Category: Robots

Robots on Earth by Jerry West is a work of non-fiction that attempts to discuss the ways in which the perception of robots and AI are misrepresented within society. While the media tries to paint robots as villainous and dangerous creations, in practice, they merely exist as equipment to help people create and maintain health, safety, and productivity (Open Data Science, 2019). Certain employment, with the author using welding and painting as examples, is inherently essential to the structure of civilization but tedious and dangerous for human workers. This issue has a viable solution, the implementation of robots in workplaces that are hazardous or detrimental to human workers. Robots can operate within scientific frames, such as on the International Space station, which allows humans to avoid deadly risks and collect more accurate data. Similarly, robots have no apprehension when it comes to mundane and repetitive work which does not capitalize on human creativity. In conclusion, the perception of robots as evil or villainous is not founded on any scientific findings, and robots exist to improve the services and abilities of humans by directly providing safety, tools, and results.

Reference

Open Data Science. (2019). What do Popular Movies About AI Get Wrong? The Medium. Web.

Falls are a significant healthcare concern affecting people aged 65 years and above. It has been estimated that one in four U.S. residents fall every year, which is often associated with serious injuries or even death (Burns & Kakara, 2018). According to Burns and Kakara (2018), the rate of deaths associated with falls increased by 30% during the past decade. The shortage of nursing staff and the increasing population can soon lead to the rise of the mortality rate related to falls.

Therefore, by addressing the problem, it is possible to improve peoples safety and reduce healthcare costs. Unmanned systems have been used in the health-related industry, and certain steps to develop fall prevention tools have been made (Zhang et al., 2017). However, there is still no effective unmanned system that could provide a viable solution to the problem. The proposed UGV will become a solution to a problem for the elderly living alone in their homes and those living in nursing homes.

The UGV in question will target nursing home residents and older people who live in their houses and are occasionally visited by their relatives or medical staff. The working name for the system is NoFallsRob, and it will be fully automated. The system will involve three major components: a charging base, sensor-based wearable device, and a soft robot that is similar to a walker. The proposed system will have sound and motion sensors that will activate the machine when needed.

When a person calls or starts moving the robot moves to the necessary spot. The user is informed about his helpers proximity by certain voice messages. NoFallsRob can be then employed as a walker, but its advantage is its complete focus on the position of the individual. This feature is specifically beneficial for those affected by dementia as these older people often fail to utilize their walkers, which leads to falls. The NoFallsRob always moves to the right place and ensures the persons safety.

The proposed system will be mainly charged with the help of the charging base, but it can also have some solar panels that could prolong its working hours. The functioning of outdoor NoFallsRobs can be facilitated by these panels. As mentioned above, the system will include a wearable device. The use of sensor-based wearable facilities has proved to be efficient in the healthcare setting, especially with older patients (Andrews & Raja, 2017).

This component will ensure the precision of the work of the system as the soft robot will respond to the exact persons movements. It will not be activated by other peoples movements or voices. However, it can be programmed to respond to a certain persons voice, which can be important for caregivers. The proposed system can also include some additional features, including but not confined to alarms, music, or even mobile-based connection.

In conclusion, the proposed UGV system will be instrumental in reducing the rate of falls among the elderly. The NoFallsRob can be helpful in nursing homes and households where older people live. The system is mainly electricity-powered, but it can also have solar panels. The new system will help in enhancing elderly peoples safety and reducing healthcare costs linked to unintentional injury. It will also help many elderly people become more confident and active, which will inevitably improve their overall health condition.

References

Andrews, L. J. B., & Raja, L. (2017). Remote based patient monitoring system using wearable sensors through online and offline mode for android based mobile platforms. In 2017 International Conference on Infocom Technologies and Unmanned Systems (Trends and Future Directions) (ICTUS) (pp. 602-606). Dubai, the United Arab Emirates: IEEE. Web.

Burns, E., & Kakara, R. (2018). Deaths from falls among persons aged e65 years  United States, 20072016. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(18), 509-514. Web.

Guirguis-Blake, J. M., Michael, Y. L., Perdue, L. A., Coppola, E., & Beil, T. (2018). Interventions to prevent falls in older adults. JAMA, 319(16), 1705-1716. Web.

Zhang, T., Li, Q., Zhang, C. S., Liang, H.W., Li, P., Wang, T., Li, S., & Wu, C. (2017). Current trends in the development of intelligent unmanned autonomous systems. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 18(1), 68-85. Web.

AI-powered technologies have been implemented in the retail sector for long decades, but a truly innovative robotics era is yet to come. From vending machines to a robot barista serving drinks, the use of automation devices corresponds to fast-changing market demands and aims to enhance customer experience and improve a companys performance (Baird, 2017). Despite some negative aspects of robotics in retail, advantages prevail, and most retailers could benefit from using new strategies.

I believe that robots could enhance the overall store experience for customers by modernizing shops and offering interoperability, autonomy, and mobility. Collecting and analyzing data, managing inventory, optimizing logistics, delivering goods, detecting issues, and offering customized products are only a few functions AI-powered technology can fulfill (OBrien, 2020). Even though any retail business could benefit from robotics, even small corner stores, some types of retailers are better suited for this: large chains, corporations, and tech giants, like Amazon, Target, or Walmart (Baird, 2017). For fast-paced stores, automatization is essential to transform their service and reach the highest performance.

A comprehensive approach can help retailers apply the new strategy effectively and make it work. However, there are potential drawbacks of robots in retail, and the most major one is cost. According to Iflexion (2019), the initial price of new software can discourage some businesses from implementing it. Besides, risks of data violation and leakage, job losses, and maintenance expenses are significant challenges of technology use. Nevertheless, I find the strategy of implementing AI in retail promising and positive since it would boost performance and free people from mundane, repetitive, and hard physical work. I think that for some other retailers, for instance, Costco, machine-learning solutions would also work since the company operates warehouse stores and deals with the high workload for employees.

To sum up, the benefits and potential pitfalls of using technology and robots in retail should be considered when analyzing the issue. In the modern world of fast growth and intense competition, companies need to adjust their strategies to maintain customers favor and employees satisfaction. It can be concluded that machine-learning solutions can be advantageous for all kinds of businesses, but large corporations could significantly benefit from innovative technologies.

References

Baird, N. (2017). Robots will be in retail stores sooner than you think. Forbes Magazine. Web.

Iflexion. (2019). AI and robotics in retail: Drivers, impact, and challenges. Medium.

OBrien, E. (2020). Robotics in retail key to industry, market transformation. Robotics Business Review.

A pro forma projected financial statement

A pro forma projected financial statement is a leveraging tool for hypothetical assumptions and data for the future value of a project performance during a period yet to be covered. It forecasts financial statements for future periods in a business (Laurie, 2019). For this reason, a pro forma projected expenses and operating costs for robotics/AI could be developed through the following steps.

Step one

The first step in developing pro forma projected expenses and operating costs is the calculation of revenue estimates for robotics and AI. This step will incorporate reasonable market insights (Laurie, 2019). I will also look for asset accumulation, cash flow, and typical annual income by consulting experts and conducting research.

Step two

The second step will be the calculation of expenses and debts. In this step, credit and debt lines credit lines and loans. Insurance, rent, license, permit, employee wages, and other costs will be part of the budget. I will utilize profit estimates in step one and total expenses and obligations in this step to establish the projects first component. This step will give extra care to each expense. I will evaluate all costs of the project to determine what to cut.

3rd step

The third step will be the calculation of the projects cash flow. This section significantly increases future sales, stock-outs, earnings, sales, and varied financial performances.

4th step

The fourth step is the development of an accounts chart for the business. The chart of accounts is a three-to-five-year statement of the pro forma. The initial year of the business is divided into monthly installments, while the subsequent second and third are reduced into quarterly divisions. The fourth and fifth year is lowered annually.

Estimating business revenue is vital for entrepreneurs to help develop staffing and operational plan that contribute to the businesss success. Thus, revenue would be estimated by first forecasting expenses for different categories, such as fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed or overhead costs for accurate revenue estimation include utility bills, accounting, rent, legal insurance license fees, technology, salaries, marketing and advertising, and postage. Variable costs comprise costs of goods sold, packaging, customer service, material supplies, direct sales, customer services, and direct marketing (Laurie, 2019). The estimation for expenses will double estimates for marketing and advertisement expenses due to escalation beyond projection. The pro forma will triple estimates for legal licensing and insurance fees because they are unpredictable and exceed expected values.

Estimation would also be done with the aid of aggressive and conservative cases. Usually, fluctuating between aggressive dreams and conservative reality motivates the business. For example, conservative revenue estimation will presume assumptions that include two marketing channels, new products, low price points, and no sales staff. The aggressive case assumes a low price point for the base products and a higher price for premium products and numerous marketing channels (Laurie, 2019). Besides, key ratios are significant in making sound projections on a businesss revenues, fixed, variable, and margins. The ratio of all direct costs to the total revenue in a certain quarter of the year helps to achieve a positive gross margin. The operating profit margin is also estimated to trace revenue growth. In this case, overhead costs should take a small portion of total costs to increase profit margins.

Estimated figures for robotics are subject to strategic management decisions. Thus, the ROI calculator is significant in generating revenue and cost estimation figures. The calculator aids in analyzing the economic impact of robotics. It saves time in executing the values needed to forecast the future growth of the business (Laurie, 2019). It is advantageous over other means of obtaining values since it accounts for all total costs of ownership. Other ways of estimating figures include using formulas to provide values that cannot be automated. Historical data is also compared and estimated with the current market and robotics trends.

Robotics/AI pro forma financial statement

Variable costs are the total of materials and labor required to produce a unit of a product in a business. Estimated total variable cost is calculated by its formula as variable cost per unit multiplied by units produced. An accurate estimate will be achieved by considering variable costs per unit and total units produced. The figures are achieved by measuring resources used in each unit because variable costs increase proportionally with the number of required units (Laurie, 2019). Total variable cost is estimated by multiplying the total number of units by the cost per unit. For example, if one unit costs £50 for a product and ten units have been produced, the total variable cost is 10 multiplied by £50, or £600. Fixed costs do not vary with the number of produced products. It is calculated by summing warehouse space + website domain cost + production equipment. For efficiency, figures for the estimates can be arrived at using an ROI calculator for robotics/AI.

References

Laurie M. (2019). Developing a pro forma financial statement. Medical Group Management Association  MGMA.

Introduction

The robot is defined as a man-made electromechanical machine that works on a set of pre-programmed instructions from humans or computers to do some specific job or a variety of jobs on its own. Robots are devices that mimic human or animal characteristics in performing the specified jobs and are considered to possess virtual intelligence.

Robotics is a fast-growing engineering division, and scientists believe that robots are going to change the everyday lives of people. A wide variety of areas involving high-risk jobs and normal household jobs are soon going to be occupied by robots.

Jobs classified as highly dangerous and relatively dirty for normal human beings to do are now being delegated to robots. ASIMO  the robot made by Honda is considered to be the most advanced humanoid made on earth with several recognition properties like speech, voice, and face. With the advancement in science and technology, robots are becoming more specialized and efficient than human beings in many areas.

Max Rudolf Frisch, the famous Swiss architect, and novelist says in his novel Homo Faber: The machine has no feelings; it feels no fear and no hope& it operates according to the pure logic of probability. For this reason, I assert that the robot perceives more accurately than man (Frisch, n.d., para.10). Robots are assisting men in domestic duties, nursing, medical care, security, etc.

With this increasing participation of robots in peoples lives, we will be compelled to know whether robots are intelligent or not. Numerous debates take place between philosophers; scientists specialized in cognitive sciences and psychologists on whether robots as machines can think or whether robots have Consciousness.

The question is relevant in this era where humans depend more and more on robots and are ready to accept the concept of robots with intelligence and Consciousness.

But, robots are neither conscious nor intelligent.

Significance of the study

The significance of this paper is to examine whether robots have Consciousness or intelligence. Robots have the ability to interact with the environment in which they work and have decision-making capabilities. These factors can make us think whether robots may replace human beings in this world. It is a worry for many whether robots may demand space for their existence.

The proof of this paper will surely be some relaxation to people who think robots can take over human beings. Of course, there are some areas where robots are highly efficient and have the upper hand when compared to humans, especially in areas like space research, which demands extreme conditions where it is impossible for human beings to survive.

Also, human beings can never become as efficient as robots in such functionality displayed by robots. All these have brought about disambiguation among people who believe that robots have Consciousness. This study shows how it is possible for robots to think and act like humans and proves that robots are not really conscious.

Plan of organization

The paper explores what Consciousness in the human term is. It compares human thinking with machine thinking, if machines have any. Previous researches and papers published on robots and their intelligence are reviewed and compared to get a clear picture of whether robots have Consciousness and to arrive at a final conclusion.

The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the positive and negative arguments that arose on the issue. The paper also states the relevance of the paper when applied to the Arab world and the Gulf countries.

Interesting perspective

In his paper Consciousness in Human and Robot minds, Daniel Dennett from the Centre for Cognitive Studies, Tuft University says that there will be a day when robots can become conscious. The reasoning given by him is that human beings are also in some sort, robots.

That is, we are extraordinarily complex self-controlling, self-sustaining physical mechanisms, designed over the eons by natural selection, and operating according to the same well-understood principles that govern all the other physical processes in living things: digestive and metabolic processes, self-repair and reproductive processes, for instance.

It may be wildly over-ambitious to suppose that human artificers can repeat Natures triumph, with variations in material, form, and design process, but this is not a deep objection (Dennett, 1994, para.1). But he also says that it is just his mundane skepticism, and the theory is supported by his reasoning only and not by valid proof.

He tries to prove that there is a chance that robots can be conscious, but the proofs provided are not strong enough. In fact, those statements will really help in proving that robots are not conscious.

Argumentative Thesis Statement

Robots are just machines programmed to work according to human needs to satisfy or help humans in several jobs and do not possess intelligence or Consciousness. Programmed electro-mechanical machines can never have Consciousness as human beings or other living organisms have.

Robots work only according to the information set as programmed by humans in them and can never think or have intuitions as humans have. They work on a set of statistics and probability fed to them and do not have feelings or intelligence like living beings have.

Arguments and Proofs

To understand and analyze whether robots have Consciousness, one has first to understand what Consciousness is. In the book, Consciousness  a very short introduction by Susan Blackmore, she has tried to define Consciousness, though it is not very accurate.

According to her: What its like to be&: If there is something it is like to be an animal (or computer, or baby) then that thing is conscious. Otherwise it is not. Subjectivity or phenomenality: Consciousness means subjective experience or phenomenal experience. This is the way things seem to me, as opposed to how they are objectively.

Qualia: The ineffable subjective qualities of experience, such as the redness of red or the indescribable smell of turpentine. (Blackmore, 2005, p.7). What she means is that Consciousness is something that we can feel to be like. We can feel to be like another animal or a bird or an insect. But we cant feel to be a cup or a computer or a machine. It is similar to robots also. We cannot assume or feel how being a robot is. They are just machines which work according to our instructions and do not have feelings.

Consciousness involves awareness, both of what is going around us and what is going on inside our minds, self awareness (Levy, 2006, p.369, chap.12). The way we respond to the aroma of a cup of coffee or the wagging of the tail of our pet dog is caused by our Consciousness, i.e., our self-awareness as well as of what is going around us.

Robots cannot distinguish the way one person feels about the aroma of a cup of coffee. They cannot have qualia as humans, or other living beings are believed to have. They are purely material artifacts.

A strong argument against robots having Consciousness is that they are purely mechanical and inorganic. Consciousness is present only inorganic substances. Inorganic substances are purely mechanical, whereas organic systems exhibit patterns of organization that purely mechanical system lack.

I.e., they exhibit an ability to reproduce the physical substratum needed to maintain a form or pattern of activity, and to shape and replace elements of their substratum according to whether those elements serve well as substrata for the form of activity that is being maintained (Ellis, 1995, p.181).

More valid arguments that support the thesis are that robots cannot have desires like humans and other living beings have, which is purely a conscious driven act. Also, robots cannot reproduce on their own. This is, however, a weak argument because there are human beings also cannot reproduce on their own.

A negative argument against this thesis is that with the advancement in artificial intelligence and computer science, robots will become more complicated than the present ones and can have Consciousness. Also, some scientists worldwide have called on for making a robot ethics charters. In March, South Korea provided a sneak peek at its Robot Ethics Charter slated for release later in 2007.

The charter envisioned a near future wherein humans might run the risk of becoming emotionally dependent on or addicted to their robots (Billings, 2009, para.1). But this is baseless. All these arguments were proposed when television and computer were introduced, and yet it has not proved that those will overtake humans from this world. Humans have known very well to control their machines, and so will be the case of robots also.

Robots respond only to previously processed and assimilated functions. New or relatively odd situations cannot be handled by them as humans, or living beings with Consciousness do. This shows that although robots can process more maths and logic than human beings, it can never behave in a way as humans do with emotions and counter emotions.

The relevance of robots and their Consciousness in the Arab world or the Gulf countries are mainly in warfare and not particularly in changing their everyday lives.

When U.S. forces went into Iraq, the original invasion had no robotic systems on the ground. By the end of 2004, there were 150 robots on the ground in Iraq; a year later there were 2,400; by the end of 2008, there were about 12,000 robots of nearly two dozen varieties operating on the ground in Iraq.

As one retired Army officer put it, the Army of the Grand Robotic is taking shape (Singer, 2009, para.5). Also robots are deployed more into air, sea and land warfare. This is not because they have Consciousness, but because they can cause fewer mortality rates than old-time wars and is better in using new technologies in warcraft. All these robots are human-controlled and do not possess Consciousness.

The Arab worlds most advanced robot, Reem B, a 1.5m tall, 60kg robot, could help humans perform everyday tasks or care for the sick and elderly, its developer, Abu Dhabi-based PAL Technology, told UAE daily The National (Ferris-Lay, 2008, para.1).

The robot is mainly made to assist humans in sophisticated tasks. After it was revealed, many people feared that the robot might have Consciousness. Reem B has many highly sophisticated capabilities like long battery life, voice recognition, face recognition, map its environment, avoid obstacles in its path and climb stairs.

It can also lift up to twelve kilograms of weight. But studies show that Reem B, for all its wonder, didnt show signs of real thought or intelligence. Instead, it was an amalgamation of clever tricks (Francis, 2008, para.3).

Survey

An online survey was conducted among twenty people to understand their stand on the thesis argument. They were asked ten questions based on robots and Consciousness.

The questions were:

• Can Consciousness be clearly defined?
• Do all living beings possess Consciousness?
• Do robots have Consciousness?
• Justify your answer to the question above
• Are our present-day robots complicated enough to have Consciousness?
• Is artificial intelligence making more intelligent robots or not?
• Will robots out power human beings?
• Are human beings addicted to robots?
• Should the development of robots be stopped?
• Can robots process emotions like humans?

The answers received from all the twenty people varied a lot.

Most people suggested that Consciousness cannot be clearly defined. It can be a physical or mental process that is taking place inside the body. Some people suggested that Consciousness is purely a mental procedure and does not occupy any physical entity in our body. Some pointed out various books and literature which give a definition of Consciousness.

Almost all of them agreed that all living beings have Consciousness, and nonliving beings do not possess and cannot possess Consciousness.

About Consciousness in robots, some people had doubts about whether they possess Consciousness or not. Justification on their answer was more or less similar to the arguments made in this paper. People who said robots have Consciousness linked robotic Consciousness to the advancement of artificial intelligence. Some people even commented that robots do not have Consciousness because they cannot dream.

Some people agree that present-day robots like ASIMO, Hondas robot are complicated enough to have a high degree of intelligence, but the question of Consciousness is not clear.

On AI and its influence on robotics, many agreed that AI could contribute to more developed robots. But none agreed to the fact that robots can out power humans or that humans are addicted to robots.

Also, though developers say that robots can process emotions, people in the survey do not think so. They also agree in saying that the development of robots should not be stopped, but care should be taken to control them properly, and a code of ethics should be drawn to prevent them from being harmful to live beings.

Conclusion

This paper examines whether robots are conscious or not. It has proved that robots are just machines programmed to work according to human needs to satisfy or help humans in several jobs and do not possess intelligence or Consciousness.

Programmed electro-mechanical machines can never have Consciousness as human beings or other living organisms have. This proof is relevant in the present world in the sense that robots will never out power humans and humans are not dependant on robots.

Robots are made to and can only be an aid for humans in sophisticated activities and cannot really possess Consciousness. The more in-depth study on the advancement of Artificial Intelligence has to be considered for further research on this subject.

Reference List

Billings. L (2007). Grappling with the implications of an artificially intelligent culture: Rise of roboethics. Seed Magazine.

Blackmore, S. (2005). Consciousness: A short introduction: Defining consciousness. Oxford University Press.

Dennett, D C. (1994). Consciousness in human and robot minds: Good and bad grounds for skepticism.

Ellis, R D. (1995). Questioning consciousness: The interplay of imagery, cognition, and emotion in the human brain. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Ferris-Lay, C. (2008). Arab worlds most advanced robot unveiled. Arabian Business.com.

Francis, D. (2008). Rise of the machines. Arabian Business.com.

Frisch, M. (n.d.). Quotes on robots: Homo faber: A report. Notable Quotes.

Levy, D N L. (2006). Robots unlimited: Life in a virtual age: Robot consciousness. A K Peters, Ltd.

Singer, P W. (2009). Military robots and the laws of war. Brookings.

Introduction

The thought of fully unmanned ground vehicles fascinates everyone with an interest in robotics and automation technologies. Governments, corporations, and individuals have been pursuing various technologies that could see the dream of self-driven robots taking over critical roles, such as warfare in rough terrains and dangerous environments. Emerging technologies could soon lead to exemplary designs featuring advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities, which could give future autonomous vehicles unaided decision-making capabilities. Essentially, the incorporation of carefully developed AI systems in crewless land vehicles designed for the DARPA Grand Challenge could be a vital supplement to the 2005 designs, as it could yield autonomous vehicles capable of functioning intelligently with greater precision.

Description of the Vehicle Design

The teams behind the autonomous designs featured in the 2005 DARPA Challenge were limited to using GPS, the only signal that could be transmitted or received by the vehicle. The requirement was that the vehicles be completely autonomous and free from any external human assistance throughout the race (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2004). Notably, designers used adaptive vision technologies and computer codes to define the route. Stanford Racing Teams vehicle, dubbed Stanley, finished the 132-mile race in less than seven hours, taking the first position (Stanford Racing Team, 2005). The vehicle featured a video camera, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) laser sensors, and a GPS system, which were incorporated to aid navigation through the desert terrain route (The great robot race, 2006). Possibly, Stanley could have performed much better if designers used generative software to give the vehicle an increased capacity to avoid collisions.

Recommended Technology Upgrades

The technologies available for designers in 2005 were just sufficient for the design of vehicles that could maneuver through predetermined routes with minimal obstacles. The terms of the challenge included the requirement that vehicles have all intelligence, computing, and sensor-processing systems needed for navigation onboard (DARPA, 2004). Similar to the other vehicles in the race, Stanley encountered challenges in maneuvering around obstacles. Teams had incorporated route information in the onboard navigation systems, meaning that a slight deviation or change of route could be detrimental. Hence, it would be recommendable to incorporate google maps in the Stanley design for an easy and precise maneuver and navigation. Besides, the incorporation of a generative code or software to aid Stanleys navigation around unexpected barriers could have been a critical technology upgrade.

Benefits of the Recommended System

An intelligent system with the capability to detect changes or deviations in the terrain and unexpected obstacles would be possible with regenerative software. Software with a generative code could boost the crewless vehicles ability to determine when and where to accelerate with greater precision. The vehicle would be able to respond to all obstacles, including those that might be introduced in the route after the map is incorporated in the onboard intelligence systems. However, navigation systems used in the 2005 Stanley design, particularly LIDAR sensors, would require replacement with relatively more precise infrared detection devices. These improvements would culminate in improved performance, as the vehicle would sense obstacles more precisely and make appropriate decisions fast and efficiently.

Conclusion

In overview, it is apparent that governments and corporations are continuously pursuing the idea of full autonomous ground vehicles. The DARPA Grand Challenge is an important manifestation of these efforts, which allows enthusiasts to showcase their innovations. Notably, the outcomes of these challenges influence the progress realized in the robotics and automation industry. For instance, the Stanford Racing Team would not hesitate to incorporate google maps in their vehicle had they been designing Stanley, the 2005 winner, at this time. Designers and developers must consistently explore advanced AI systems to develop safe and reliable autonomous vehicles that surpass human performance.

References

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (2004). DARPA Grand Challenge-2005 Rules. [PDF document]. Web.

Stanford Racing Team. Stanford racing teams entry in the 2005 DARPA grand challenge. [PDF document] Web.

The great robot race [Film] (2006). The Public Broadcasting Services.

Developments in space exploration are taking the center stage in powerful world countries, particularly the US and Russia. The inability to refuel, service, and repair satellites once launched into space is a significant concern, as companies and governments lose millions of dollars in value due to minor problems (Vocative, 2017). However, NASA is making notable milestones towards the actualization of the autonomous repair concept, which will be a major relieve because it will be possible to refuel and repair malfunctioned satellites.

The actualization of NASAs idea of autonomous space robots with the capacity to repair and refuel satellites will pave the way for further developments and exploration. The number of satellites that have run out of fuel or malfunctioned can be comprehended based on the 5% failure rate of SpaceX Starlink satellites launched between 2018 and 2019. SpaceX reported that three of the companys 60 Starlink Satellites launched on May 23 were unresponsive as of June 28 the same year, 2019 (Foust, 2019). A significantly large number of satellites at the risk of on-orbit failure due to malfunction and fuel exhaustion could benefit from the actualization of NASAs autonomous repair concept.

Merely all major companies with an interest in space exploration are pursuing the autonomous satellite repair concept. According to Singh (2017), the fact that nine of the 72 atomic clocks on the European Space Agencys (ESA) Galileo Satnav constellation failed is a sufficient reason for the company to consider the idea of autonomous satellite repair service. Similarly, Japans Aerospace Exploration Agency is considering the same concept following a recent incident in which the smallest-ever rockets communications systems malfunctioned, leading to a failed launch (Singh, 2017). However, companies pursuing the idea might need to brace themselves for patent battles once the autonomous repair robot idea is actualized.

In overview, the concept of autonomous robots to refuel and repair stranded satellites has emerged when powerful countries are intensifying the space race. Malfunctioning and running out of fuel are common satellite challenges. Such satellites are left to continue orbiting around the earth for generations because nothing can be done to repair or refuel them. Hence, the concept of smart autonomous space vehicles is gaining momentum, as this could be the solution to satellite fuel and malfunction challenges.

References

Foust, J. (2019). Starlink failures highlight space sustainability concerns. Space News. Web.

Singh, I. (2017). Biggest satellite industry fails in 2017. Geo News. Web.

Vocative. (2017). Autonomous space robots will soon repair satellites [Video]. YouTube. Web.

Abstract

Although robots are more effective, human service is still preferred in hotel service. They can work under dangerous conditions, provide standardized services and work more than human beings. The inability of robots to interact, show and understand emotions effectively makes consumers prefer human service. Humans ability to provide personalized service and influence consumer emotions creates trust in consumers and increases the chances of winning their loyalty. The current studies show consumers improved preference for robotic service in hotels. The shift is attributed to the recent global pandemic, which required people to avoid social contact to stay safe. However, the hotel service is expected to resume its operations after the pandemic.

Introduction

Robots are eliminating the need for human labor in industries. They are preferred for their standardized output quality and quantity and improved competency. The robots are practical for use, especially where the tasks place human life in danger. They are known to be free of errors in their operations. There is a similar rapid shift of operations and management dependence on human interventions to artificial intelligence in the tourism and hotel industry. There is fear that the perfection portrayed by robots may render human labor useless.

Robots might set the bar too high for skilled human beings to reach and limit their entry into the job market. The technology combines face recognition technology, robots, voice, and wearable technology to deliver hotel services (Kim et al., 2021). During the global pandemic COVID-19, between 2019 and 2020, the hotel and tourism industry went dormant due to the nature of the illness. The industry relies more on human contact than machine use, thus making it a primary sector to focus on to mitigate the virus spread. After reopening operations in the industry, outlets opted for alternatives that included implementing artificial intelligence in hotel operations. Although robots have enhanced continuous operations and helped reduce infection rates, there exist limits to the full acceptance of the technology in hotels.

There have been several studies regarding customer satisfaction, hotel performance, and trends in the shift from fully human-operated hotels to partially or fully robot-operated hotels. The counter-argumentative researchers focus mainly on customer preference, management and employees views, and hotel benefits. Customers still need humans in the industry, while some management thinks the technologys effectiveness over human operations is overrated. These arguments create a dilemma as owners must decide whether to embrace the use of robots or not in hotels. This research paper will explore past studies relating to the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of robots used in hotel operations, discuss why robots are effective or ineffective compared to human operations, and conclude with a personal view of the research.

Literature Review

In 1961, the first robot, the Ultimate robot, was tasked to pick hot metallic objects from a paint pool and place them in a stack. However, the word robot was first mentioned in 1921 in Karel Capeks play Rossums Universal Robots . Robots are used in hotels limitedly. In 1983, Collier predicted the automation of services such as hotel services. The first hotel to use robots, Henn na Hotel in Nagasaki, Japan, was opened in 2015 and dismissed half of the robots in 2019 due to increased workload for employees and guest complaints (Ivanov et al., 2020). Despite the latter move, companies used knowledge gained from the hotel use of robots to develop more effective robot use in the industry.

Another study found that consumers were satisfied with using robots in hotels if they had human traits and habits and were sure that the robots would do the right thing and not endanger them (Belias & Varelas, 2019). The effectiveness of the robots is achieved when operating costs are reduced while output is increased. Artificial intelligence use is both preferred and not preferred for not entirely having human traits. Robots are convenient as they can work for a long time without having limits such as fatigue and errors as portrayed by humans and inconvenient as they show less or no emotions than humans.

Today, robots can perform dangerous tasks alongside other manageable human roles. In hotels, they are used alongside other artificial intelligence technologies to perform tasks such as welcoming and checking in guests, supervising rooms, making presentations, discussing menus, and making and receiving automated calls. According to research, a hotels use of robots is mainly necessitated by two factors; the level of technological advancements acceptance among consumers and the internal capacity of the hotel to afford and maintain the innovation (Stylos et al., 2021). In a study conducted in Russia, consumers who view robot use in hotels positively mainly included young men living in towns who generally perceived using new technologies positively.

As far as the global context is perceived, many consumers associate human-like robots with high levels of discomfort. Thus, in a study conducted by Yu (2019), the author concluded that many people reviewing their hotel experiences on YouTube mentioned the discomfort, intimidation, and lack of connection related to anthropomorphic robots functioning on the hotels premises. Another study by Rosete et al. (2020) demonstrates that the hospitality industry is therefore considered closely related to empathic intelligence, as the integration of service robots has not yet reached the desired stage of service delivery (p. 174). This statement implies that the shift is inevitable despite many obstacles associated with robots integrated into the hospitality industry. Hence, while consumers give preference to human employees, the external context of rapid digitalization and the ongoing pandemic requires a higher level of customer tolerance to the change. In order to realize the robots efficiency in the hotel industry, it is crucial to consider both positive and negative aspects of hospitality automatization.

Discussion

Robot Service Preference in Hotel Operations (Main Statement)

The rapid shift toward digitalization expects employers and industry leaders to adapt and embrace technology to remain relevant in the market and seem more professional. Meanwhile, after the recent global pandemic, consumers have changed their attitude toward robot service in hotels. Efficiency, functionality, convenience, and ease of use are the driving factors for the change. Several consumers consider robotic services since they involve no human contact (Grewal et at., 2020). Consumers willingly accept robot concierges as they are easy to use and effective while preserving Covid-19 protective social distance measures. However, it is estimated that the negative attitude towards robot service will resume after the pandemic fear is over.

Advancement in robot anthropomorphism has also influenced consumers attitudes toward robot service. Although past studies have shown improved acceptance of robot anthropomorphism, there is a shift to prefer non-human-like robots (Thomsen, 2020). According to research, consumers are more comfortable knowing that robots are not humans than robots that behave more like humans. The awareness of robots creates psychological questioning of reality among people services because, at times, they are better at providing quality services (Lu et ai., 2020). It is hard for people to develop a mutual relationship with non-humans. It is hard for customers to develop trust with robots that only act like humans.

They are fast, free of errors, and ensure efficiency in service delivery. In addition, the robots provide low operation costs by eliminating the need for many workers and cutting down losses associated with the perishability of food items in the hotel. These benefits provide the hotel with a competitive advantage that helps it perform better through substantial profit margins and increased sales. The robots can provide quality standardized hotel service; thus, guests will have the same experience repeatedly.

Human Preference in Hotel Operations (Counter-Arguments)

Many studies whose results termed robots as ineffective in hotel operations focused on social skills and low emotion quotient traits of robots. According to research, guests need personalization alongside the hotel service quality (Kim et al., 2021). A client will feel more satisfied if an attendant calls them by name and maybe smiles at them, compared to a robot is dictated to repeat a set of words after a client does or says a word or set of words. Some of the hotel managers argue that robots would not personally contact with the customers, thus reducing the quality of services. Well-trained and experienced employees are less likely to have errors while performing their roles.

Quality service includes a good experience. Although there are efforts to incorporate customer satisfaction in robotic services, the effectiveness may never match the human service due to the inability to sufficiently show and influence emotions. According to Chan and Tung (2019), human staff services were better than robotic services as humans created an emotional connection and enriched experience compared to robots.

Human service will win return guests and referrals for the business future, while robots will serve to increase sales at the current moment. Interaction of staff with their guests creates trust between guests to the hotel and they will feel comfortable coming back to it in the future (Gupta et al., 2019). In addition, employees can further reinforce guests loyalty by influencing guest emotions with a smile, kind gestures, and personalized services. These acts make guests feel valued and may feel the urge to keep coming to the hotel.

Human preference is acquainted with several flaws. Human employees can negatively influence the guest experience, as their mood and attitude may tamper with the experience. In addition, human service quality standard is bound to change as often as each time a certain guest visit. The outcome may vary from excellent customer experience to poor. Humans are fallible. Their mistakes can cause significant financial losses to the hotel or damage its reputation.

Personal Argument

Whether a hotel should adopt robotic service or stick with human operations is still a dilemma due to limited research on consumer preferences and recent events due to COVID-19. Customer needs are always on the lead when making any business decision. Hospitality is a human character trait. Although humans have already tapped into artificial intelligence, they cannot assume the need for human contact, especially in industries where the human effect is vital, like hotel industries (Grundner & Neuhofer, 2021). The rapid change to accept anthropomorphism in robot service and prefer non-anthropomorphism is a sign that humans can only relate to themselves. The emotional touch is unique to humans. Though humans can read the robots facial expressions, robots are unable to read to process human emotions as they are unable to capture human facial expressions (Chuah & Yu, 2021). The incapability leaves incomplete conversations as consumers may not get a personalized experience.

Robots are fast, efficient, cost-friendly, and convenient as they are not affected by human nature limits such as fatigue. However, primary services such as meals and shelter should be provided in a positive environment founded on human interaction and emotions. It is hard to maintain loyalty between customers and a hotel when robots provide the services. Clients want to feel valued through personalized service and clear communication via facial interactions and understanding. Robots are likely to serve more clients who might never return to the hotel, while human service is likely to capture customer trust, which will make them return.

Robots are likely to attract guests to a hotel establishment but not retain them. The guests will be looking forward to experimenting with the service feel. In addition, human employees, unlike robots, can judge a situation and implement viable alternative solutions (Jimenez-Ramirez et al., 2019). In case of an unusual occurrence, robots are likely to give negative reactions or no reactions, as the program did not create room for the exceptional occurrence. In case of a breakdown of systems, it may need to keep the business running as there are no experienced employees for the task. In the case of human employees, one employee is replaced by another if they get an emergency. Employees can comfortably shift to operating manually if any system breaks down.

Conclusion

Robots have increased efficiency in the hotel industry. They are quick, cost-saving, and efficient, with improved output quantity and quality. The robots can work under adverse conditions and exhibit no limitations, such as fatigue, compared to human nature. There is an increased use of robots in hotel services, and it is estimated to increase with improved customer attitudes and advancements. The current robotic services cannot provide social interaction during service delivery. Over the years, customers have preferred human service, including emotional interaction and genuine feelings. Although scientists are putting efforts into improving robotic appearance and service to match human service, consumers still feel indifferent to the robotic service.

There has been a change in consumer perception of robotic services in hotels after the Covid-19 pandemic hit. The laid down protective measures caused close of hotel and entertainment outlets leaving consumer needs unattended. As the pandemic spread, robot service increased as it became the least risky way of accessing goods and products. However, it is estimated that after the pandemic, consumer preference for hotel service will resume with human service as they chose robots under pressure and fear of getting infected through human contact.

Human service is perceived to be slow and erroneous, with varying standards but the ability to interact and create trust for the company. The ability of humans to judge and act as per events creates confidence in clients and confirms their loyalty to the hotel. Humans will bring repeated guests compared to robots, who do not create a long-lasting impression. In addition, well-trained and experienced human employees do not commit mistakes and may match the robotic service output quality.

References

Belias, D., & Varelas, S. (2019). To be or not to be? Which is the case with robots in the hotel industry? Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism, 935-941.

Chan, A. P., & Tung, V. W. (2019). Examining the effects of robotic service on brand experience: The moderating role of hotel segment. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(4), 458-468.

Chuah, S. H., & Yu, J. (2021). The future of service: The power of emotion in human-robot interaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61.

Grewal, D., Kroschke, M., Mende, M., Roggeveen, A. L., & Scott, M. L. (2020). Frontline cyborgs at your service: How human enhancement technologies affect customer experiences in retail, sales, and service settings. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 51, 9-25.

Grundner, L., & Neuhofer, B. (2021). The bright and dark sides of artificial intelligence: A futures perspective on tourist destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19.

Gupta, A., Dash, S., & Mishra, A. (2019). All that glitters is not green: Creating trustworthy ecofriendly services at green hotels. Tourism Management, 70, 155-169.

Jimenez-Ramirez, A., Reijers, H. A., Barba, I., & Valle, C. D. (2019). A method to improve the early stages of the robotic process automation lifecycle. In International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (pp. 446-461). Springer, Cham.

Kim, S. (., Kim, J., Badu-Baiden, F., Giroux, M., & Choi, Y. (2021). Preference for robot service or human service in hotels? Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93, 102795.

Lu, V. N., Wirtz, J., Kunz, W. H., Paluch, S., Gruber, T., Martins, A., & Patterson, P. G. (2020). Service robots, customers and service employees: what can we learn from the academic literature and where are the gaps? Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 30(3), 361-391.

Rosete, A., Soares, B., Salvadorinho, J., Reis, J., & Amorim, M. (2020). Service robots in the hospitality industry: An exploratory literature review. In International conference on exploring services science (pp. 174-186). Springer, Cham.

Stylos, N., Fotiadis, A. K., Shin, D. D., & Huan, T. C. T. (2021). Beyond smart systems adoption: Enabling diffusion and assimilation of smartness in hospitality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 98.

Thomsen, C. (2020). The Impact of Hotel Service Robot Appearance and Service Attributes on Customer Experience [Doctoral dissertation].

Yu, C. E. (2020). Humanlike robots as employees in the hotel industry: Thematic content analysis of online reviews. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(1), 22-38.

Using robots in surgery may become a reality. Years ago, no one could imagine that using robots would become a reality and be sufficient so the patient can trust it. Many types of research have been published, and experiments have been conducted to test the robots and know the advantages and disadvantages of using them. However, there are some arguments about the efficiency of using robots or not, as using robots is a must or perfect choice in cases like the Covid-19 pandemic, as it prevents direct communication with patients, reducing the infection spread and protecting the frontline worker. Alternatively, the other opinion on the efficiency of using robots as using robots may be just as surgical tools, but not to do surgery as the reasons for that is. Robots are insufficient due to expensive costs and lengthy-time duration, and lack of technology and experiments that make patients confident in robots. Additionally, if there is a human error, there is also a mechanical failure. From research and analysis, three fundamental questions arise. First, is the use of robots in surgery a good technique in the medical field? Second, are there limitations to the use of robots in surgery? Finally, is using robots accurate or not?

The first argument is about whether using robots is a good technique in the medical field or not. The supporters believe that using robots is a must or perfect solution in a crisis like the epidemic like Covid-19 as the world seeks to prevent direct communication between people. The frontline workers face many challenges to introduce medical care besides protecting themselves and their families, so using robots will reduce the direct connection and the spread of infection. According to the rising number of patients, like in an epidemic of Covid-19, this puts medical staff under stress, affecting their performance. So, using robots will be helpful. Interacting with robots reduces direct communication between the patient and the surgeon. During the period of Covid-19, it was found that many doctors and patients contracted the infection despite the procedures and precautions due to their admission to the hospital and dealing with its staff. “The integration of a robot as a shielding layer, physically separating the healthcare workers and the patient is a powerful tool to combat the omnipresent fear of pathogen contamination and maintain surgical volumes” (Zemmar et al., 2020).

The other group opposes using robots. The reasons for that are that it will be expensive and impractical. “The main disadvantages of robots are the higher costs, increased surgical time and the total loss of tactile sensation” (Elkak, 2017). They also show that it lacks knowledge and experience, so it cannot deal with different cases. They claim that the use of robots today exposes them to many risks, and it requires a lot of knowledge and training to become a powerful tool in surgery (‘Robotic Surgery: Risks vs. Rewards’, 2017). During a surgical operation, doctors discuss taking the appropriate action and what is safer for the patient’s life, and God cannot achieve this. God only carries out orders, cannot make decisions. “To further complicate matters, every robotic surgical tool must comply with the safety requirements that may include anticipating sensor and actuator redundancy, implementing a safe operational speed cap, complying with testing protocols such as ISO 9000, etc.” (Surgical Robotic Tools, 2016).

The second argument is about if there is a limitation on using robots in surgery or not. The critical points of this argument include instrument, cost, and surgical flow. The supportive team argues that in terms of cost, robotic surgery, like any technology in its infancy, is expensive until, after a certain amount of time, it becomes affordable and provides the desired benefit. We will find that competitive companies are seeking and provide that service with good quality and reasonable prices. Over time, the cost will not be an issue at all. “New robotic technologies may produce cheaper systems, and new developments such as haptic and tactile sensing and force feedback technology could potentially solve one of the real drawbacks of robotic surgery. The emergence of competitive companies may indeed contribute to tackling the high-cost issue. Future developments aim to decrease variability of performance” (Elkak, 2017). Concerning surgical tools, they fall under the principle of need. When starting to use robots, it opened thinking about designing accurate and appropriate surgical tools to make robotic surgery successful. Concerning the operation of the surgery, the doctor cannot be dispensed. However, if the robotic surgery voluntarily complies with the usual surgery, it will make a big difference, especially since it reaches micro-places that conventional surgery cannot. Therefore, robotic surgery remains attractive. “If current barriers can be addressed and systems are specifically designed for microsurgery, surgical robots may have the potential of meaningful impact on clinical outcomes within this surgical subspecialty” (Tan et al., 2018).

The other team argues that the absence of microsurgery tools is a limitation for the robotic surgery system where microsurgery still needs many instruments that make dealing with micro-tissue hard and takes a long time. This entails limits and restrictions also in dealing with micro-sutures and surgical operations such as vascular surgery. Therefore, traditional surgery becomes better in this case. According to cost, the costs of buying his wills robotic systems are high. Studies have shown that the cost of one robot exceeds one million dollars, in addition to the indirect costs, as this system will require employees to check it constantly to ensure its use (Tan et al., 2018). Regarding surgical flow, when comparing traditional surgery with robotic surgery, we will find that robotic microsurgery takes longer. Besides, it is impossible to set a straight line and step for a single operation, as each patient has his condition. Therefore, it will always remain a point of uncertainty to determine the appropriate treatment plan for him. “Absence of bespoke microsurgical instruments, increases in operating time, and high costs associated with robotic-assisted provide a barrier to using such systems effectively for reconstructive microsurgery. Consequently, surgical robots provide currently little overall advantage over conventional microsurgery” (Tan et al., 2018).

The third argument is about whether using a robot in surgery is accurate or not. The supporter of using robots believes that surgical robots are very accurate and mechatronic devices can make a big difference for surgeons and the patient, as they help carry out tasks accurately, especially the CIS technique ‘contact imaging sensor’, which has breast implants improving the quality and accuracy of robotic surgery. In addition, there are many robotic systems under development, and their effectiveness has been proven recently, such as laparoscopic surgery. They hope that innovation in robotics will solve many medical problems, such as handling a delicate level of tissue accurately and smoothly. They claim that robotic surgery with the help of technology will facilitate the surgery and make it highly accurate, ensuring that the surgical tools are inserted at the correct depth and angle. This level of accuracy is difficult to achieve in conventional surgery due to involuntary tremors in humans. Robotic surgery has already proven its effectiveness in surgeries such as neurosurgery and tumor removal and also n general surgery such as thoracic, abdominal, urologic, gynecological, and colorectal (Ahmad et al., 2016).

On the contrary, opponents believe that robotic surgery does not constitute the great accuracy that some images, or not in all cases, considering the error of the machine. “Multiple risk factors can increase the possibility of complications and errors, including patient factors (e.g., obesity or underlying comorbidities), surgeon factors (e.g., training and experience), and robotic factors (e.g., mechanical malfunction). The reported complication rate related directly to robotic malfunction is very low (approximately 0.1% to 0.5%)” (‘Robotic Surgery: Risks vs. Rewards’, 2017). They suppose that this makes it unreliable and suspicious of many patients. It is necessary to consider the patient’s psychology and acceptance of the surgery, which constitutes a large part of the treatment.

Health care is necessary for survival and comfortable living. All worlds seek to improve healthcare life either by improving medication or put therapeutic protocols or improving surgical techniques. Using robots in surgery or the surgical tool is a good technique in the medical field as robotics can be used in microsurgeries as robotics will be excellent and accurate. The human element is undeniably important, and I support the claim that robotic surgeries must be under the supervision and control of doctors due to different cases and situations. Making patients trust these robots is not easy; because of lack of knowledge and experience, perhaps all hopes aspire that robotic surgery in the future. Technology makes life easier, but the expensive cost became an obstacle. This will not remain for a long time because, like any technology, it starts expensive and then become affordable to anyone.

Introduction

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is an application involving the utilization of synergistic technologies and systems engineering ideas in developing and improving different transportation systems. The ITS group takes part in advancing the abstract, experimental, and operational aspects of Information Technologies. It also incorporates experimental and operational aspects in Electrical Engineering. The key role of ITS society is to improve different transportation systems.

ITS address the problems associated with road safety, environmental pollution, and traffic congestion. They do these by enabling components within the transportation system such as vehicles, traffic lights, and message signs to become smart. These technologies further achieve their goals by implanting sensors and microchips in constructed objects that conversed through wireless technologies. The technologies behind Intelligent Transport Systems include satellite location used in routing systems. (Ezell 2)

These systems use wireless communication systems for safety applications. ITS technology provides people with dependable and actual-time traffic information for appropriate route planning hence, helping them avoid holdups caused by traffic jams. The systems also sense changes in road status and send impulse messages that provide progressive indication warnings to road users. (Ezell 10).

Current initiatives of intelligent transportation systems

Clarus initiative established in 2004 by the U.S. transportation department in conjunction with the ITS technology aided in reducing the impacts of unfavorable weather conditions on road users. This initiative aimed to create a strong data incorporation, quality checking, and data spreading system. With these, ITS technology aided in taking exact-time atmospheric and street observations from mobile surveillance automated trucks and environmental sensor stations. (RITA: Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office).

In 2011, Mazda Company in Japan associated with ITS incorporated ample measures for protection of its automotive society from traffic congestion, and reduction of accident cases. Japan expounded this by building ITS system throughout its highway. The system currently provides an extensive range of information, including images and traffic information with large vehicles moving at a high speed. The signals produced convey a message between the car steering system and the ITS specks on the road infrastructure. (RITA: Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office). Europe also in 2008, deployed ITS in-road transport to reduce the rates of accidents. It also took it as a concrete measure towards reducing congestion on roads.

Relation of robot project to ITS technology

The construction of the robot involved the use of sensors and microchips, accessories also used in ITS technology. The role of the sensors in the robot was to detect obstacles and red light on the road. ITS technology incorporates sensors in objects and highways to detect ground vibrations. The microchips in the robot enhanced communication from the computer control system. In ITS technology, the microchips sanctioned in the constructed objects enact communication. The constructed robot had wireless networks for efficacy in movement in the streets and easy management from the control center. ITS technology on the other side used also wireless technology for communication and passage of applications safely.

The designing of the robot for the project incorporated technologies imposed by ITS technology, and it carried out almost same roles carried by ITS technology. For instance, the robot had the ability of detecting danger from a distance, the role plaid by the ITS technology in detecting harmful vibrations. Just as ITS technology, the robot construction, involved a technology that recorded places. During its movement, the robot recorded distance covered, an act like an activity carried out by the ITS technology in calculating the distance from land vibrations. The constructed robot detected difference in colors and stopped when it came across red color an act incorporated in highways by the ITS.

Works cited

Ezell, Stephen 2010, Intelligent Transportation Systems. PDF file. 2012.

RITA: Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. Web. 2012.