significance on non-fiscal performances.
The mainstream shop owners are currently opting to sell and buy fair trade in addition to organic products that are believed to comply with ethonomics decisions (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010).
Fortune five hundred corporations are implementing yearly CSR reports. This is because they think that they are astute companies that are meant to adhere to the mounting ethonomics market orders and demands.
The Biden-Obama government plans to spend $150.00 billion to encourage private sector corporations to set up, implement and manage renewable energy sources.
Motor corporations have constantly been compelled to design cars that are energy efficient (Steffen, 2011). These are the social responsibility and sustainability initiatives.
Conclusion
Ethonomics has set up supple modalities to accommodate various fluctuating principled value schemes. The concept share similar ideas with corporate social responsibility since it discusses issues relating to social responsibility and sustainability.
Ethonomics ensures that the global economy becomes innovative, greener and adapts very fast. Ethonomics as a concept necessitates that all corporations ought not to aim at just doing businesses to accumulate returns but they should instead set up initiatives that might enable them to quickly adapt and be innovative in order to become green.
This will enable societal morals, ecological stewardship and conventional monetary matters to merge and make the environment safer from incidences like global warming, environmental pollution and degrading.
Gibbs, C. & Soell, N. (2011). Sense and sustainability study: Perspectives on corporate sustainability among consumers and fortune 1000 executives. Web.
Gray, J., Brown, S. & Macanufo, J. (2010). Game storming: A playbook for innovators, rule breakers, and change makers. Beijing, China: O’Reilly Publishers.
Osterwalder, A. & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: A handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Steffen, A. (2011). World changing: A user’s guide for the 21st century. New York, NY: Abrams Books.
Terra Choice (2010). Sins of green washing: Home and family edition. Web.
Robert Reich’s book Supercapitalism presents a cynical and inherently flawed understanding of the value of corporate social responsibility. His major argument discards corporate social responsibility as a marketing claptrap. Not only is this abject dismissal wrong-headed; it is potentially dangerous. Corporate social responsibility can be, and is, a perfectly viable engine for social change.
Public policy advisor Reich’s (cited in Binns, 2009) Supercapitalism uses a historic premise – “the not quite golden age” (p. 239) – to propose that the price of successful capitalism is democracy itself. This not quite golden age refers to the mid-20th century following the Second World War, wherein mass production brought about a “comprehensive prosperity…[and] the stimulus for the success of corporations and associated suppliers and retailers” (p. 239). The average American citizen’s life was “stable and in comfortable equilibrium” (Judt, 2007: p. 1).
These halcyon days gave rise to a “degree of civility between business, employees, the community, and government,” eventually supplanted by “competition that modified the relationship between business and the society…as the marketplace became saturated with competing entities” (Binns, 2009: p. 239). These entities, according to Reich, have now “become so efficient at getting the goods and services people want and the returns on investment that investors want” (Binns, 2009: p. 239) that they have effectively stampeded the democratic process. Major corporations deploy legions of lobbyists in Washington to manipulate public policy in their favor, and in so doing, effectively squelch the average citizen’s voice. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2008).
Interestingly, Reich offers no real solution to the problems that he raises in the book (Hagan, 2008). His only real suggestion involves the application of “controls on corporate lobbying efforts” (p. 92).
Similarly, Mackenzie (2008) easily refutes Reich’s view of capitalism itself as fundamentally erroneous:
“Reich wrongly sees capitalism as an individualistic institution. Trade based on division of labor is social. Reich fails to see that market prices are the product of a social process. It is especially important to remember that wage determination is a social process, whereby marginal productivity hinges upon the value that consumers attach to final products of labor. Once we see the role of markets in determining income, we must reject Reich’s claim that income determination is solely political” (p. 382).
Corporate social responsibility, Reich (cited in DiTraglia, 2010) argues, is an oxymoron, since “companies only act in a socially responsible fashion if doing so increases profits. Consumers care about social issues but are unwilling to pay a premium for social responsibility” (p. 5).
In discussing corporate social responsibility, Reich (2007), says:
“It is easy to understand why big business has embraced corporate social responsibility with such verve. It makes for good press and reassures the public. A declaration of corporate commitment to social virtue may also forestall government legislation or regulation in an area of public concern where one or more companies have behaved badly…The soothing promise of responsibility can deflect public attention from the need for stricter laws and regulations…Corporations that have signed codes of conduct promising good behavior appear to have taken important steps toward social responsibility, but the pressures operating on them to lure and keep consumers and investors haven’t eased on the bit. In supercapitalism, they cannot be socially responsible, at least not to any significant extent ”(p.170, emphasis in original).
This supposition – that consumers are only performing lip service to the idea of corporate social responsibility, and will not pay more for socially responsible products under any circumstances – is absolutely wrong. As DiTraglia (2010) aptly points out, “consumers pay a premium for social responsibility all the time: fair trade coffee, recycled copy paper, cruelty-free eggs. These products are on the shelves precisely because consumers want to buy them, and firms can make a profit selling them” (p. 5). Reich’s poo-poohing of this reality smacks of a strangely naïve and simplistic grasp of what motivates many consumers’ behaviors. It also marks the beginning of the reader’s suspicion that Reich may not be the most reliable guide for this topic.
The true value of corporate social responsibility escapes Reich, as Porter and Kramer (cited in Pava, 2008) elucidate: “The best-run businesses search actively and imaginatively to find and invent solutions that produce more products and better social outcomes simultaneously” (p. 808, emphasis in original). As Pava (2008) shrewdly notes, if companies were to follow the obsolete advice peddled by Reich, they would soon realize that even if they are disinterested in corporate social responsibility, their customers definitely hold it in very high esteem (p. 808). Consumers regularly make socially responsible decisions, from dolphin-friendly tuna to cosmetics that have not been tested on animals, and similar to the corporations that Reich decries, they vote with their money.
Reich’s condescending attitude towards consumers is not only irksome, but anecdotal at best, as Ramia (2009) ably demonstrates:
“The book makes some interesting observations about consumers, investors, and citizens; many of which resonate in common discussions in living rooms, bank queues, on the streets and in bars, cafes, lecture halls and classrooms but not often in the scholarly work of political economists” (p. 2).
Similarly, in a New York Times Op-Ed piece, Reich (2008) waxed about the financial woes of middle and lower-class Americans:
“The problem has been masked for years as middle and lower-income Americans found ways to live beyond their paychecks…The first way was to send more women into paid work. Most women streamed into the workforce in the 1970s less because new professional opportunities opened up to them than because they had to prop up family incomes. The percentage of American working mothers with school-age children has almost doubled since 1970 – to more than 70 percent. But there’s a limit to how many mothers can maintain paying jobs” (p. A25)
Why does this matter? Numerous disturbing assumptions pepper Reich’s work. In this example, the most glaring must be underlying sexism implicit in assuming that women were torn away from motherhood and farmed out like oxen, as opposed to choosing to be a working mother out of a desire for a career. Reich’s position then wholly dismisses and insults the efforts of working mothers everywhere. Similarly, in Supercapitalism, Reich’s assumptions about the sheep-like self-interest of consumers leave a bad taste in the reader’s mouth, and frankly make him less desirable, and certainly less trustworthy, as a public policy leader. Pava’s (2008) astute observation that Reich’s book, “if taken, can do much harm,” comes to mind (p. 811). In essence, if Reich persists in these antiquated attitudes and this uninformed and premature dismissal of corporate social responsibility, how competent is he to lead the charge into economic parity?
References
Binns, L.A. (2009). Supercapitalism. Social and Economic Studies, 58, 238-242.
DiTraglia, F. (2010) Supercapitalism: Francis DiTraglia Web Site. Web.
Hagan, J. (2008). Robert Reich, Supercapitalism. Illawarra Unity – Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, 8 (1), 90-93.
Judt, T. (2007). The Wrecking Ball of Innovation. New York Review of Books, 2007, p. 1.
Mackenzie, D.W. (2008). Supercapitalism. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 67 (2), 381-388.
Pava, M. L. (2008). Why Corporations Should Not Abandon Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 805-812.
Ramia, G. (2009) Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life. Labour and Industry, 20 (1), 107-1010.
Reich, R. (2008). Interview. In: Kerry O’Brien. TV. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008.
Reich, R. (2007). Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life. New York: Knopf.
Reich, R. (2008). Totally Spent. New York Times. 2008, p. A25.