Responsibilities of Computer Professionals to Understanding and Protecting the Privacy Rights

Privacy ranks as among the very important factors that many computer users consider when making the decisions about how to approach the concept of information technology.

In the present day, there are many who have built lucrative businesses out of collecting data about computer users and some organizations even finance their activities mainly through selling marketing data or even selling lists with the names and details of potential customers. From an interpersonal perspective, some individuals even utilize internet-based services to spy on personal backgrounds of other individuals.

A common example of this is the use of search engines by employers to look into information about employees and potential employees over the internet. Criminals also use the internet to search for personal details which they then use for identity theft. It is because of such security concerns that computer professionals have special responsibilities in relation to understanding, respecting and protecting the privacy rights of other computer users and this essay shall explore these.

Given that internet use is an international phenomenon, it is impossible for computer professionals and policy makers to control all the content of the data that is transferred online.

Be that as it may, computer professionals still have some responsibility of protecting the rights of fellow citizens one of which is to come up with mechanisms to protect copyright and intellectual property rights. The main aim of copyright is not only to prevent illegal copying of information, including the information stored in digital format which can be copied, altered and transmitted through electronic networks with relative ease (Lopez, 1998).

The practical challenges that owners of digital data face are very important for governments trying to apply or extend existing copyright laws to digital means. It is the responsibility of computer professionals to push the authorities to enforce laws that protect intellectual properties. At an international level, it is the responsibility of computer professionals to contribute to the efforts of bodies such as the World intellectual property organization (WIPO) towards the facilitation of the protection of property rights.

As noted by Welfens (2002), the internet has greatly contributed to expanding individuals’ learning horizons but the ease with which information has become accessible is raising concerns among citizens in relation to the exposure to offensive material. Parents and educators have also raised concerns about the negative influence that the internet is having on young minds.

As a way of addressing these concerns, computer professionals have contributed to the formation of civil liberty organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) which supports legal and legislative towards the protection of user’s civil liberties and protects the privacy and civil liberties of online users, respectively (Dhillon, 2003).

Computer professionals can also help computer users protect their privacy while using the internet by recommending a few measures that they (users) could apply while using their computers. One such measure would be to disable cache and history functions in individual computers whenever the can. This will prevent a malicious individual from using this information track the sites that the user have visited.

The computer professionals could also advise users not to release their personal identification information to anyone else as this information could be used against them. The number of computer users is increasing by the day but not all users have the knowledge of how to protect their privacy while using the internet. It is therefore the responsibility of computer professionals to take all the necessary steps that would help preserve the privacy of computer users, some of which have been mentioned in this essay.

References

Dhillon, G. (2003). Social Responsibility in the Information Age: Issues and Controversies. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Inc.

Lopez, X.R. (1998). The dissemination of spatial data: a North American-European comparative study on the impact of government information policy. Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Welfens, P.J.J. (2002). Internet economics dot net. New York, NY: Springer.

Respect and Its Significance

Introduction

Respect is widely assumed to imply a show of regard as well as gratitude for the value and significance of something or somebody. The modern and customary societies saw respect as nobility and admiration. It incorporates notable elements such as the value of self, life sustenance environment in addition to the dignity of every individual within and outside one’s society.

In most cases, respect plays a critical role in keeping us away from damaging what we should value. Respect is thus imperative in any society since a great deal of the collectively desirable quality, virtues and morals which establish human dignity, and give the best out of a person and the society at large mutually originate from the worth of accountability and respect.

How respect forms a healthier society and enhances the bond that exists among inhabitants

Respect persists to be a desirable element in any given society. For instance, this virtue is required in a society as it creates a peaceful coexistence and a more collaborative world around individuals and groups. The bond that exists between people and society materialize to strengthen through respect.

This is because respect spearheads listening, sharing, speaking kindly to other people, and keeping the hurtful thoughts to ourselves. A better society is only created and will just exist when people respect themselves, their families, the surrounding niche, the stipulated rules, other people, property, and the emerging personal differences.

Respect does not imply making fun of other people but rather being very kind and good in every aspect of life. Individuals tend to create strong social bonds through respect because respect helps them to think of how other personalities feel. Confucius ones quoted, “Human being cannot be differentiated from the wild beasts devoid of the respect feelings.”

This means that society emerges to be an extremely better place to live provided individuals and groups know how to treat others the same way they would expect to be treated. According to Herbert Lehman’s assertions about respect, it is imperative that people who live in the same or even different societies should learn to respect other people’s opinions even though they might disagree with such opinions.

Therefore, through recognizing and emulating the deeds of the renowned hero like Abraham Lincoln, who became committed towards the liberation of slaves and the restoration of unions, a strong bond might be created in society. It is indeed using modeled understanding, the respect for the enemies, kindness as well as forgiveness that a strong bond between people could be nurtured.

These, however, form the basis of respect that ensues between the societal members. A society that dwells in respect will be more than willing to secure any forms of peace agreement so that prospect for kindness exists while people are bound together through the golden chain.

Conclusion

Given that respect entails good etiquette, using kind tone and well-bred body language besides being considerate and polite, it is clear that the portrayal of such facets could strengthen bonds between individuals, groups and foster the creation of a much better society.

Thus, people should show respect to others via being polite while exercising the use of words or phrases such as ‘thank you,’ ‘forgive me,’ would you mind helping’ or ‘please.’ Respect might also be shown to other individuals by understanding their differences and appreciating their uniqueness as opposed to seeing them as being weird.

Finally, respect is perceived as a means of demonstrating concern to other societal members, honoring their wants, legacy, practices, thoughts, way of life, and differences. It further entails caring for both living and nonliving things besides conforming to the customs, set of laws, regulations, and decree of the family, society, devotion, and the nation.

Works cited

Dylan, Matthew. Respect. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 2003.

Respect in Daily Lives

Respect is a crucial aspect of everyone’s life. Through respect, everyone can act kindly and treat others well. Respect implies putting into consideration of how other people feel. By treating others, in the same manner, you would like them to treat you, is a good show of respect. Most of the people claim to show respect as a very tough exercise, but this is not always the case.

Showing respect can be demonstrated by simple words such as “please,” and saying “thank you” (Wenger 75). Some people tend to forget these words and are essential in our day to day lives. Severally, some relationships have broken due to a lack of respect between partners.

The show of respect is very important especially to the adults, as they act as role models to the young children. If children can happen to witness adults disrespecting one another, through the exchange of harsh words, it would be very hard to correct such children in the future. It is always advisable for the adults to demonstrate the highest level of respect at all times, to avoid displaying bad example to the children.

For instance, it would be a bad example for someone to criticize the other due to some differences, as this should be rather described as uniqueness (Wenger 102). Assisting other people whenever they require your assistance and making others feel comfortable is a good way of demonstrating respect.

Through being respectful, one can create a good relationship with others, as he or she would be able to listen to other people’s opinions without criticizing them. For instance, a respectful student would interact well with other students, as well as with the tutors. A good relationship of a student with his or her teachers would promote his or her level of understanding hence good performance.

Lack of respect may result in regular quarrels between one with his fellows. In our normal lives, errors and mistakes are inevitable among human beings. Different types of disagreements must arise in the normal lives among friends and even family members (Wenger 82). Without respect, it would be hard to settle such differences, as no one would listen to the other.

Hence quarrels would happen. A certain researcher said that differences among human beings are inevitable, as everyone is created uniquely. He emphasized his point by saying that “Judging others against our standard is being egotistical. Respect everyone’s right to be different” (Wenger 112). This is a clear quote to show that respect matters a lot in our lives, especially in the way we relate with one another.

Respect is applicable in every aspect of our lives including political, social, and cultural lives. In any healthy relationship, one learns to respect and trust the most important people in his or her life (Wenger 98). Disagreements may be inevitable, but through respect, one learns on how to stay calm and express his or her opinions.

Remaining respectful would make one be composed and understand the cause of differences, and it would be easier to fix the cause of disagreements. The moments of disagreements in a relationship makes any relationship stronger day by day.

In a good relationship, people should learn how to respect one another for who they are. It is also important for one to recognize himself first, as it would assist in setting boundaries, and promote a good feeling in a relationship.

Work Cited

Weznger, Edwin. Social life: respect and Trust. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009.

The Meaning of Respect

Respect is one of those qualities that is found a necessity in almost any field of human activity. Regardless of where exactly the person is – at a formal dinner, on a walk, at work, school or university – a certain degree of respect is required and expected from a person. However, what exactly is meant by this concept is often not discussed. Thus, this word accumulates a considerable number of requirements and knowledge. The purpose of this essay is to explore the meaning of respect.

First of all, to understand the basis of this concept, it makes sense to turn to the sources. Dictionaries vary slightly in wording, but the essence of respect, according to language norms, is esteem or a sense of superiority of a person or their personal qualities (“Respect,” n.d.). This formulation falls under the broadest concept of respect, most often found in society. Respecting another person means recognizing them as a person, and evaluating their personal qualities or merits. Thus, respect is one of the constituent parts of relationships between people. Moreover, this concept is in many ways fundamental in human relationships. Although not explicitly stated, a lack of respect implies a disregard for achievement and personality. Consequently, even a banal recognition of the right of another person to have their views and qualities is already respected. This meaning is the most basic, without which the working structure of society is impossible.

In addition, respect is also understood as a specific measure and means of assessing the mutual position of people relative to each other. According to the same dictionary, respect can mean deference to privilege, acceptance, and confirmation of a position (“Respect,” n.d.). Although this formulation overlaps somewhat with the previous one, it covers a more formal side of the relationship. Showing respect also means accepting another person’s superior position and recognizing their privileges. For example, bosses at work have a privileged position over ordinary workers, so they must treat the leadership with respect. While personality-based attitude seems fairer, position-based respect expands in part on the previous concept. The fact that a person occupies a higher position often speaks of their outstanding qualities. Therefore, showing respect for such a person is logical and justified. Nevertheless, this approach is even more closely related to the vicissitudes of social interactions and their subtleties.

However, despite a precise definition, often for different people, this concept has additional meanings that intersect with other areas of activity. Someone, for example, may consider it disrespectful to be indoors in a headdress, while other people acknowledge it as disrespectful clothing for a particular event. Each person treats the surrounding elements and events differently, considering various things to be a manifestation of disrespect. What is normal for someone will be a terrible insult to the honor and dignity of another. In addition, such norms vary depending on the cultural context and often overlap with human ideas about ethics and aesthetics. Therefore, determining what exactly the other person respects can be very problematic. However, all variations of the term have one thing in common that unites all the wordings. One way or another, respect is a term that describes the essence of social relationships between people, and their relationship with each other based on a particular system of values.

Thus, it can be noted that there are several variations of the concept of respect. Dictionaries define this term as recognition of the dignity of another person or recognition of a superior position. These definitions are universal and applicable to any person, as they form the basis of communication. However, people often decide for themselves what they consider respect. In this case, it is necessary to build on the system of norms and values that is a priority for the individual and following which people develop their opinion about others.

Reference

(n.d.). Web.

Respect for Elder’s Wisdom

Description of the Two Elders Interviewed

The interview was carried out on two elders who were living in the City of Dubai. The first elder, named Abdul, was a man aged 60 years and a former teacher in a local high school. The other one was a woman aged 59 years who had worked for several years as a nurse in Abu Dhabi, but had retired and moved to Dubai. Her name was Halima. The two interviewees were enthusiastic about technology and its role in socialisation. They were the perfect match for our interview which was focusing on the role of technology in socialisation.

The Story of the Elders

In this interview, the two elders gave a detailed story about socialisation and how it used to take place in the past in this society. Each of the two elders gave independent versions of socialisation in the Emirati society in the past, and how the society has transformed with the emergence of communication technologies. Abdul narrated the social life in the 1960s when he was young. He remembers how boys were treated superior than girls. They had the freedom to visit friends and places without any restriction.

During that time, they strictly adhered to the teachings of Quran and were expected to be the future leaders of the society. In Abdul’s story, he recounts how socialisation entailed the physical encounter. Abdul says, “During those times, we had to visit friends and interact during major ceremonies in the society”. At this early age, boys were expected to take the leading role in socialisation.

The school environment was the main forum for socialisation. They would meet new friends and develop strong bonds towards one another, based on the common interests. However, Abdul says that the changes that have been taking place in the society have been worrying, especially with the emergence of the social media. He says that the social media has affected socialisation by eliminating the physical interaction.

Halima gave a slightly different approach to how the emerging technologies have affected socialisation. According to Halima, life during her youth was a prison. In a family of eight girls and only two boys, she was the eldest. There was massive pressure on her to be a good example to her younger sisters. At the age of 15, there were plans to marry her off to a 35 year old widower, but she was rescued by her father who was determined to see her through to the highest levels of education.

However, the social environment was very unfriendly to the girls. They were not supposed to be seen as being too social, especially in forums where there were boys of their age or elders. Such actions would be considered as a bad behaviour. Sometimes they would develop some social relations with the fellow male classmates and plan for the marriage, but boys always had the last say.

They were supposed to be passive participants in their own lives. Halima is pleased with the changes that have been taking place in the society, especially those brought by the emerging technology. She said that women have finally been liberated. They can now play active roles in their own lives.

Elders’ View of Rapid Changes in the Society and Its Impact on Their Lives

The two elders had varying opinions about the rapid changes in the society. Abdul was sceptical about the social changes that have been taking place in this country, especially in the City of Dubai. The idea of empowering women according to him is going against the Islamic teachings. He laments that the current women are no longer as submissive as they are expected by their parents.

He recalls an incident when his daughter, upon graduating from the university, chose her own husband and rejected all the suitors that he as the father had recommended. This was strange to him. He was sceptical of the rapid changes, and according to him, these changes have had a negative impact on the lives of the elderly members of the society. When they were young, they followed the teachings and demands of their elders. However, when it is their turn to be listened to, the younger generation considers them backward and antisocial.

To Halima, the rapid changes that have taken place in the society occurred at the right time. She says that she was able to achieve academic success because of the support from her loving father. This came at a great cost to her family. She was always branded as a rebel while some people branded her father as an infidel. She saw her peers drop out of school at tender ages to be married off to older men.

According to her, the rapid changes in the social environment in this country have not only liberated young women in the society, but also the old women like her who were denied the freedom. She enjoys the fruits of this liberation alongside the young women who can now make their own choices.

Elders’ Advice to the Younger Generation

When called upon to give an advice to the younger generation, both elders had the same message, despite their divergent views on the rapid social changes. Abdul and Halima emphasised on the need for the younger generation to be disciplined when socialising. They stated that the younger generation should be responsible in their actions at every stage of their lives.

They were both critical of the impact of technology on socialisation. According to them, technology had reduced socialisation as opposed to the general view that it has boosted it. They argue that Facebook creates an impression that one has many friends in various countries, eliminating the need to visit friends and engage in physical activities together. In this regard, they urged the younger generation to balance the use of technology, and the need to engage in physical activities.

Finally, they warned the younger generation from defying the elder members of the society. They said that, although some of these changes may be good, it is still necessary to consult the elders when making serious decisions, because they have a better view of life based on their experience.

Personal Reflection to the Elders’ Wisdom

An analysis of the story of the two elders’ wisdom shows that our society has slowly transformed from being excessively patriarchal, to one that is now considerate to both men and women. It is also coming out clearly that, although some of the elder members of the society cherish some of these changes, the younger generation still has a responsibility to respect the wisdom of the elders. Ignoring this wisdom is a sure path towards self destruction.

Trust and Respect: “The Effects of Hazing and Sexual Harassment”

Introduction

Sexual abuse and hazing have a destructive effect on the military service, which foregrounds the need to promote ethical leadership. This analytical essay focuses on the story by SPC Wright about sexual harassment and hazing in the American army (Wright, 2021). He states that hazing and sexual assault harm the army profession. First, it destroys the public image of the U.S. military and leads to the situation when people associate military service with abuse, humiliation, and the inability to serve their country with dignity. Second, systematic cases of harassment and hazing decrease the level of trust and respect between soldiers and their command, which destroys the army from the inside. It is possible to state that the principles of ethical leadership that aim at building trust and respect among soldiers and command can change the existing situation with abuse and humiliation.

Discussion and Analysis

Case Description

SPC Wright became the victim of systematic humiliation and sexual abuse from other soldiers when he changed the platoon. When he served in another troop, this behavior was unacceptable, and there was an atmosphere of mutual respect among soldiers. He always knew that he had the opportunity to ask the commanders for assistance, and they would react to the potential problems. The commanders in the last troop gained the trust of all soldiers, which made the communication adequate. In their turn, the commanders in the new platoon showed that they did not want to establish contact with the soldiers, and their problems were not their priorities.

As a result, the military leaders knew that the cases of sexual harassment and hazing happened when they did not watch the soldiers in their platoon, but they preferred to disregard these facts. SPC Wright received help only when he addressed the higher rank commandment and described the existing problems (Wright, 2021). This case shows that the soldier could no longer stay in the army when he was regularly humiliated and abused, and the commandment did nothing to change this situation.

Case Interpretation

Ethical leadership is connected with profound transformations in the military service. It is critical to pay precise attention to the cases that emphasize the existing problems in the army. In most situations, it is easier to ignore the problem than to reform the entire system that is rigid by its structure. Moreover, the pro-active position in the military profession is connected with potential problems because the army is a highly hierarchical institution where the individual’s status and authority have the most critical role in the decision-making process (Barnes, Doty, 2010). For example, SPC Wright could not solve the problem of sexual abuse and hazing until he addressed the commanders who had more authority than the platoon’s supervisors. As the soldier, SPC Wright did not have other opportunities to change the situation when his human dignity was regularly humiliated. This situation emphasizes that an average soldier in the army is powerless because of his comparatively low status in the military hierarchy.

A military leader who pursues ethical goals should be credible and trustworthy. It is vital for the moral leader to show the appropriate conduct in all critical and biased situations during the military service, communicate with the subordinates, and respect them as professionals and as humans. Paying attention to ethical principles can be complicated because military leaders require courage and stable morality to act according to ethics (Barnes, Doty, 2010). The case that SPC Wright describes is a vivid illustration of the problems with ethical leadership that exist in the American army. The commandment usually knows that hazing and sexual harassment exist, but they do not try to watch their soldiers and eliminate all signs of humiliation in the troop. As a result, they prefer to persuade themselves that such things do not exist because they do not see them when communicating with the soldiers. There is no need to say that this policy is far from ethical and practical.

There is an emphasis on professional competencies in the military, not on the person’s character, which leads to problems with ethical behavior. People who lack moral principles but are professionals in the military succeed, leading to cases of humiliation and abuse in the troops. As SPC Wright says in the interview, there is a vital need for people with high moral standards who do not hesitate to promote their ethical values and speak up (Wright, 2021). In other words, leadership based on the principles of morality is rare in the American army, leading to the absence of trusting relationships between soldiers and their commandments. Many soldiers cannot cope with this humiliation, stress, and feeling of powerlessness, which leads to their suicide or the assassination of the abusers. Therefore, it is critical to pay attention to communication within the troop and build trusting relationships between the commanders, the supervisors, and the soldiers.

Creating a culture of trust and respect in the American military is the priority for the commandment, and it is possible to achieve it by dividing the army into smaller units. It is possible to improve trust in the interactions with the soldiers when every commander knows the problems of the people with whom he works daily (Hoeft, 2021). This method of implementing ethical leadership in the military might give positive results in the future because it challenges the existing rigid hierarchical structure where low-ranked soldiers cannot express their concerns.

The ethical military leader does not only create a positive environment but also shows others a good example. It is part of social learning when the soldiers see how their supervisors behave and act similarly. It is impossible to underestimate the impact of the tradition in the military service, and ethical leadership can become part of this army tradition (Barnes, Doty, 2010). It is possible to state that the decision of SPC Wright to speak up about the problems of sexual harassment and hazing and his ability to solve this problem during his military service is a positive example for military professionals. The soldier shows that he is a competent professional in the interview and he values discipline and subordination in the army. At the same time, he has a proactive position concerning the unacceptability of humiliation and abuse and is not afraid to discuss these problems in public. Many soldiers do not talk about these episodes because they feel ashamed of being victims of abuse and fear potential adverse outcomes. For instance, they hesitate to accuse their fellow soldiers of sexual harassment and hazing because the humiliation might aggravate after being punished for their actions. It shows that there is much work to do in the American army to promote a trusting and respectful atmosphere among people who have to protect the country professionally.

Conclusion

To conclude, ethical leadership is essential to creating a good atmosphere in the army. The primary goal is to build respectful and trusting communication between soldiers, supervisors, and commanders. Lack of mutual trust and interpersonal communication between the commanders and the soldiers leads to such problems as sexual harassment and hazing. Humiliation and abuse lead to the degradation of the relationships among soldiers and do not allow them to serve the country effectively due to the toxic atmosphere among troops. Moreover, these situations harm the image of the American army, which makes the military service not prestigious and connected with the constant humiliation of human dignity instead of professionalism and patriotism. Therefore, it is vital to address the problem of sexual harassment and hazing in the U.S. military, and ethical leadership might help solve these issues.

SPC Wright emphasized implementing ethical leadership principles in the mission command. The soldier described the existing problems in the American army connected with sexual harassment and hazing that the supervisors and the commandment disregarded because these problems required active actions. His competence foregrounds his position, and he shows that he is ready to accept the risks that are connected with the initiative. Summing up, SPC Wright’s behavior and story are examples of ethical conduct and leadership that serve as the role model for other military professionals. Initiative, competence, and ethical principles that people are not afraid to implement are the critical components of promoting ethical leadership and making the military service more oriented toward the needs of soldiers.

References

Barnes, C. M., Doty, J. (2010). What does contemporary science say about ethical leadership? The Army Ethics, 90-93.

Hoeft, J. (2021). Army leaders talk ethical leadership. Army.mil. Web.

Wright, J. (2021). The effects of hazing and sexual assault on the army profession. Video transcript. Army.mil.

Importance of Bible With Respect to Christian Ministry

Outline

This essay talks about the importance of bible with respect to Christian ministry. It also mentions the roles and responsibilities of Christian ministry in the society and in the church, basic requirements to become as a minister etc in the base of New Testament.

Introduction

Christian ministry is one of the most respected and responsible jobs in the society and in the religion. At any point of time and in almost all situations in the world Christian ministry has its own importance. A priest leads his life based on bible which is the holy book of Christian religion. A priest should have thorough knowledge in bible. This knowledge encourages him to live as per bible and lead the parish in a spiritual way.

Roles and responsibilities of Christian ministry in church and in communities

Like any other job, Christian ministry has a written job. It consists of more than one person. Christian ministry have the responsibility of passing the messages of Christ to the world. They should lead their life based on Bible especially new testament. They completely absorb the commandments of god and commandments of church. They should be lovable to the god and to the people. The common responsibility of Christian ministry to the community is “fulfilled by their everyday witness to Christian faith and a common display of love of neighbour.” (Haight 1985, p.221).

Another important responsibility of this ministry is to distribute different duties to every member in this organization and confirm all areas of this ministry are working properly. According to New Testament Christ sent apostles to spread the messages of God. Christian ministry are the followers of these apostles. So they have the responsibility to give God’s message. Besides giving the messages of God to the people, they have the responsibility to lead the community to live with a deep faith in God. They also have the duty to find efficient person for assisting them.

From Bible itself it is clear that God entrusted apostles teach bible. So Christian ministry have the responsibility to teach the community about God and divinity and govern them in that way. In the Information Technology era, the duties and responsibilities of a church ministry have increased. They should prepare the public to absorb the right thing from the world. There are chances of misunderstanding and misuse of the valuable findings from science and technology. In the first sight someone may feel science and technology contradict bible. So Christian ministry should lead them and teach them that science and spirituality are not contrast, but use them in the proper way.

Pastors are the major part of Christian ministry. In the earlier circumstances most important responsibility of a pastor was to preach and to teach. Today’s situation is entirely different. But it is the most important job of Christian ministry. Church administration is not a destined job of the pastor. According to Canon, a pastor “should also be distinguished for his sound doctrine and integrity of morals and endowed with zeal of souls and other virtues.” (Gubish, Jenny & McGannon 2001, p.176).

Values like morality, ethics and truth are some important aspects in New Testament and it is against superstitions anti social elements. A pastor has the responsibility to guide the community on the basis of morality and ethics. In this modern era people forget these things. It badly affects the existence of the world. A pastor should be careful to teach the community the importance of these values, and guide them to open their eyes to distinguish between true and false. He can lead his followers based on these values by showing them through his life. Christian ministry should train the youngsters and children to live in morality, and ethics.

Family relationship is the strongest relationship in the world. In today’s world value of this relationship is reducing. Christian ministry should encourage the family relationship. Abortion rate has increased very much in this computer world than any other period. It is not a positive sign. New Testament illustrates more than one simile to show Christ’s love to children. So pastors have the responsibility to give awareness to the community about the importance of life. They should fight against any kind of activity against life like abortion, mercy killing. In this world old age parents are became as a burden for their children. This kind of mentality is not suitable for Christianity and for the society. So as a spiritual preceptor, a pastor must take a keen attention against growth of this kind of mentality in the community.

Another duty of Christian ministry is to encourage the community to live according to the Ten Commandments. In the new testament from Mathew 5:13-16 mentioned how a person lives like light and salt in the world. These words indirectly indicate that church should be the light of the world. By the proper working of the Christian ministry a church can become the light of the world.

The idea of “a model of Ministry”

It indicates the structure of the ministry. In 21st century a model of ministry include counterparts of the members of the three ministers. It includes deacon who is selected by an election. The model of ministry is not representing the church. This structure consists of ministers from the three fold office. That is prophet, priest and king. All churches are combined and form a synod. Through this synod all ministers and other office members meet together and evaluate matters of common concern.

The model of ministry is not a democratic system. It indicates the spiritual partnership of the worshippers. It helps the Presbyterian churches to secure their independence from the influence of the state especially in the non Christian countries. (Fahlbusch 2005, p.535).

Model of the church

According to Niebuhr, there are five “ideal types” of the church: Christ against culture, Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ in dialectical tension with culture, and Christ transforming culture.” (Williamson 1999, p.272).

It should be critically contextual, and the context must be taken with keen attention. In short, church is not considered as a building, it is a spiritual union. In this century a church must work based on the friendship concept. Through holy bible Jn.15: 15 God told us that he considers all people in the world as his friends. Church should work based on these words. It must try to develop a friendship between God and people. It will automatically lead to love between people and between God and people. This kind of pure love will help to the transformation of the viewpoints of humanity and to recover peace in the world.

Minister as a servant and a representative

Jesus shows how to serve the God through people. In the New Testament, before the last supper Christ shows simplicity and self service by washing the legs of his disciples. Ministers are considered as the descendants of Christ. They represent the Christianity in front of the world. So service and simplicity are the key elements of their duty. Church minister is a servant of the God. God’s servant means he has dedicated his life to serve the church and the community. People never consider him as a servant; they consider him as a representative of Jesus Christ.

In this period a minister’s role as a servant has more importance. They have a lot of chances to serve the God thorough people. They can involve in charitable services in various ways. Some of them are education for poor children, caring old age people and people who are suffering from severe diseases etc.

Requirements of a pastor or a counsellor

A pastor or counsellor has a lot of requirements. The essential requirement to become a pastor or a counsellor is strong faith in God and love people and God. In the New Testament Jesus express his love to the people by sacrificing his life for them. It is the most expressive form of love. A pastor or counsellor should practically accept the depth of love, which was given by Jesus through his life. For that, the person who wishes to become a pastor should keep a strong love to the God and to the people.

That is, the person should know the essence of Ten Commandments, love to the God and love to the neighbours. A pastor should have helping mentality. Most probably it will start from his childhood that is from the family. In this modern world a person to become a pastor or a counsellor he should have the ability to understand the growth of science and technology and should understand the mind of the young generation.

One of the new requirements of Pastor is Sunday school management. (The religious educator 1860, p.223). From the New Testament, it clearly mentioned that Christ taught people in the Synagogue and people wondered about his knowledge. As the followers of Christ, pastors or counsellors should have the ability handle Sunday school.

The roles and responsibilities based in the current times

Bible and its teachings play a vital role in the current times. Christian ministers should have the responsibility to follow these teachings and practices in their pastor life. In past, present and in future the wordings in the bible are same. It can be applied in all periods. People at any period can live based on this. There may be some physical changes in the life style. To work in each period based on the bible mainly New Testament, Christian ministry should understand the beats of the world.

Conclusion

Basis of Christian ministry and Christianity is Holy Bible. If Christian ministry understands the importance of the bible with relevance to the changes of the world, and teach the communities accordingly, then it will help to the positive growth of the world.

References

Fahlbusch, Ervin & et al 2005, , Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Web.

Gubish, Mary Ann, Jenny, Susan & McGannon, Arlene 2001, Revisioning the parish pastoral council: a workbook, Paulist Press. Web.

Haight, Roger 1985, An alternative vision: an interpretation of liberation theology, Paulist Press. Web.

The religious educator 1860, Sunday School Teachers’ Institute. Web.

Williamson, Clark. M 1999, Way of blessing, way of life: a Christian theology, Christian Board of Publicati. Web.

Concept in Understanding Contemporary Policy Processes in Europe with Respect to Government and Policies

Since multi-level Governance (MLG) theory has originated from European Integration escorted by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, therefore it can be best analysed in the light of its two phase development in the European Union (EU). The first phase was refuted by the International Relations due to critics. However it is the second phase that after considering various critics of the first phase reshaped it in favour of the public policies. Today, we study MLG on the grounds of the second phase, which is all about studying in detail the EU integration.

MLG originally developed as a means of analysing policy development within the EU the term has since been developed and extended to other political arenas. In its original formulation, the argument was made that the role of national governments within the EU was diminishing, and in their place a new, multi-level, system of governance was taking shape (Jordan, 2001). In fact many proponents of MLG believe that this system has emerged so that nation-states no longer monopolise policy making, given that supranational bodies have an independent influence over these processes.

The emergence of MLG where on the one hand has created the need for collective decision making over complex problems which leads to a loss of control for nation-states, on the other have brought the supranational, national and sub national political arenas to a single platform and that even through policy networks (Bulkely & Betsill, 2003, p. 28).

The Emergence of Multilevel Governance

However opponents consider the notion that MLG has failed to realise and understand policy making processes. Therefore one reason for MLG failure in UK according to critics is the continued efforts over the years to regularise EU policy processes that had been caught up in distributional policy-making and allocating of resources to different groups, sectors, regions, and countries, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

The framers of the original treaties included some elements of distribution in the policy repertoire to be exploited. The CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) was funded from a collective base and for a long time accounted for the lion’s share of the EU budget. Farmers became the clients of European funding. When the single market was being pushed forward in the mid 1980s, the debate about the distributional impacts of integration was joined again, but this time more explicitly couched in the language of relative wealth and poverty.

Multilevel Government decided to add the term ‘cohesion’ to the policy-makers’ vocabulary, therefore it connoted a commitment to pay attention to economic and social divergence, and the needs of the more backward regions and social groups. This appeared to signal a shift from haphazard distribution of resources (especially from the EU budget) to a more planned redistribution through designed resource transfers. However the main spending mechanism was through the ‘structural funds’, which involved programmes and projects for, on the one hand, agencies dealing with training and employment creation, and, on the other hand, regional and local authorities.

It was this opening for more direct contacts between the European and the infranational levels of government, and the politics that developed around them, that provoked the term ‘multi-level governance’ to characterise this new policy mode. It rested on two essential points: first, that national central governments could no longer be able to monopolise the contacts between the country and the EU levels of policymaking; and, secondly, that engagement at the European level created an opportunity to reinforce a phenomenon of regionalisation. The multi-level governance model inverted much of the discussion on how the EU worked by its emphasis on politics on the ground, and that of course is not without critics (Wallace & Wallace, 2000, p. 32).

Usefulness of Multi-level Governance in context with the European Policies

There is no doubt that MLG does not hesitate to take decisions in a wide range of areas which directly affect public and private interests policies in the EU, and in that respect it seems to resemble national states more than international organisations. However, compared to national states, MLG has extremely limited means to exert political rule. Yet, it is expected to get these resourceful entities on its side, which are potent alternative centres of authority on their own. That is a formidable challenge, because EU member states have distinctly different institutions, practices, and patterns of interest representation moulded by distinct trajectories of state-building. No emerging national state had to deal with such powerful and diverse alternative loci of authority (Marks, 1995).

From the advent of EU policies to decision making, MLG has always been in a state of negotiation with the supranational, local and regional governments to reshape the policies towards betterment in order to avoid the critics from the public and private sectors.

An example is that of EPIGOV (Environmental Policy Integration and Multilevel Governance) – an EU funded project (UK) which is subjected to flaws like weak implementation of development strategies, lack of resources, and weak political leadership. Despite the benefit of improving policies EU in context with MLG lacks in proper implementation. There are many examples in Europe in which concerns were initiated for procedural environmental justice and were first addressed in the EU Directive on the assessment of the effects of public and private projects, but remained unable to acquire justice because of the lack of attention from distributive environmental justice in Europe (Paavola & Lowe, 2005, p. 153).

However, the central task is therefore, time and in what context the MLG has perceived policies, how policy-makers can develop a coherent common policy at the European level, and yet give attention to the variation in political practice, institutions, and players in the member states. Or more pointedly, what sort of institutional and policy arrangements can convince potent national states to put their national sovereign power at risk in collaborative European efforts? This challenge is going to grow as European policies deepen and Union membership increases. The reason might be the widening gap between MLG and its understanding of European policies.

How MLG changes relationship between national and sub-national government?

The criticism to which MLG is confronted is that despite of acting as a theory, it has proven itself as an approach which has increased the distances between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Reason is the public policies behind European Union member-states which have changed the relationship between national and sub-national government. Since 1980s, the European integration process took the form of MLG in which the two main actors were the nation-states and the supranational institutional framework. The regions became important players in pushing the European integration process and developing strategies to enhance their role in the decision-making structures of the European Community.

After the obsoletion of the two player game in 1990s in which supranational and national actors were involved by Robert Putnam, regional governments of Belgium, Germany, and Austria achieved some representation in the Council of the EU after the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty. They were able to successfully influence decisions that may concern social and economic cohesion (Keating and Hooghe, 1996, 221). Followed by numerous innumerable networks of public, private, and voluntary organisations that connect with the EU policy process, networking is seen as a greater component of the essential conditions for greater democracy, transparency, coherency, and efficiency in decision making and implementation.

Because of the breadth of its responsibilities, UK sub-national government (SNG) has been expected to play a key part in facilitating this process. In addition to their domestic policy obligations, local and regional authorities are responsible for the execution and oversight of a wide range of EU directives including environmental protection, trading standards, and procurement. The EU policies, as seen from the SNG’s point of view resulted in convincing the local authorities to adapt their existing policies and working practices. In this manner SNG was considered as a success to mould local businesses to meet the challenges and opportunities of the internal market. Their growing reliance on Community assistance has also stimulated greater awareness of EU policies (Magone, 2003, p. 48).

What Intergovernmentalists think of MLG policies?

For intergovernmentalists, EU regional assistance may be regarded as primarily a side payment an opportunity for states to advance domestic objectives and repatriate financial contributions from other member states. They dismiss efforts to use the principle of subsidiary to legitimise decentralisation or devolution within the member-states or the possibility of direct links between SNG and the Commission.

Successive reforms to the structural funds may have been intended to facilitate partnerships involving SNG and local/regional economic and social actors, but these principles have frequently been resisted by the UK national government. Indeed, EU cohesion policy objectives have steadily unravelled in favor of employment policies more likely to be coordinated by national and state authorities (Magone, 2003, p. 137).

According to Hooghes (1998) “European integration has resulted only in the decline of power” (Hooghe, 1998). Moreover, the MLG concept, in adopting an actor-centred approach to the decision-making process, is one that sees policy makers, including politicians, as reliant on establishing ties and sometimes even coalitions with strategic constituencies. This leads to the collapse of other social movements as MLG only considers that comes or appears under the interest of those consider reliable in the context of the EU (Marks, Scharpf, Schmitter, and Streeck 1996, 97).

In such a situation, MLG theorists argue, the ‘boundaries’ between the actors involved in making decisions of public policy become ‘fuzzy’ and, further, the conceptual coherence of the categories themselves become problematic (Marks, Scharpf, Schmitter, and Streeck 1996, 96).

Marks, Hooghe, and Blank are correct in their view that nation-states and national governments are now constrained in their ability to control supranational organisations at the European level. While higher- order decisions are still taken by state executives, they cannot control day-to-day policy making. The process of European integration has often been technocratic. Consequently, it has been civil servants rather than politicians who conduct key negotiations and make policy (Bache and Olsson, 2001).

What Critics say?

Critics of MLG theory are also able to point to the asymmetric structure of regional and local governance across the European Union. Germany, with its highly institutionalised federal structure, could be expected to display strong evidence of MLG, but, even here, national interests have compromised direct links between the Lander and the Commission (Anderson, 1996). In the United Kingdom, MLG has not reshaped policies to the extent to compensate the problem of limited capacity of SNG so that European activities are extended (John, 1997). Despite of mobilising power and resources, MLG has remained unable to safeguard its gate keeping role, and the prospects of any significant realignment remain remote (Bache, George, and Rhodes 1996).

EU policies have been influenced but through triadic relationships that may have created superficial opportunities for active subsidiary. There are many examples demonstrating the effectiveness of SNG lobbying of the Commission for example, the treatment of additionality in respect of the RECHAR initiative and efforts to secure assistance for declining urban areas and those affected by the restructuring of the textile and defence industries. But they have usually required at least the tacit support of the UK central government, prior to any formal approaches to the Commission.

Barriers in European Trade Negotiations

The EU now plays a central role in international trade negotiations, due to its increased economic leverage and the decline in the willingness and ability of the USA to provide leadership in international trade diplomacy. The completion of European market integration in the single European market (SEM) gives EU international trade policy very significant leverage, because it can determine conditions of access to the largest unified market in the world.

The EU’s leverage has also been increased by an enlarged membership and the introduction of the Euro as a common currency in 1999. In international trade policy, as in other areas of EU decision-making, enlargement has also made EU membership more heterogeneous and thus made policy-making even more complex. EU international trade policy also has a potentially more important role to play, because of the declining willingness on the part of the USA to continue to provide a leadership role. The USA still supports multilateralism, but only when this produces the results demanded by a range of domestic constituencies (Wallace & Wallace, 2000, p. 375).

If we consider EU aloof from legal policies, it would be wrong as it has no land, no completely common currency or language, no citizens (save that they are first nationals of constituent member states), no independent taxing power, and no government save the supranational institutions previously mentioned. Despite facing many difficulties in defining the EU as a political or economic entity, as a trader it is the closest thing to the U.S. that exists in the world today.

Being the largest trading partner for investing more in the U.S. than all other nations combined, it has shown other American companies, for example, Gillette and Caterpillar, how to earn substantial profits in Europe. Indeed, the European Court has referred to the EU as ‘a new legal order’, which other trading blocs such as NAFTA certainly are not. Moreover, it was established for an unlimited duration (Fischer, 2000, p. 77).

As far as the MLG in context with the policies are concerned, it upholds many barriers like lack of sufficient information to develop policies. This has resulted in the impact of impediments to trade in services that undermines the liberalisation process. Therefore it is not right to say that MLG has protected the European services industries, as evidence suggest that service industries remain protected for many of the standard political economy reasons.

One of which is protection is safeguarded to uncompetitive service industries with significant political measures. For multilateral and regional negotiations, this evidence tends to confirm those negotiations that are already expected on services and encounter the same barriers to progress that are so familiar in negotiations on merchandise and agriculture. Many domestic interests hidden in policies limit the extent to consider reshaping (Sauve & Stern, 2000, p. 60-61). The MLG lacks in identifying the barriers to progress in services that are even greater because of the relatively widespread involvement of the public sector in service provision and of the private sector in service regulation.

Lack of information is one factor which leads MLG to underestimate or overestimate policy processes in Europe. The EU trade impediment in services and their consequent impact on the economy has lead the policy reformers to ignore their fewer tools with which to push for liberalisation. MLG must understand the trade barriers by coming to a negotiating level, by adopting a negotiating framework so that EU appears to lead multi product negotiations to more liberal outcomes by extending the set of industries over which concessions can be traded (Sauve & Stern, 2000, p. 60-61).

How UK has affected the MLG in understanding EU policies?

UK follows two paradoxes in shaping policies. The first presents UK as an ‘awkward partner’ (George, 1994) in coordinating with EU. On the one hand, the UK is considered to be ‘at odds with the theory and practice of integration’ (Wallace, 1997), its position is none other than a third party negotiating with the European Union than a member of it. Its relationship with Europe has been one of ‘missed chances’ (Denman, 1996). It joined the European Communities begrudgingly at the third attempt, and has remained at best a ‘semi-detached’ participant ever since. On the other, the UK system for EU policy co-ordination has attracted widespread admiration which has made new member states to emulate it.

The second paradox highlights a contradiction painted in critics that exists between the UK’s reputation for administrative efficiency and being ineffective in securing favourable policy outcomes at the European level (Kassim et al, 2000, p. 23) The ‘contradiction’ that arises between the UK system’s efficiency and scepticism is only apparent by its co-ordination strategy with which it forms its policies towards European integration. It contends, moreover, that the contrast between the UK’s MLG in administrating and policy failure must be treated with caution (Menon and Wright, 1999).

The UK may not have secured desirable policy outcomes in all areas, but its record has been far from negative, and it can boast a number of important successes. It can be said that MLG has failed to administer efficiency and policy effectiveness, the main reason behind the notion that UK is not as straightforward as it may appear.

Since 1997, the Blair Government in UK has come up with a central reform program “Joined up Government”, therefore key policy developments at the EU level expansion, security and defence, and the debate about governance may seem remote after that. Still there are several aspects of EU policy that have direct implications for SNG in the United Kingdom like structural fund regulations which confirm the importance of promotion of economic and social cohesion.

Because local authorities have a leading role in developing public sector infrastructure and the integration of economic and community development, they will continue to seek to influence the content and implementation of structural measures. An important challenge for many English authorities has arisen from the reforms to structural policy that integrates the four strands industrial, urban, rural, and fishing to form the building blocks of the new regions.

Individual local authorities play a key part in implementing the new programs but, given the need to draw together urban and rural interests, they are increasingly engaged in collaboration at the regional level. In the longer term the process of EU expansion may lead to a reduction in structural funds for the United Kingdom, and given the importance attached to EU assistance in stimulating their involvement, the outcome could be a diminution of local authority interest in EU issues. However the UK participation in the Euro and SEM (Single European Market) has resulted in European competitors. Similarly, authorities serving rural areas also need to take account of reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the preparation by MAFF of the England Rural Development Plan.

Devolution

The creation of the Scottish Parliament and assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland has caused fundamental changes in internal constitutional arrangements in the UK. To varying degrees, the denationalisation of statehood and the territorialisation of political power open up new opportunities in the rapidly developing European agenda and for advancing the standing of the proliferation of UK nations and regions in the EU. The outcome may be a fundamental shift in central-local roles and relations, with major consequences for SNG involvement in the growing range of EU policies that interface with domestic priorities at the sub national level.

Given that the larger, first tier local authorities have proved to be more adept than smaller district councils in EU policy debates and programs, the creation of new regional bodies might be expected to increase the capacity of English SNG to respond to EU policy developments. The reality is, however, more complex. The asymmetric nature of devolution is in fact likely to produce contrasting patterns of multilevel governance across the United Kingdom.

The Scottish Executive was granted much greater powers than its Welsh counterpart, whereas elected English regional assemblies enjoyed less autonomy than the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly. In England, devolution may provide the opportunity to integrate regional policies and mobilise new institutional relationships and processes.

Recent research by Burch and Gomez (2002) confirms that one of the consequences of the government’s measures to strengthen the regional tier has been to encourage representatives from the key bodies in each of the English regions and central government to come together to deal with European affairs. Some of these groups, for example in the southeast and the west Midlands, are beginning to look beyond the implementation of EU programs to consider their region’s EU strategy more broadly (Kassim et al, 2000, p. 64).

Negative Impacts of MLG in context with the European Polity

The growth of transnational exchange – causes many impediments in communicating cross national interactions between individuals, firms, associations, etc within the territory of the EC. Such exchange generates an increase in the social demand for supranational organisations to reshape their rules and regulate their policies. While emphasising on courts and legal rules cross national exchange push, increasingly, for transnational rules and regulation that replace national rules and regulation, and for a stable mechanism of coordinating national and supranational legal frameworks. With the rise in trading national rules and practices that hinder trade becomes increasingly costly to traders, who then seek to replace them with a set of transnational rules and practices that favour their activities (Sandholtz & Sweet, 1998, p. 99).

Another impact is the effectiveness by which a European system is capable of quickly responding to the needs of transnational society. The problem arises when the courts go responding to the functional demands of taking legal action, because the courts does not have to simply take decision but to consider the aftermath of the legal action. Since reshaping rules constitutes the dynamics of effective adjudication, therefore judicial decision-making constitutes a powerful form of governance. In order to provide legal and technical reasons judges are required to prove legitimacy and in this sense the lawmaking impact of any decision uphold two consequences.

First, in order to settle a dispute, the judge is bound to produce a legal act which itself is particular and retrospective for every decision. Second, is the concern which exposes the judge to justify the decision and let him know to settle similar cases in the same way in the future? Therefore the legal act is a general and prospective one (it affects future potential disputants). Thus, every policy and rule upholds a significant position which after reshaping sets another example of applying the same to other similar disputes.

The EU has faced some difficult decisions in its 40-year history institutional reform, expansion and a single currency but the EU seems to be confused about being divided or united. Whatever is the choice, the reason is structural as different economic and monetary policies, categorising problems as chiefly political or should more sovereignty be sacrificed to the central institutions? Has MLG succeeded in solving problems like unemployment, security, and monetary policy and can these be better addressed at the national or Community level? The solution is not the protection of European markets but to pursue world markets. Every problem needs a proactive decision, a solution practically implemented to understand the reasons behind the real crises.

Another factor is the elaboration of supranational rules and policies at every level. When seen in context with the transnational society, these rules replace the national rules. That means these reshaping policies are responsible for reshaping legal structure. Furthermore in this manner the legislator serves a social function that is rather similar to that of the judge that means both serve the best of their abilities to reduce the transaction costs, thereby enhancing the legal certainty. In this way they stabilise the expectations of those already engaged in, or contemplating, exchange.

The effectiveness of the legal norms binds certain classes of people that are capable of getting along with their activities and production that poses a collective problem. This problem is the main concern behind reshaping policies since EC rules pre-empt national rules. This is for the reason why in judicial lawmaking, the European Court at times legislate before the Community legislator. Hence whatever is the case, in all polities that possess a permanently constituted legislature and an independent judiciary, lawmaking powers are shared. In this manner the boundaries separate institutional functions of the EC.

Analysing MLG or multilevel polity tells us that policy formulation at every level gives rise to many technical flaws of which the outcomes are selected. Therefore the solution is not in the notion to change every policy accordingly but to stick to the results after proper implementation as multilevel governance solutions are required in case of a large number of interdependent agents.

References

Anderson, (1996). “Germany and the structural funds: Unification leads to bifurcation” In Cohesion policy and European integration: Building multi-level governance, edited by L. Hooghe, pp. 163-94. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bache, I., S. George, and R. Rhodes. (1996). “The European Union, cohesion policy, and sub national authorities in the United Kingdom” In Cohesion policy and European integration: Building multi-level governance, edited by L. Hooghe, pp. 294-319: Oxford University Press.

Bache, I., and J. Olsson. (2001) “Legitimacy through partnership? EU policy diffusion in Britain and Sweden” In: Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (3): 215-37.

Bulkeley Harriet & Betsill M. Michele, (2003) Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance: Routledge: London.

Denman, R. (1996), Missed Chances (London: Indigo).

Fischer C. Thomas, (2000) The United States, the European Union, and the “Globalisation” of World Trade: Allies or Adversaries?: Quorum Books: Westport, CT.

George, S. (1994), An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Hooghe Liesbet, (1996) Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multi-Level Governance: Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Hooghe, L. (1998) “EU cohesion policy and competing models of European capitalism” In: Journal of Common Market Studies 36 (4): 457-77.

John, (1997). “Europeanisation in a centralising state: Multi-level governance in the UK” In The regional dimension of the European Union, edited by C. Jeffery, pp. 131-46. London: Frank Cass.

Jordan, A. (2001) “The European Union: an evolving system of multi-level governance or government?” In: Policy and Politics, 29 (2): 193-208.

Kassim Hussein, Peters Guy & Wright Vincent, (2000) The National Co-Ordination of EU Policy: The Domestic Level: Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Keating, M., and L. Hooghe (1996). By-passing the nation-state? Regions and the EU policy process In: European Union: Power and policymaking, edited by J. Richardson, pp. 216-29. London: Routledge.

Magone M. Jose, (2003) Regional Institutions and Governance in the European Union: Praeger: Westport, CT.

Marks, G. (1995), “Comparing European Integration and State Building” in KLAUSEN J., and TILLY L. A. (eds.), Processes of European Integration, 1880-1995: States, Markets and Citizenship.

Marks, G., F. Scharpf, P. Schmitter, and W. Streeck (1996). Governance in the European Union. London: Sage.

Menon, A., and Wright, V. (1999), “The Paradoxes of Failure”: British EU Policy Making in Comparative Perspective, Public Policy and Administration, 13/4: 46-66.

Paavola Jouni & Lowe Ian, (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice, and Governance: Routledge: New York.

Putnam, R. (1988). “Diplomacy and domestic politics”. International Organisation 42: 427-61.

Sandholtz Wayne & Sweet Stone Alec, (1998) European Integration and Supranational Governance: Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Sauve Pierre & Stern M. Robert, (2000) GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalisation: Brookings Institutuion: Washington, D.C.

Wallace Helen & Wallace William, (2000) Policy-Making in the European Union: Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Wallace, H. (1997). “At Odds with Europe”, Political Studies, 45: 677-88.

Discussion: Law Enforcement and Respect

As a police officer, the location to which one is dispatched varies in regard to economic characteristics. However, it is important that law enforcement applies dignity, respect, and consideration regardless of the individuals they are to interact with or the neighborhood in which they operate. In the case study, the situation highlights a situation in which Arnold, a homeless drug user, refuses to leave the entrance of a building in a low-income apartment complex without causing disturbances. I would apply discretion to communicate with Andrew and decide on the best possible outcome without disturbing the person in question or the individual living in the area. Namely, I would approach Andrew and share the possibilities that he has in regard to being assisted to a homeless shelter or a hospital if medical care is needed. It is especially important to think about the safety of the tenants and Andrew himself, as the temperature puts the individual in question in danger. Thus, helping him with transportation and being put in a homeless shelter would significantly improve the situation from all viewpoints, both the individuals who feel uncomfortable with Andrew staying at the building entrance and Andrew himself.

My reaction would not be different if the same circumstances were taking place in a high-income apartment building and a politically-connected tenant would call. It is vital for police officers to remain unbiased and treat people equally, as the opposite generates situations in which minorities or demographics that are often targeted by the police are unfairly punished or violated. Thus, the status of a person is redundant as well as that of the person whom the police are being called on. This attitude is an excellent way to create a legally fair system in which people are judged through their actions rather than their socioeconomic position.

Work Cited

Elkins, Faye “Police and Private Security Partnerships: Collaborating to Meet Growing Challenges.” Community Policing Dispatch, vol. 15, no. 2. 2022. Web.

Addressing the Disrespect in the Military

Introduction

Disrespect is an action of being rude or discourteous to the authority or person in charge. It is an act that demeans people and causes them to appear as if they do not know what they are doing. Disrespect does not only work for vertical chain of authority but can also be among people of the same rank.

Every organization has got code of conducts which ought to be followed of which if not taken keenly it is termed as disrespect. For example, going against the rule of law is a sign of disrespect and could get one into trouble either with the police or people in charge.

The military is one place that requires respect but instead of disrespect. We cannot talk about disrespect without mentioning the essence of respect.

The word respect is imperative in today’s setting. It is neither a privilege nor a right. Everybody demands respect of some kind. Respect varies in different degrees. The reason for this disparity could be due to the position a person holds in the family, organization, society, and nation or at global level. Respect should be earned.

Disrespect in the Military

The military is one place that has the highest form of code of conduct. The military has got mandatory rules that have to be followed once someone has sworn an oath to become a member. No military person is permitted to answer back a non commissioned officer. Issues like retaliating or questioning of judgment is not allowed.

It is important that every person in the military adhere to the conducts whether in uniform or not. For instance, it could one bad repercussion when he or she shows lack of respect to an NCO when in uniform.

Other forms of punishment would include, withdrawal of hard cash earning from the family, dishonorable or honorable separation from the military and travel limitations. Therefore, to prevent such occurrences a person in the army needs to keep the right code of conduct twenty four hours a day, seven days a week and three hundred and sixty five and a quarter days a year.

For the military to achieve such high respect in the society, it takes them sacrifice and commitment. Disrespect in the military in the recent times has been caused by few leaders who compromised the codes of conduct in the past days. This has since been transferred to the junior employees too.

Efficiency in the administration of the military can only be achieved through discipline. This applies both in military and life. In order have a high sense of professionalism, it is important to input the actions of discipline that guard other values such as respect, integrity, self commitment and loyalty in work.

Respect in the Military involves ranks. In addition, it is likened to the proverbial saying that goes “Do unto others whatever you expect to be done for”. Respect will not only apply to the seniors but also to the subordinates, juniors and colleagues.

By having taken an oath to be a member of the military, it is mandatory that one respects all the activities ranging from war, humanitarian services and the military system as a whole. Personal respect is also very essential at the military level.

It is by respecting oneself that he or she will be able to show others and earn respect too. As a unit, the military appreciates the effort of each and every member hence this reduces the chances of having disrespectful individuals. Therefore, issues of disrespect tend to be very minimal in the military.