Category: social problems

Introduction

The idea of equality is transparent in all articles of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, the complex nature of peoples lives makes the concept less easy to implement. Various race- and gender-based limitations continue to exist in major parts of peoples everyday activities. One of such spheres is education, a right to which is expressed in Article 26 (United Nations, n.d.).

One can look at the unequal access to knowledge around the world and provide dozens of examples of children lacking basic supplies to go to school. Nevertheless, in developed countries, the divide in peoples access to education and its merits is also highly uneven. In this case, it is furthered by systemic racism that has been present in most industries of the state. In the United States, the problem of standardized testing can be presented as an example of a system enforcing unequal opportunities for white and non-white children as well as students belonging to different socioeconomic classes.

Human Rights Perspective

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides suggestions which countries and organizations can follow to ensure the equality of their citizens. However, it is not law, which leads to it being disregarded as a recommendation rather than a standard. The human rights perspective poses that education is among the most critical aspects that can help people reach equality (Dean, 2008).

Therefore, the idea is that learning is not only a separate goal but a stepping stone in achieving other aims and leading the fight against poverty, social inequalities, and human rights violations. According to Lee (2013), this position is crucial for moving the ideas of the United Nations forward. Nevertheless, the author also notes that an abstract idea of education cannot be enforced, because it could lead to the children obtaining knowledge that is unstructured and unhelpful.

Furthermore, a poorly thought-out initiative for increasing the number of people in schools can lead to the problem of unfulfilling academic achievements. An essential part of this perspective is that the declaration calls for education to be directed to the full development of the human personality (United Nations, n.d., Article 26, para. 1). This means that students have to obtain skills that are vital for their career and personal development, understand their interconnectedness with the world, and acknowledge other peoples opportunities and freedoms.

Education Problem

In the United States and some countries of Northern Europe, the problem of standardized tests is at the center of human rights researchers. In the US, in particular, there exists evidence that this practice does not promote equality. In contrast, standardized testing strengthens systemic racism and creates inequalities in childrens access to education as well as school ratings. The essence of the problem lies in the fact that most schools now enforce standardized testing as the means of assessing students college applications. Moreover, teachers and entire schools are evaluated on childrens abilities to achieve high scores. As a result, some professionals wages and school supplies are controlled using this system.

Analysis

The connection between standardized testing and racial inequality may not be apparent. One may pose that tests with fixed questions and answers are inherently equal, asking students to acquire the same type of knowledge. Nevertheless, this aspect of such testing supposes that all children already have access to the same information, books, supplies, and other resources. Furthermore, according to Knoester and Au (2017), only about 20% of the childrens success is related to school activity. Approximately 60% is influenced by outside factors, including ones social and financial status, place of residence, family situation, and environment (Au, 2016). Thus, it is possible to argue that children from poor neighborhoods, which are often predominantly non-white, do not perform equally to white students in tests that require a similar amount of preparedness.

Furthermore, the creation of these tests is also challenged by the idea of equality. As Au (2016) finds, developers often choose the questions for the final version of the questionnaire based on the amount of correct and incorrect answers from the test takers with high scores. As the latter group is mostly white, the wording of questions and their contents also enforces segregation. The perspective of human rights poses that education has to be equal and accessible to everyone. This analysis of standardized testing reveals the pitfalls in the system and shows how racism is not just unchallenged, but promoted by this initiative.

One can also point out that standardized tests fail to adhere to another notion propagated by the human rights perspective  students development of personality. The focus on standardization devalues subjects necessary for physical health, creativity, and skills unrelated to work (Visions of Helsinki, 2016). Instead, children are encouraged to study a limited number of facts and exercises which are removed from the activities that they will perform in their adult life.

Social Work Perspective

The ideologies that guide social work further expose standardized testing as a source of problems for children, teachers, and whole communities. It can be argued that the policy enforcing such a mode of examination does not provide equal opportunities to students as it is not supplemented with giving schools the resources to achieve the same results. Social workers are obligated to advocate for peoples rights, including education. Here, the need to adhere to cultural norms in ones practice is nonexistent as standardized testing damages vulnerable communities without any connections to religion or culture.

Thus, the rights limitation strategy may be suggested to advocate for children unjustly affected by the system (Katiuzhinsky & Okech, 2014). A social policy that calls for supporting communities that cannot adequately ensure good standardized testing results is vital for combating racist and classist educational norms.

Moreover, social work also promotes the analysis of all spheres of ones environment in order to understand the root of the problem. In this case, the human rights issue is deeper than the students intelligence or acquired skills. Thus, the question of welfare has to be brought up when discussing childrens access to education and the capacity of schools to provide students with enough attention and care (Keeney et al., 2014). Other social work issues such as poverty are inseparable from the discussed subject, since the former influences the latter and vice versa. Students who do not succeed in standardized tests cannot access graduate and postgraduate education, and people working in lower-wage jobs cannot put their children through expensive private schools.

Conclusion

The existence of standardized testing is a point of concern in the United States. This measure of ones ability does not adequately prepare students for professional development or give them space for exploration and creativity. Moreover, it supports the racial and class biases inherent in the current corporate, educational system. Human rights and social work perspectives show how standardized testing promotes inequality and increases the barriers for non-white individuals.

References

Au, W. (2016). Meritocracy 2.0: High-stakes, standardized testing as a racial project of neoliberal multiculturalism. Educational Policy, 30(1), 39-62. 

Dean, H. (2008). Social policy and human rights: Re-thinking the engagement. Social Policy and Society, 7(1), 1-12. Web.

Katiuzhinsky, A., & Okech, D. (2014). Human rights, cultural practices, and state policies: Implications for global social work practice and policy. International Journal of Social Welfare, 23(1), 80-88. 

Keeney, A. J., Smart, A. M., Richards, R., Harrison, S., Carrillo, M., & Valentine, D. (2014). Human rights and social work codes of ethics: An international analysis. Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights, 2(2), 1-16. 

Knoester, M., & Au, W. (2017). Standardized testing and school segregation: Like tinder for fire? Race Ethnicity and Education, 20(1), 1-14. 

Lee, S. E. (2013). Education as a human right in the 21st century. Democracy and Education, 21(1), 1-9. Web.

United Nations. (n.d.). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Web.

Visions of Helsinki. (2016). Why Finland has the best education system in the world. Web.

Social challenges have become more serious in developed countries than it had been estimated by the end of the World War II. This has been precipitated by adamant poverty and the increasing gap between the rich and the poor in the society.

According to Glennerster, (2000), the economic theory dictated that increasing incomes in countries would be equally distributed among the society. However, this theory had not foreseen the ineffective tax systems favoring the amassing of wealth by the rich in society.

Alleviating social problems in society through social initiatives is not only the mandate of the government, but the private sector either through non-governmental organizations or private businesses can also contribute to this effort by adopting social initiatives.

However, it is up to the government to encourage the private sector by empowering them through measures such as tax exemptions, market subsidies and grants.

This was greatly evidenced in the first term of former President Clinton’s administration. With the coming to power of conservative politicians in the U.S. in the 1980s, the current thinking on poverty was adopted (Weir, 2004). This saw the adoption of policies that advocated for social initiatives such as:

Vouchers

The government introduced vouchers for the poor in society as a means of alleviating poverty and ensuring that everyone enjoys the set up social infrastructure in full. There has been an allocation towards this in the national budget. Some of the available vouchers include:

Housing voucher: These vouchers are meant for the homeless in society although special individuals living in poor neighborhoods are given this to help them move to more organized neighborhoods that are considered safer.

Child Care Voucher: This offers assistance especially to single parents so as to properly care for their children in a conducive environment.

School Voucher: This is given to students who choose not to go to public school and since the government will not be incurring any expenses for them in public school, a certain amount of money is given to the parents to help the student attend private school or home-schooling. Subsidized student loans are also made available by the government to enable students to access cheap loans.

Health insurance

One form of government grants is Medicaid and it is for low-income families, pregnant women, disabled persons, the aged and children especially those under the care of single parents. States also have their own health plans under the State Health Insurance Programs (SHIP).

Medicare is also available for persons over six years and disabled persons although there are those senior citizens who may not qualify for Medicare, but may get assistance through the Social Security Administration (SSA). The U.S. department for veteran affairs ensures veterans access their healthcare benefits.

The government has put these programs in place to alleviate the plight of the poor, those out of formal employment who had to lose their medical insurance and the disabled in society. It is a right of all human beings and its even entrenched in the constitution that we should all enjoy affordable healthcare, despite our financial status.

The government has also enacted laws to guarantee this. For instance, the provision ensuring long-term care insurance premiums have the equivalent status as those of health insurance premiums; increasing health insurance premiums for the self-employed and tax protections for accelerated death benefits. However, sometimes, this may not be the case as men by nature can never be equal.

References

Glennerster, H. (2007). British social policy: 1945 to the present Volume 4 of making contemporary Britain. London. Wiley-Blackwell

Weir, M. (2004).The social divide: political parties and the future of activist government. Washington DC. Brookings Institution Press.

There has been a raging debate about the definitions of a social condition and a social problem. Some researchers have also likened these two concepts despite the distinction between the two concepts. A social condition is a condition regarded by some people as bad while a social problem is a condition viewed by everyone as bad.

Leon-Guerrero defines a social problem as “a social condition or pattern of behavior that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world” (8). Race and ethnicity is among the major social conditions that exist in the contemporary society. It occurs as a result of increased international migrations across the continents and intermarriages between different communities in the world.

Leon-Guerrero outlines two perspectives of defining of race namely the biological and the sociological perspectives. Race from a biological point of view is defined as a group or population that shares a set of genetic characteristics and physical features such as religion, skin color or species. However, sociologists such as Michael Omi an Howard Winant regard race as a concept signifying and symbolizing social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies (Leon-Guerrero 67).

Racism is the belief by individuals that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior and that discriminatory practices against them are justified (Leon-Guerrero 70). Discriminatory practices can be classified as individual or institutional. Individual discrimination includes actions against minority members by individuals whereas institutional discrimination is practiced by the government, social institutions and organizations and it includes segregation, exclusion or expulsion.

Racial and ethnic inequalities affect an individual and the society in different ways including the socioeconomic position of an individual or of the society. Income and wealth of an individual is determined by the social class to which he or she belongs. In the United States, the measure of income and wealth is home ownership since it enables families to invest in their future.

After the Second World War, the rate of White middle-class home ownership grew steadily as compared to the Blacks and other minority groups who were denied access to home ownership through discrimination and low income. A research by Hudson et al also suggests that “it is possible that experiences of racial discrimination could, in part, diminish the effects of increased socioeconomic position among African American men” (134).

The racial and ethnic inequalities also determine the type of education that various individuals in the society would like the children to have. Gagné and Tewksbury, as quoted by Leon-Guerrero, argue that “schools have become economically segregated, with the children of middle or upper class families attending predominantly White suburban schools and the children of poorer parents attending racially mixed urban schools” (79). Thus it is evident that racial and ethnic inequalities have an indirect impact on the family income and wealth which in turn dictates the education system that their children would undergo.

Racial and ethnic inequalities have a profound impact on the health of an individual or the society at large. Leon-Guerrero quotes Gabard and Cooper who argue that “although race may be a social construct, it produces profound biological manifestations through stress, decreased services, decreased medications, and decreased hospital procedures” (80).

The health institutions have put in place a system that discriminates against the racial and ethnic minority group members. Some researchers have gone further to specify how discrimination is related to health. After an analysis and comparison of the relationship between racial discrimination and health-related outcomes, Benjamins argues that “discrimination was most strongly related to depression and was less consistently associated with physical health and health behaviors” (16).

Racial and ethnic inequalities also have consequences on individuals who leave their country of origin to move to another. The security systems always target immigrants of ethnic and racial minority and they are associated with crime since they are believed to be illegal immigrants.

The history of social problems is identified through a subjective process according to Malcom Spector and John Kituse who outline four stages of the subjective process (Leon-Guerrero 12). The first stage, which is defined as the transformation process, involves taking a private or personal problem and transforming it into a public issue. The transformation is done by an influential group, activists or advocates who call attention to and define an issue as a social problem.

The second stage is known as the legitimization process which is concerned with formalizing the manner in which the social problems or complaints generated by the problem are handled. This process involves creation and implementation of policies to respond to the social problem. The third stage is the conflict stage that involves readjustment of the formal response system, renegotiation of procedures, reforming practices and engaging in administrative or organizational restructuring.

The fourth and final stage begins when groups believe that they can no longer work within the established system. Advocates or activists of the social problem are faced with two options which are either to radically change the existing system or to work outside the system (Leon-Guerrero 12).

Most social problems in a community, society, or a global social system are caused by the inequality in the distribution of resources. Some individuals or organizations in the community have more income, power and prestige than others.

This group of people develops vested interests in maintaining or even increasing their resources and therefore they come up with laws, ideologies, customs and informal norms which are viewed as legitimate by the whole society. As a result, they are able to maintain and control the available resources and block other low class individuals who may want to rise up the ranks. This yields frustration on the part of the majority low class individuals who must struggle to access the resources thus creating conflict.

Leon-Guerrero explains that “conflict theorists focus on how the dynamics of racial and ethnic relations divide groups while maintaining a dominant group defined by ethnic and racial categories or social class” (71). Marxist theorists argue that immigrants form a backup labor force that performs jobs that native workers no longer perform. This group of individuals provides a cheaper labor source that easily secures employment during economic growth and easily lay off during economic recessions.

Conflict develops when higher paid native workers struggle to prevent importation of cheaper nonnative labor so as to maintain their advantage in the labor market. According to Edna Bonacich’s theory of antagonism, “the presence of a cheaper labor group threatens the jobs of higher paid workers and the standard for wages in all jobs. Under these conditions, the two groups of laborers remain in conflict with each other while the interests of capitalist business owners are maintained” (Leon-Guerrero 72).

Works Cited

Benjamins, Maureen R. “Comparing Measures of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Coping, and Associations with Health-related Outcomes in a Diverse Sample.” Journal of Urban Health (2013): 1-17. Print.

Hudson, Darrell L., et al. “Are Benefits Conferred with Greater Socioeconomic Position Undermined by Racial Discrimination among African American Men?” Journal of Men’s Health 9.2 (2012): 127-136. Print.

Leon-Guerrero, Anna. Social Problems: Community, Policy, and Social Action. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2011. Print.

Social Problem

Social Location and the Role it plays with regard to Social Problems

Social location illustrates the groups that human beings belong to due to their position in society. The social class is categorized according to aspects such as age, religion, gender, race, tribe, sexual orientation, ability, and/or geographic location. Social location points out how we view ourselves as well as how other people perceive us. This factor contributes to social problems because it gives expectations on how people are supposed to behave. The society in which people exist creates these expectations. If the anticipations are not met, social problems can arise.

Social Problem

A social problem is any situation that has undesirable repercussions to a large number of people. People cause this problem regardless of whether their actions are deliberate or unintentional. In most cases, it is perceived that the people who cause the problem are not affected. However, it is clear that they also suffer the consequences of their actions (Bangs & Davis, 2015). However, not all negative conditions and behaviors are considered social problems.

Components of Social Problem

A social problem consists of both objective and subjective components. Any aspect that society can make without bias, which affects it in a negative manner, is also categorized as the objective component of a social problem. Honest social problems are those where people have agreed that it is indeed a social problem and that something can be done to solve it. Such problems affect every member of society. Objective components directly influence the way individuals behave in society. The subjective component is characterized by the perception that any condition that is regarded as a social problem can be addressed. A social problem could change over time. For example in countries where racism is rampant, people could be taught how to live with each other harmoniously.

Societies have similar social problems. World societies are affected by the same problems. For example, in America, there is a large population characterized by poverty and crime. The same case applies to Africa. This state of affairs is a clear indication that human beings share many characteristics. The difference is only seen in the way they solve their problems. For a condition to qualify as a social problem, it has to have consequences that affect a large number of people. For instance, high tax rates, death, increased crime, and unemployment have significant effects on the human population. The consequences can affect people in different ways either directly or indirectly.

Stages of a Social Problem

Claiming the problem

A social problem begins when a social activity starts to have consequences and in need of a remedy. In this stage, the public is influenced and their perceptions about the problems and possible solutions are raised. Social problems emerge when a group of people come together and call attention to the condition. Due to a lack of resources, some social entities are more likely to survive as compared to others.

Legitimacy

Once the problem has been identified, people try to persuade the authorities (government) to take the necessary action towards the matter. In most cases, people convince the government to contribute to solving the problem if they have enough evidence. In this stage, the public knows what is going on through newspapers, radio, and television.

Renewed Claims

In this stage, if the government or the concerned authority does not take the necessary action toward the social problem, the social change groups decide to raise their problems afresh. They achieve this objective by criticizing the government for the failure to take action.

Alternative Strategies

If the government does not assist them in solving the problem, the social groups choose to come up with their strategies to address the problem. An example of a social problem is unemployment. It is in the last stage (alternative strategies) because people or social groups have tried pleading with the government to create job opportunities, but the problem has not been resolved. People have opted to find another strategy to solve the problem by becoming self-employed where they venture into private businesses (Bangs & Davis, 2015).

Difference between Income and Wealth

Income is the flow of money anticipated to be earned in a given period. Income mainly goes to factors that contribute to production. For example, profits that flow into the business, wages, salaries, rental income for people who lease property, and interest paid to those who have deposit accounts. On the other hand, wealth is money that has been saved or accumulated for a long period. Wealth can be accumulated in different ways. For example, life insurance schemes, ownership of property, ownership of shares, savings deposited in banks.

The relation between Wealth and Social Problems

In today’s society, there is a great gap between the rich and poor. The emergence of social problems depends on the size of the gap. The most significant problem in the world is economic inequality. People who live in areas with high-income inequality have a high risk of premature health, age, gender, and/or economic status.

Alcohol Abuses as a Social Problem

Alcohol is vastly used in the world, and if it is overused then it is said to be misused or abused. When it is misused, it has effects on the abuser as well as society. With the abuse of alcohol, problems begin to show at a very early age mostly to the abuser who fails to take personal responsibility.

Alcohol Consumption and the Workplace

When one is an alcoholic, the level of productivity becomes low with time. People who abuse alcohol have a higher rate of sickness leaves as compared to other employees. This situation affects the society if the behavior continues. The abuser ends unemployment and/or crime.

Alcohol Consumption and the Family

Alcohol misuse can bring about negative consequences to the family. For example, it impairs a person as a parent, spouse, or partner since the abusers fail to fulfill their responsibilities. If a mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy, the baby can have fetal alcohol syndrome.

Alcohol and Domestic Violence

Alcohol has been identified as a risk factor for violence between husbands and wives. It is suggested that spousal and alcohol abuse are relatable due to intoxication. In the United States, alcohol and drug abuse account for approximately 80% of cases that are related to domestic violence (Bangs & Davis, 2015).

In conclusion, alcohol consumption affects society. If a person is not active in the family or workplace, society ends up losing a person who can contribute to the growth of society. This situation adds up to the list of social problems affecting societal development.

Reference

Bangs, R., & Davis, L. (2015). Race and Social Problems: Restructuring Inequality. New York, NY: Springer.

Introduction

The US is a first world country with visible developments in the communal realms. It is recognizable as a developed country with minimal flaws. Nevertheless, in recent years numerous negative things have been associated with such an entity.

They include war, crimes, poverty, racism and discrimination, which affect them socially and economically. Mooney, Knox & Schacht (2010) thus define a social problem as any social condition that has a negative impact on the society and the environment. A variety of social problems faces the American citizens in the contemporary society.

These include crime, war, inaccessibility to better care, poverty, unemployment, bigotry and inequity, illegal immigrations and inadequate shelter. These are examples of social problems, which affect such a populace thus the need for the government to address them swiftly lest they exude negative impact on subsequent generations. This paper mainly focuses on the health care issues affecting the contemporary American society with a definite focus on African Americans, elderly and related special groups.

Healthcare

The sole social problem facing the contemporary United States during this century pertains to healthcare. For example, obesity, cancer, diabetes and sexual abuses are prevalent. Mooney, Knox & Schacht (2010) reviewed studies that indicated that in every three women in a relationship at least one has been battered, forced into sexual activity or abused in numerous ways.

Unfortunately, persons they know normally initiates such acts. Despite the notion that battering is one of the major causes of hurt, and disability among the African-American women, most healthcare centers are not able to recognize this incident as a healthcare issue.

Furthermore, the rate at which the African-American citizens are involved in drug abuse especially smoking leads to an increase in the death rate of the population due to heart diseases, strokes and cancer. According to Patel and Rushefsky (2008), federal courts passed a ruling on the medical care civil rights act in 1994, which was to offer health care services to all patients regardless of race, division or the social economic status of an individual. Unfortunately, this problem is yet to be substantially analyzed.

Analysis of the problem

Although several persons have ignored such a concern, it is evident that for an individual to comprehend the current health care crisis of the African American population, one must understand the legacy of the experience of the slavery. This is together with the role of racism in the provision of diverse facets of care (Patel and Rushefsky, 2008). Former Senator Bradley once said that the slavery experienced by the African American population was and still is the American’s first sin since racism persists as the unresolved dilemma.

With reference to the most recent research, it is evident that most medical services offered by the American government consciously or subconsciously discriminate the African American. For instance, a report by the “U.S. Department of human health services” indicates that, the ethnic minorities are treated differently as compared to the whites due to either racial bias or cultural misunderstanding (Patel and Rushefsky, 2008).

Another factor that has contributed to the poor medical services to the African American in America incorporates their beliefs and ethics. Such aspects have a great impact on their lifestyle, health care maintenance and education. For instance, the blacks are always regarded lower thus, the services they obtain from the care sector is of lower standard as compared to the services given to the whites.

Such intolerance and bigotry has further lead to the continuous increase of the medical care costs with time. Furthermore, the idea of insuring an employee by an employer has its limitations. This is attributable to the fact that companies with many employees can insure them medically, while those companies with few employees, covering their employees’ medical cover fail to acquire the appropriate resources.

By doing the latter, the company is ultimately giving the employees an extra burden of paying their own medical bills including the family members. This often culminates as a costly affair. Apart from the working class, there are the elderly people in the society who require care services. However, the fee of management is often elevated since they require additional services like nursing homes and drug prescriptions, which are costly while the young require hospital services only (Patel and Rushefsky 2008).

Sociological theory as a basis for explanation

Sociological theory can be termed as a set of solid ideas and information that allow for the systematization of social world basing on established notions. These theories change with time depending on changes arising in the social world.

An example of a sociological theory that explains the health care of the Americans is the rebellion theory, which indicates that the society shuns approved goals and agreements. Dillon (2007) indicates that this notion would question the economy of the health care and the social inequality. Despite having good intentions to the society by trying to provide good health care, the social, political and economic interests always ends up interfering with their goal.

This occurs when the stipulated strategies that scrutinize the performance of the health care services is not applied effectively leading to low outcome performance of the hospital services, insurance companies, pharmaceutical drug companies. Furthermore, doctors’ together with nurses’ professional jobs, corporate and small business employers, federal and states government and medical malpractice lawyers are included.

In addition, Marxist’s sociological theory claims that class is a very important factor that determines the access of an African American to health services, privileges and power in America. This situation affects the blacks despite that both the whites and the blacks are subject to similar conditions (Dillon 2010).

Conclusion

In spite the care problems facing the country, several strategies are employed to improve delivery of care. There is a continuous improvement of the standard of services offered by the medical health care organization and the insurance companies. Electronic system is being set up to examine and assess the medical care services.

Additionally, appropriate policies and guidelines governing the use of health care resources effectively must be set. The government should reduce costs associated with health care to advance accessibility by citizens. By doing this, the health care crisis will have negligible unenthusiastic force on the societal realms.

References

Dillon, M., (2010). Introduction to sociological theory: theorist, concepts, and their applicability to the twenty- first century, Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell.

Mooney, L.A., Knox, D., and Schacht, C., (2010). Understanding social problems, seventh Edition, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Patel, K., & Rushefsky, M. E. (2008). Health care in America: separate and unequal, New York, M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

Introduction

Even though the efforts to create favorable living conditions for gay and lesbian people have had a positive result, many important tasks in the area remain unresolved. In order to completely remove the stigma associated with same-sex relationships and families, additional cultural reforms will probably be needed. It is also crucial to take into consideration the fact that the issue cannot be solved separately and requires global cooperation between different countries. The problem undoubtedly remains relevant because, at the moment, there are still many gay and lesbian adolescents and young adults who refuse to acknowledge their same-gender attractions because of legal restrictions and social problems.

Main body

In the modern world, being a homosexual person openly may still entail numerous consequences that adversely affect his or her access to medical, educational, and other services. According to Byne (2014), “Even today, the LGBT community experiences multiple health disparities and barriers to health care, including discrimination and stigmatization in the healthcare setting itself” (p. 2). In other words, people who have acknowledged their same-gender attraction and do not have an intention to hide this fact from society have a disadvantage over those who have not. It means that the stigmatization associated with same-sex relationships still exists and that there is a situation where it is simpler for gay and lesbian adolescents not to accept their sexual orientation. If a person understands that life will become much more problematic just because of his or her same-sex attraction, it is possible that he or she will refuse to acknowledge it.

The situation is even worse in certain countries where an individual may be imprisoned because of his or her sexual orientation. According to the above source, “In some regions of the world … human rights continue to be denied. Many countries maintain legal sanctions against same-sex relations, including … imprisonment or death” (Byne, 2014, p. 2). This fact confirms the thesis from the beginning of the paper that lesbian and gay people’s discrimination cannot be solved separately and requires global cooperation between different countries. Moreover, it means that for certain homosexual adolescents and young adults, acknowledging their sexual orientation may entail not only restricting access to various services but also a threat to life and health.

Social factors also have a significant impact. For instance, in Turkey, gay and lesbian individuals are subject to moral pressure even from their relatives, and this state of affairs affects their acceptance of themselves (Biçmen & Bekiroğulları, 2014). A person can try to hide from the law, but it will be much more difficult to cope with his or her conviction that there is a right and wrong sexual orientation. This point of view may arise under the influence of upbringing and social stereotypes. Therefore, if a person’s personality has been formed in an environment unfavorable to gay and lesbian people, then it will probably be problematic for him or her to acknowledge the same-gender attraction.

To solve the problem, they can change their place of residence to a more favorable region. According to the source above, “LGBT individuals … who left their cities and moved to another place don’t desire to move back to their hometowns” (Biçmen & Bekiroğulları, 2014, 232). However, not every person has this option. Consequently, some people cannot allow themselves to accept their homosexuality since they are either influenced by public opinion and believe that it is wrong, or do not desire to lose valuable social connections.

Conclusion

The above arguments suggest that there are still many gay and lesbian adolescents and young adults who refuse to acknowledge their same-gender attractions because of legal restrictions and social problems. Moreover, it is confirmed that the problem remains relevant and requires additional resources if people have an intention to change the current situation for the better. To find the solution, global cooperation between various countries is essential.

References

Biçmen, Z., & Bekiroğulları, Z. (2014). Social problems of LGBT people in Turkey. Procedia-social and Behavioral Sciences, 113(1), 224-233.

Byne, W. (2014). A New Era for LGBT Health. LGBT Health, 1(1), 1–2.

Methamphetamine, which commonly goes by the name “meth, speed, chalk, ice, crystal, glass, crank, yaba, tina, and tweak” (Byker), is a stimulant made from pseudoephedrine or ephedrine. The drug affects pleasure functions of the brain by making it to discharge dopamine (Byker). Meth users have various methods of consuming the drug, which include injection, snorting, swallowing, anal insertion, and smoking.

Meth causes long-lasting effects that range between 6 and 24 hours, but these consequences depend on the method of meth consumption. Some have referred to meth as the worst drug in America today because it is highly addictive, easy to buy, readily available, and cheap for most drug users. Meth is the most abused drug in the world today. As a result, the meth epidemic has turned into a social problem with severe outcomes everywhere.

Meth is a problem because illegal home labs have used key chemicals in the drug (pseudoephedrine or ephedrine) to manufacture highly lethal and addictive substances. Consequently, the consumption of meth has increased tremendously with severe consequences to society.

For instance, the abuse of meth has resulted in child abuse, neglect, health problems, hard economic situations, domestic violence, and environmental problems among others. Moreover, home labs have diluted and adulterated versions of meth, which are highly dangerous substances. Regulators have failed to control the use and abuse of the drug for several decades. Drugs cartels have used such loopholes to supply meth in various states.

Over the years, the number of people who use meth has reached many millions. Initially, there was a linked between meth and white males. However, today, this situation has changed as people of different ages, gender, background, social class, and economic status consume meth. In fact, street children, attorneys, business executives, housekeepers, mothers, actors, and musicians among others all consume meth.

The problem of the meth epidemic originated from the western sides of the US, and later spread to the East Coast. Today, many people who consume meth are people of diverse characteristics in terms of race, age, occupation, gender, social, and economic background. Generally, white males have dominated others in abusing and using the drug.

Government agencies noted that meth was a problem as early as 1980 (Byker). The federal government restricted the use of some chemicals required for making amphetamine. In the 1990s, the use of the drug increased significantly in the West Coast because drug cartels entered the business. Ever since, the use of meth has increased in the US.

The effects of meth epidemic on social institutions

Effects of the meth epidemic on social institutions are appalling. The drug use has affected families, communities, individuals, businesses, technologies, media, and medical firms among others. Today, meth remains the most dangerous and highly abused drug in the US. Hence, it has destructive effects on societies.

Family

The meth epidemic has ruined several families in the US. Among families, meth has resulted in increased cases of domestic violence, child abandonment, violence, and endangerment. This resulted in many broken homes. One must recognize that children and parents may also consume meth in the same home.

Meth addicts may turn to physical and sexual abuse of their partners, as well as children. Today, many parents ‘manufacture’ their own meth at home. This practice has exposed children and neighbors to dangerous toxic and combustible substances from meth ingredients.

Government

Over the years, the federal and state governments have enacted several laws to restrict access and usages of meth and chemicals that are key ingredients of meth. The government has also enacted regulations to control trafficking of the drug. It has increased spending in local authorities and police to help them in fighting the meth epidemic through investigation and cleaning up home labs.

The government has even introduced a special policy in order to control retail and wholesale distributions of pseudoephedrine. The policy has tough penalties for meth trafficking and a control mechanism for pseudoephedrine from other countries.

There is a possibility of controlling the rising number of meth amateur cooks at homes. This is likely to reduce the demand for cough and cold drugs, which contain meth ingredients. States that have enacted these laws have recorded a decline in the number of meth labs at home and over-the-counter demands for meth-containing drugs. However, Mexican cartels have kept the market going by illegal supplies of the drug to home labs. This is a serious concern for local authorities.

Politics

Meth involves a dangerous politics to society. The government tried to enact laws to control the use of the drug through the DEA regulations in 1980s. The main challenge back then was resistance from pharmaceutical firms, which only had their focus on sales and profits. They argued that the product were good for treating cold and coughs. However, these firms knew that drug cartels could exploit their products and turn them into the deadly meth.

The DEA had urged the government to enact laws that would restrict the supply of chemicals for making meth since 1990s. Certain pharmaceutical companies reacted by adding elements that would limit extraction of pseudoephedrine from meth. However, this was not successful since the new drug with additive was not friendly to the body. As a result, these drug manufacturers abandoned the additive.

Politicians and other anti-drug agencies have criticized pharmaceutical companies for their long opposition on regulating the retail and wholesale distribution of cold and cough doses with meth ingredients.

Economy

Firms have lost talented employees because of meth addiction. They also incur costs associated with medical expenses for their employees. Meth addicts believe that the drug may make people to be active and productive at work. However, it ruins employees’ productivity after continued consumption and make them redundant.

Technology

Simple technologies of extracting pseudoephedrine or ephedrine from cold and cough doses have facilitated the growth in illegal home labs. On the other hand, drug manufacturers have failed to improve on technologies in order to prevent drug cartels from extracting pseudoephedrine or ephedrine from their drug supplies. These two scenarios have only led to the rise in consumption of meth.

Media

The new media have key roles in fighting drug abuse. However, this has not been the case because some critics have observed that media have often used alarming tones to describe the issue of meth. For instance, they fail to focus on any improvement on the fight against the meth epidemic, but rather focus on the escalating number of child neglect due to meth.

The new media portray images and several appearances of meth to relate it with its negative outcomes by using hyped languages. They should not present meth has a glamorous and glorified substance. Instead, the new media should teach facts about negative long-term effects of consuming meth. This is critical, especially with much misinformation about the exact role or effects of meth on its users.

Medicine

Meth gets its main chemicals from pharmaceutical drugs. However, the real reason why people use meth remains controversial and unsubstantiated. Some take meth to increase sexual prowess, concentration at work, self-confidence, to be social and suppress their weight. However, these entire claims remain myths because they do not have any tangible and proven evidence. Medicine experts should explore factors that drive addicts.

Critical Reflections

Clearly, meth is a highly addictive, dangerous, cheap, and easy to get in most states. This may explain the rapid spread of meth in many states in the last few years. Meth has ruined families and communities. The crime wave is high because meth addicts need money to buy the drug in order to sustain their bodies.

Employers must deal with meth users among their employees while homemakers turn to meth in order to lose weight. Overall, meth has affected a wide range of people in the society. Hence, it would be important to formulate new methods of dealing with the meth epidemic.

Families should have honest and open discussion in case any member may be secretly using meth. It is important for families to know harmful effects of meth. Families can control the use of meth through effective handling of its cases in homes.

As families play their roles, the government has done little to control the use of meth. In some cases, government policies on the use of meth do not rely on realistic assumptions. Such policies could be detrimental in the fight against the meth epidemic. Instead, various government agencies should engage in thorough studies about the meth epidemic and base their policies on facts. This would promote realistic attempts to end the meth social challenges.

In relation to government activities, some critics believe that federal government has the ability to control and contain the meth epidemic. Unfortunately, bad politics has affected policymaking on the meth epidemic. There are two ingredients required to produce meth.

Politicians with stakes in pharmaceutical companies have opposed any attempt to restrict wholesale and retail distribution of cough and asthma drugs with ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Few firms make and distribute ephedrine and pseudoephedrine globally. Proper laws can regulate the supply of these chemicals. However, this has been a process, which has taken over 20 years to achieve. Moreover, the current laws have weaknesses, which drug lords have exploited to their advantage.

Nevertheless, the government efforts to introduce new laws have resulted in significant changes in the fight against the meth epidemic. Such laws deter home labs and supply of meth. This results in few admissions of meth addicts to rehab centers. What the government and politicians need to do is to ensure effective implementation and sustained control efforts in order to curb the spread of the meth epidemic.

Some of the observers believe that the new media have portrayed the meth epidemic out of proportion. They fail to act on facts, but compare meth to other drugs’ rehab admissions and fatalities. This situation has undermined the fight against the meth epidemic. The new media should use their resources to influence the meth epidemic positively by acting on facts of the problem.

The field of medicine has contributed to the rise of the meth epidemic, particularly pharmaceutical firms. This group has remained indifference to the meth epidemic. Instead, they have focused on profits due to rapid sales of cough and cold drugs with meth chemicals. Lobby groups should not take control of policymaking to control the meth epidemic.

Pharmaceutical firms should use modern technologies in order to find alternatives for making effective cough and cold doses with limited meth chemicals. Such initiatives could result in new drugs without ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, which are the key chemicals that drug cartel extract from cough drugs to make meth. Moreover, it would be useful to investigate what lead people to abuse meth.

The current economic system has allowed pharmaceutical companies not to take responsibilities for their actions. In fact, they lack effective corporate social responsibility programs. It would be prudent for the society to challenge such firms to support meth addicts and conduct awareness about the epidemic. Moreover, the society must also question itself on why it has allowed dangerous drugs to circulate freely in the market under the guise of treating coughs and asthma.

The most important thing is to watch one’s health and avoid sickness, but this might be difficult for most people. The ultimate solution is that meth addiction is curable, and addicts should seek for professional help to handle several complications from the drug. Health care facilities should improve their services because there are far too many meth addicts who require immediate attentions in order to break from the meth addiction and epidemic.

Works Cited

Byker, Carl. dir. The Meth Epidemic. Frontline PBS, 2005. Film.

Literature indicates that the connection between a thin body image and extreme prettiness amongst the majority of American women has culminated into an undesirable consequence on their self-esteem and dieting parameters. Concurrently, women are striving to attain the beauty associated with a thin body to an extent that it ultimately becomes a vice.

It is crucial for the Society to make it clear that being extremely skinny is not pretty. Trends pertaining to slimming are engraved in women thus making it a social problem. Regardless of the fact that the condition poses concerns to individuals, its practice is based on the inability of the victims to deduce right from wrong. Although there are numerous discussions about body image in America, too many of them show flaws in their reasoning by equating thinness with beauty.

The predicament is a product of societal influence, culture, peer pressure, and unmatched fantasies. Leon-Guerrero (10) indicates that celebrities and other normal citizenry focus on the purported beauty, which is attributed to individuals being thin. The intention of this imitation is to bring forth the associated happiness, which the superstars enjoy (Leon-Guerrero 10). Another aspect is the nature and behavior of women demonstrated as shyness and undue pretence, which deters them from eating sufficiently.

Leon-Guerrero (10) posits that they avoid association with negating characters. An acknowledged misconception is that most women think that the only reason why people are endeared to public icons is their induced thinness. Evidently, this parameter of reasoning is adrift and concomitantly meets the due resistance from the society, which embraces it. Concurrently, skinniness educes no beauty but self-harm.

Jack (121) insinuates that several factions believe that skinnier women necessitate more attention, upon comparison to others. Crucial insight indicates that such reasoning is illogical hence a mere cover. Alongside this, not only do thin celebrities enjoy perfect life, languish in fame, or liked by so many as perceived, but also other personalities exist whose fame is not pegged on body weight, size, and ill-fated beauty.

Jack offers a solution by highlighting that such irrational thoughts and actions demand complete realignment thus addressing concerns. The logic deduces better improvements if specialists are involved in the eating habits and fitness activities. Experts can advice on the kind of meals to take, which comes after medical examination to elucidate the health conditions of the involved party (Jack 121)

Craik (235) posits that the core influencing factors in the slimming and beauty concern is peer pressure, attitude, and the magazines published with beautiful celebrities on their covers. It is with great concern that the perceived superstars do not look similar to the photos used in the adverts, magazines, and the newspapers.

Craik further asserts that the photos endure intensive retouching and editing that transforms the involved star into another superhuman thus portraying exclusive beauty. When relented to scrutiny and critical reasoning, the society may fail to acknowledge such irrationalities. This points out that women focus on unnatural processes; furthermore, their efforts are unlikely to attain the desired ends.

Clark (235) equally asserts that women who are obsessed with such images and photos consider them real thus failing to respond to the comments educed by the critics and experts. Critically, women should cease the detrimental efforts to match their fantasy; more so, beauty entails more than thinness.

The fascinating titles like how to lose weight without altering your diet, avenues to perfect body shapes, and how to live better by being skinny, are creatively composed to give the impression that thinness is what women need. Such reasoning calls for critical scrutiny thus viewed as just empty words because the cost involved in achieving such a prescribed desire is full of predicaments when considered from a health dimension.

Clark (236) posits that such a problem poses health concerns to significant proportions of the populace. Most women compare themselves to the tremendously lean celebrities and models; furthermore, they perceive themselves as chubby. They contrast themselves with the models under the misperception that such models are the best, and by not matching them, they occupy a diminished societal status. This culminates in unnecessary imitation.

LeVitus (100) poses concerns pertaining to the thoughts that characterize women. Consequently, they believe that they are abnormal or unattractive incase their pose and physique do not match their preferred icons. Such reasoning is baseless, and misleading since everybody enjoys an exclusive physique, which is distinct and cannot be copied.

Evidently, it is hard to match any two related individuals. In reality, these women are normal and when subjected to body mass index calculator (BMI), they gauge and conform customarily to their obligatory body mass. The efforts to lose extra body weight sometimes masquerades untold problems hence the raised concern from the community (LeVitus 100).

Craik (235) asserts that It is with great concern that the perceived superstars really look no similar to the photos used in the adverts, magazines, and the newspapers. However, he is swift to dismiss that notions created by the media is not wholly responsible for such a viewpoint.

The photos endure intensive retouching and editing that transforms the involved star into another superhuman, which portrays nothing but an exclusive beauty (Craik 235). When relented to scrutiny and critical reasoning, none really gazes that wonderful and incredible physique.

This points out that whoever women have been striving to match is unnatural hence their efforts can only achieve no success but harm. It is amazing that most women who are obsessed with such images and photos deem that they are real and do not respond to the comments educed by the critics and experts. Critically, women should cease the detrimental efforts to match their fantasy; more so, beauty entails more than slimming.

Women exude negative health tendencies arising from malnutrition due to their efforts to become slim. Evidently, this is fatal and threatening. The body endures scarcity of fundamental nutrients vital for the healthy development. Cho (49) highlights that it is questionable why an individual would adopt beauty strategies and ideologies but die of malnutrition in a while.

Occasionally, some women imitate “Barbie dolls,” which are not even human beings. Cho (49) indicates that modeling women rarely eat and if they do, the quantity is minimal. Some even smoke in the society against all the odds. The reasoning subsequent to this mission is weary since it considers that by eating well, one is vulnerable of growing fatter. Most women are unable to put up with this consequence because of beauty mindedness.

The common argument fronted by the slimming women, is that artists who are not slim enjoy less fame, upon comparison to the lean ones, such a concern only illuminates misguided thought. Concurrently, Loseke (10) indicates that the fact that most models are skinny and beautiful is full of uncertainty and vividly relates to metaphysics. More so, the fact that most societies recognize women’s perfection and beauty in terms of skinniness elicits minimal truth.

This reasoning is quite alienated; furthermore, it promotes societal concerns. Applying tradition and conformity to this matter may distract critical reasoning thus hindering the scrutiny of such a claim. The best way to improve a constructive reasoning with regard to such a concept is to consider and illuminate all the facts related to the issue and evaluating its impact as a social problem. The phobia rendering women to doubt the guarantee of love from their men if they increase weight is idealess and a complete naive romanticism.

Loseke indicates that it is unreasonable to endure all tactics available with the intention of losing weight. Some may culminate in adverse effects, which are unhealthy. Most women accomplish this without taking precautions and addressing the possible repercussions to their health.

A significant proportion goes as far as missing meals for a whole day. The induction of this irrationality is by static reasoning, which deviates from current social attitudes, practices, and realities. Critical reasoning, when rendered to use, offers capability of recognizing the undue efforts as well as unworthy lifestyle.

The characters worshiped include disproportionate exercising, eating disorders, excessive consumption of laxatives, chain smoking, and frequent gym attendance. These encounter significant criticism when subjected to critical reasoning as a constituent of measures employed in solving social problems (Loseke 10). Such decisions are of no value when scrutinized critically.

Ashok (83) affirms that the principle of “agreeing to disagree” necessitates one to spot a common ground amid two contrasting issues. This poses greater debate when statistical figures require some derivation. The calculation of body mass indices for underweight models, healthy range people, overweight, as well as stout persons indicate numerous distinctive figures.

BMI is a reflection of body masterpiece. Body mass (kg) divided by tallness (m) squared grants a particular BMI of a person. Higher figures indicate overweight (Ashok 83). Statistics has it that when the figures are < 20 and < 19 for both male and female genders respectively, the entity is underweight. 20-25 for males and 19-24 for females, the individual is in a healthy range. Overweight, 26-30 men and 25-30 women. The obese has > 30 for the two genders (Ashok 84).

Edelman & Mandle (11) illustrate that the BMI is useful in determining health risks allied to the extreme values derived from calculations. It is simple and only employs standard measurements. Women have taken the issue of provoked emaciation to advanced levels, involving themselves in everything possible to lose weight.

In the models arena, the underweight are more than other weight rating in number (Edelman & Mandle 11). Such statistics are data-driven. Data-driven reasoning is only troubled with raw numbers or cold instrumental analysis hence futile at dealing with actual human concerns.

In conclusion, diverse literature posit that women associate thinness with beauty, hence trying every possible strategy to lose weight. This has culminated in a social problem eliciting critical evaluation. Most women believe that happiness lies on the body size, which in turn makes the thin one prevails.

Super depicted celebs, believed to be leading a happy life as models, are the greatest influence in this sector. American women need to pursue the degree of self-confidence that women of other cultures have so that America women can trim down the detrimental effects of such misperception.

On recommendation, critical reasoning associated with such a social problem ought to shun obsession, drugs, unjustified dieting, and unnecessary comparison with others. Media should rationalize on individual beauty and dampen celebrity imitation. Concurrently, one should define her own unique beauty. Everyone is gorgeous in his/her own manner and it only requires self-belief to achieve this.

Work Cited

Ashok, Chinanna. Test Your Physical Fitness. Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2008. Print.

Cho, Susan. Weight Control and Slimming Ingredients in Food Technology. Iowa, IA: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Print.

Craik, Jennifer. Fashion: The Key Concepts. New York, NY: Berg Publishers, 2009. Print.

Edelman, Carole & Mandle, Carol. Health promotion throughout the life span. Philadelphia, PA:Elsevier Health Sciences, 2005. Print.

Jack, Kathleen. Common Sense Slimming. Florida, FL: Xulon Press, 2009. Print.

Leon-Guerrero, Anne. Social Problems: Community, Policy, and Social Action. California, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2010. Print.

LeVitus, Bob. Incredible IPhone Apps For Dummies. New Jersey, NJ: For Dummies, 2010. Print.

Loseke, Donileen. Thinking about social problems: an introduction to constructionist Perspectives. New York, NY: Transaction Publishers, 2003. Print.

John Kingdon’s Policy Model

John Kingdon’s policy model aims to clarify reasons for some policies being included for consideration in the policy process and some being ignored. Within this model, there are three streams necessary for facilitating policy change, including the policy, problem, and political streams. The first step in Kingdon’s model refers to the identification of a problem; for instance, the increase in childhood obesity rates associated with a decrease in physical activity.

The second step within the model is associated with the political stream, in which the previously identified problem is reviewed between communities of policy experts who possess knowledge of the problem. These experts propose possible solutions to the problem and assess their potential effectiveness. Lastly, the policy stream implies the development of proposals for addressing the identified issue. A policy change is most likely to occur when a problem is identified when community experts have knowledge of it, and when a proposal is developed.

Income Inequality

The growing income inequality in the United States can be explained by the outsourcing of jobs to cheap labor countries such as China, unfair exchange rates, the ever-increasing popularity of labor robotization, cuts in employee benefits, as well as high-interest rates. In order to mitigate the concentration of wealth, the government implements such policies as redistribution programs (taking income from the wealthy and providing it to those with low incomes).

The social consequences of income inequality include rising crime rates, worse health outcomes for the population as a whole, reduced educational quality for the younger generation, and stifled growth for society overall. The political implications include skewed political power, a lack of attention to the low-income electorate, and corruption that high-income individuals can use to push their political agendas. The economic consequences of income inequality include slowing economic growth, a declining GDP, and increases in human capital.

Immigration Debate

With regard to the causal stories involved in the immigration debate, it is important to mention several points. First, in the past, flows of immigrants to the US were more substantial and predominantly included young single males who were looking for better job opportunities. Today, immigrant demographics have changed and now include more women and children. Second, in the past, immigrants were more likely to work in the US for several years and then return to their home countries, whereas now immigrants tend to stay in the US permanently.

Third, immigration flows used to be directly associated with the state of the economy while today, they heavily rely on political conditions. All of these points suggest that processes associated with immigration have shifted in nature and raise new issues for discussion. Specifically, the unequal distribution of labor within immigrant communities presents the greatest challenge.

Challenges Faced by Social Problems Workers

The three forces that most heavily affect social problems workers include economic injustice (inequality), the health gap, and isolation based on social status (immigrant, low-income worker, etc.). These three forces create the basis for social workers’ practice by indicating the most challenging issues that US society faces. With regard to economic injustice, there is a great need for exposing the unfair practices that lead to an unequal distribution of income within the population.

Closing the health gap is among the most challenging aspects of social workers’ jobs, as it requires stakeholders’ political, social, and economic involvement. Lastly, the eradication of social isolation requires educating the public about the risks of isolating minorities and proposing ways to strengthen connections within communities.

In our daily life everyone faces the social problem. The social problems are listed below:-

1. Gender discrimination
2. Human rights
3. Poverty
4. World population
5. AIDS
6. Violence
7. Child labor
8. pollution
9. injustice

Gender discrimination

Gender means “division of sex” i.e. male and female. Gender discrimination is the discrimination within the group of people or within the people. For example: Some time there is discrimination with girls, the girls are not given proper education. Education of computers, or other science education. Which is very unfair. So there must be equality with each and everyone.

Pollution

There are many types of pollution such as air, water, land, soil, noise, chemical pollution. Pollution is defined as the change in the natural environment by human being causes pollution. Noise pollution is defined as the unwanted sound. When toxic substance are entered into water, it becomes polluted. Chemical pollution is due to the waste from the factory or industry discharges chemicals, mining discharge, etc. Air pollution is caused due to SO2, CO2, combustion of coal, smoking, ozone in the atmosphere causes air pollution. Land pollution can be reduced by recycling, resource recovery.

Poverty

Poverty is defined as lack of shelter, hunger, food to eat, house to live, Etc.

The people in need of this thing states the definition of being poor. The poverty is spread all over the world. People don’t even get food to live. Clothes to cover themselves. Due to poverty many people die because of hunger. A chance should be given to poor people to show their skills, and should be paid good as to cover themselves from cold and have food at a time.

World population

One significant method to reduce measured population enlargement, and encourage essential human growth, as per the World Watch Institute, is development of the well organism of women by prolonged admission to health care, teaching and service; and man should be given knowledge to be more responsible towards his family. Every minute every 16,743 are born.

AIDS

AIDS is caused by the virus known as HIV. AIDS is known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome. HIV is the blood transmission disease. AIDS is caused by using someone’s used needle who is also suffering from HIV virus. If mother have the same problem then it shall be caused by the infant having the mother’s milk. There is no permanent solution for this disease, only it can only reduce the rate of HIV virus by having some drugs or related medicines. The one with HIV, if he/she gets bleed, then one should always remain alert, because it is blood transmitted disease.

The precautions should be taken, with one who is not suffering with HIV:

• One must not feed the infant or the baby
• One must not use any injections which are used by someone else
• Avoid the person who got HIV, had bleed or cut of anything which leads to bleeding
• Protect everything in contact with blood.

Child labor

Child labor means making the child to work mentally and physically which harm the child, there education is stopped and made to work in any manner.

In Asia 61% of the labor is of children. Many children leads to death or some injuring because of work load. The child gets in work when he is at the age of 5. Work like plantation, loaded brick and cement work, painting roads, auto repair, working in a factory, in manufacturing etc. But today the child labor has reduced the attitude of the people had changed. They are made to do lots and lots of work according to there age.

Crime

Crime is defined as offence against a public law. There are types of crime;

Felony:- It is a serious crime punishment in which at least one year in jail.

Misdemeanor:- The criminal gets a type of punishment I which fine is taken or taken to jail of a year or two.

Unemployment

There are types of unemployment:

Structural unemployment: Structural unemployment is defined as “the unemployment that approaches from there being an nonattendance of order for the employees that are obtainable.

Frictional unemployment: Frictional unemployment is defined as “the unemployment that comes from people stuck between work, occupation, and place.

Cyclical unemployment: Cyclical unemployment takes place when the unemployment rate shifts in the contradictory track as the GDP increase speed. So when GDP expansion is little (or negative) unemployment is elevated.