Category: Slavery

In the 19th century, the population of the USA was affected by the revivalist doctrines. They emphasized the value of salvation and encouraged people to reveal disinterested benevolence. Under such influence, evangelical reformers formed their perception of slavery. At that time, it became treated as a God-defying sin that destroyed American morality. Hence, it is not surprising that citizens started speaking about abolition. Nevertheless, numerous restrictions were faced by antislavery advocacy. Both gradual emancipation and conditional emancipation were not allowed, but free blacks from the North and evangelicals revealed their opposition in the form of the movement that required the development of social reform. By the 1830s, “Baptists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Congregational revivalists like Arthur and Lewis Tappan and Theodore Dwight Weld, and radical Quakers including Lucretia Mott and John Greenleaf Whittier” managed to push the idea of emancipation to reform agendas (“Antislavery and Abolitionism”). Believing in moral suasion, abolitionists considered that it was enough to emphasize the Christian conscience of whites to make them let their slaves become free.

Garrison’s ideas of radical Christian reformers made him fight with slavery and advocate for gradual abolition. Walker and Forten affected Garrison so that he recognized blacks’ right to benefit from American liberty. Together, they focused on the necessity to reach immediate emancipation and black citizenship. In the 1830s, reformers considered that the Declaration of our Independence could provide an opportunity to develop the American Antislavery Society.

Being affected by Christian views, they wanted to save slaves with the help of social reforms. Abolitionists cooperated with black activists and encouraged people of color to gather and stand for their rights (“American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists: Conscience of the Nation.”). They established antislavery societies, providing them with educational establishments and churches. At the same time, numerous petitions were developed to make Congress support these initiatives.

The emphasis made on the necessity of abolition entailed the creation of fierce opposition. Many Americans considered that the views of abolitionists were wrong and resisted anti-slavery ideas (“Development and the Abolitionist Movement in History”). Given this, abolitionists turned out to be represented by a small group of marginalized activists. The existence of diverse positions within one country led to the fear of disunion and emphasized that abolitionist petitions should not have been accepted.

Under the influence of external opposition, abolitionists started to split. In 1839, the ideological views of Americans were questioned. Garrison shared his ideas of treating the Constitution as a pro-slavery text and revealed that the US population had to redeem the nation, implementing an antislavery basis. However, moral suasion did not appeal to many abolitionists at that time because they questioned its realism. These individuals considered that the existing political processes could be used to reach the same goals. As a result, abolition and anti-slavery movements were divided by 1840. The Liberty Party was developed, and its representatives considered that the Constitution was antislavery.

These two parties could not find a common language considering women’s rights as well. Many abolitionists decided to remain a part of the American Anti-slavery Association. Their actions were justified by the fact that this association provided female employees with an opportunity to obtain leadership positions (“Women and Abolitionism”). It was also treated as the ability to fulfill the doctrine of perfectionism, as equality between people of different genders could be achieved.

In the 1840s, abolitionists’ reforms were not already based on resistance. They continued emphasizing moral suasions, but the violent opposition of slaveholders made them consider the possibility to use other sources of influence. Their initiatives also altered. For instance, much attention was paid to the protection of runaway slaves. Support networks were created to assist blacks and ensure their safety. These initiatives were developed by Douglass who provided moral and financial support for anti-slavery societies. To combat these activities, Fugitive Slave Act was created. According to it, runaway slaves and people who assisted them had to be arrested. If it was not so, officials were punished for their failure. As a result, bloody skirmishes occurred (Oakes). Those movements that were developed to protect the populations led to violence and sectional cataclysm. Twenty years after these events, revivalist perfectionism turns out to become useless. Those individuals who wanted to abolish slavery and make blacks and whites equal started focusing on the ability to secure the moral soul of the country in the battle.

Even though abolitionism dealt with numerous issues when it was implemented, this movement cannot be considered ineffectual. Its organizations provide the country with a model of coexistence of black and whites. Of course, they cannot be treated as ideal ones; nevertheless, their positive influences on future changes cannot be denied. The number of individuals who supported the antislavery Republican Party was always smaller than the number of their opponents, but this fact only made them develop more critical interventions that could benefit African Americans. It can be stated that anti-slavery grounds developed in the first part of the 19th century provided Lincoln with an opportunity to reach his goals while being a president. Even though the abolition of slavery is mainly related to the civil war, it is significant to consider the influence of moral compass and motivation developed by abolition and anti-slavery movements.

Works Cited

“American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists: Conscience of the Nation.”American Abolitionists. 2018, Web.

“Antislavery and Abolitionism.”ER Services, Web.

“Development and the Abolitionist Movement in History.”Antislavery. 2016, Web.

“Women and Abolitionism.”Abolition Seminar, 2014, Web.

Oakes, James. “The Real Problem with White Abolitionists.”Jacobin. 2014, Web.

Introduction

Kevin Bales describes modern slavery as, “adapting an old practice to the new global economy” (11). He uses this statement to refer to the methods through which modern slaveholders disguise their activities. According to Bales, modern slaveholders take advantage of vulnerable groups of people in their hunt for slaves. They do not consider color, religion, or ethnicity while taking people into slavery (10).

Modern slaves

Modern slavery is the absolute control over another person’s rights without necessarily having the legal rights to own that person. Bales argues that this form of slavery arose from the realization that full ownership of slaves exposes slaveholders to unnecessary maintenance costs. Therefore, slave merchants decided to adopt short-term ownership of the slaves. Short-term ownership entails selecting the most productive age groups among the vulnerable groups. Slaveholders only use the people they select when they are still energetic enough to perform their duties. They get rid of them as soon as they show signs of aging.

Modern slave owners also avoid legal involvement regarding slave ownership. However, some of them take advantage of legal contracts to hide their cruel intentions. They sign the contracts to make the slaves believe that their masters will treat them well. The contracts contain lucrative terms that easily lure the slaves into accepting their offer. They also use the contracts to hide from the authorities.

In modern slavery, ethnicity is not important. Slaveholders do not consider the color, tribe, nationality, or religion of their slaves. They only take advantage of their vulnerability. They usually take advantage of the groups they can easily take into slavery through coercion or enticement (Bales 8).

Characteristics of the modern economy

The modern global economy prioritizes cost reduction and profit maximization. Countries and businesspersons apply the principle of “the end justifies the means” in all their undertakings. Slaveholders avoid holding slaves for long periods to reduce their maintenance costs (Bales 19). They also avoid taking slaves from places that are far from where they live to reduce the cost of transporting them. Some governments do not ask slaveholders and other illegal traders to stop carrying out their activities. Instead, they ask them to pay taxes. They only have problems with them when they do not pay taxes (Bales 24).

The modern economy and past trends

Most of the tenets of the modern economy originated from historical occurrences. Many governments adopted their operations from past activities. Modern slave traders altered their manner of operation after realizing that slave traders in the 1800s did not make enough profits from their activities (Bales 18). Therefore, they decided to change by taking slaves for short periods, unlike the old system, where slaves and their families stayed with their masters for all their life. This decision aimed at reducing the cost of production and maximizing profits.

The collision between civilization and old cultures also contributed to the rise of modern slavery (Bales 9). Rich people and governments in the contemporary world often clash with native communities when they want to seize their property for various development plans. Such struggles always favor the civilized group since they have better weapons compared to their enemies. Therefore, natives end up as slaves.

Bales points out the historical status of people in their community as a long-term cause of modern slavery (8). He argues that some people inherit slavery from their parents. According to him, rich merchants took many people into permanent slavery in the 19^th century. The slaves got their children while in slavery, and the children grew up as slaves. Such families will never come out of slavery.

Examples of countries practicing slavery

Sex Slavery In Thailand

The commonest form of slavery in Thailand is sex slavery. Many families usually sell their daughters to brothels that use them as sex slaves. Their culture supports the selling of women, as they do not consider them important in society. Most of the time, parents sell their daughters to help improve their financial status. According to Bales, most of them sell their daughters with the purpose of buying television sets. In this business, the girls have no control over their lives. Their masters make all the decisions (Bales 35).

Historical Slavery in Mauritania

Most of the black Mauritanians inherited slavery from their parents. The parents were slaves; therefore, their children could not avoid slavery. They still work for their parents’ masters. Many of their masters take advantage of the teachings of the Kuran to continue holding slaves. On the other hand, the slaves do not ask for payment because they fear to go against the teachings of the Kuran (Bales 80).

Similarities between slavery in the two countries

• They both take advantage of people’s weaknesses. The parents in Thailand take advantage of their daughters’ ignorance to sell them. In Mauritania, masters take advantage of their servants’ ignorance of the freeing of the slaves in 1980.
• The cultures in both countries support the two forms of slavery. In the native Thai culture, women are property that men use to create more wealth while, in Mauritania, the Islamic culture supports the capture of slaves in jihads.

Differences between the two forms of slavery

• In Thailand, the brothels get rid of the sex slaves when they get an old while, in Mauritania, the slaves are part of their masters’ families.
• In Thailand, parents sell their daughters into slavery while, in Mauritania, children inherit slaves from their parents.

Works Cited

Bales, Kevin. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2012. Print.

The American society is still plagued by the stigma of slavery. Many people argue that the New World cannot be imagined without slaves who are the basis of our wellbeing. Many stress that any struggle should be abandoned as the efforts of so many people and organizations has led to almost nothing. Nevertheless, we believe that our struggle and our efforts will soon help us build a true land of free people. It has been 10 years since we founded this organization that has already made a great difference! Now it is important to stop and think about our path and our achievements.

The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded a decade ago, in 1833. The goal of the society has not changed since then, and we strive for the complete abolition of slavery in this country of blessed (Manifesto, 1833). As noted in our Declaration of Sentiments, we want to build a Temple of Freedom where people are equal just like they were created by our Mighty God (American Anti-Slavery Society, 1833).

Unfortunately, the construction of the long-awaited Temple is still yet to end, but we can say that we have done a lot to make the day of true equality closer. The members of our society have spread the word of truth and justice. Inspiring speeches of such renowned figures as Frederick Douglas have made many Americans see the ugly face of slavery. The potent voice of the former slave who managed to tell his story to thousands is heard throughout the United States and even beyond. The call for action pronounced by James G. Birney has been resonating throughout this decade. The great activist and a renowned thinker in his address that is almost ten years old revealed the nature of the difference between abolitionists and those who stick to old ways.

Birney stressed that those people were simply ignorant of their weaknesses and sinfulness, but discussions may bring those people to the rights side, bring them back to our Lord (Birney, 1836). Such stories and such figures bring Americans back to the word of our God who created us as equals. We arranged thousands of meetings and discussions to bring the problem to the fore. Many of these meetings ended up in a horrible mess as the Americans whose minds are not enlightened tried to make us silent. They tried to make us hold our tongues and be as passive as our ancestors. However, we will not tolerate the world order built on oppression in the country of the free.

To make our word heard everywhere, we addressed the US presidents to remind them their words and their promises. In our letter to the US President, we make him see the hypocrisy behind his words (Tappan et al., 1836). That was one of our first addresses and, like others, it made our rulers hear our voices. Of course, we understand that slavery is deeply rooted in the US history, culture and economy, which makes it difficult to abolish. Nevertheless, we also believe that we will be able to build a new country where slavery will remain history.

Yes, some people may try to make us stop or make us believe that our effort will be in vain. However, as we continue claiming our right to intervene, we will fight for a better country, a country of the free (Emancipation-Extra, 1830). We have brought thousands of minds from the darkness of ignorance, and we will create the new world, the world without slavery!

Reference List

American Anti-Slavery Society, Declaration of Sentiments. (1833). Web.

Birney, J.G. (1836). Mr. Birney’s answer. In Collection of valuable documents (pp. 8-41). Boston, MA: I. Knapp.

Emancipation-Extra. (1830). Web.

Manifesto. (1833). Web.

Tappan, A., Jay, W., Rankin, J., Cox, A.L., Leavitt, J, Jocelyn, S.S.,…Wright, E. (1836). Protest of the American Ant-Slavery Society. In Collection of valuable documents (pp. 41-53). Boston, MA: I. Knapp.

In 1861, not long before the abolition of slavery, Harriet Jacobs told the world about her life in bondage. Her book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, written under a pseudonym Linda Brent, was supposed to reveal the truth about the circumstances in which enslaved black people lived in America. Perhaps, the publication of this literary work was not accidental. The author was sure to be aware of the abolition movement that was gaining momentum at that time and wanted to contribute to convincing U.S. citizens of the necessity of ending slavery.

By depicting the terrors experienced by slaves, sorrows of enslaved mothers, and moral degradation of white people, Jacobs wanted to make free residents of Northern states realize how vile slavery was.

The book can be considered a political text designed to persuade readers that abolition is necessary. In this regard, the author clearly defined her audience in the preface. She wrote that she wanted the women living in the North to understand the conditions in which slaves lived in the Souths, and the sufferings that enslaved women had to undergo (Brent 6). Jacobs believed that the atrocities of slavery could be realized only through experience, which is why she published her account (Brent 6). Thus, her book appealed to free women to evoke their sympathy and motivate them to take action toward abolishment.

The first argument presented in the work concerns the miserable position of a slave. Jacobs wrote that slaves were completely subject to the will of their master, and there was no law that would protect them (Brent 86). In fact, laws applied only to white people, while enslaved black humans were legally treated as property (Brent 86). Slaves worked on plantations from dawn to dusk and were whipped until they bled (Brent 114).

Slaveholders seduced young girls and took away children from desperate mothers (Brent 114). They trained dogs to tear flesh and could set them on slaves (Brent 114). The author argued that enslaved people were prohibited from telling the truth to Northern visitors (Brent 114). Probably, for this reason, the Southern planters succeeded in convincing the rest of the country that slavery was beneficial, and slaves were happy.

While telling about the atrocities that enslaved humans experienced, Jacobs tried to figure out how it was possible that one race became superior to another one. She came to the conclusion that it was white people who imposed their vision of the world on the entire population (Brent 68). The author argued that white men prevented black people from being educated and whipped them to deprive them of any sense of dignity (Brent 68).

She also blamed “human bloodhounds of the north, who enforce the Fugitive Slave Law” (Brent 68). Jacobs could not understand why free people from the North did not do anything about slavery and why they helped slaveholders to return fugitive slaves (Brent 48). To tell the Northern population about the real living conditions of enslaved humans was an effective argument because free people were likely to be unaware of the terrible state of things. Jacobs’s book could serve as a revelation to humans in the North since the author told the truth, which slaves were forced to suppress.

The second reason for abolition is the deplorable fate of enslaved women. Jacobs wrote that for female slaves, bondage was even worse than for men because they had additional sufferings (Brent 119). The author remembered watching two little sisters playing in the garden, one of them being a slave (Brent 47). This picture made her sad because she realized how different the lives of those children would be (Brent 48). The life of the free girl was going to be “blooming with flowers and overarched by a sunny sky” (Brent 48). However, her slave sister was not so lucky since she had to drink “the cup of sin, and shame, and misery, whereof her persecuted race are compelled to drink” (Brent 48). Perhaps, being born a female slave placed a human in the worst position among people in America.

Jacobs provided her readers with details of atrocities experienced by enslaved girls. The author stated that a slave woman had “no shadow of law to protect her from insult, from violence, or even from death” (Brent 45). Girls grew up in a climate of lechery and fear (Brent 79). When they reached the age of fifteen years, their master and his sons began to induce them to sleep with them (Brent 79). If young women refused to submit to their will, whips and starvation were used as incentives (Brent 79).

These details were important to discourage people of the free states from thinking that female slaves were inherently promiscuous. The author argued that “the slave woman ought not to be judged by the same standard as others” (Brent 86). It was the environment that forced enslaved girls to behave in that way. Therefore, common moral principles could not be applied to them.

The problems of female slaves were not limited to the infringement of their purity. Frequently, girls became mothers as a result of their submission to their masters. The worst part of it was that their infants also became enslaved according to the rule that “the child shall follow the condition of the mother, not of the father” (Brent 118). Since female slaves realized what destiny awaited their infants, they often wished their babies had died because “death is better than slavery” (Brent 96).

Slaveholders could take away slaves’ children at any moment, which made mothers worry about it every day and grieve when it happened (Brent 26). Jacobs appealed to Northern women by saying that they were happy to have their children always with them, with nobody being able to take them away (Brent 26). The account of grieving mothers afraid of parting from their babies and praying for their deaths was sure to evoke sympathy in readers. Since the pains of motherhood are similar for women of any race and social status, the disclosure of sufferings experienced by enslaved mothers could inspire Northern people to struggle against slavery.

The third argument in favor of abolition expressed in the book is the corruptive impact of bondage on white people. The author argued that slavery was as destructive for white people as it was for their servants (Brent 81). It caused men to be cruel and lecherous, and women corrupt and unhappy (Brent 81). When listing the abominations that slaves underwent, Jacobs described one of the masters who was a “highly educated” man boasting about “the name and standing of a Christian, though Satan never had a truer follower” (Brent 77).

However, Jacobs was convinced that white people were not conscious of their corruption because they spoke of “blighted cotton crops – not of the blight on their children’s souls” (Brent 81). By showing her concern about the morality of slaveholders, the author tried to persuade those who might not have felt sympathy for oppressed slaves.

Jacobs paid special attention to the feelings of white women married to slaveholders. While masters indulged in licentiousness with female slaves, their wives felt completely miserable. Jacobs wrote that her mistress hated her because she suspected her in having a bond with her husband (Brent 53). However, she did not blame her mistress for that hatred because she realized that any woman in her position would feel the same (Brent 53).

Many white women were disappointed as they saw that their husbands who were supposed to make them happy cheated on them with slaves (Brent 57). This argument appealed to Northern women’s solidarity with their Southern counterparts. It was effective because even if people in the North were convinced that slaves deserved maltreatment, they would be more compassionate toward humans of the same race.

In conclusion, Jacobs’s account of slavery was intended to disclose the truth to the Northern population, especially its female part, which was under a delusion that slaves were content with their living conditions. To persuade her readers of the necessity of abolition, the author told how cruelly masters treated their servants. Since the main target audience was Northern women, Jacobs provided details about atrocities experienced by girls and mothers. Finally, to convince readers who might not sympathize with black people, the author mentioned how slavery corrupted white humans.

Work Cited

Brent, Linda. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Boston: Published for the Author, 1861.

Introduction

The Republic of Ghana was named after the medieval emperor Ghana, who ruled West African regions and later became famous in Europe. Previously known as the Gold Coast, the country received independence from Great Britain on March 6, 1957 (Boddy-Evans, 2017).

The following years, however, were associated with multiple challenges, as the state remained financially dependent on the West. One of the reasons for this dependency is that the country had been the foothold for the slave trade for about four centuries. Many researchers drag attention to the fact that slavery had left no room for Ghana to develop economically. The present paper will study the issue in detail while giving evidence about the adverse effect of the slave trade and providing recommendations about fighting its consequences.

The Effect of the Depopulation on the Country’s Economic Development

Even though it is already two hundred years since the British parliament voted to abolish slavery, the effect of the slave trade is still felt within the country. This occurrence lasted for an extended period, starting with the fifteenth and ending up in the nineteenth century (Ross, 2007). Despite the fact Ghana’s economy has demonstrated a considerable growth over the past decade, the situation in many rural areas is similar to that in the middle ages.

As an example, one may bring the mud-walled huts made of grass found in the villages with no electricity or running water (Ross, 2007). The external slave trade caused an outright depopulation in African regions. Due to the fact that all exported people were in their prime of life, population losses made a negative impact on birth rates. The fractured family relationships discouraged the growth of the region and soon led to an overall decline in it.

Historians emphasize that underdevelopment within the country is directly relevant to the problem of depopulation inherent in the slave trade period. As Ross (2007) admits, millions of the strongest men and women were exported during those times, which prevented the arrival of an agrarian revolution to Ghana. The provided example brightly demonstrates that without the constantly available and properly trained workforce industrialization is impossible to promote.

For the industry projects to launch, one needs to arrange stable agricultural production. Ross (2007) estimates that “without slavery the population of Africa would have been double the 25m it had reached by 1850” (para, 8). Yet, the established socio-political conditions blocked this opportunity and served as the premise for the country’s economic and cultural impairment.

Considerations About the Slave Trade

With regards to the research findings, one may conclude that slave trade was one of those historical facts that severely affected the development of the majority of African countries. It is currently known that a considerable number of slaves originated from the Gold Coast, which is the nation of Ghana at present. The industrial and cultural development of the state was undermined to an even greater extent compared to other regions of the continent.

The fact that one-third of the population lives on less than a dollar a day proves that Ghana faces numerous economic issues even nowadays (Ross, 2007). Nevertheless, many African-Americans whose ancestors were transported to the USA by force choose to visit the country in search of their roots. The echoes of slavery are still heard within the state, and it makes one fully realize the scope of the impact this occurrence has made on Africa and Ghana in particular. Considering the scale of the issue, human trafficking is the problem, which needs to be fought by the joint efforts of all governments.

Recommendations to Improve the Situation in the State

The situation in Ghana forces one to think of some effective measures to take to improve the state’s economic performance. The given task involves through planning of both short- and long-term strategies, their further discussion on all levels and adjustment to the most burning needs. It is clear that the first issue to address is poverty and its effect on the life of regular citizens. Thus, one needs to start with designing the short-term interventions.

The measures aimed at poverty reduction should include the modernization of the agricultural sphere and better management of natural resources. It is advisable that the government considers the practices of the fast developing countries and allocates funds to purchase the required technologies. Particular attention should be drawn to the exploration of minerals, oil, and gas since they are the major energy carriers.

In this regard expenditures are expected to be prioritized in favor of projects that are tightly related to developing the two mentioned branches of economy. However, the implementation of the chosen strategies is only feasible if executive agents and committees responsible for the process coordination are designated. These committees need to operate in accordance with an outlined framework, which states the policy objectives and touches upon the key financial aspects. Each of these agencies fulfills its functions within a strictly identified field and reports directly to the government.

The long-term strategies should be directed at reforming both healthcare and education. Raised attention should be paid to improving nutrition and giving proper prescriptions to patients. Again, modernizing agriculture has a direct relationship to the quality of food that people consume (Ross, 2007). By utilizing modern technology, the government can enlarge the volume of crops and thus, supply healthier products to the country’s internal market.

Also, through more effective management of medications and better planning of treatment, healthcare units can significantly reduce the current death rates and child mortality in particular (Boddy-Evans, 2017). The mentioned goal can be achieved if the proper allocation of funds and constant training of clinicians is provided.

Speaking of training, the reform of education plays one of the most relevant parts in improving the country’s economy. Close cooperation with foreign partners is the key to implementing the most efficient teaching techniques and enhancing the professional integrity of future specialists. Therefore, the focus should be made on the development of vocational competence and introducing a variety of exchange programs. In its turn, it would help to eliminate understaffing and would stimulate the growth of a private sector.

Conclusion

Ghana’s economic decline is directly relevant to the consequences of the slave trade, which tortured the country for about four centuries. The effects of this occurrence are felt even nowadays, especially in rural areas of the country. As derived from the research findings, many villages still lack such conveniences as electricity and running water. It is evident that the government needs to develop a framework capable of addressing the major issues within the state and provide effective solutions to eliminate the existing problems. The given task, however, requires thorough planning of both short- and long-term strategies and proper management of budgetary funds.

References

Boddy-Evans, A. (2017). Chronological list of African independence. Web.

Ross, W. (2007). Slavery’s long effects on Africa. Web.

If I once became a writer I would write about what I know most of all, I would write about myself and events that happened to me. I suppose that a writer will succeed more in what he or she is familiar with: the themes will be covered more proficiently in this case. My point is that writers who themselves were in the shoes of their characters are more likely to reveal the themes they raise. The current paper is concerned with analyzing the thematic importance of slavery and freedom to two African American authors, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Their autobiographical works Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself (first published in 1845) and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) are taken as the basis for investigation of the problem under consideration.

I would like to start my analysis with quoting W.E.B. DuBois, the author of The Souls of Black folks. This black civil rights activist admitted the feeling that every black person and black writer, in particular, has as far as his or her identity is concerned:

“It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness, an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.” (“Ain’t I a Woman?” Slavery and Freedom Literature Part A).

This feeling is rendered throughout the Douglass’s and Jacobs’s works who were born into slavery and had first-hand knowledge of this social institution.

The leading theme in Douglass’s Narrative is destroying effects of slavery in the southern United States. At the age of twenty the author managed to escape slavery and became involved in the abolitionist movement. Several years later he published his Narrative where he told about his experiences as a slave. The author’s work was not intended to arouse sympathy with the readers, but to help people who were at the same position that he was.

Throughout the work Douglass gives a lot of examples of how slaves are brutalized, and admits such drastic effects of slavery as separation of family and physical abuse of women. He highlights that slavery is harmful not to slaves only, but to slaveholders as well: people who own slaves are more likely to lose their human qualities and to turn into heartless creatures that care only of satisfaction of their own needs. By example of Sophia Auld he illustrates the dehumanizing effects of slavery.

Along with bright attacks on slavery Douglass suggests how freedom can be achieved. Literacy is singled out as the shortest way to become free. His literacy skills were the first step to his freedom. Reading books on political problems he began to wonder why he did not possess the rights as his white master did. Reading encouraged his abilities to air his thoughts and to formulate his argument against slavery.

Thus, by his personal example of how a slave can become a free person through becoming literate Douglass did not only state that one can emancipate from slavery but showed how it could be done.

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is also a memoir of a person who was born into slavery. The work is centered on the same theme that the Narrative – the author tells the reader of her experiences as a slave and the way she managed to escape from it. Jacobs’ narrative also reveals the dehumanizing nature of slavery. But the author sees slavery through other perspectives as well.

Though Jacobs provides the reader with numerous examples of how starved, overworked, and subservient to masters’ power the slaves are, she insists that improving their conditions will not change the evil and oppressive nature of slavery.

What makes Jacobs’ works peculiar is her depiction of slavery as a worse for women that it is for men. According to the author, slavery is harmful for all people but it brings women even more sufferings. While “slavery is terrible for men” the author contends that “it is far more terrible for women. Superadded to the burden common to all, they have wrongs, and sufferings, and mortifications peculiarly their own” (Jacobs 77).

Female slaves often experience sexual harassment from their male masters. The latter have absolute power over the slaves. Moreover, masters’ wives are bitter and jealous, their sons follow their footsteps and the slaves cannot do anything about it. The position of female slaves worsens by the fact that notwithstanding their sufferings they have to be burdened with responsibilities toward their family.

Again, as well as in the Douglass’s narrative the author does not aim to attract the reader’s attention to her grievances. She claims that

… on the contrary, it would have been more pleasant to me to have been silent about my own history. Neither do I care to excite sympathy for my own sufferings. But I do earnestly desire to arouse the women of the North to a realizing sense of the condition of two millions of women at the South, still in bondage, suffering what I suffered, and most of them far worse….May the blessing of God rest on this imperfect effort in behalf of my persecuted people! (Jacobs 1).

I may conclude that the importance of the themes of slavery and freedom that the two authors focused on is not simply rooted in the fact that the works might serve as a documentary source of the slavery institution, but in the depicting of various issues that went along with it. The ruining power of slavery and the vital human strivings for freedom will never stop capturing the reader’s attention, therefore these themes make the Narrative and the Incidents immortal and their authors’ fame unfading.

Works Cited

“ ‘Ain’t I a Woman?’Slavery and Freedom Literature.” 2003. Pittsburg State University. Web.

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself. Pocket, 2004.

Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Dover Publications, 2001.

It has often been said that history is written from the eyes of the conqueror. For centuries, people in America have only heard the stories of the triumph of Columbus in discovering this continent, not the stories of brutality and murder that took place as these white visitors began determining which land was theirs and which land they would allow the indigenous people to occupy. Some of these stories are just now beginning to be shared in the greater community, slowly changing the impression of the Indian from one of contempt to one of sympathy. In the same frame, there has often been conflicting accounts of what it must have been like to be a slave in the Southern states. While some reports seem to indicate that most of the slaves, not knowing what it was like to have freedom, were content with their lot in life, other evidence exists that suggests even peaceful slaves resisted their position. This controversy is the subject of both Kenneth Stampp’s article “A Troublesome Property” and Eugene Genovese’s article “The Black Work Ethic”. While each author discusses the nature of slave relations within the group, Stampp’s conclusions seem to provide the more satisfactory analysis in keeping with what is known about slave behaviors throughout the slave period.

Both authors write about the subversive slave culture that developed on the plantations among the slaves themselves. This culture is predominantly characterized by their owners as ‘lazy’. This is so much the case that both authors cite numerous reports by slave owners regarding the laziness and stupidity of their workers. “Slave owners generally took it as a matter of course that a laborer would shirk when he could and perform no more work than he had to” (Stampp, 1956: p. 270). As a result, they found it necessary to utilize various methods to ‘encourage’ the slaves to keep working. “Too often they fell back on the whip and thereby taught and learned little” (Genovese, 1974: p. 300). However, too much physical abuse on the slave and he was no longer capable of working and the action often had an adverse affect on the rest of the slaves. “After a slave was punished in the Richmond tobacco factories, the other hands ‘gave neither song nor careless shout for days, while the bosses fretted at slackened production” (Stampp, 1956: p. 271). Slave owners were often forced to keep a watchful eye on the slave and were often stymied as to how to get more work out of their hands. “Slave owners generally took it as a matter of course that a laborer would shirk when he could and perform no more work than he had to. They knew that, in most cases, the only way to keep him ‘in the straight path of duty’ was to watch him ‘with an eye that never slumbers.’” (Stampp, 1956: p. 270). For both Stampp and Genovese, the major goal of the slave was to experience as much as they could of what it meant to be free. While both authors agree on these issues, they seem to disagree as to the owners’ responses and the slaves’ motivations.

In his article regarding the true sentiments of the slaves, Genovese suggests the reasons why the slaves were perceived as lazy was as the result of their more natural, rural lifestyle. “The setting remained rural, and the rhythm of work followed seasonal fluctuations. Nature remained the temporal reference point for the slaves” (Genovese, 1974: p.300). At the same time, they were products of a deeper cultural understanding of the world, which Genovese finds elucidated in the work of W.E.B. DuBois. “The black slave brought into common labor certain new spiritual values not yet fully realized. As a tropical product with a sensuous receptivity to the beauty of the world, he was not as easily reduced to be the mechanical draft-horse which the northern European laborer became” (cited in Genovese, 1974: p.301). In introducing this concept, Genovese seems to be suggesting that the black man was more in touch with a deeper understanding of life as something more than the Protestant idea of work for its own good. The black man “was not easily brought to recognize any ethical sanctions on work as such but tended to work as the results pleased him and refused to work or sought to refuse when he did not find the spiritual returns adequate, thus he was easily accused of laziness and driven as a slave when in truth he brought to modern manual labor a renewed valuation of life” (DuBois cited in Genovese, 1974: p.301). Thus, slaves were not necessarily lazy, they just held a different worldview from that of the predominantly Protestant world of the psychics. While many slaves, particularly as time moved on, had been born and raised within the slave society and thus had never been exposed to the lifestyles in Africa to which Genovese seems to be gaining much of his ideas, the culture that grew up among the slaves upon the plantation served to preserve this approach to life, particularly as the plantation owners learned to work with it as much as possible rather than against it.

Stampp, on the other hand, believes this inherent laziness of the slave culture is not so much a different outlook on life and a determination to enjoy it, but rather a deliberate means by which the slaves managed to control the masters. While he seems to agree that some slaves enjoyed their captivity sometimes, “He [the slave] was not always even making a conscious protest against bondage” (1956: p. 269). Stampp argues that the indolence of the slaves was at least partially intentional. “Slaves sought to limit the quantity of their services in many different ways … Besides slowing down, many slaves bedeviled the master by doing careless work and by damaging property. They did much of this out of sheer irresponsibility, but they did at least part of it deliberately” (Stampp, 1956: p.271). When they weren’t reducing their work flow or damaging equipment, some slaves reduced the amount of effort they expended for their master through the guise of illness such as the case in which a slave stuck her arms in beehives periodically causing her arms to swell and claiming handicap or the man who claimed he was mostly blind for most of his life yet proved perfectly capable of maintaining a small and very healthy farm once he was emancipated.

In addition to disagreeing about the motives of the slaves, Stampp and Genovese also disagree about the reactions of the slave owners. Genovese suggests numerous slave owners finally came to understand their slaves somewhat better, figuring out various means by which they could encourage more work out of them. One way in which they did this was by paying their slaves wages for work performed on Sundays and in the evenings and by holding community work-related competitions such as corn shucking. While these events, held at night and comprising heavy work, often were looked forward to as a means of winning money and other prizes from the master, Genovese suggests there was a deeper reason for their success. “The most important feature of these occasions and the most important incentive to these long hours of extra work was the community life they called forth. They were gala affairs. The jug passed freely … the work went on amidst singing and dancing, friends and acquaintances congregated … and the work was followed by an all-night dinner and ball at which inhibitions, especially those of class and race, were lowered as far as anyone dared” (Genovese, 1974: p.306). In addition, many slave owners provided their slaves with a small garden plot of their own from which they could keep the yield of their labor. Genovese suggests that the slaves were relatively happy in bondage as a result of these measures, which were applied to a large degree throughout the South.

In contrast, Stampp points to the numerous instances of runaway slaves and attempted slave uprisings despite the hopelessness of their cause as proof that the slave was never content with his lot and desired to be free simply because it is a natural desire of all men to be free regardless of how they were treated by their masters. “Slaves showed great eagerness to get some – if they could not get all – of the advantages of freedom. They liked to hire their own time, or to work in tobacco factories, or for the Tredegar Iron Company, because they were then under less restraint than in the fields, and they had greater opportunities to earn money for themselves” (Stampp, 1956: p.268). In addition to their passive resistance, Stampp illustrates how slaves had a relative morality regarding several small crimes like theft and self-mutilation as a means of appropriating their own value and discusses the various attempted or enacted slave uprisings that served to terrify the slave owners throughout the South. “In truth, no slave uprising ever had a chance of ultimate success, even though it might have cost the master class heavy casualties. The great majority of the disarmed and outnumbered slaves, knowing the futility of rebellion, refused to join in any of the numerous plots. Most slaves had to express their desire for freedom in less dramatic ways” (Stampp, 1956: p.281). In this argument, Stampp does not specifically address the reactions of the slave owners to the slave’s laziness in the same way that Genovese does, but eloquently illustrates why owner behavior had little bearing on the ultimate result – most slaves desired freedom whether with a ‘good’ master or a ‘bad’ one.

While both authors ultimately make a case for the slaves’ ultimate desire for freedom as expressed through their laziness (a form of passive aggression), both Genovese and Stampp come up with different motivations for the slaves and different reactions as proof of their claims. In these discussions, each author presents a well-considered analysis of the inner life of the slave. However, Stampp’s presentation emerges as the stronger of the two as he illustrates the reasons for numerous reports of runaway slaves and slaves so desperate to be free that they’d actually fight for the ability to die rather than return to the plantation. These are actions that are well-known in the general population and that remain unexplained by Genovese’s picture of a happy community life on the farm scenario with the kindly master and the carefree slaves. By including this information, Stampp is able to illustrate why his interpretation of slave life is more valid as it explains otherwise difficult to understand behavior while still providing room for slaves to have opted to remain passive resistant on the plantation.

Works Cited

1. Genovese, Eugene. “The Black Work Ethic.” (1974). Book name that the articles came from. Name of Editor (Ed.). Place of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication: pp. 299-313.
2. Stampp, Kenneth. “A Troublesome Property.” (1956). Book name that the articles came from. Name of Editor (Ed.). Place of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication: pp. 266-281.

After the boom, Virginians experienced a number of problems cased by unique social, economic and political conditions of the colony. New labor force that came to Virginia “threatened the independence of the small freeman and worsened the lot of the servant”. Lack of lands and absence of strict laws concerning a servitude made the freemen real losers. From the master’s perspective, the costs entailed in maintaining and reproducing labor were at the expense of freemen. Free workers, however, cost their masters less because the poor were generally more frugal and efficient in maintaining themselves than were slaveholders in maintaining their slaves.

Freeman became ‘losers’ because most freemen were deprived a chance to start their own business and success as free land owners. “The servants who became free after 1660 found it increasingly difficult to locate workable land that was not already claimed”. Also, freemen were obliged to work for other freemen if they could not start their own household. As the core of their appeal, land ratio in America was low and the land was so fertile that one could expect ex-slaves to work for hire. Planters argued that the combination of exuberance and plentiful land required coercion to facilitate the production of commercial crops. This argument, as many slaveholders emphasized, applied to all human behavior in the Americas. Freemen of any color entered into the production of crops for the price of labor at which slaves could be recruited from. “Impatient for immediate freedom or intimidated by an overbearing master, servants often did give up their freedom dues and thus found themselves very quickly back at work for their bread in another man’s household”.

Also, the ‘losers’ were Indians and some slaves excluded from social, economic and political life of the colony. The rate of work force loss in the period of apprenticeship, especially in the period immediately following its termination, was greater than the rate of losses due to aging and mortality in the years before the boom. The differences between thickly and thinly settled areas had played a considerable role in discussions of reproduction, productivity, and prices before the boom. With the freedom to partially withdraw labor, the differences in man land ratios became still more important. ‘Discontented freedmen and displaced Indians should have been concentrated in the same areas was scarcely accidental. Both were losers in the contest for the richer lands of the tidewater”. Indians and some freemen had similar access to land and recourse to partial, intermittent, or total withdrawals from the work force. Also, the land of the colony was accumulated in the hand of large landowners and was used for speculations. Indians were not socially situated and were not included in any social structure: “they stood outside society”.

In sum, the losers were those men who stood outside social structure deprived human rights and legal protection. At least in the short run, access to land became a much more significant issue to both freemen and Indians than fertility and mortality figures. This phenomenon brought a rapid shift of positions between social classes. Freedom did not guarantee improved conditions of life and human rights for freemen and Indians. Low social classes were exploited by the authorities and large land owners used them as cheap labor deprived rights and freedom.

Works Cited

Morgan, E.S. The Losers. In American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. Norton, 1975, pp. 215-234.

Slavery and freedom is said to be the central paradox of American history. Since the rise of United States as a nation, historians have long thought of the emergence of slavery and freedom in our society as a great contradiction. This pushed many critics to think that how could it be possible that slavery can co-exist for so long in a nation that upholds liberty and freedom? During the early 1970s, a great historian Edmund Morgan articulated that slavery and freedom can be far from being a contradiction. Fact is that American slavery and American freedom are a paradox. This is because these two concepts may seem contradictory, but in reality they are true elements of one another. If we sift through the seventeenth and eighteenth century American history, this paradox becomes more comprehensible and clearer because we will come to know that slavery is a vital element so that Americans will come to understand the true meaning of American freedom.

In his book American Slavery, American Freedom, Morgan (1975) informed that the people who united together seek the independence of the United States had felt uncomfortable about the fact that they are “dedicated to freedom and equality” yet “they either held slaves or were willing to join hands with those who did”. However, most of these “masters” have just inherited “both their slaves and their attachment to freedom from an earlier generation, and they knew that the two were not unconnected”. Morgan (1975) thought that:

The rise of liberty and equality in America had been accompanied by the rise of slavery. That two such seemingly contradictory developments were taking place simultaneously over a long period of time, from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth, is the central paradox of American history (Morgan, 1975, p. 4).

The first impulse was to think of freedom as a contrast to slavery. Emancipation immediately released slaves from the most oppressive aspects of bondage—the whippings, the breakup of families, the sexual exploitation. Freedom also meant movement, the right to travel without a pass or white permission. Above all, freedom meant that African Americans’ labor would be for their benefit. After seeing the ultimate denial of rights, American revolutionaries knew the slavery of African Americans could lead to what the Black bondservants are experiencing. They made it clear in their pamphlets that they would fight hard not to be debased to the position of the black slave. Finally, as time went on, the concept of American freedom widened and it now focuses on the terms of community and national belonging that frowns upon the exclusion of people of color. This new concept of freedom was expected to promote cohesion among people who were, in reality, not considered as equals because they are in different class positions. As the central paradox, slavery needed to emerge before the true meaning of American freedom has been realized.

Works Cited

Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: Norton, 1975.

It is amazing that even in the 21st century slavery is still prevalent not only in the developing countries, but also in developed nations. Statistics reveals that on average 700,000 people are trafficked internationally, while worldwide research reveal that approximately between 12 and 27 million people are involved in slavery either inform of forced labor, sex trafficking or bonded labor.

On an annual basis, nearly 175,000 individuals find themselves in the United States through trafficking, according to estimates. Thus, it is clear that despite all the efforts that have been put forward to fight slavery, the menace still prevails and even in the United States. It is therefore necessary that all nations undertake appropriate measures to combat the menace.

Various forms of modern slavery

Slavery has persisted for that long because of the increased demand for free and cheap goods and services which can only be assured through slavery. The peril has evolved from being referred as slavery and currently it is being regarded as human trafficking.

Human trafficking is a kind of exploitation where women, men and children are recruited and forced to work against their consent for free or low pay. There are various forms of modern slavery that range from chattel slavery, Debt bondage forced labor and contact slavery among others.

Chattel slavery is often regarded as the oldest type of slavery that was mostly common in the mid 18000 when people were being abducted from their homes, inherited or given as gifts to work in farm plantations. These people were regarded as the property of their masters to do as he/she wishes with them.

This trade was later abolished. Nowadays this form of slavery is very rare as it is illegal and easy to crack down. The existing Chattel slavery is considered as being very abusive and dangerous since it is illegal and no longer regulated by the government as there before.

In the 18th century when this form of slavery was legal the slave owners headed specific conditions that were put into place by the government to regulate the trade. Nowadays chattel slavery is never controlled; the slavers owners abuse their slaves very much since they do not care as they are never monitored (Warren par. 4).

Forced labor is another form of slavery. This kind of slavery is common mostly in developing nations and especially those that are not politically stable. This occurs when one political faction takes captives civilians from the rivalry group and forces them to work under violence, threats or reprisal.

Examples of such type of slavery is where militia groups takes captives the civilians and abuse them sexually or use them for munitions transport or production. It is very rare and only prevalent in unstable governments such as Congo and Sudan (Warren par. 5).

Debt bondage is the most common type of modern slavery today. Debt slavery initiates when the master gives the slave a small loan whose payment method is in form of work. In this process the slave owner pays the slave very mingle wages from where he/she further deducts exorbitant house rent and food.

Thus, the debt continuous to increase hence ensuring that the slave gives a life time service to him/her. Debt bondage slavery gives the slave owner a high profit margin and also gives him/her a form of pretense for legality. This form of slavery is more prevalent in third world countries where poverty is dominant (Warren, par. 6).

Contract slavery is a form of slavery that is common in developed nations such as United Sates. Contract slavery occurs when people who had visited developed nations from third world countries come back home abroad well dressed and with money and trick young people to accompany them there for decent jobs.

The residents agree and travel using fake documents. When they arrive there things change and instead of getting the decent jobs they were promised are forced to work in brothel or textile factories with low or no pay.

Most of these people sell their properties at home to pay for the money solicited by the agents taking them abroad to cater for processing their travel documents and transport.

Others who do not have properties to sell to raise the money required borrow from friends and family members to refund it once they get there and secure those decent jobs they are promised.

The fear of the debts back at home and fear of deportations due to lack of proper travel documents prevent these slaves from reporting their situations to necessary authorities. This makes such people to end up in different various forms of slavery (Warren par. 7).

Causes of Human Trafficking

The question of the reasons of human trafficking is a complex one to answer since there are various causes for it, but the majors causes include;

Poverty and Inequality: It is evident that human trafficking involves trafficking people from poor countries to relatively wealthier nations. The circumstance of lack of economic activities in a country is a major reason why individual accepts to move from their families and support structures to go to foreign countries to look for a better livelihood.

Most of their family members see it fruitful to go into debt to raise the money solicited by the agents and secure one of their own an opportunity to travel abroad to get a well paying job. Once away from home and with the debt incurred for the travel it becomes very difficult for many to leave their situations of exploitations and solicit for assistance from relevant bodies.

Thai is good example of a country where individuals leave their country to travel to Europe or United States for search of better jobs. Still in Thai there is also internal trafficking whereby people are trafficked from the marginalized poor rural areas to the urban centers that are richer (Brinkley 6).

Gender Discrimination: There are diverse ways through which gender discrimination results. In some societies girls and women are discriminated in terms of unequal opportunity to education or employment.

This occurs in societies where women are regarded as secondary to men. In most such instance girls and women are more often abused by their family members or by the community for being under educated and unskilled.

To escape such instances, such women/girls are forced by circumstances to travel far in foreign countries to work as domestic workers and live in someone else houses. This increases their risk of being sexually abused. Alternatively, they are forced to work in the sex industry that is better paying but risky.

The two occupations are characterized by regulated and usually low status work. This form of work happens behind the scenes to avoid detection by authorities.

Women/girls in these situations have very minimal control on their environment and that’s why most of the traffickers target them. Gender discrimination can occur in situations where stereotypes hold.

For instances some societies believe that men/boys should not report instances of abuse since it will portray them as being weak. Similarly many societies perceive men as the bread winners. In such societies men are forced to take risky decisions such as traveling to foreign countries to provide for their families (Brinkley 7).

Child vulnerability: on a global scale, statistics show that an increasing number of families are now relying on their children to work and earn extra income. It is obvious that children are prone to abuse and exploitation and especially when they do not have responsible care givers.

Under certain circumstances, some parents have been known to collect a fee from child traffickers. In some other situations parents are known to hand over their kids to trusted people to work for them for some small fee.

Some of these people happen to be traffickers who promise the parents to take good care of their children, but instead exploit them sexually or abuse them in other ways such as overworking them for little pay. This is prevalent to those children that live in unstable families where parents are drug addicts or those living in orphanages or with distant relatives (Trafficking in Children 8-10).

Violence, conflict: Presence of sexual abuse or violence within the family aggravates the degree of trafficking. Additionally, the existence of conflicts in civil societies and lack of rule of law can worsen individuals to become more prone to actions of trafficking (Bales 3).

Demand and supply: Traffickers ensure the existence of cheap, exploitable and unregulated labor. Such labors include child sex tourism, internet pornography among others. Given the fact that there is demand for cheap and exploitable labor, this only acts to make the situation even worse.

Alternatively, the demand also occurs to those that generate income from the trafficking. They include the trafficking agents, brokers and their transporters. Similarly the increase in the supply of cheap sex workers can contribute to a higher demand for the services from them (Modern Slavery 6).

Solutions to End Human Trafficking

There is a need for all bodies concerned to come up with appropriate strategies to end the cotemporary slavery that has taken the form of human trafficking. Among the measures to be exercised include; Establishing and empowering grassroots movements to educate the public about human trafficking in the most vulnerable areas.

Such movements are well known for educating the public concerning the matter and enhancing public awareness on human trafficking considerably. They should be well structured with relevant policies and well funded to realize their objective. They should work with other related bodies and concerned governments to be more effective (Warren par. 4).

The second resolution that needs to be undertaken to curtail human trafficking is to enforce both the local and international laws that regulate human trafficking.

It is ironical that despite the presence of four international treaties that burn slavery, slavery is still very prevalent globally. Thus, the enforcement of both the local and international treaty will help greatly to fight slavery. This is because governments concerned have a lot of power to fight the human trafficking menace (Aaronson par. 5).

Another solution that can assist greatly to fight the menace is the use of product identification strategy whereby products that are manufacture without the use of slave labor are identified and given special label to differentiate them from the rest.

This will help consumer understand the history of the products they are about to purchase and make informed decision (Ending Modern Slavery 6).

In conclusion it is apparent that the contemporary slavery will end when firms accepts not to relay on supplies produced by slave labor. These companies will also expose their rival companies that may use the exploitative slave labor to reduce their cost of production to help them offer them at a lesser cost. In addition both the developed and developing countries require establishing strategies that will ensure that there is equal opportunity for all in terms of education, employment and power. It is only this process that wills guarantee the word a society free of slavery.

Works Cited

Aaronson, Susan. “Can Fight Modern Slavery”. Tom Paine. Commonsense.2008.Web.

Bales, Kevin. “The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery.” Scientific American Apr. 2002: 80

Brinkley, Joel. “U.S. Report Details Modern ‘Slave’ Trade.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinal. 02 Apr. 2000, final ed.: 55A

“Ending Modern Slavery.” The Christian Science Monitor 01 Oct. 1993.

“Modern Slavery: People for Sale” US Government Info.2011. 17 May 2011.

“Trafficking in Children.” The New York Times 04 May. 2001, late (east coast) ed.: A24.

Warren, Andrew. “Iniquity: Modern Slavery”. The rational argumentator. A journal for Western Man.20 June 2003.