Respiratory therapy is an important part of healthcare that requires the therapist to have a broad range of skills and knowledge. In nursing, respiratory care requires high skills both in cardiology and pulmonology, and extensive knowledge about the diseases infecting the respiratory tract. Due to their responsibilities in maintaining airway management and intensive care, respiratory therapists are often in charge of managing life support and the related staff.
Respiratory care is an area in medicine that requires extensive specialized training both through formal and informal mechanisms. As a result, there are many courses and educational materials available to the medical and nursing students. Evaluating their effectiveness can be a hard job for a tutor or the therapist himself if he is practicing self-learning.
For this reason, it is important to be able to evaluate the materials studied objectively for both strengths and weaknesses, and how to advance the practice of respiratory care.
Respiratory Care Study Material
The first learning material in question is the Leadership Institute (n.d.). It provides information in numerous fields, including courses for respiratory therapists, created by experts in the field of respiratory care education, research, and management, for the purpose of increasing the students depth of knowledge. The courses are designed to be completed at ones pace and in a format that is most comfortable for the user.
The second set of course materials is the Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Educator Course. The course studies the COPD, which is a lung disease with symptoms of long-term poor airflow, breathlessness, and cough with mucus. As more and more people become afflicted by the disease, it has become more important for medical staff to be able to discuss this issue with the patients, educate them about it, and create the motivation for them to overcome it.
The final certification reviewed is the Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support course. Its purpose is to practice the essential skills for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrests, strokes, and other similar life-threatening dangers. The course focuses on the teamwork and its importance in timely dealing with the affected patients. The course provides additional guidelines for respiratory care specialists and supplies them with knowledge on behavior in challenging cardiovascular and respiratory emergencies.
The few flaws that can be attributed to these certifications are of their web-based nature, which implies a lack of hands-on practices for the staff, and that can impede their effectiveness in the early stages of actual work. Another issue is their relatively high price, which can also create a barrier for some of the students. However, both of these issues are offset by the high quality of materials in the courses.
The advantages of the studied certifications
All three courses provide vital information for the development and preparation of respiratory care specialists. They all address issues that a therapist will encounter at some point in his career.
The Leadership Institute provides the students with access to vast abundances of course materials related to their specialization. The respiratory care course gives the students information in Education, Management, and Research, allowing future therapists to study them in any combination. For example, it allows the students to not only learn methods of respiratory therapy, but also receive advice on how to deal with a client, organize a medical team, improve ones leadership skills, develop and conduct research studies, and more. The other two courses provide equally important skills for treating Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and more urgent heart and lungs related emergencies.
Conclusion
Ultimately, this is a very useful set of courses, which vastly advances the practice of respiratory care, while simultaneously providing education in other related and relevant skills, both medical and social.
According to statistics 260 million vehicles were registered in the USA in 2014 (Number of vehicles registered in the United States from 1990 to 2014, n.d.). This enormous amount proves the existence of the great demand and poses a threat to peoples security. The fact is that any vehicle could be considered dangerous for people. The same statistics evidence that thousands of people die from motor vehicle car accidents (MVA) annually (Number of vehicles registered in the United States from 1990 to 2014, n.d.).
Additionally, a number of individuals suffer from serious injuries and other complications that deteriorate the quality of their lives. Besides, the existence of the given problem conditions the rapid evolution of the spheres and tools that are aimed at the provision of help and assistance for those who suffered from the road traffic accident and became injured. The health care sector could be considered one of these fields that provided numerous tools and practices to guarantee an individuals existence and improve his/her quality of life.
Background
As stated above, road traffic accidents could be considered one of the main causes of death in the modern age (Murty & Ram, 2012). Yet, the character of traumas peculiar to this sort of patients predetermined the appearance of certain practices needed to help people and protect their lives. Besides, at the moment phrenic nerve paralysis, diaphragmatic injuries, and thoracic cage injuries could be considered the main characteristics of an individual who experienced a motor vehicle accident (Murty & Ram, 2012).
For this reason, the modern health care sector provides numerous approaches to the treatment of these very traumas. Furthermore, there are many researchers and investigations that revolve around the given issue and provide their own approaches and solutions to the given problem. The significance of these traumas and efficiency of some approaches are proven by the increased success rates peculiar to medical establishments that are specialized on the provision of the needed care for patients.
Phrenic nerve paralysis
Description
Nevertheless, the great percentage of road tolls suffer from serious problems with respiration. In the majority of cases, the accident of this sort is characterized by a strong stroke in the thoracic region which might result in phrenic nerve paralysis, diaphragmatic and thoracic cage injuries (Murty & Ram, 2012). These problems could also cause a great threat to the patients health and be one of the main causes of death. That is why there are numerous approaches to the way these very patients should be treated. However, provision of the respiratory care is one of the main tasks that arise from the nature of trauma and the patents basic needs. In other words, there is the great necessity of the breathing management to guarantee a patients survival. However, the care should consider the character and complexity of trauma.
Literature Review
If to speak about the above-mentioned problems, phrenic nerve paralysis could be considered rather common. The crash and strong stroke might result in the palsy of this very nerve and condition the appearance of numerous respiratory problems. For this reason, it is crucial to assure that a patient will be able to breathe and initiate the procedure of treatment. The complexity of the trauma and issue comes from the great significance of the given nerve and its impact on the whole respiratory system. There are numerous approaches to the treatment as its results determine the terms of the patients recovery and his/her further living. That is why it is crucial to investigate the main existing approaches to obtain the clear image.
Yet, the modern medical science provides several approaches to this problem. Tsakiridis et al. state that phrenic nerve paresis is one of the main traumas appearing after serious crashes (2012). For this very reason, it is vital to apply the modern and efficient surgical treatment that could help a patient recover and improve the quality of life.
The authors state that there are several techniques and approaches that are employed for diaphragmatic plication which are thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, video-assisted mini-thoracotomy, laparoscopic surgery (Tsakiridis et al., 2012). These practices are needed to provide respiratory care for this sort of patients and help them to recover. However, the researchers also state that the efficiency of these approaches could be impacted by the general state of the patients health.
Furthermore, Liu et al. (2015) underline the great threat of phrenic nerve paralysis and the necessity of the efficient treatment. They tend to consider phrenic nerve transfer the main dynamic treatment that could be used to avoid problems with respiration (Liu et al., 2015). In numerous cases, the character of the injury from which a patient suffers, introduces the great necessity of the above-mentioned transfer as it could hardly be restored by means of the modern medicine. That is why this approach could be used in the most complicated situations when there is no perspectives and possibilities for other treatment. The great potential risk of surgery is compensated by the expected positive outcomes.
Goff, Spencer, and Jaizzo (2016) also suggest several approaches to treatment. They are sure that phrenic nerve injury can be a significant complication of any road traffic accident (Goff et al., 2016). Considering their frequency, the creation of the efficient approach to treatment could be considered an important task of the modern healthcare sector. Additionally, it is vital to obtain the clear image of the harm done to this very nerve. Researchers highlight the importance of MRI and creation of the computer model to analyze its current state and prescribe the procedures needed to guarantee a patients recovery. Yet, it is extremely vital to assure that all patients will be able to breathe independently and recover from the injury.
Nevertheless, the idea of nerve transport is supported by Al-Qattan and El-Sayed in their paper. They are sure that the provision of the respiratory care for patients should be followed by the phrenic nerve transplantation as only this measure could guarantee patients complete recovery. The authors state the fact that the phrenic nerve in healthy adults does not result in any clinically significant problems (Qattan & El-Sayed, 2014, para. 4) and could not condition some troubles with aspiration.
For this reason, entire phrenic nerve is commonly sacrificed and used for nerve transfer (Qattan & El-Sayed, 2014, para. 5) in complicated cases. To solve various problems with aspiration among victims of MVA this very measure could be recommended. It might help to mitigate the negative aftermath of this very accident and improve the quality of the patents life greatly.
Finally, speaking about the problems with the phrenic nerve that appear after the traffic accident, one should consider the fact that a number of researchers also tend to accept the idea that the successful provision of respiratory care depends on the state of this very nerve. The patient might experience serious problems with breathing and have the need for intubation, lung ventilation, and some extra medical equipment. It is crucial to guarantee the timely and efficient usage of the needed devices. Besides, there is the possibility to implant a nerve stimulator that will control its functioning and guarantee the patients recovery. The electrode placed next to the phrenic nerve will help a patient to breathe and result in the significant improvement of his/her current state.
Diaphragmatic injuries
Description
Besides, diaphragmatic injuries might also accompany the above-mentioned symptoms and pose a great threat to the patients life. The given kind of trauma might introduce significant deterioration of the respiration process and result in an individuals death. For this reason, numerous investigators and therapists admit the great role this very injury might play in the process of delivery of respiratory care. One should give great attention to the problem because of its extreme importance. Diaphragmatic injuries could result in the decrease of respirations and even death. Under these conditions, a specialist should be able to consider its problems and create the most appropriate care pattern. There are several important methods suggested by scientists in numerous researches.
Literature Review
Yet, Sersar, Albohiri, and Abdelmohty (2016) are sure that any penetrating chest trauma might condition the appearance of diaphragmatic injuries and problems with respiration. Additionally, the problem is complicated by the existence of other factors that might impact the functioning of a diaphragm and predetermine the respiratory standstill. For this reason, a specialist should mind all factors that impact this very aspect and guarantee the provision of the respiratory care to assure that a patient will be able to survive and recover.
The fact is that there is the great need for some additional devices and equipment that could help a team of specialists. Furthermore, there could also be the necessity to use surgery to promote the patients recovery. The identification of the most problematic areas is crucial for patients who experience problems with respiration.
Diaphragmatic injuries also might be considered the problem that appears in the majority of accidents. Panda et al. (2014) assume that blunt and or penetrating traumas pose a great threat to patients security and should be treated in accordance with a certain procedure needed to guarantee the patients fast recovery. They are sure that the diaphragmatic injuries have been found in a number of individuals who experienced severe clashes. At the same time, respiratory problems could be observed when working with these traumas. For this reason, the analysis of vitals and provision of the efficient and high-quality health care is crucial to help individuals who suffer from this very problem.
Thiam et al. emphasize the fact that thoracoabdominal blunts or traumas might result in the appearance of the above-mentioned injuries. However, there is a certain problem related to diagnosing as it is often delayed (Thiam et al., 2016). The usage of various devices could not serve as the guarantee of the correct identification of the problem. Yet, the surgical management remains one of the most efficient treatments used in these cases. The researchers are also sure, that to mitigate the negative impact of the incident and help a patient it is vital to act immediately and identify the main reasons that result in the problems with respiration (Thiam et al., 2016).
Only under these conditions, the gradual and efficient recovery process could be initiated. Additionally, there is the great need for the usage of the appropriate approaches to guarantee the coherent analysis of the situations and reasons that caused the injury.
Nevertheless, management of the patients who suffer from the traumatic injury of the diaphragm could be complex as there is a great need for the unusual approaches and extra resources. Hwang, Kim and Byun (2011) state that there is a certain set of factors that might affect the incidence of complications and mortality in patients with the given problem. The great threat of this sort of trauma is also proven by numerous companion problems that appear when treating a patient of this sort. Hwang et al. (2011) are sure that to restore the respiration it is crucial to use operative treatment and accomplish the diaphragms restoration and help patients to recover. Yet, these surgeries could also be dangerous because of its great complexity.
At the same time, Bas et al. (2015) state that the reparation of traumatic diaphragmatic injuries and breathing management could be performed by means of synthetic mesh. It could be used to repair the injuries of the diaphragm and guarantee the patients survival.
They also tend to consider surgical intervention to be the only possible way to help a patient. However, there are still several crucial points that appear while providing respiratory care to a patient. A patient might die because of the unexpected complications that occur when trying to guarantee the diaphragm recovery. For this reason, the main task of any modern healthcare specialist is to assure that a patient perceives the needed care and could endure the treatment and surgery. There could be the need for some special equipment and medical devices.
Thoracic cage injury
Description
Besides, thoracic cage injury is another common problem that occurs among patients who experienced motor-vehicle accident. A high impact and the great energy of a car results in the appearance of numerous traumas. Considering the character of these very accidents, one could accept the fact that chest is one of the parts of the body that are subjected to a great threat. Statistics show that 80% of victims suffer from thoracic cage injury that could result in significant problems with respiration. For this reason, there the great need for the provision of the efficient respiratory care.
Literature review
Cogitating around the given issue, Bailey et al. (2012) state that the complexity of these traumas might be considered the main issue related to the given sphere. Thoracic cage injury is taken as potentially life-threatening as it covers such important organs as the heart, lungs, liver, etc. In this regards, efficient treatment is one of the key aspects needed to guarantee success. Yet, the authors tend to consider the provision of the respiratory care the most important concern. Moreover, there is the need for some extra actions aimed the patients state improvement.
Yet, Chaudhary, Roselli, Steinmetz, and Mroz (2012) proclaim that problems with respiration are one of the main factors that should be given greatest attention while trying to save patients lives and improving their current state The character of trauma might imply the significant deterioration of the patients health. The fact is that the traumatic chest injury could be considered a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients. Moreover, the proximity of aorta, heart, and lungs increases the risk of severe complications and introduces the necessity of some extra measures.
Dongel, Coskun, Ozbay, Bayram and Atli (2013) also adhere to the above-mentioned idea. They are sure that only in terms of the efficient breathing management and immediate interventions some visible results could be achieved. For this reason, patients with thorax traumas caused by motor vehicle accidents should be given great attention. It is crucial to provide the precise and comprehensive analysis of all factors the impact his/her health and assure that he/she will be able to obtain oxygen as needed. Besides, it could be considered the complicated task in case ribs or some internal parts of the body are damaged.
Reviewing the literature devoted to this very topic, Chotai and Abdelgawad (2014) highlight the fact that thorax traumas might appear because of various reasons. However, a stroke in the chest is one of the most frequent cases that result in the appearance of complex problems. For this reason, almost any motor vehicle accident results in a serious injury that might prevent a patient from breathing. Under these conditions, the breath management is essential to guarantee his/her survival and assure that there will be the opportunity to continue recovery and help a patient to.recuperate.
As stated above, the efficient usage of the needed equipment is the key to the complete recovery. The artificial lung should be used to provide the needed oxygen and support a patient. Furthermore, the alarm system should also be introduced to warn specialists and inform them about the appearance of some emergency. All workers of the intensive care unit should be able to work with the given equipment and ready to respond to the slightest oscillations in the patients vitals. At the same time, there is the great need for the usage of some extra approaches in case there is a tendency towards the worsening of the current situation.
Finally, the modern health science tends to accept complications that appear after MVA as a great threat to the patients health (Blyth, 2014). For this reason, it provides numerous possibilities for their investigation and precise analysis. The usage of MRI and other scanning devices might provide the clear image of the current situation and help therapists to introduce the needed treatment. Moreover, there is the tendency towards the appearance of the new methods to work with these very traumas to mitigate the negative impact of the above-mentioned accidents and guarantee the patients recovery (Ustaalioglu 2015).
Conclusion
In conclusion, phrenic nerve paralysis, diaphragmatic injuries and thoracic cage injury could be considered the most dangerous concerns peculiar to patients who experienced road traffic accidents and needed recovery badly. That is why the modern science provides a number of approaches aimed at the provision of the most efficient treatments and procedures. However, there are still various perspectives that exist on the way how this sort of traumas should be cured to guarantee the patients survival.
In these regards, breathing management and provision of respiratory care for victims of traffic accidents is an important task that predetermines the success of the whole recovery process. The investigation of the credible sources proves the idea that thoracic injuries are extremely dangerous for patients and should be treated immediately.
References
Bailey, J., Heiden, T., Burlew, C., Sibbel, S., Jordan, J., Moore, E.,&Stahel, P. (2012). Thoracic hyperextension injury with complete bony disruption of the thoracic cage: Case report of a potentially life-threatening injury. World Journal of Emergency Surgery, 7,14. Web.
Chaudhary, S., Roselli, E., Steinmetz, M., & Mroz, T. (2012). Thoracic Aortic Dissection and Mycotic Pseudoaneurysm in the Setting of an Unstable Upper Thoracic Type B2 Fracture. Global Spine Journal, 2(3), 175-182. Web.
Chotai, P., & Abdelgawad, A. (2014). Tug-of-War Injuries: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports in orthopedics, n.pag. Web.
Dongel, I., Coskun, A., Ozbay, S., Bayram, M., & Atli, B. (2013). Management of thoracic trauma in emergency service: Analysis of 1139 cases. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 29(1), 58-63. Web.
Goff, R., Spencer, J., & Jaizzo, P. (2016). MRI Reconstructions of Human Phrenic Nerve Anatomy and Computational Modeling of Cryoballoon Ablative Therapy. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 44, 1097-1106. Web.
Hwang, S., Kim, H., & Byun, J. (2011). Management of Patients with Traumatic Rupture of the Diaphragm. The Korean Journal of Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 44(5), 348-354. Web.
Liu, Y., Xu, X., Zou, Y., Li, S., Zhang, B., & Wang, Y. (2015). Phrenic nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve for the repair of brachial plexus injury: electrophysiological characteristics. Neural Regeneration Research, 10(2), 328-333. Web.
Murty, V., & Ram, K. (2012). Phrenic nerve palsy: A rare cause of respiratory distress in newborn. Journal of pediatric neurosciences, 7(3), 225-227. Web.
Number of vehicles registered in the United States from 1990 to 2014. (n.d.). Web.
Panda, A., Kumar, A., Gamanagatti, S., Patil, A., Kumar, S., & Gupta, A. (2014). Traumatic diaphragmatic injury: a review of CT signs and the difference between blunt and penetrating injury. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, 20(2), 121-128. Web.
Qattan, M., & El-Sayed, A. (2014). The Use of the Phrenic Nerve Communicating Branch to the Fifth Cervical Root for Nerve Transfer to the Suprascapular Nerve in Infants with Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy. BioMed Research international, 348. Web.
Sersar, S., Albouhiri, K., & Abdelmothy, H. (2016). Impacted thoracic foreign bodies after penetrating chest trauma. Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, n. pag. Web.
Thiam. O., Konate, I., Gueye, M., Omar, T., Seck, M., Cisse, M.,&Toure, C. (2016). Traumatic diaphragmatic injuries: epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Springerplus, 5(1), 1614. Web.
Tsakiridis, K., Visouli, A., Zarogoulidis, P., Machairiotis, N., Christofis, C., Stylianaki, A.,&Zarogoulidis, K. (2012). Early hemi-diaphragmatic plication through a video assisted mini-thoracotomy in postcardiotomy phrenic nerve paresis. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 4(1), 56-68. Web.
Ustaalioglu, R., Yildirim, M., Cosgun, H., Dogusoy, I., Imamoglu, O., Yasaroglu, M.,&Okay, T. (2015). Thoracic Traumas: A Single-Center Experience. Turkish Thoraric Journal, 16(2), 59-63. Web.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus is a germ that is commonly found among the children who are below two years of age. It comes about seasonally and commences in the course of the fall and stretches in to the spring. Spreading of this virus is carried out by having physical contact with the infected person. Such activities as kissing, hand contact, and touching an individual who is infected with this disease facilitates the spread of the disease. The virus causing this disease can stay alive for about twenty minutes on the hands of someone. More so, it can stay alive for a period of almost five hours or more on the tops of counters and it can as well stay alive for a number of hours on the tissues that could have been used. There can be quick spreading of the disease in those places that might be busy and in the day care centers for kids.
Signs and symptoms
RSV brings about a cold in children. Sometimes, it can bring about infection that is quite fatal. In some children who have are more than five years, the symptoms may include; a running nose, fever and a cough (Iaennell). In the children who are younger like the toddlers as well as the infants, pneumonia can result. The severe symptoms are exhibited after a period of two to four days after infection. The common symptoms of the disease include; wheezing, worsening cough, low oxygen levels, lethargy, poor appetite, apnea, difficulty in breathing and high rate of breathing (Iannelli)
Treatment
In carrying out treatment for this disease, there is no making use of antibiotics. RSV infection which may not be serious may not call for treatment and it can vanish on its own. In serious instances among young children, they may be kept in hospital so that they can be given moistened air, oxygen as well as fluids. In some cases, there may be need for the use of a breathing machine.
Prevention
The easiest technique to offer prevention to the RSV illness is by a person washing hands before using the hands to touch the young children. It is of great importance to ensure that other people, and mostly those who give care to the children, take necessary measures to avoid passing over RSV to the young children. As a measure to prevent the transmission of this disease to ones child or children by other people; the parent should insist that other people should wash hands using warm water with soap before they touch ones baby. Another measure is that other people who might have had a cold are supposed to avoid touching the baby.
Kissing the baby should be avoided since it can play a role in causing the baby to be infected. A person should not smoke from inside a room where the baby might be; exposing the baby to smoke may cause this child to be at an increased risk of being infected by RSV.
Those parents who have young children that are at a higher risk of infection should avoid those areas that are crowded as a much as possible during the periods where there are RSV outbreaks. These outbreaks in most cases are reported in the local media to warn people about having their children getting infected and to take appropriate measures.
A drug that has been approved to be used in the prevention of the RSV infection is synagis. This drug has been approved to be used among those children who are less than one year old as this group is more vulnerable to the infection. Inquiry should be made from the doctor as to whether or not this drug should be given to the child at a time when the child is at a high risk of infection (Kaneshiro).
Prognosis (Outlook)
There are very minimal chances for this infection to cause death among infants, especially when it can be identified early. Amongst the young people and even among older people, this disease is quite gentle. However, it has been established that there are chances for the bigger danger of being infected with asthma in the young children who might have been infected by RSV bronchiolitis .
References
Iannelli, Vincent, RSV symptoms, 2009. Web.
Kaneshiro, Neil K., Respiratory Syncytial Virus RSV. Health guide, 2008. Web.
The respiratory system comprises various structures and respiratory centers that facilitate effective respiration. Three of these structures are the nose, pharynx and larynx. The nose constitutes a visible external nose and an internal nasal cavity. The nose performs several crucial functions that condition the air before it enters the pharynx. Air from outside constitutes various impurities such as dust. It is the role of the external nose to eliminate these impurities. In addition, it warms and moistens the air. The nasal cavity acts as a conducting zone for the air received by the external nose. As air passes through the nasal cavity, it undergoes further purification, moistening and warming. Sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles clean the remnants of impurities in the air. Other processes within the nose include purifying the air from any bacteria.
The pharynx, commonly known as the throat, comprises three main regions, which perform a variety of functions. These regions are the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the first region of the throat where air enters from the internal nasal cavity. It comprises the pendulous uvula, which helps to regulate acts of breathing and swallowing. This ensures that food does not enter the respiratory system. From the nasopharynx, air enters the oropharynx. The last region of the throat is the laryngopharynx, which receives air from the nasopharynx and passes it to the larynx. The laryngopharynx comprises an aesophagus, which directs food and air to appropriate systems.
The larynx, commonly known as the voice box, comprises cartilages, membranes and ligaments. The epiglottis, a section of the larynx, regulates swallowing and prevents food from entering the respiratory system. The thyroid cartilage acts as a protective system for the larynx. The paired arytenoid cartilages create a mechanism that regulates breathing during muscular pressure. The larynx constitutes other cartilages such as the cricoid and corniculate cartilage.
The contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relies on signals from certain areas of the brain. Collective efforts by various respiratory centers are essential for a complete respiratory process. These centers function as a group rather than as distinct units of the system for controlling respiration. The contraction of the inspiratory muscles occurs due to the effects of the nerve impulses generated by the medullary inspiratory center (McMillan and Cecie 178). This center controls the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles and the stimulation of the expiratory muscles during normal expiration and rapid breathing respectively. The pheumotaxic area regulates the contraction of the inspiratory muscles by influencing the inspiratory center so that the lungs do not overinflate. The apneustic area sends signals to the inspiratory center to facilitate prolonged contractions of the inspiratory muscles.
The respiratory centers discussed above function under the influence of three groups of sensory neurons. Changes in the inspiration rate depend on the functioning of the central chemoreceptors, which send relevant signals to the respiratory centers. These receptors function by monitoring the chemical composition of the cerebrospinal fluid and stimulating appropriate actions. Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the pH value of the cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral chemoreceptors instigate appropriate responses by the respiratory centers depending on the chemical composition of the blood (McMillan and Cecie 195). These chemoreceptors respond to changes in either the pH or the pCO2 value of the blood. When there is the need to minimize or discontinue the stimulation of the inspiratory muscles, stretch receptors send signals to the respiratory centers. Stretch receptors respond to instances whereby lungs expand to their physical limit.
Works Cited
McMillan, Beverly , and Cecie Starr. Human Biology. Burlington, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.
Respiration is one of the vital physiological processes required for a normal homeostasis. It is also a complicated process where various mechanisms are interconnected to ensure a smooth air flow through the relevant pathways (Guyton and Hall, 2006). A defect in the respiratory system could lead to various complications which may be due to obstructions or impairments in the ventilation. There is a need to gain insights in this regard. The present description is highlighted in the similar context. Respiration involves muscles inspiratory and expiratory muscles (Guyton and Hall, 2006). Expiratory muscles play role in active respiration that involves muscles like internal intercostall muscles and abdmonini recti. There are special devices that provide a clear picture on lung volumes(Guyton and Hall, 2006). These are Spirometries A Spirometery enables to record changes in the volume of lung (Guyton and Hall, 2006). When a person is susceptible to ventilatory impairments spirometry could assess the volume of gas inspired and exhaled into the spirometer (Guyton and Hall, 2006). This is better reflected on a timer more probably a spirogram. This could also lead to changes in the lung volume and alveolar pressure (Guyton and Hall, 2006).The spirometry tests also reflect the lung compliance which is the feasibility with which the lung space gets occupied or filled. It may become low at very high lung volumes (Guyton and Hall, 2006).
A forced expiratory compliance curve beyond the normal range may indicate a ventilatory impairment (Guyton and Hall, 2006). Since spirometry test is related to expiration in addition to inspired ai, it gives better indication of a forced expiration associated with ventilary impairment. Impairments of such kind would be restrictive. This can be better explained with the help of a Maximum Expiratory Fllow-Vollume (MEFV) Curve (Guyton and Hall, 2006).
This curve may be considered as an index of airways that are subjected to compression and /or forced expiration, there could be air way compression which may lead to a high resistance of flow and ultimate decrease of expiratory airflow. (Guyton and Hall, 2006)
(Guyton and Hall, 2006).
As the expiratory pressure reaches a barrier, the final affect is negligible change in the airflow related to expiration followed by an high expiratory effort. This could be better considered opposing actions of increased expiratory effort and reduced expiratory airflow(Guyton and Hall, 2006).In order to better determine if airway obstruction is reversible, spirometery tests cane be linked to noninvasive tests like FVC and FEV1 (Guyton and Hall, 2006).These tests need the patient to breathe as difficult as possible following a complete inhalation. The spirometry tests might then give a normal or abnormal result based on the volume of air occupied in the lungs (Guyton and Hall, 2006). For example, in obstructive disorders FEV1/FVC is less than 80%. This could be considered as an indication of reversible airway obstruction. This strategy could be better understood by noting measurements compared against the known or predicted values (Guyton and Hall, 2006).
For this, Spirometry test need to rely on effects of gender, age and size in order to better determine whether the airway obstruction is reversible or not. This could be because depending on the subject the airway obstruction could change (Guyton and Hall, 2006). For example, a heavy or large person may have larger lungs, with larger lung capacities and volumes when compared to a smaller person. As such, male individuals have larger lungs than women although the body size differences are considered. Thus, the spirometry test may be come a useful tool to determine the obstructive airflows whether it is reversible or not keeping in view of lung capacities and volumes. MEFV curves on the other hand also provide vital clues with to the reversible obstructive airflow. These can be better associated with lung compliance , alveolar air pathway and diffusion(Guyton and Hall, 2006).Since, the expiration relies on muscles, the spirometry test can provide much more clear representation of obstructive airflow when the muscle physiology and dynamics are understood relevant to the ventillatory impairments (Guyton and Hall, 2006).
References
Guyton AC & Hall JE (2006) Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed), Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders.
It is a deadly respiratory disorder, which occurs due to rapid failure of lungs.
The associated clinical indicators
The associated clinical indicators are low blood pressure, increased heartbeat, low arterial oxygen tension, low arterial carbon dioxide tension, high bicarbonate concentration, alkaline condition of pH above 7.4, and low arterial oxygen saturation.
Conditions that the patient experience that are common risk factors associated with ARDS
The conditions experienced by the patient, which are common risk factors associated with ARDS are fatigue in diving, seizures associated with diving, injury to the lungs, near drowning, and inability to swim. Diving is a rigorous activity that causes fatigue, seizures due to swirling, inspiration injury of the lungs by water, and leads to near drowning. At the state of near downing, water entered into the lungs and caused suffocation, and thus, made the patient unable to swim.
Describe the major pathophysiological alterations in ARDS
The major pathophysiological alterations in ARDS are diffuse alveolar damage and inflammation of the alveoli. Entry of water into the lungs due to near drowning damages alveolar membrane and prevents ventilation of blood. The damage of alveoli triggers immune response that leads to the inflammation of lungs and inhibition of ventilation. Eventually, the damage and inflammation of lungs leads to the collapse of alveoli leading to occurrence of ARDS.
What is the common V:Q mismatch associated with ARDS?
Lower V:Q mismatch ratio is commonly associated with ARDS because ventilation is low and perfusion is high.
What is the cause of hypoxemia in ARDS and how is it treated?
The cause of hypoxemia in ARDS is the damage and inflammation of alveoli, which inhibit diffusion of oxygen into the blood. Mechanical ventilation is applicable in treatment of ARDS to promote ventilation mechanism of lungs.
What is the clinical significance of static compliance?
Static compliance has clinical significance because it measures elasticity of lungs. High static compliance implies that the lungs are elastic, while low static compliance implies that lungs are stiff.
How is decreased static compliance demonstrated in the patients case?
The stated initial statistic compliance was 30ml/cm H2O and the calculated static compliance after intubation pressure was 42.12ml/cmH2O, which are lower than the normal level of static compliance (50-100 ml/cmH2O).
Early indications of ARDS include hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis. What is the interpretation of this patients acid-base balance?
The acid-base balance of the patient has been disturbed because arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) is 26 mmHg, which is below the normal range of 38-52 mmHg
The cause of this imbalance
Hyperventilation removes carbon dioxide from blood and causes the pH of blood to increase above the normal pH of 7.4 leading to respiratory alkalosis.
What effects could PEEP have on the patients pulmonary and cardiovascular status?
PEEP could affect pulmonary status by increasing the volume of lungs, distending alveoli, damaging air sacs, and squeezing pulmonary blood vessels. Moreover, PEEP could affect cardiovascular status by decreasing the flow of blood to the heart because of the increased intrathoracic pressure.
The primary nursing diagnosis for this patient upon admission to ICU
As related to the circumstances of near drowning and as evidenced by differential diagnosis, Sanguil and Fargo (2012) assert that the primary nursing diagnosis is arterial blood gas (ABG).
Identification of the top three nursing interventions for this patient. How do these interventions improve pulmonary status?
The top three nursing interventions are mechanical ventilation, fluid management, and pharmacological intervention (Roch, Guervilly, & Papazian, 2011). Mechanical ventilation restores the ability of pulmonary to ventilate blood, while fluid management and pharmacological intervention aim to reduce edema associated with the inflammation of alveoli.
What is the prognosis in patients with ARDS? What increases morbidity?
The prognosis of ARDS indicates that if patients do not receive treatment in time, about 90% of them are likely to die of hypoxemia. However, early treatment increases their survival rate to 70%; however, leaving some patients with cognitive, psychological, and physical abnormalities. The nature of these abnormalities is dependent on risk factors for ARDS that increase morbidity. Since ARDS is a deadly disease, poor or late treatment, severe inflammation of alveoli, positive fluid balance, infections, extensive damage of lungs, and transfusion with packed red blood cells increase morbidity.
References
Roch, A., Guervilly, C., & Papazian, L. (2011). Fluid management in acute lung injury and ARDS. Annals of Intensive Care, 1(16), 1-7.
Sanguil, A., & Fargo, M. (2012). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physician, 85(4), 352-358.
The selected article describes the major challenges and issues encountered by nurses while providing adequate care to patients with severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The authors of the article identified that earlier trials to provide proper support to patients with ARDS did not show the targeted benefits and outcomes of prone positioning (Guerin et al., 2013) . That being the case, the authors wanted to evaluate the effect of early use of prone positioning on results in individuals with severe acute respiratory distress. The main research problem for the study was to evaluate the implications of prone positions on results in individuals with the condition. Although the authors did not provide a specific research question, it would be notable to examine the implications of prone positioning, especially during what is known as the mechanical ventilator process on patients outcomes. The authors support their points using various studies and analyses. By so doing, they explain how the current knowledge is inadequate. With suggestions and ideas, the authors were able to conduct the study and come up with new findings that can provide adequate support to patients with the condition.
Authors Initial Objectives
During the study, the authors wanted to examine the best ways to improve patients outcomes using prone positioning and supine positioning . According to the researchers, most of the studies did not explain the benefits of such methods. As well, the authors observed that prone positioning was incapable of preventing ventilator-induced injuries of the lungs (Guerin et al., 2013). That being the case, the practices did not result in the best outcomes. However, the use of prone positioning for patients with ARDS improves the rate of survival. The study sought to establish whether early use of prone positioning would significantly improve the rate of survival among patients suffering from the condition (Guerin et al., 2013). That being the case, the hypothesis was that early application use and application of prone positioning would significantly improve the survival rates of ARDS patients had already received mechanical ventilation with the needed Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) (Guerin et al., 2013).
To arrive at the hypothesis, the researchers examined the findings from recent studies and research. They observed that most of the ideas of prone positioning helped improve the rate of oxygenation in individuals who are in need of mechanical support. As well, the researchers observed that prone positioning was much better and more effective than supine positioning (Guerin et al., 2013). However, the researchers did not understand whether early introduction of prone positioning would improve the chances of survival in patients with ARDS. This formed the basis for their study.
Evaluation of the Research Methods and Approach
It is agreeable that the research methods used by the authors are effective and applicable for the study. To begin with, the authors have presented a short literature review to examine the recent developments in the treatment of severe acute respiratory distress using both prone and supine positioning. The literature review identifies the existing gaps thus making it easier to establish and define the best research question (Guerin et al., 2013). However, it is notable that the authors do not indicate the literature review in the article.
The other important thing to observe from the article is that it presents a current and relevant issue to todays healthcare practice. Nurses and doctors continue to look for new ways to save lives (Matthay, 2009). In this article, the authors have presented new ideas by explaining the benefits of early introduction to prone positioning for patients with severe acute respiratory distress (Guerin et al., 2013). The research is recent thus making it easier for the reader to gain new insights about prone positioning in dealing with ARDS. This continues to be a major health concern today.
Type of Research Used
From the article, it is notable that the authors used experimental research for their study. They used patients from Spain and France for the study. The researchers conducted the procedure effectively to verify or establish the accuracy of the stated study hypothesis. The experimental study included adults who met the targeted criteria. The patients were examined in order to ensure they were eligible for the study. With the use of this research type, it was possible to get the targeted information and findings thus making the study successful (Guerin et al., 2013).
The other important thing is the nature of the sample. The authors conducted the study in 27 intensive care units (ICUs), one in Spain and 26 in France. The study was conducted between January 2008 and July 2011. During this period, 474 patients were included in the study. Around 3449 patients were admitted to the selected ICUs. However, only 466 individuals participated in the experiment. There were 229 patients included for the supine positioning and 237 for the prone positioning. The authors selected the sample in a proper manner whereby the patients were supposed to meet certain conditions. For example, the participants were adults with ARDs. These individuals were in ICUs.
The researchers ensured all ventilator systems and blood-gas analyses were similar in the two groups. That being the case, it would be agreeable that the sample size for the study was appropriate. This made it easier to come up with the targeted results. The sample was effective because it helped the researchers get the targeted goals. As well, it was notable that the Safety and Data Monitoring Board (SDMB) recommended the need to continue undertaking the tests in the coming years (Guerin et al., 2013). This explains why the researchers managed to present the best findings and conclusions for future medical practice.
The practicability of the Work
After conducting the research, the authors presented new ideas and strategies to provide the best care to patients with ARDS. For instance, the meta-analyses suggested that the use of prone positioning presents better results in patients with hypoxemia. The authors also explained the importance of introducing patients with severe hypoxemia and ARDS to prone positioning. This kind of treatment can be beneficial to the patients especially when used for longer sessions and early enough (Guerin et al., 2013). The results also explain how doctors and patients can use the ideas to promote service delivery and prevent injury of lungs in patients (Duetschman, 2010). As well, researchers and analysts should embrace these findings and come up with new studies to ensure there are better and more effective measures to help individuals with ARDS.
The authors have suggested ways of applying the results adequately to patients with severe acute respiratory distress. It is also notable from the analyses, discussions, and recommendations that the results can be widely used to deal with the disadvantages of prone positioning. As well, the authors present some benefits of prone positioning. This makes it the best approach to help patients with severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The arguments and suggestions presented by the authors are therefore true.
Improving the Study
The study was successful as observed from the findings. However, it is agreeable that the authors could have improved their study by including more patients in the study. By so doing, it would be easier to appreciate the physical and psychological aspects of more patients and eventually record the best goals (Abroug et al., 2008). As well, the authors could have improved their study by considering other ICU units and patients from different age groups. This explains why further research is possible using such issues. The new findings would be useful for future medical practices.
Conclusion
The authors properly conducted the study thus making it possible to present the best findings to the reader. The authors have also used a straightforward approach to present their ideas while at the same time ensuring the work is clear. This explains why the findings and discussions offer ideas for supporting patients with severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Caregivers and nurses should introduce their patients to prone positioning promptly and for longer periods to make the process effective. From my knowledge, I strongly believe that the authors have presented the best findings and discussions that can improve the quality of knowledge on the subject. Although some weaknesses make the study less effective, it is agreeable that the authors could have improved the study using the suggestions provided above. This can make it easier to have the best practices and support for patients with severe acute respiratory distress.
Reference List
Abroug, F., Ouanes-Besbes, L., Elatrous, S. & Brochard, L. (2008). The effect of prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome or acute lung injury: a meta-analysis. Areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Intensive Care Medicine, 34(1), 1002-1011.
Duetschman, C. (2010). Evidence-based Practice of Critical Care. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Guerin, C., Reignier, M., Richard, J., Beuret, P., Gacouin, A., Boulain, T,& Ayzac, L. (2013). Prone Positioning in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), 2159-2168.
Matthay, M. (2009). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Acids are substances that can give off hydrogen ions, and bases are substances that can accept these ions. The acid-base balance is an important parameter that is maintained in the human blood within certain limits. This is necessary for the normal functioning of various body systems, biochemical reactions, and the optimal functioning of enzymes. Acids are substances that can give off hydrogen ions, and bases are substances that attach these ions. There are many diseases associated with a violation of the acid-base balance in the blood; one of these diseases is respiratory acidosis.
Respiratory acidosis develops due to the accumulation of a large amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which combines with water to form carbon dioxide. This causes an increase in the acidity of the blood. This condition can develop with respiratory disorders that cause a decrease in pulmonary ventilation (Patel and Sharma, 2021). Symptoms include lethargy, trembling, and confusion. A patient who feels slightly tired, sweating profusely, and anxiety should pay attention and visit a doctor.
The treatment involves the patient being on the artificial lung ventilation device. In addition, it is necessary to eliminate the accumulated sputum from the lungs. It is also necessary to eliminate the cause of the appearance of excess acid in the body to avoid relapse. The question that I would like to study in more detail is what preventive measures should be taken to prevent the appearance of excess acids in the body.
Breathing is one of the main physical processes without which the bodys functioning is impossible. Without sufficient access to oxygen, the human body cannot efficiently operate since the work of many organ systems is disrupted (Rolfe, 2019). Therefore, in the presence of even minor breathing problems, a complete respiratory analysis is necessary, which will show what exactly interferes with the circulation of air and oxygen in the body. It is crucial to conduct a full-fledged examination since a superficial study of the symptoms may not reveal the whole picture. A timely analysis can prevent the development of the situation to a critical level and give time to take the necessary measures to restore a healthy state.
A complete respiratory assessment includes four groups of components, each examining the patient in one of the main directions. The study of respiratory parameters should be preceded by a general examination and a survey, which consists in checking for deviations. For example, a self-assumed, as in the case of the patient in question, tripod pose can mean shortness of breath (Zimlich, 2021). After that, it is necessary to perform a general inspection, which consists of a visual inspection of the patients external parameters. These include examining the persons skin for the absence of pallor or cyanosis, membrane condition, sputum analysis, breathing patterns, and tracheal position (Baid et al., 2016). The second component, palpation, allows for determining if the chest expands normally when breathing and if there are any distortions or painful areas that should be examined later.
The use of percussion and checking the sounds emitted during exposure makes it possible to accurately determine the studied areas structure after palpation. The sound will be dull in the presence of a solid, dense structure, and in the presence of voids, it will resonate too strongly (Baid et al., 2016). Finally, the last component of the respiratory examination is auscultation, which identifies possible airway abnormalities based on breath sounds. Depending on the sound, such as wheezes or crackles, different causes of the current condition can be identified.
Escalation
The results obtained during the examination and respiratory analysis demonstrate that the patient is experiencing severe breathing problems. It is evidenced primarily by the position he has taken and increased work of breathing. In addition, this is confirmed by respiratory rate measurements, almost twice the norm, and low oxygen saturation. An important point that moves the further escalation of the study is the presence of crackles in the right lower lobe. Many conditions are associated with these sounds, from pneumonia to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Ellis, 2020). However, the possibility of heart disease can be excluded from the list of potential conditions with a high probability since it is not accompanied by an increase in temperature and low pressure observed in the patient ( Heart failure, 2021). The symptoms present can be attributed to allergies, bronchitis, or pneumonia. To get a complete picture of what is happening, conducting some additional laboratory studies is necessary.
Their list, first of all, includes tests with a sample of blood and sputum for infections. The observed symptoms are inherent in some infectious diseases, such as bacterial pneumonia and bronchitis. Therefore, their confirmation may serve as the basis for choosing a treatment method that includes antibiotics (De Pietro, 2018). An echocardiogram is a method to check the functioning of the heart. Since the patient has specific abnormalities in heart function, expressed in increased heart rate and low blood pressure, it is necessary to check their cause. The chest x-ray allows, first of all, to determine the presence of inflammation in the lungs, which is often a sufficient basis for diagnosing pneumonia. Finally, oxygen therapy can be used to measure ongoing treatment (De Pietro, 2018). At the moment, the patients condition is not critical, but rather severe respiratory problems characterize it. Despite the increased work of breathing, the body does not receive sufficient oxygen saturation. Therefore, this type of therapy can be used to compensate for this deficiency during the period of establishing the causes of such a condition.
References
Baid, H., Creed, F., & Hargreaves, J. (Eds.) (2016). Oxford Handbook of critical care nursing (2 ed.). Oxford University Press.
The human body is a system that depends on the coordination of all organs regarding the distribution of necessary elements throughout the structure. Oxygen is an essential element within a persons anatomy due to its functional effect on the tissues. In this case, the insufficiency of the supply risks failure and significant damage to the appendages hence the importance of assessing the dynamic conditions that negatively affect the health index (Carpagnano et al., 2021). One of the factors that contribute to illnesses and death is acute respiratory failure. The purpose of this study enshrines exploring the causative agent of acute respiratory failure and develop an effective plan of care for the patients. The sickness fosters imminent danger to the patient since it proficiently affects the oxygenation of the protuberances, intensifying the risk of blood circulation impairment.
Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Failure
The pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure is a multifaceted phenomenon that profoundly involves three approaches. Oxygen circulation depends on the integral coordination of different organs, mainly the heart, lungs, and other body tissues. The first phase that contributes to the illness engulfs the oxygen transfer into the blood through the alveolus. The lungs contain alveoli, tiny pores on the walls, and are connected to the blood vessels (Li & Ma, 2020). Therefore, once a patient takes in oxygen, it diffuses through the alveolus into the blood pumped into the heart. In the case the lungs are filled with fluid or infected, it becomes difficult for the absorption process hence impairing the sufficient oxygenation process of the blood.
The second phase of the respiration process that is highly affected by acute respiratory failure is the blood supply into the heart. The primary role of the heart involves sucking in blood, applying pressure using the ventricles, and opening up through the valves to enhance its distribution to other organs through the aorta (Carpagnano et al., 2021). The insufficient supply of oxygen from the lungs leads to the distribution of poorly oxygenated blood into the system that trickles down to malfunctions of certain structures, such as the brain. The deficiency of oxygen in the brain fosters its defective functioning, mainly in the alertness to react against different encounters and the coordination of the nervous system (Scala & Pisani, 2018). An excellent example of a phenomenon significantly affected by the scarcity of oxygen among the body organs engulfs the optimal exhalation of carbon dioxide. The accumulation of carbon dioxide increases the toxicity levels of the deoxygenated blood to the anatomy. Primarily, the pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure is a significant risk to the victim since it increases the chance of dying based on the sequential damage of the protuberances.
Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure
The assessment for acute respiratory failure involves integrating different aspects of diagnosis to determine the risk and intensity levels. One of the factors entails the physical examination regarding muscle tension, body movement, skin sensitivity, head stiffness, and the dilation of the eyes. Poor oxygen supply fosters the strain of the tissues hence the importance of observing the signals showcasing the problem. Apart from the scrutinization, a practitioner inquires about the familys medical history to incorporate crucial details based on any genetic conditions (Li & Ma, 2020). The human body is a system that enshrines the interplay of all anatomic elements to enhance healthy living. Ideally, it is vital for a doctor to include the historical records of any illnesses from relatives and the patient to determine a pattern.
In a different spectrum, acute respiratory failure significantly affects the inhalation and exhalation process. It is crucial for a medical practitioner to use an oximeter to measure the bodys oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The diagnosis enhances the insight regarding the flow of oxygen within the system while indicating irregularities that risk the health index of the anatomy (Spiezia et al., 2020). Since the body is a system, any dysfunction of a component fosters the necessary attention to justify the adaptive response to the illness. Apart from the examination of the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, it is the responsibility of the physician to order a chest X-ray to observe the abnormalities within the lungs. An effective prognosis is profoundly attributed to the informed decision-making among clinicians under the spectral view of acute respiratory failure.
Medical Management for Acute Respiratory Failure
An individual suffering from acute respiratory failure requires immediate medical attention due to the risk of death or the development of a permanent condition such as a stroke. In this case, the medical management of the victim involves the integration of strategies that intensify the supply of oxygen in the system and the recovery functioning of the lungs. The primary cause of the illness is the insufficient supply of oxygen to the anatomy (Spiezia et al., 2020). Therefore, the first solution entails determining the developmental phase based on the systems measured carbon dioxide and oxygen. The patient gets admitted to an intensive care unit with the optimal artificial supply of oxygen using the tubes to boost the healthy balanced level while reducing the distress to the tissues (Needham et al., 2017). In a different spectrum, it is crucial for the counterpart to use inhaled-based medications that assist in the clearing of the airways and the lungs for efficient operation. Hindrances to the inhalation and exhalation process of the air foster the recurrence of the condition that intensifies the liability to the internal parts and mainly the tissues. The critical goal encompasses ensuring the effective movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the structure.
Plan of Care for Acute Respiratory Failure
The plan of care for a patient suffering from acute respiratory failure involves the integration of dynamic elements that elevate the inhalation and exhalation process. One of the significant strategies entails the improvement of oxygen intake using the ventilation machines, taking antibiotics, suctioning of the oral cavity, proper nutritional management, treatment of causes and injuries, and establishing an examination routine for the prophylaxis and barotrauma (Spiezia et al., 2020). The primary purpose of the approach engulfs developing an aspect that intensifies the health index of the lungs and the absorption rate of oxygen in the system. As a result, the initiative focuses on the empowerment of lungs and heart function that contribute to the oxygenation and supply of blood across the entire spectrum.
Conclusion
Consequently, the human body is a multidimensional phenomenon whose health relies on the coordination of all organs. One of the crucial components is the supply of oxygen through the respiratory structure. In the case of an infection or injury that disrupts the lungs function, there is an imminent risk for acute respiratory failure that trickles down to the dysfunction of other elements, such as the brain. As a result, oxygen supply and exhalation of carbon dioxide are an essential aspects for an individual. An imbalance of the concept renders such issues as death and poor coordination of nervous and digestive frameworks. Therefore, it is the responsibility of medical practitioners to diagnose and establish an effective plan of care for the victims to reduce and alleviate the dangers.
