Category: Renaissance

William Shakespeare as a Renaissance man

I. Introduction

In a convention of writing striking for its demanding and splendid accomplishments, the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods have been said to speak to the most splendid century of all. These years delivered an exhibition of writers of virtuoso, some of whom have never been outperformed, and gave on scores of lesser gifts the lucky capacity to compose with familiarity, creative energy, and vitality. From one point of view, this abrupt renaissance looks brilliant, sure, chivalrous—and remiss, however all the more amazing for its belatedness. However, from another perspective, this was a period of surprisingly horrendous strain, in which English society experienced monstrous interruptions that changed it on each front and definitively influenced the life of each person. (‘English Literature – The Renaissance Period: 1550–1660’) In the concise, extreme minute in which England absorbed the European Renaissance, the conditions that made the digestion conceivably were at that point breaking down and raising doubt about the recently won assurances, just as the more seasoned certainties that they were dislodging. (Age] This doubleness, of new potential outcomes and new questions all the while captured, gives the writing its unrivaled force.

William Shakespeare was born during the English Renaissance, and all things considered, was a Man of the Renaissance. (‘Dark Ages (Historiography)’)

His contribution to brought Renaissance as well as his compositions were impacted by this period. So this particular paper will find out whether Shakespeare was a Renaissance man or not.

II. Characteristics of His Age

“The most characteristic feature of the age was the comparative religious tolerance. The frightful accesses of the religious were known as “The Thirty Years War”. The whole kingdom was divided again – the north was largely Catholic, while the southern countries were as strongly Protestant. It was in the age of comparing social contentment. The rapid increase of the manufacturing towns gave employment to thousand who had before been idle and discounted. It was an age of dreams, of adventure, of unbounded enthusiasm. New literature creates a new heaven to match men’s eyes. So, dreams and deeds increase side by side and dream is greater than deed. The age of Elizabeth was a time of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes, of unbounded patriotism, and of peace at home and abroad.” 1

III. Renaissance:

The Renaissance is a period from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century, thought about the extension between the Middle Ages and Modern history. It began as a social development in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the remainder of Europe.

The word ‘renaissance’ is a French word that signifies ‘resurrection’. The general populations credited with starting the Renaissance were endeavoring to reproduce the traditional models of Ancient Greek and Rome.

The Renaissance time frame was the succeeding age of the Middle Ages which was the whole characterizing the established and present-day term. (‘History Of Literature’)Regularly marked as the Dark Ages, the medieval time frame was described by certain years with starvation and pandemics, for example, the Black Death.

In the fourteenth century, the theory of humanism started to develop in Italy. (‘Medieval Times History’) Humanism underlines that man is the focal point of the universe and that every human accomplishment in craftsmanship, writing, and science ought to be respected. Rather than depending on the desire of God, individuals started to act as indicated by capacities.

In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg’s innovation of the portable printing press altered correspondence and production in Europe. Accordingly, productions of humanist scholars like Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio were printed and conveyed to first-class and average citizens. (‘The Renaissance Period Facts, Information, Worksheets, Culture & Arts)Likewise, the development in exchange and trade between the East and West set the phase for the Renaissance.

Renaissance, a period in European human advancement promptly following the Middle Ages and traditionally held to have been portrayed by a flood of enthusiasm for Classical grants and qualities. (‘Defining The Middle Ages’)The Renaissance additionally saw the disclosure and investigation of new mainlands, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic arrangement of space science, the decrease of the primitive framework and the development of business, and the creation or utilization of such conceivably ground-breaking advancements as paper, printing, the sailor’s compass, and black powder. To the researchers and scholars of the day, be that as it may, it was essentially a period of the restoration of Classical learning and astuteness after an extensive stretch of social decrease and stagnation.

The possibility of a Renaissance man was created in Italy and got from Leon Battista Alberti’s thought that a man can do all things on the off chance that he will.’ (‘The Elizabethan Age’)The perfect encapsulated the fundamental precepts of Renaissance humanism, which considered man the focal point of the universe and prompted the conviction that individuals should endeavor to grasp all learning and build up their own capacities as completely as could be expected under the circumstances. Leonardo da Vinci is a main cause of Renaissance man, noted for his accomplishments in craftsmanship, science, music, innovation, and composing.

IV. William Shakespeare:

William Shakespeare was an English writer and artist who are broadly viewed as the best playwright ever. William Shakespeare (purified through water on April 26, 1564, to April 23, 1616) was an English writer, on-screen character, and artist and is regularly called England’s national artist. Conceived in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, he was a vital individual from the Lord Chamberlain’s Men organization of dramatic players from around 1594 forward. (‘William Shakespeare’)

Composed records give little sign of the manner by which Shakespeare’s expert life shaped his masterfulness. Everything that could possibly be found is that, in his 20 years as a dramatist, Shakespeare composed plays that catch the total scope of human feeling and strife.

Known all through the world, crafted by William Shakespeare have been performed in endless villas, towns, urban areas, and cities for over 400 years. (‘Middle Ages’)

But, the individual history of William Shakespeare is fairly puzzling. There are two essential sources that furnish history specialists with a fundamental diagram of his life. One source is his work — he plays, lyrics, and poems — and the other is authentic documentation, for example, church and court records. Notwithstanding, these just give brief representations of explicit occasions throughout his life and give little to the individual who encountered those occasions.

V. Contributions to Language and Literature:

Shakespeare is known as the best creator of the English language since his works are in English, yet additionally for his significant and enduring effect on the language itself. Of the 25,000 words in the group, around 1,500 were instituted by Shakespeare himself. Peruse the data we’ve accumulated on Shakespeare and the English Language to find how his words have made an enduring commitment.

Experiences for Shakespeare and the English Language

Taking into account how quickly our language changes, and to what extent prior Shakespeare’s works were composed, it’s not astonishing that his plays and poems can appear to be indiscernible. (Plus) Most versions of Shakespeare give a glossary close by the content for the trickiest words, yet it’s frequently valuable to peruse with a decent lexicon within reach.

Shakespeare’s works significantly impacted the whole English language. (‘Contribution To the English Language’). Before and amid Shakespeare’s time, the syntax and principles of English were not institutionalized. Yet, when Shakespeare’s plays ended up prevalent in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they added to the institutionalization of the English language, with numerous Shakespearean words and expressions getting to be implanted in the English language.

William Shakespeare’s commitments to English writing are essential. He contributed altogether to the development of English vocabulary and expressions which have improved the language making it increasingly beautiful and expressive. The historical backdrop of the English shows is reflected in Shakespeare’s works. The general accord is that Shakespeare composed thirty-seven plays. Be that as it may, nobody can know for certain in light of the vague documentation at the time the plays were first being sorted out and distributed. He has contributed to most noteworthy catastrophes and comedies ever, for example, As You Like It, Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, All Well That Ends Well, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and some more. His plays are interpreted in more than 50 dialects and performed over the globe for gatherings of people everything being equal. Shakespeare gave us the Globe Theater, one of the real auditoriums of the time. Huge numbers of his plays were done there and still are. Shakespeare’s effect on craftsmanship, writing, language, and the immense range of inventive expressions has for some time been known and archived. He is the most-read dramatist in the Western Hemisphere, and the English language is covered with statements and expressions that started from his works. He is likewise the innovator of measured rhyming, a type of verse that is still generally utilized today. The Renaissance. Britain and practically all of Europe were ‘stirred’ to comprehend the estimation of traditional writing and culture (Greece-Roman) from the dull ages. English, as a language was advancing, and what we presently call the ‘Cutting edge English’ period began very nearly 50 years before Shakespeare arrived. This was one of its characteristics of Shakespeare. (‘Shakespeare’s Contribution To English Literature – Article | ATG’) The plays he composed were twisted from the first material. Be that as it may, the motivation behind why Macbeth, Othello, and Shylock ended up all-inclusive characters since he ‘remolded’ them into his own particular manner. He’s an author’s motivation, a peruser’s enjoyment, and a jackpot of brilliant material for a performing craftsman. A few words, phrases, and quotable statements in cash today are his commitment. He authored his life by adding to English writing which made him a brand himself.

VI. Shakespeare as a Renaissance man:

Shakespeare affected the Renaissance by institutionalizing the English language and extending its vocabulary, developing the mankind of the characters in his plays through passionate unpredictability, and utilizing elaborate references to Greek and Roman folklore in his composition. His consideration regarding the complexities of language, portrayal, and plot turned into a guide to pursue for future dramatists and different journalists.

The Renaissance started in Italy in the fourteenth century, spread crosswise over Europe, and landed in England by the late fifteenth century. It achieved its peak during the Elizabethan time in the sixteenth century. Shakespeare brought the Renaissance opportunity, mankind, and resurrection of valuation for the established relics to the English theater. (‘How Did Shakespeare Influence The Renaissance?’) Until Shakespeare’s time, in spite of the fact that the English language was broadly utilized, it didn’t have the multifaceted nature to express significance satisfactorily. Shakespeare made new words and articulations that empowered English to turn into a substantially more exact aesthetic instrument. His utilization of sorts, for example, history, disaster, and satire sharpened the focal point of dramatic generation. Until Shakespeare’s plays, speeches had been utilized predominantly as methods for passing on data, however, Shakespeare disguised the monologs and made them draw out the passionate profundity of his characters.

Incidentally, the Renaissance opportunity conveyed to the English performance center by Shakespeare and different authors likewise realized its transitory downfall. At the point when the Puritans assumed control over the administration after the First English Civil War, all types of the theater were restricted as improper until the rebuilding of the government in the late seventeenth century.

Shakespeare’s plays left similarly as large a blemish on the Renaissance as the Renaissance left on his work. Shakespeare’s plays in the Renaissance left a remarkable imprint on this period and the world, due to his utilization of complex portrayal, and his utilization of rich language in his plays. A case of this can likewise be found in Hamlet. To begin with, Hamlet is a monstrously unpredictable character whose character is complex to the point that no other character in the play is completely ready to get him. Shakespeare utilized enthusiastic authenticity and profundity in his plays, too making adjusted characters. Hamlet’s character is another genuine case of how Shakespeare uses such rich language in his plays, through Hamlet’s “To be or Not to Be,” discourse.

There is some more specific contribution of Shakespeare that made him the Renaissance man. Such as

a . Making the Foreign Native

At the point when the fourteenth-century Italian artist Petrarch composed works routed to a far-off cherished, he advanced a kind that authors crosswise over Europe would copy for quite a long time (some still do). Despite the fact that writers, for example, Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser would adjust the Italian poem into English structures, it was Shakespeare who blessed it with the rhyme plan and sharp last ‘volta’ (‘turn’) perceived today. Inside Shakespeare’s plays and ballads is an abundance of references to works in dialects both old and current. Shakespeare imported plots from the Italian romancer Ludovico Ariosto and established authors including the Roman artists Vergil and Ovid.

b. A Distinctly ‘English’ Renaissance

Shakespeare’s effect on Renaissance culture was not only a question of joining works written in unknown dialects and times past into his present. Shakespeare ostensibly developed an extraordinarily English variant of the Renaissance, for he wove together the plots of antiquated disasters with the narratives of medieval England so magnificently that it was hard to unravel them. Additionally, Shakespeare pervaded a portion of his characters with an unmistakably ”medieval” method of thinking. By making such rationale appear to be out of date, Shakespeare characterized Renaissance methods of thought – and their separation from the medieval past – all the more powerfully

c. Characterizing ‘Self’ in New Ways

Many have declared that the Renaissance was a period when individuals perceived their own singularity and found that their very own, abstract experience remained as opposed to a generic, target one. The mindfulness that individuals exist, euphoria, and experience the ill effects of companions is a disrupting Renaissance origination of oneself. A portion of Shakespeare’s most significant characters: the disgusting Imago of ‘Othello,’ the hesitant Hamlet or the goal-oriented Lady Macbeth make solid cases for the idea that Shakespeare did not just mirror another sort of mindfulness; he cultivated it.

d. Promoting the Renaissance

To make beautiful structures and stories in established Greek and Latin just as in Italian, Spanish, and French into articulations of English Renaissance artistic triumph was Shakespeare’s achievement. Be that as it may, ‘The Bard’ achieved something different especially ‘Renaissance’ in its aspirations. Shakespeare did not play out his plays for the specific courts of rulers. ‘Romeo and Juliet,’ ‘Richard III,’ and ‘Hamlet’ may seem like high social checks today, however in the sixteenth century, those plays were methods for making generally unattainable social encounters accessible to relative everyday people who might watch the plays while standing, talking, and notwithstanding reviling at the on-screen characters. (‘How Did William Shakespeare Affect The Renaissance? | Synonym’). Shakespeare may have helped make the English Renaissance; he likewise figured out how to make it accessible to a wide gathering of people.

In brief, Shakespeare refreshed the shortsighted, two-dimensional composition style of the pre-Renaissance show. He concentrated on making human characters with mental unpredictability. Hamlet is maybe the most well-known case of this.

The change in the acknowledged social progressive system enabled Shakespeare to investigate the mankind of each character paying little respect to their social position. (‘How The Renaissance Affected Shakespeare’). Indeed, even rulers were given human feelings and were equipped for committing errors.

Shakespeare used his insight into Greek and Roman works of art when composing his plays. Prior to the Renaissance, these writings had been smothered by the Catholic Church. Thus Shakespeare can be called a Renaissance man.

VII. Conclusion

Shakespeare contributed massively to the Renaissance. During this time of philosophical and scholarly unrest, medieval specialists would blast any individual who candidly tested moderate issues. For instance, Giordano Bruno was scorched at the stake for testing Ptolemaic (geocentric) models of the close planetary system.

So as to voice progressive issues, logicians, authors, and craftsmen would shroud messages in the open media. (Answers.com, 2019) Shakespeare concealed his honors for a Copernican helio-driven model in Hamlet and furthermore represented the battles of a beneficiary less position of royalty amid the finish of Elizabeth I’s rule utilizing Richard II as a medium.

Likewise, Shakespeare voiced the issues of current governments, geological fanaticism, and pre-renaissance man-centric society through his plays. (‘How Does Shakespeare’s Plays Reflect The Renaissance? | Yoexpert Q&A’) He was a progressive who scattered the issues of the Renaissance through an engaging medium.

William Shakespeare contributed the craving for writing and training to the Renaissance. The creation of the printing press made it feasible for some individuals to make the most of their work.

VIII . Bibliography

1. Long, William J. (2007) English Literature, Dhaka: Friends Book Corner
2. Ullah, Md. Aman (2014) An Easy Approach to English Literature, Dhaka: Progressive Publisher
3. Rahman, M Mofizar (1996) An ABC of English Literature, Dhaka: Friends Book Corner
4. Strong, Roy C. (1986) The Cult of Elizabeth. Berkeley, CA: the University of California Press.
5. Hutton, Ronald. (1996) The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
6. ‘English Literature – The Renaissance Period: 1550–1660’. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/art/English-literature/The-Renaissance-period-1550-1660.
7. ‘The Renaissance Period Facts, Information, Worksheets, Culture & Arts’. Kidskonnect, 2019, https://kidskonnect.com/history/renaissance/. ‘William Shakespeare’. Biography, 2019, https://www.biography.com/people/william-shakespeare-9480323.
8. ‘Contribution To the English Language’. William Shakespeare’s Contribution To the English Language., 2019, http://shakespearescontribution.weebly.com/contribution-to-english-language.html.
9. ‘Shakespeare’s Contribution To English Literature – Article | ATG’. Aug.World, 2019, https://www.atg.world/view-article/Shakespeares%20contribution%20to%20English%20Literature-25938.
10. ‘How Did Shakespeare Influence The Renaissance?’. Reference, 2019, https://www.reference.com/history/did-shakespeare-influence-renaissance-9d0e078a54ff478b.
11. ‘How Did William Shakespeare Affect The Renaissance? | Synonym’. Classroom.Synonym.Com, 2019, https://classroom.synonym.com/did-william-shakespeare-affect-renaissance-23715.html.
12. ‘How Does Shakespeare’s Plays Reflect The Renaissance? | Yoexpert Q&A’. Shakespeare.Yoexpert.Com, 2019, http://shakespeare.yoexpert.com/shakespeares-legacy-6780/how-does-shakespeare-s-plays-reflect-the-renaissance-46436.html.
13. ‘How The Renaissance Affected Shakespeare’. Thoughtco, 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-shakespeares-time-2984986.
14. Answers.com. (2019). What effect did William Shakespeare have on the Renaissance? [online] Available at: https://www.answers.com/Q/What_effect_did_willaim_Shakespeare_have_on_the_Renaissance [Accessed 1 Apr. 2019].
15. Age, The. ‘The Age’. Elizabethanpoetry.Bloomyebooks.Com, 2019, http://elizabethanpoetry.bloomyebooks.com/p/elizabethans.html.
16. ‘Dark Ages (Historiography)’. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography).
17. ‘Medieval Times History’. Medievalchronicles.Com, 2019, http://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/.
18. ‘The Elizabethan Age’. Neoenglish, 2019, https://neoenglish.wordpress.com/2010/12/05/the-elizabethan-age/.
19. ‘History Of Literature’. All-Art.Org, 2019, http://www.all-art.org/literature/literature_english4a.html.
20. Plus, Google. ‘William Shakespeare: His Influence In The English Language’. Day Translations Blog, 2019, https://www.daytranslations.com/blog/2014/01/william-shakespeare-influence-english-language-3665/.
21. ‘Defining The Middle Ages’. Thoughtco, 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/defining-the-middle-ages-part-6-1788883.
22. ‘Middle Ages’. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages.
23. ’10 Major Accomplishments Of Queen Elizabeth I Of England | Learnodo Newtonic’. Learnodo-Newtonic.Com, 2019, https://learnodo-newtonic.com/elizabeth-i-accomplishments.

When thinking about globalization, the thought is encompassing. The process of a large world becoming an interconnected society is comprised of small achievements. One of the greatest elements in making this achievement possible was the Gutenberg Printing Press. Named for his modernization of the printing press, Johann Gutenberg was born in the late 1300s in Germany and lived a wealthy life where both his parents were prosperous and successful. As a result, he was able to receive a good education, which would essentially help shape the world’s way of printing press forever. However, albeit Johann Gutenberg wasn’t the first to invent the printing press, and it was instead by the Chinese and Korean, Gutenberg was the one to modernize and popularize the printing press. Up until the Gutenberg Press, text in Europe was created by hand where each letter was carved into a block, comprised of materials including clay, papyrus, wax, parchment, and wood – the most prominent being wood. A mirrored image of the design would be carved onto the wood block and was sued as a template for the printing press, but the block couldn’t be edited and could only be replaced with a new copy. Regardless, the wooden blocks would wear away after a while. The making of these blocks was costly and time-consuming. Due to its extensive process, books were a symbol of high social status and thereby limited the accessibility of written books. Hence, when Johann Gutenberg manufactured his printing press, it stood out. Gutenberg was a goldsmith by trade and a polisher of gems. In the middle of the 15th century, Johann created typography that enabled movable metal letters -allowing individual letters to be interchanged- and allowed him to create numerous copies. His skills and creativity led to an accidental experiment with printing and essentially built a whole empire of manufacturing printing presses.

The first printing press was officially created around 1440 in the Holy Roman Empire and went unchanged until Gutenberg’s contributions. Gutenberg’s printing press dramatically made it more convenient and practical with a dramatic decrease in the duration of how long it took to produce a book. The press created was able to generate approximately 290 different types of shapes, including upper and lower case letters, punctuation marks, and other symbols. Furthermore, as Gutenberg’s press became more prominent, Gutenberg continuously made advancements and changes to the movable type. Early typewriters required water-based ink, which wouldn’t have correlated well with his metal typewriter. Thus, Gutenberg created a glossy ink comprised of copper, lead, sulfur, and similar compound used by oil painters. The uniform blackness of his ink’s compression is considered standard quality still widely utilized to this day. Furthermore, Gutenberg’s first book took him a few years to print.

In addition to the numerous additives, churches, and devout institutions say Gutenberg’s press was an intervention to produce more Bibles and religious scripts and texts. The press provided a large number of people access to books in an individual setting for the first time without intervention from the church and state reading to them. The merge of decreasing pricing and increasing production led to space for an individual to establish their own opinions and written words. This influenced many to become writers who could express their interpretations of others’ works. However, the fact that people other than the church could put out their ideas became a seeming threat to the main publisher of the time, the church. Those in power at the time were fearful that Gutenberg’s press would jeopardize their influence and power and claimed that the press would supposedly destroy the world. Nevertheless, Gutenberg’s printing press indeed did significantly weaken their authority and destroyed their worlds. The Catholic church took initiative and introduced censorship into the print shop in 1487 when Pope Innocent VIII required all church authorities to approve of the books or texts before they are published. Churches had censored books in the past but it had been much more difficult after the introduction of Gutenberg’s printing press. A few dozen forbidden texts soon became a few thousand copies of restricted texts every year.

Gutenberg’s printing press resulted in a myriad of accomplishments and influences. The fact that Gutenberg’s printing press allowed numerous quantities of the general public to create books and texts on their own ignited a spark of individuality. And hence leading to an increase of secularism and humanism, the overall view of the Renaissance. Adding on, the printing press advocated for knowledge to flourish, and a huge boom in literacy transpired. Ideas from books and all types of texts were spread quickly due to the mass production of copies of these scripts, and many of the first books produced were mainly travel literature. Despite the very visible significant contributions made by Gutenberg, he didn’t live a very financially prosperous life. During his life, he was in constant debt and wasn’t credited as the creator until further after his death.

Gutenberg expresses the idea of turning the printed press into a manufacturing process, where he could make thousands of copies quickly and efficiently. This started the notion of substituting machines for our tasks. As a result, the artisan era came to an end, and what can be imperatively known as the industrial era commences. Gutenberg’s legacy will live on as his invention of the printing press helped develop printing, and would still be utilized to this day.

Nowadays, to be creative is way easier than in the past, but to create something completely new is lowkey impossible. Then knowing history is important as we know if our effort is placed in the correct direction since our past is the key to a better future. History and creativity are an inseparable pair, as history has contributed greatly to human knowledge which leads us to a new level of being creative. The way we think, speak, and interact with each other are built overtimes, and we learn, we grow through the past history so that we are able to achieve what we have been looking for without repeating the same mistake over and over. So does the effect of history in enriching our creative presence on art and design practice.

Looking back to the start of a fanatical period of European culture – The Renaissance era in politics and financials “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. In general, it is referred to a period approximately between 1400 and 1600, the decade which people called the Union of Art and Science. The Renaissance is accredited with bridging the gap between the Middles Age and modern-day civilization. People are the main focus of scholars and artists, poets, and sculptors. Renaissance is a revival of interest in ancient culture, its beauty standards, the development of the ideas of humanism, and the desire to demonstrate the power and beauty of the earth, the human beginning through the synthesis of wealth and harmony. Art, architecture, and science have been related in the time of the Renaissance. In fact, it is turned into a completely unique time whilst those fields of exam fused gather seamlessly.

Whilst documenting the “Renaissance Era”, I have learned a lot about how it successfully transformed into different eras such as Baroque, Mannerism, Neoclassicism, Rococo, and the Romantic movement. Each of them has gotten their own contribution in the fervent era from the 14th to the 17th century. For example, scientific principles such as anatomy and humanist philosophy, the 2 studies that nowadays are applied both in art and science that have been incorporated by Leonardo Da Vinci in the 15th century to recreate human structure with extraordinary exactitude. I’d love and be interested in how he applied these principles in order to only focus on human beauty and nature. People, even when in religious works, were depicted living life and showing emotion. Humans and objects pictured in a true-to-existence way are mostly what artists attempt to do. So, do, we have a chance to be more creative now we could turn everything into art using their techniques without judgments or stereotypes compared to the past, which include perspective, shadows, and lights to feature intensity and realism to our works to create a perfect era for us.

Moreover, not only art but the Renaissance era was also successful in reaching the 21st century because of its built-up characteristics, realism, and naturalism. Renaissance in interior design is remaining even as time flies, one of the most beautiful historical styles – The Rebirth Age is majestic and elegant, gorgeous and harmonious it is perfect for those who appreciate the beauty, symmetry, luxury, and the development of the ideas of humanism and the desire to demonstrate the power and beauty of the earth, the human beginning through the synthesis of wealth and harmony. Its elegance and richness can unlock the inner harmony of spacious premises, giving it a sublime yet solemn look.

All things considered, the Renaissance has an important role in making a huge change in society that ‘The Renaissance was a time of transition from the ancient world to the modern and provided the foundation for the birth of the Age of Enlightenment,’ said Abernethy. In our modern culture, human is born with developments in science, art, philosophy, and trade, as well as technological advancements like the printing press, which left lasting impressions on society. The Renaissance changed the world. You might even say it created all of what we now know as modern life.

At this point, I’m wondering what is going in their mind in the Rebirth age that their thoughts are insightful and different, would I be able to achieve what he has done if I could go back in time?

Renaissance or ‘rebirth’ is an artistic movement that started in Italy at the end of the 14th century and spread in the early 17th century. During this period some old ideas were revived and many new ones were created. It resulted in many impacts, but the greatest impact of the Renaissance is technological advancements – advancements such as the steam engine, the printing press, telescope, mechanical cloth, rocket launching tubes, magnetic compass, microscope, flush toilets, matches, eyeglasses, thermoscope, and the barometer (Turner, 2005). These items were not necessary to human life but improved and made the quality of everyday life better and easier. These lead to various changes in society, for instance – changing the everyday lifestyle of people. The Renaissance was responsible for many great inventors such as Leonardo Da Vinci, who was also a great artist and architect.

The Renaissance brought several changes to Europe. The economy was greatly boosted by all the new explorations. The flourishing economy helped to inspire new developments in art and literature. And from that several new beliefs were shaped. The then-European economy flourished throughout the Renaissance because of several factors. There was an outsized financial gain returning in from overseas exploration. The Kingdom of Spain alone received supplementary financial gain from Columbus. Once he stumbled across North America on his way to discover a shorter route to West Indies. The exploration down the coast of the continent additionally brought in an exceeding heap of additional financial gain. This financial gain came from the exploitation of the Africans by capturing them and the mercantilism of them as slaves. More financial gain conjointly came from establishing colonies in the continent and putting in place gold mines and mines for different required metals. With all of this further financial gain returning to the then-European countries, they gained more money to assist fund the arts (Andrea, 1997).

During the Renaissance, there have been several dynamic changes within the form of art. Giotto di Bondone was an immensely influential painter, whose influence resided throughout the beginning of the Renaissance. In Giotto’s work, he used three-dimensional pictures, this being a dynamic amendment from the classic art where the depth wasn’t used. His paintings were exceptionally realistic and true to life, in contrast to the previous centuries’ art. Giotto’s work galvanized artists the likes of Leonardo de Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel, which can be found within the Vatican in Rome. The Sistine Chapel portrayed the book of Genesis (History.com, n.d.). The style in which it had been painted was in contrast to another at the time, therefore all the characters within the Sistine Chapel are extremely life-like and realistic. Additionally, it had been one of the primary times that religion was painted by the opinion of the events portrayed by the painters.

The artworks developed new ways of thinking. The artists started thinking along with the arts and those movements began to spread. What the church said was no longer believed to be the truth. Humanism, one of the latest Renaissance-formed values, said people should read the works of the greats and concentrate on literature and the arts. Humanists felt that they were comparable with Greek and Roman authors and thinkers of ancient times. The first humanist was Petrarch and the writer who wrote many letters to the people of Ancient Rome. He spoke as if he were the same as them in those documents. Scholasticism, which was the opposite of humanism, was another of the new beliefs. Scholars thought people had to spend more time in science and they decided to combine church and science as one.

Many of the doctrines of the churches were challenged as new scientific findings were made. Some of the new scientific discoveries were theories that contradicted the beliefs of the churches. One hypothesis that proved to be true was that the Earth actually revolved around the sun. Instead, in the opinion of the churches, everything revolved around the earth. Copernicus, the founder of modern astronomy, showed this hypothesis to be valid. Kelper also observed the movement of planets as a mathematician and scientist. As the church was gradually being challenged, and new religions quickly began to develop, the Protestant religion was the major religion that was formed during the Renaissance. The Christian faith began to spread throughout Europe, and the main church of England was a Protestant church at a certain point in time. This New Europe, improved mainly by the bellowing economy, exploration, art, literature, and new discoveries, was not just a natural development but through a higher civilization, namely the Chinese, which inspired a new Western power growth (Jardine, 1996). There would be no European Renaissance if it were not for the Chinese version of the Renaissance that took place about a thousand years earlier.

Unlike the Japanese, the Chinese had many valuable innovations abused by the Europeans. One of the main Chinese innovations was the compass. The Chinese did not have to make use of the technology European people used in fueling their Renaissance was the printer’s press. Some views of being respectable and being a gentleman were a crucial part because in China they had all they wanted. Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Courtier, an influential book about how to be a gentleman. During the Chinese Renaissance, Confucius, a Chinese philosopher wrote about the same idea. And, in essence, a superior civilization, the Chinese, influenced the European Renaissance. The Renaissance was a major step forward from the state in all aspects of life relative to the Middle Ages, winning from the explorations, the crafts and culture, and the new scientific findings and ideas. So, in European history, the Renaissance was a very positive period of time.

Coming to the great inventions, the steam engine was presented in the 1st century by a Greek mathematician known as the ‘Legend of Alexandria’ (History.com, n.d.). Basic steam motors were produced from the sixteenth century onwards. Thomas Savery built up the principal water direct fueled by steam and this was considered the primary steam engine of the cutting-edge technology at the time. Steam engines were used later on in the industrial revolution for factories and mines. It was one of the Renaissance’s greatest inventions; it had various uses for things such as transportation, mines, and factories later on in the industrial revolution.

Johannes Guttenberg, a German and a goldsmith by name built up the primary printing press. Guttenberg began the undertaking of delivering the printing press in AD 1436 with obtained cash and was finished effectively in AD 1440. The printing press created by Guttenberg utilized metal letters that could be placed effectively with different letters. The gathered information of the earlier hundreds of years was made accessible to everyone by the speedy, easy, and simple printing framework created by Guttenberg. This made the production of books easier, this led to an increase in the stock of books.

The credit for the telescope goes to Galileo Galilei. A Dutch focal point creator offered another instrument that can be utilized to see the inaccessible things amplified. When Galilei came to think about this reality, he began building the gadget himself. In 1609 he started to utilize this instrument known as a telescope to get an understanding and turned into the main individual to do such (Michelet, 1965). This invention heavily helped with researching things that are beyond this earth.

Before the mechanical clock, humans had more trouble tracking time and had less of an understanding of the concept of time, thankfully the mechanical clock came into place. The presentation of the mechanical clocks wound up a lot to quantify the day and age of multi-day as twenty-four hours and its divisions. It is trusted that Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence, Italy, created mechanical clocks in 1410. Leonardo Da Vinci, the well-known inventor, and the researcher does not hold the credit for imagining and creating the mechanical clock, however, had contributed significantly to the improvement of the cutting-edge mechanical clock (History.com, n.d.).

Another significant improvement in the science world was the microscopic lens created in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen and his dad in Holland. It was a microscopic magnifying instrument with two focal lenses. The magnifying instrument was utilized for reviewing things extremely little, making it impossible to be seen by the eye. In 1660, Dutch researcher and magnifying lens manufacturer Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to think about microbes utilizing a magnifying lens. His magnifying lens had an amplifying intensity of up to 270 times bigger than genuine size and utilized a single lens. This was thought to be the best accessible power for his chance, used to contemplate microorganisms and human platelets. This allowed scientists to view almost anything that wasn’t visible to the naked human eye. This allowed scientists to better understand microscopic objects and their characteristics.

Robert Boyle, the popular scientist, was the main individual on earth to deliver fire by the activity of two substances that were made ready for the coordinate boxes. He found that if phosphorus and sulfur are rubbed together they would right away burst into fire. He was persuaded that the rubbing between the two substances isn’t the purpose behind the arrangement of the flares (Michelet, 1965). The advanced matches were produced because of further experimentation in 1827 by John Walker, an English physicist, and pharmacist. He utilized antimony sulfide, potassium chloride, gum, and starch to make the principal set of grinding matches. This is the perfect example of how an invitation if not completed by the inventor himself will later on in history be developed by creators such as John Walker.

It is well-trusted that the eyeglasses were developed by Salvino D’Armate who lived in Florence (History.com, n.d.). This obviously was a great advancement for people with eyesight problems, if it were not for this invention glasses may have never been invented. This allowed people with eyesight problems to complete everyday activities in a much easier manner.

Finally, to summarize everything that has been said, the Renaissance was a time between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries that was responsible for huge amounts of technical advances which all improved the quality of life and helped advance the world. If it wasn’t for the Renaissance, all the innovations that exist today might not be here.

Patronage of the arts was important in art history. Art patronage was especially important in the creation of religious art. Patronage was one of the main things people did in the Middle Ages and it was very prominent and widespread throughout Europe. This paper will mostly be about what the paintings were mainly about and some of the main artists in the Renaissance, the demand for commission, and how much money they made on each painting.

Patrons would mainly make art based on religion and their client’s families. A positive effect the Patronage system had was an allowance for commissions on subjects such as religion and current events that highlighted the culture. As Samuel H. Kress noted in his article on the National Gallery of Art website he says, “Lavish, even ostentatious, the public display became more common, even as the fortunes of the city declined. New subjects from mythology found eager audiences impressed by such evidence of learning. And, by the end of the century for the first time since antiquity, some art was being made simply ‘for art’s sake.’” He is basically explaining that most commissions were for religious work, and many banking families viewed the funding of altarpieces and chapels as a kind of penance for usury (money lending at interest), which was condemned by the church but inherent to their professions. The Medici were a very famous family in the Renaissance, they were very profitable and wealthy. In this book, it states that “Wealthy families also commissioned and bought art, often portraits of themselves or their families. Some patrons established academies, or schools, to encourage scholarship and the arts. Michelangelo studied in one of the studios set up in the Medici household to encourage talented young artists.” (27) This notes that mostly wealthy people bought commissions for art. Saying that art commissions from big patrons were quite pricey, even for an average person to be spending on. For artists to earn income, they hoped to be hired by wealthy people and institutions known as patrons. Most paintings and sculptures were based on and pushed toward religion. In the article from Gale Virtual Reference Library on an article called Patronage it states, “The nature of the commission —traditional devotional images whose execution required assistants—apparently turned Fra Angelico toward religious and didactic works that characterize the end of his career; e.g., the Chapel of Nicholas V in the Vatican.” In the Renaissance, the most important pieces were the religious pieces they would work on and that would allow the artists to gain high commissions for their pieces.

Commissions were the biggest part of making the paintings, and selling them and the people would spend a lot on just one painting but it would all be worth it. Another positive effect that patronage had on the Renaissance was the high demand for commissions and the money that people made. In a book, it states that “Renaissance artists began to sign their work in order to be recognized. When they became famous, they were paid well for their art.” (27) Big artists that would make a lot for their pieces would start to sign their works just to get more money because they were famous. And when artists were assigned a job to do the patrons would do anything the artists needed so they were very nice to the artists. As stated in this article, “Clients, in turn, gave patrons their loyalty and support. The same person could be a patron (provider of assistance) in one situation and a client (someone needing assistance) in another.” Patrons would tell the artist what they needed doing say it be religious or anything else they would do and they would name a price according to what it was and how long it could take to make. In return, the artists would give the clients jobs as stated in this article, “They might provide clients with jobs in the church or government or supply them with a steady income. Patrons also offered protection and helped clients if they were in trouble with the law.” So if a client would get into trouble for doing something bad the artist would help them get out of trouble so then the artist wouldn’t worry about finishing the painting and not getting the money from their clients. And the status of some artists rose to that of a professional. The public took an interest in art and a pride in skilled local artists. Such artists gained the respect of learned people, rulers, and church leaders. They were seen as talented geniuses. Renaissance artists were not only skilled but they were also usually skilled at working with more than one type of material, or medium. Renaissance artists also designed medals, furniture, tombs, costumes, decorations for festivals, and illustrations for books. And most Renaissance painters drew and recorded many ideas in their notebooks.

Talking about painters I think the most important topic of the Renaissance and Patrons is the painters that were involved and basically started the creation of art for all of us. An article in Encyclopedia Britannica-Renaissance art in that article it talks about one of the most famous painters Leonardo da Vinci, “Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520). Each of the three embodies an important aspect of the period: Leonardo was the ultimate Renaissance man, a solitary genius to whom no branch of study was foreign; Michelangelo emanated creative power, conceiving vast projects that drew for inspiration on the human body as the ultimate vehicle for emotional expression; Raphael created works that perfectly pressed the classical spirit–harmonious, beautiful, and serene.” This notes some of the most famous painters in the Renaissance. It explains how they made some of their paintings. It also says how they are originally expressed in the artist’s words and how they perceive the painting from their perspective. In this quote, it says where the painters drew their inspiration from which is something very important when learning about the Renaissance and Patronage. An article in Encyclopedia Britannica touches on a very famous artist named Raphael and who made some very inspiring and amazing artwork for Patrons. “Raphael is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.” This quote explains the kind of paintings Raphael made and how they were very big and he would hang them in this big church called the Vatican, many artists would put their paintings in there or Patrons would buy them straight from the artists. Another amazing artist is named Donatello and this article on Biography.com explains some great facts about him. “Born in Florence, Italy, around 1386, sculptor Donatello apprenticed early with well-known sculptors and quickly learned the Gothic style. Before he was 20, he was receiving commissions for his work. Over his career, he developed a style of lifelike, highly emotional sculptures and a reputation second only to Michelangelo’s.” Donatello had many styles of art as it says in this quote but he also was an amazing artist because he started receiving jobs and commissions for his art at a very young age!

The system of patronage had a positive effect on the cultural development in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in Europe. All in all, it was most important because it started the creativity of art. It also had a good impact because it gained most people’s wealth back then and it was mostly for religious purposes during the Renaissance, there were so many powerful patrons that created so much artwork and it was an amazing point in history and we can learn so much from it.

Classical Greek antiquity has completely shaped our Western world in various fields like science, politics, law, art, and architecture. Renaissance humanism has its roots in Greek classicism where a man was placed at the center of cosmology “Man is the measure of all things” (Plato’s Theaetetus, 152a). We can clearly see human proportion and gender symbolism in Greek orders. The Doric order is meant to symbolize the body of a man, the ionic order is the body of a mature woman, and the Corinthian order could be a young man or a young woman. Classical Architecture speaks and has a language with meanings that can say different things with many dialects based on shapes, forms, and proportions which have useful effects and that associate with human beings. This essay will focus on architecture through the perspective of humanism and through cosmology, how philosophical conceptions of our world formed architecture. We will see how humanism was originally introduced into architecture in a historical context and how it influenced later periods of time and architecture generally.

The tendency to project the picture of ourselves and our roles into built forms is known as architectural humanism. In fact, we have unconsciously imbued the entire architecture with human movement and mood. We translate architecture into words that are personal to us.

For example, the ‘rising’ of towers, the ‘springing’ of arches, the swelling of domes, and the soaring of spires are metaphors of speech. Architecture’s beauty is a product of a complicated process that provides us with intellectual and spiritual satisfaction. This practice of projecting our own actions onto the outside world and analyzing the outside world in our own words is ancient, universal, and meaningful. The scientific method is useful in practice, but the anthropomorphic approach, which humanizes the universe compares it with our own bodies, and is the core of architecture. But, can such an explanation be carried? Can one such principle explain it? A complete answer to this question can only be found through the long process of experimentation and verification that architecture entails. How can humanism be adapted to architecture? Lines are probably the clearest example of the theory. When we focus our attention on one of these lines, we almost always ‘ follow’ it with our eyes. The mind travels by moving over points in space, and that gives us movement. But when we have movement, we have expression and movement determines our mood. Space, also, controls it. We naturally adjust to the spaces in which we stand and fill them with our motions. For example, as we reach the end of a nave and are confronted with a long sight of columns, we begin to move forward, even though we remain still, the eye is drawn down the perspective, and our mind is drawn back to the middle, and then similarly in all directions. (21-24) The humanist instinct searches for physical conditions that are similar to our own, expressions that are similar to those we enjoy, and resistances that are similar to those that can support us. It seeks particular masses, lines, and spaces, and then tries to build them and recognize their suitability after they have been created. And, by our instinctive imitation of what we see, their seeming fitness becomes our real delight. But besides these favorable physical states, the need for order is natural. Order in architecture refers to the existence of fixed relationships in the location, character, and scale of its components, it satisfies the mind’s desire and humanizes architecture. Order is linked to Symmetry and Balance, all of which bring movement and equilibrium, which are in our nature. We have an instinctive sense of right and left in our bodies. We wouldn’t be able to read or view architecture in our own words as quickly without it.

Rome retained, expanded, and transferred the values that the Greeks created. The concepts of mass, space, line, and coherence were maintained for rougher purposes, broader and more common in Roman architecture than they were in Greek architecture. It guaranteed their life, as well as their freedom from the place and time from which they emerged. Moving from Roman and Renaissance architecture to Gothic’s fantastic and complicated energies is to reject humanism in favor of mystery, it is to realize that an inhuman science’s logic has overtaken the logic of the human form. Gothic admits its deep indifference to ordered form. It is entangled in a web of thoughts in which man has stopped to be the center but it cannot be denied that Gothic Buildings are one of the greatest expressions in build form that can be seen as a model for representing philosophical conceptions of our world like man, God and structure of the universe. Abbot Suger (1081 -1151) is considered the father of Gothic Architecture that completed the ambulatory and the façade of the Basilica of Saint-Denis. His idea was to open up the space to allow access to more light in the dark. Unlike the Romanesque windows that were small and the chapels that were separated rooms with walls, Suger finds a way to disappear the walls and replace them with colored glass. The use of the pointed arch allowed for taller windows of various shapes and sizes, Ribbed vaults produced more openness to the interior and Flying buttresses freed the central nave from height restrictions. Abbot Suger’s purpose in doing these changes was to express heaven on earth and he believed that light can have these results and that God is light. the natural light that enters through the stained glass is the reflection of the divine. “The dull mind rises to the truth that which is material. And, in seeing is resurrected from his former submersion’’-Suger Abbot. The Cathedral should be seen as a microcosmos of the structure of the cosmos. The buildings enact the role of lux spiritual, the spiritual light of god, as it transformed into lumen spiritual, the light through the stained glass windows that is reflected into the physical world. All of this medieval cosmology comes from Plato and Aristotle. (Hendrix, 2011, pp. 3-5)

The momentum of the Church began to shrink in the 14th century as a result of the development of humanism. In the Renaissance, the center was recovered and humanism became once more a conscious principle of thought. Renaissance man breaks free of the Middle Ages mysticism and starts to care more about himself, reality, and the present. Renaissance humanism placed a greater emphasis on liberty than on order. This contrast can be seen in its architecture. Order is used as a method of Renaissance architecture, but it is created to serve the variety of life. It has mastered the speech of architecture from Greece and Rome, but the Renaissance will now decide what the speech will mean. It was realized that the human body in some way entered into the soul of architecture and that it had to appear organic like the body, so it can communicate the vital values of the spirit. Renaissance Humanism was a cultural movement in thought, literature, and art, that began to gain power in Italy and later spread through Europe and England that influenced Western society and architecture. In great Italian cities, such as Rome and Florence, architects, who were also humanists, such as Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, and Palladio, reconstructed the architectural elements of ancient Greek and Roman tradition, such as columns, chapiters, and entablatures. This architecture was used on temples, churches, and private homes, dividing itself from the Gothic tradition by focusing on Vitruvius’s authority. In particular, Renaissance architects were often inspired by the human body, or, more specifically, they tried to understand how the human body entered into the current traditions of design. Many of their drawings include ratios of the male body that are inserted into the proportions of an architectural drawing and designed to fit with the parts. What is equally seen must be perceived equally. The mind and the eye must travel together. The architect now focuses on mathematical ratios which define harmony. For instance, the Vitruvian Man that was created by Leonardo da Vinci shows a male figure in two positions with his arms and legs apart and in a circle and square. As shown in the drawing human proportion was the base of measure ‘’A palm is 4 fingers, a foot is 4 palms, a cubit is 6 palms, 4 cubits make a man, a pace is 4 cubits, a man is 24 palms” (The Open Book, 2019) This principle of humanism gives us the links that we require. It serves as a connection between the various phases of the Renaissance style. It explains its strange attitude toward antiquity’s architecture. It describes how Renaissance architecture is related to the whole mindset of thought, such as the humanist approach toward literature and life.

Humanist principles were resurrected in Britain during the 18th century through different new styles of architecture, such as Baroque and Palladian. Around the 15th and 16th centuries, the Italian Baroque found its way into Britain. It was however postponed due to the geographical distance from England to Renaissance Italy and the Catholic Rome Schism in England. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was a German mathematician and astronomer who described the planet’s elliptical orbits and related the geometry that formed the universe to God. This new way of looking at the world inspired architects and we can see that Italian buildings were based on this right conception of the cosmos in the Baroque era. The Most Noticeable example that explains this concept is the dome of St. Carlos alle Quattro Fontane in Rome by Francesco Borromini. You can clearly see the outline of an ellipse full of light symbolizing God with the holy trinity in the center as you pick your head up in the church. Furthermore, light access from the windows in the lower dome and on the side of the lantern. The dome’s coffering of octagons, crosses, and hexagons is thrown into sharp and deep relief, and light overlays progressively down to the darker lower cathedral. The interior is white stucco, there is the absence of color and it can be identified in 3 sections that are the lower order of the ground floor, the transition area of the pendentives that separates the lower area from the heavenly top above, and the oval coffering dome with is an oval lantern. St. Carlos alle Quattro Fontane is clearly extraordinary and complex and it was the first building since those of Palladio and Michelangelo where everything was newly designed. With many inventions, Borromini created a new language of architecture, the Baroque, which established architecture in Rome and then spread it across Italy and eventually to Europe. (Kostof, 2010, pp.514-515). However, it was mainly a superficial decorative introduction to Renaissance forms until the beginning of the 17th century that we really got the first classical buildings that came from Palladianism in Britain

The lives of women during the Renaissance period were dictated by societal ideals that asserted the notion that a woman’s place was in the home. As the Renaissance encouraged the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art, many of the beliefs surrounding femininity were greatly influenced by Aristotle. According to him, “the male is by nature superior, and the female inferior; and the one rules, and the other is ruled; this principle, of necessity, extends to all mankind.” This idea that women were divinely ordained for obedience is rooted in biblical texts. From the viewpoint of early-modern theory, Eve was created after Adam, so naturally she takes second place to him. The sole purpose of her existence then was to obey him and act as the auxiliary. As maintained by Italian Renaissance Scholar Leon Battista Alberti in his book Il Libri della Famiglia (1434), women are “almost all timid by nature, soft, slow, and therefore more useful when they sit still and watch over our things.” Thus, emphasizing the largely interior role of women. Renaissance artwork on domestic life is reflective of standard ideals of femininity, which primarily consisted of marriage, childbearing, and catering to the husband’s needs. Through the agency of various art forms from Italy – including portraits, cassoni, smaller, birth trays, and frescoes – one can note particular sets of aesthetics and social values regarding the topic. It is evident that the idealized woman is modest, chaste, virtuous, and compliant. Hence, scholars are able to reach consistent conclusions about prevailing Renaissance views on femininity and domestic life.

In Renaissance Italy, marriage was an event that held great importance. It was chiefly used as a tool to create political alliances, social upliftments, and economical benefits. Marriages were celebrated and commemorated through art, which portrayed individual and family virtues, along with lineage, by means of narratives and iconographies. Spalliera panels are an example of such. They were commonly made out of wood and decorated with intricate carving or painting, as well as being gilded. Spalliere were mainly painted to celebrate weddings and to be fitted to the marital bedroom. They were usually mounted on the walls at shoulder height or higher. Giovanni de Ser Giovanni Guidi’s ‘Wedding Scene’ (Figure 1) was pallier which was created to celebrate a marriage occasion in the Adimiri family. It portrays the extravagance of the celebration, which was customary at the time. Couples in rich and fashionable clothes can be seen dancing under the decorated tent. A group of people is playing some festive music and the attendants are serving food. Jacqueline Marie Musacchio states, “Within such a society, a great emphasis was placed on the continuation of the lineage. Politically and economically advantageous marriage alliances were carefully negotiated and extravagantly celebrated.” Such images of marriage express prevailing notions on the concept of femininity as they are representative of what was expected from a Renaissance woman. Marriage was an important part of a woman’s role due to the belief that women were supposed to be focused on domestic duties and continue their husband’s lineage. Therefore, scholars are able to reach consistent conclusions regarding the Renaissance perception of the topic as these were the general ideas of marriage in relation to femininity.

Another significant pallier that depicts the story of Nastagio degli Onesti was commissioned by Antonio Pucci to Sandro Botticelli in 1482-83 during the marriage ceremony of his son with a member of the Bini family. Four panels were used to illustrate the story. Nastagio was a rich man in Ravenna who fell in love with the daughter of Traversari. Unfortunately for him, she refused Nastagio. Hence, with a broken heart, he moved to a place near his hometown called Classe in order to forget about her. One early morning while walking through a pine forest, he witnessed a naked woman being chased by a knight and two dogs (Figure 2) with the intention to kill her. When Nastagio attempted to save the woman, the knight told him about how he had loved her once but she did not love him back. So he committed suicide. As she had no regrets for the misery she caused, she received the cruel punishment of being hunted every Friday and getting killed by the knight. Nastagio invites the relatives of his beloved and his parents to a grand banquet organized in the same place of the forest next Friday. As expected, the cruel hunting scene is repeated after dinner. After listening to the explanation from the hunter, the girl realizes how she had ignored and refused Nastagio’s love. With the fear of the same consequences as the woman, she accepts Nastagio’s hand in marriage. According to Richard Turner, this is an indication of the societal expectation of women’s obedience in the male-dominated society at the time. Thus, highlighting the belief that women were the lesser sex, and therefore they must obey men.

Dowry was an important ritual for marriage during the Renaissance. No marriage was possible without it. Dowry is a gift of cash and goods from the bride’s family, which represented her share of wealth inherited from her father. Underprivileged girls had to work as domestic servants to raise money for their dowry, and some of them had to take charity support. It was mostly expected that the father would provide for the dowry. The goods that are gifted as part of dowry are called a donor, an Italian word for the trousseau. These things are often transported in cassoni from the bride’s home to the new home. A cassone is a kind of classy Italian-style deep chest made of wood with painted and gilded design. Cassoni was used to store the trousseau that included clothes and jewelry. These chests conveyed complex messages indicating family and individual virtues as well as family lineage. They were painted with stories from ancient history and poetry, making a link between the virtues of the characters and the owners. The link was established using their arms prominently placed as part of the design. The undersides of the lids used to have nude or partially nude pairs which can only be seen when the chest is open. This was used as a symbol of fertility. When the chest was placed in the marital bedchamber, the mother of the bride used to show off the dowry items indicating that they are in abundance with respect to the needs of the couple. The bedchamber was often redecorated where the chest was placed.

The stories that are painted on the Cassone are sometimes considered by scholars that they represent femininity. The historical and biblical stories were selected in connection with the feminine virtues of contemporary society. The Story of Esther (Figure 3) and King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Figure 4) are two significant examples of this. Marco del Buono Giamberti and Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso painted the cassone panel with the narratives of the great Old Testament exemplar Esther in their workshop from 1450 to 1465. They were well known for furniture painting in Florence. The story flows from left to right of the panel in a fifteenth-century setting. The contemporary architectural masterpiece, the Palazzo Medici, is seen in the background. The church in the center resembles the Duomo, along with a loggia that matches the one built by Giovanni Rucellai. This is a remarkable panel with fine decoration that is richly gilded with gold. The Jewess Esther contests with other virgins to marry King Ahasuerus of the kingdom of Shushan. The King selects her to marry and the wedding feast which all the princes were invited to is shown on the panel. The two episodes painted on the panel are taken from chapters 2: 17-18 of the book. The King is painted three times, first on a gray horse on the left side of the panel and then twice under the loggia. Esther is seen wearing a blue Florentine headdress. Above all, the panel carries an important message to the new bride to reflect on an ideal mythological character that represents feminine virtues.

Another Cassone painting (Figure 4) that depicts the story of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba was painted in the third quarter of the fifteenth century. The borders of the panel are embossed and the designs are beautifully gilded with gold. The buildings in the painting do not follow any perspectival aspect and Gothic architecture is used all over. According to the Bible’s description, the Queen arrives in Jerusalem with a camel caravan full of spices, gold, and valuable stones. The Queen is seen supervising the packing of the gifts for Solomon and then sitting on a cart with men and women playing musical instruments on the left of the panel. On the right side of the panel, she is entering the city, and then inside the palace, she is seen kneeling before King Solomon showing her homage to him. According to scholars, the motifs of the Cassone painting were not only used for entertainment, but they were also exemplary for the concerned people. In this case, the panel painting of the marriage of Solomon and Sheeba not only portrays a wedding ceremony but also suggests the ideal relationship between husband and wife where the husband is in control of everything. As aforementioned, ideas of subjugation were integral to the concept of femininity during the Renaissance. Hence, scholars are able to make similar judgments concerning the notions on the subject.

Childbirth was an important part of marriage during the Renaissance. Female chastity was considered a great virtue to ensure legitimacy in lineage. Alberti emphasized that childbearing is the main reason for marriage. Another reason childbirth became so crucial during the Renaissance, was the radical decline in population by the plague in 1348 as well as the repeating epidemics in the next two centuries. They used different objects and artworks to encourage, celebrate and commemorate childbirth. The bride’s trousseau included paintings or reliefs of a virgin and child, as well as healthy boy dolls that looked like Child Christ or St John the Baptist. These were given to the bride to encourage her to give birth to a healthy boy like this. Male children were very desirable in that society. Painted birth trays or deshi da parto were very popular to celebrate and commemorate childbirth in Florence. The tray was used to serve sweets and fruits to the new mother. The back side of the trays used to have the family coats of arms or images related to fertility like putti holding poppy-seed capsules or infants urinating gold and silver streams.

One example of such a birth tray is “The Triumph of Fame” (Figure 5) painted by Giovanni di ser Giovanni Guidi in 1449 to celebrate the birth of Lorenzo, son of Lucrezia Tornabuoni and Piero de Medici. It was framed by Medici’s feather impresa. The painting indicates a bright future for the newborn child. The Knights are seen raising their hand to an allegorical character who is holding a winged cupid and a sword that symbolizes celebration through love and arms. The back side of the tray shows the armorial device of Lorenzo’s father which contains a diamond ring with three ostrich feathers and a banderole. The coat of arms of the Medici and Tornabuoni family can be seen in the upper left and right corners.

Childbirth was an all-female event conducted by midwives during the Renaissance. This is illustrated in a biblical birth scene titled “Birth of the Virgin” (Figure 6) found in the Tornabuoni chapel in Santa Maria Novella, Florence. This was a Fresco Painting by Domenico Ghirlandaio. Ghirlandaio portrays a scene of the birth of Mary in contemporary Florentine architecture with a staircase inside a room with a lavish interior. A frieze with a bas-relief of putti can be seen along with crafted wooden paneling. St Ann is seen reclining on her fifteenth-century bed, while three midwives are preparing to bathe the newborn. One of them is pouring water from a jug. A group of women in contemporary fashionable clothes led by Giovanni Tornabuoni’s daughter Ludovico is visiting the newborn. Their posture of standing gently with clasped hands represents the ideal modest female of the Renaissance period. Such images depicting childbirth represent an important societal ideal regarding femininity at the time. For women, it was vital to bear children in order to continue their husband’s lineage and provide them with a male heir. As stated by Jacqueline Marie Musacchio in relation to birth and baptism objects, “…they encouraged her to fulfill the maternal role prescribed to her by society.” Thus, it is evident that this was a crucial part of femininity that Renaissance women were required to accomplish. Scholars are therefore able to reach similar interpretations of beliefs around the topic through images.

Portraiture in the Renaissance period served a number of functions, including the spreading of propaganda, commemorating marriages, expressing one’s wealth and status, and many more. All through the 15th century, both portraits of the dead and the living were painted. They were chiefly representative of status rather than the realities of one’s inner life. Figures in portraits were highly idealized in terms of both wealth and appearance. The portrait of Giovanna degli Albizzi Tornabuoni (Figure 7), wife of Lorenzo Tornabuoni, was painted by the Italian Renaissance artist Domenico Ghirlandaio around 1489-90. It was commissioned by Lorenzo after his wife’s death during childbirth in 1488. The painting was originally hung in the camera del poncho d’oro in Lorenzo’s suite in the Tornabuoni palace. It was a side profile of Giovanna which was a very common feature for 15th-century Florentine portraits. She’s wearing an elaborate gold dress and a gamurra vest, indicating the status and wealth of her family. Her clothing bears various Tornabuoni emblems, including two “Ls” on her shoulder, alluding to her husband Lorenzo. Aside from her precious clothes, the range of jewels featured in the portrait further emphasizes the family’s affluence. Giovanna is seen to be wearing a pendant made of gold, rubies, and pearls. A shoulder brooch is present in the niche behind her and is similarly decorated with rubies, diamonds, and pearls. These are the gifts that were generally given by the groom to the bride as a way to compensate for the huge financial expenditure that is required by the bride’s family. Hence, Giovanna is embodied by her husband’s riches and acts as a vehicle for male status and prestige. One may notice that most of the jewelry includes pearls. That is on account of the fact that pearls symbolize purity and perfection. In addition to her clothes and jewels, the figure of Giovanna conforms to the expected presentation of a Florentine woman in terms of beauty. She has a porcelain complexion, plucked eyebrows, and stylized coiffures – all of which that conform to contemporary beauty standards. The painting also idealizes Giovanna by expressing her religious ardor. A string of coral beads can be seen in the background, which is most likely a rosary. Coral had many implications during the time, including the belief that it aided in fertility and protected one from evil – further reinforcing ideas of purity and childbearing that were expected from a woman. Below the rosary lies a half-opened prayer book, which highlights Giovanna’s pious nature. This portrait conforms to the expected virtues of a Renaissance woman to have. Giovanna is beautiful, devout, and modest. Portraits of females during the 15th century adhered to this practice of idealization; representing the traits of what they believed to be the perfect woman.

To summarise, the beliefs surrounding femininity in the Renaissance mainly consisted of the notion that women were lesser than men. They were to be obedient, dutiful, modest, and chaste. Images of femininity and domestic life portray these ideals and values of what a woman should be. Scholars can easily identify such societal expectations concerning femininity through Renaissance artworks, as they allow them to reach similar judgments on the subject.

Introduction

Culture is an unavoidable part of society that can be expressed with the help of utilizing many ways. This enables an individual to define themselves and see the world through the eyes of others. The culture is highly able to provide important social and economic benefits. It affects the culture in various ways such as in painting, architecture, and sculpture as various Italian artists experimented with this perception and naturalism (Stoffelen, 2022). The Renaissance starts in the Republic of Florence which is one of the many states of Italy.

Most of the sterling evaluator`s scientists, writers, and artistry in human chronicle prosper especially in this era while planetary consideration opened up new culture for European trade. The Renaissance has recognized with the viaduct the crack between the center period and contemporary day development. This report is based upon a similar concept and will elaborate on the aspects with the help of two modernists taking into consideration which elaborate the conception of the significance of the idea of cultural and national renaissance.

Main Body

The Renaissance was the time of renewal in the discipline, arts, and civilization within which consideration has been created in Italy. It helps and bring some of the affirmative changes for Europe and the geographic expedition that provide gestures specifically at this point of time led to destruction for the persons of the western hemisphere as European occupation and migration bought slavery to the aboriginal persons living over there. Renaissance is a word that comes from the French language and shares the meaning of Rebirth (Whitebread, 2018). As per Renaissance philosophers, the Middle-aged have a period of educational decrease and hence they thought of the revitalization of their culture and created their own style of art, scientific inquiry, and philosophy. The leading alteration of the Renaissance affects natural philosophy, printing estate, jargon language in writing, sculpture technique and painting, humanist philosophy, world expedition, and among various artists and authors’ works.

The twenties were the era that was memorable for a huge amount of growth and expansion in popular entertainment to each industry with the help of applying certain changes in every field. This is the phase at which different cultural tones of the 1920s generated a period of social, artistic, cultural, and economic dynamism phases. The Deco movement of Art was highly famous among architects, designers, and fusionists as the manner for women went in brave new guidelines along with jazz melody became all the madness. Within this phase, the two most popular movements arise among the groups of writers which are categorized as The Lost Generation and the Harlem Renaissance. Specifically at that point in time the decade with a distinct cultural edge provide ideas about mortality as well as social roles that had been shifted with the booming economy of scale (Baron, 2022). According to the views of Robert Wilde who is a famous author and wrote novels as well as short stories in order to express their resentment towards the materialism and individualism that was uncontrolled during that era. According to him, the artistic culture had developed on a rapid basis, especially during the 1920s under the name of the Renaissance.

During that point of time, the cultural revival takes place which generates and formulated groups find around a culture, within which the claim has been presumptuous that the feature of civilization through which the group recognizes has been improved after the occurrence of losses due to colonization which forced towards the intentional resettlement, improvement, and colonialism. The author prefers to think of the Renaissance as significantly a cultural and rational movement rather than just a period of history (Ganshina and et.al., 2019). The specific period was highly convenient for historians in order to cover the long roots of the Renaissance. At that time the interest in classical antiquity and philosophy enhances, as various other Renaissance philosopher utilizes it as a way to invigorate their traditions. The author illustrates the historical concept of the development of the Renaissance which is a popular belief that the classical texts, culture, knowledge, and belief can never fully vanish from Europe from the Middle Ages. Robert Wilde told that ‘The 12th century Renaissance was specifically influential on the later Renaissance’ (LIVE SCIENCE, 2022). During that time, the alteration and maturation of the press was possibly the most crucial discipline accomplishment of the Renaissance. For the writer, it was the easiest and single supreme development of the Renaissance which allows modern culture also to develop. Furthermore, Wilde also said that the most noteworthy modification that had happened during the Renaissance was the development of Renaissance doctrine which is a method of intellection as this new advanced look highlighted most of the world then and now. Renaissance humanism concerned various attempts by people to master nature rather than just build up spiritual faithfulness. According to this scenario, the changes happen in the context of contemporary thoughts which allows them to establish a new mindset after the Middle Ages.

Although there are many humanists that remained spiritual and cultural as they whispered to god to get prospects and it was humankind’s responsibility to do the most excellent along with most of the moral beings. It is basically an ethical theory as well as practice that does scientific inquiry and human fulfillment into the natural world. According to him, it also affects the ways of art as it was highly influenced by classical artwork. It was also a phase at which private life achieved new and advanced prominence in society. The monolithic influx of people taking flight from the East into Italy brought this content back into the standing (Shirvani Dastgerdi and et.al., 2020). During the Renaissance time duration, people are unaware of the fact that they are living in such a famous period of time.

Moreover, the political power also got declined along with enhancing the interaction between the Continent powers and other civilizations with the help of more exploration as well as trade. Within that, the world becomes more stable which also allows grouping to worry about things beyond their basic survival which involves things just like art and literature. Robert Wilde is among the most authoritative composer of all time and were accountable for literary thoughts, techniques as well as humanities that are accepted and explored in the current scenario as well. The expansion of the population and the growing wealth of their people assist in order to produce a dramatic literature of remarkable variety, extent, and quality (Whitebread, 2018). Although, they were slow in order to produce visual art in the style of the Renaissance. The literature at the time of the Renaissance was also characterized by humanist themes and had returned to classical ideals.

In the above report, it has been studied that the rebirth is a typical period in European past time between the years 1400 and 1600 which overlaps in the terms of timelines with the Elizabeth and the Restoration periods. The term simply defines rebirth where few historic concepts have as powerful significance as the Renaissance (Yarmatov, 2020). Thus, Andrew Dickson has focused on this area and follows the development of the Renaissance and evaluates the different areas which include artistic, geographical, and educational, regional which can help in the development and can shape the culture in a definite manner during the period. As it has been known and already suggested, education was a driving force in that period and encouraged by the number of universities and educational sectors where another movement has begun in Italy. Education is a significant and important part of the period where the concept of a humanistic curriculum began to be set.

The educational time has to not focus on the Christian theological areas but on humanities subjects such as philosophy and poetry (Wilson, 2019). Thus, in Britain humanism was spread out in a rapid manner in form of grammar where the primary focus is on the students who were required to speak in the Latin language during the school period. However, humanism created a strange paradox where European society was overcoming Roman Catholicism. The conflict was made when a renegade German Fair called Martin and did a protest movement against Catholic teachings. Martin has argued for the Church which has the power and needed to be transformed and should be promoting a religion that can stress a more direct relationship between the believers and God (Baltabayeva, and Rizakhojayeva, 2018). Another board of thinking was that the Bible a religious book should not be available and written in just Latin but democratically it should be available also in the local language.

Thus, Martin established the Bible in German translation in 1534 where it takes definite growth, and later on, it started to be printed in English, French, and other languages as well. In return, it helps to increase literacy rates and had a way into learning new ideologies. But, the political issues for Europe were cruel as war raged and Catholic nations for control. The rediscovery of the old culture was important for the counties where it was impossible to understand the European Renaissance without referring to the way. The Renaissance affects the culture in several manners as painting, sculpture, and architecture (Bearden, 2019). There were many insights that helped and supported to develop the literature that had the elegance of classical authors. It is important to understand the Renaissance period of history to learn and adopt the education more about where the level of artistic and architectural production during the time is astounding. All ages are guided to some extent by a vision of what is ahead and what is ahead, but the way people in the 15th and 16th centuries overlap ancient and modern times is impressive.

Historians have considered the pre-Renaissance period to be medieval, effectively beginning with the collapse of Rome in the 5th century and continuing for about 8-9 centuries. The Renaissance teaches us the power of looking backward in the past for insight and inspiration which is also important for the 14-16 century period. While there are several challenges that the previous people have to face at that time and suffered from similar issues many times due to not getting a definite solution. Historical thinking has considered that it improves innovation and approaches for the better of the future. In the new world of art, the principles were explored which allowed for the creation of more realistic illusions and sculpted images. Looking back on history, the Renaissance is arguably the best example of a civilization that has set foot in the world of the past and future.

The Middle Ages are not completely homogeneous, but the rate of modification during this period was relatively compared to history during and after the Renaissance (Pemunta, Ngo, Fani Djomo, Mutola, and et.al., 2021). In addition, Renaissance art was heavily subjective to classical art where it turns out the artist to Greek and Roman paintings and sculptures for inspiration. Classical and patrons also helped the artist in their exploration and development of new techniques which is an important thing to be considered by them to achieve better results. Most of the commissions for paintings were carried out by the Catholic Church in the time period of the middle ages where the primary factor during the Renaissance, many wealthy individual patrons also stepped forward to help in financial matters for the artist where at the end of the 15th century Rome had overtaken it and made the city with religious building and art where this period has started to be called as high Renaissance. In Music and Science visual art also saw important and significant changes in the period.

There were many different innovations were made because there were many supporters including the Catholic Church and private individuals who helped a lot. The humanist trait of the period also characterized Renaissance music where the composers read classical treaties on music and aimed to create music that listens on the emotional level (Baker, Helmrath, and Kallendorf, 2019). Renaissance was a period of learning areas and interest where it leads the learners and artists to develop connectivity in a new form of art. These are changes that are influencing the modern world even presently. There are different kinds of characteristics of Renaissance Art that changed the world.

A positive willingness to learn and explore: Technology and new discoveries lead the artist and learners to seek more and can get definite results. Also, the discoveries in Europe included new sea routes, colonies, and continents along with the new ideology and innovations in art like painting, sculpture, and architecture (Taylor-Neu, 2018). The western area had discoveries and innovations where the artist in Italy becomes more curious and interested to explore the world and all the possible aspects of nature.

Faith in the dignity of man-humanism: Humanism shared the belief that God created human beings with so many abilities and potentials to get the best of them and can feel their responsibility in the nature of humanism world. Humanism was a major outcome and characteristic of the Renaissance humanism was an academic movement that beginning the 13th century. The most popular thing that sub-developments have been divided into a range of sub-parts where the Father of humanism is Francesco Petrarch where the contribution was quite huge to philosophy.

Discovery and mastery: The painting is a movement, where the beginning of linear standpoint created a three-dimensional through practice. To achieve the artist took a horizontal line at eye level. A receding checkboard of the intersecting lines was created that met the disappearance point (Chen, Tseng, and Wu, 2022). This process has created a sense of distance and depth in a detailed manner. The mastermind behind the development was the author Piero Della Francesca whose outlook paintings and impressiveness showed the technique and finesse in a definite manner.

Rebirth of Naturalism: During the time period, there were drawings and paintings of anatomy. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the pioneers of the Italian Renaissance movement, which saw a resurgence in creativity and artistry, and was an expert in drawing anatomically correct bodies. Created this out of a desire to understand the human body thoroughly. The incorporated, he educated about structures, muscles, and organ placement into his body of knowledge. Italian Renaissance artists were able to integrate figures into complex scenes that allowed for a broader outlook on the lives of the wealthy (Green, 2018).

Secularism: Secularism, which is the feature I want to stress, is also a useful force. The process of transitioning from religious themes to broader ones is a gradual process. The amalgamation of practices such as architecture and sculpture can also be seen as contributing to the rich culture of a city. During the Renaissance, artists tended to depict non-religious themes, while medieval art was exclusively religious. Renaissance art focused on religious subjects, often featuring Bible characters.

Conclusion

The report has concluded the importance of the cultural and national Renaissance which was the most important part of the historical studies of the medieval period 14th century to the 16th century. The above-mentioned report has focused on providing the meaning and information of the Renaissance of the various aspects such as arts, literature, education, humanism, and such more. However, it is a crucial factor that should be considered to learn and adopt the appropriate knowledge and education in a definite manner.

In addition, the report has given detail-oriented information about that period and mentioned the distinct characteristics which can aware an individual to understand it in a better manner. The culture has also put a wider impact on the Renaissance and enabled the person to adopt the knowledge and understand the concept and history in a detailed manner. It is important to acknowledge and grab the education of the cultural and national aspects related to the Renaissance which can support understanding it in a definite way.

When talking about English literature and its importance, we take a step towards its history and its significance along with that we get to see a glimpse of different writers, and poets who influenced us through their writings and the way they made their fame in the history of English literature. Some of the famous writers we have William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Edmund Spencer, Milton, and Christopher Marlowe, etc. literature being a reflection of society depicts certain important historical eras, such as the medieval period, Anglo-Saxon period, Anglo-Norman period, the Renaissance period, puritan age, restoration period, etc. At the time of Anglo Saxon and Norman periods, religious obligations were most common in the society because the center was the church and the pope has all the rights to rule. So both Anglo-Saxon and Norman contributed their waters to the main flood and this period was marked by the beginning of the English prose.

That era created a remarkable achievements and he was the most notable of them, Geoffrey Chaucer. The writer of the world that is to say wrote about the things he saw and described people he met. He was the first who broke away from medieval forms and approach realism.

After the old literature politics, England during that period was taking a flight of an eagle to the heights of national greatness, to the level of intelligence. This was a revival of learning or the enlightenment of human minds after the darkness of the middle ages. A sudden horizon of rapid enlightenment gave a new beginning in the era of the Renaissance not only that, tremendous new discoveries, geographical intellectual, sciences, and most importantly, the idea of humanism gave birth in the 15th century.

Humanism was an important factor that shaped the Renaissance. As we saw in the 11th century when the rule of the church was the only way to preach, there was no free will and people were isolated. When the concept of humanism came, it clearly signified the importance of “humans” and how humans think, written materials were published and the printing press was also invented.

Where Renaissance was building society with the foundation of humanism and the rebirth of learning, on the next phase Elizabethan era came into being, the rule of Elizabeth influenced people and she ruled many years of her life and many developments in writing and writers were seen. Moreover, the period of development of drama took a major turn when miracle and mystery plays began to perform.

One of the famous writers of this time was Christopher Marlowe, the father of English tragedy was a leader among English poets. The value of Marlowe in the Renaissance cannot be overstated, although his life span was short and violent in the end he left an impact on the world of English literature. He was born in Canterbury England and his life span was from 1564 to 1593. He was a poet and dramatist of the 16th century. Marlowe was the one who guided Shakespeare into the right path of work. He was the oldest son of a shoemaker in Canterbury England, he only lived for 29 years, and he completed his schooling at King’s School and was also awarded a scholarship. At the time when he was doing graduation, he studied the bible, the Reformation theologians, philosophy, and history. He also took M. A degree that the authorities of the university were not granting him because he was converted to Catholicism, after that he went to London to become a dramatist. Marlowe’s career in those years left behind four great plays; Tamburlaine the Great (1590), a heroic epic (1590), Dr. Faustus (1588), the famous tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta (1633), and Edward the Second (1594) not only this many of his work he didn’t publish and some of them were incomplete.

During the time of drama and stage plays, Marlowe influenced the audience with his writings including great intensity, and villain-heroes, which created a base and gave a story to the audience to perform on stage. Marlowe influenced the theatre of the Renaissance period with his blank verse and Shakespeare at that time favored also as they both use to work together and appreciated their fame.

The most important work of Marlowe is Dr. Faustus. Basically, Dr. Faustus is a play of deep questions concerning morality, religion, and man’s relationship to both. Dr. Faustus is considered Marlowe’s greatest work, in this play talented German scholar who studies as many things as he could means he was a very knowledgeable person but still wasn’t satisfied, we could say a thirst for something else was making him go mad. After glancing through various books like theology, metaphysics, and medicine he concludes that they can give knowledge but no power.

Similarly, if we compare this to the Renaissance period we could see that there was the curiosity of intellectuals because the new discoveries in sciences and technology were taking place so each one of them had an urge or were curious to study on different levels or different subjects to study. These opportunities were opened in the Renaissance period which created a new world of imagination. Moreover, at the time of the Renaissance men especially desired wealth and worldly pleasure, and as we know that Dr. Faustus wanted powers so that he could rule the world, control it or enjoy worldly pleasure and fulfill his desires. Not only that he desires the most beautiful maid in Germany and wanted to see the most adorable woman in the world.

In this play, the role of two angels is defined as one is the good angel and the other is the bad devil who has more control over Dr. Faustus. So there is a conflict which is created between the two angels which are basically the two aspects of human minds. The devil makes sure that the bond is not disrupted and Dr. Faustus gave his 24 years in exchange for powers so that he could enjoy worldly desires. As time approaches Faustus blames the devil for manipulating and the devil takes the whole credit for it and it seems like Faustus is regretting not listening to the good angel. Then the hell gates are opened and devil taunts the Faustus for getting tortured and seen there. At midnight Faustus begged to god for help and the devil for mercy but unfortunately, he was punished badly.

As the middle ages emerged, contact with Greek learning affected man’s conception while Christians keep man below god and ask to be obedient towards god but Greeks keep a man at the center of the universe. Similarly, Dr. Faustus thinks of himself as a god so he leaves behind all the Christian conceptions of human limitations.

Marlowe’s other important play was Tamburlaine the Great was published during his lifetime, at the beginning of his career, whereas part two was written a year later reason being there were many copyright laws, and publication was easier for other companies to steal. Tamburlaine is seen as a milestone in Elizabethan drama and the first public success in that era. Tamburlaine the Great is all about war, violence, and conquering. In part one, the Persian emperor Mycetes sent troops to destroy the Scythian shepherd Tamburlaine. Conroe and Mycetes’s relations as brothers were no good so Tamburlaine wins Cosroe’s trust, defeated Mycetes and then he betrays Cosroe wins the battle against him and soon dies. This play continues with Tamburlaine defeating and achieving many victories as he conquers the neighboring cities.

Being a play written in the Renaissance period it puts man in the spotlight instead of god even if the god is an important figure in the plays and literature in general writings. Similarly, Tamburlaine represents a maximum of human aspiration something which was unseen in drama. Moreover, poetry and the beauty of the character are also reflected in this play and the idea is drawn from the Greeks that was quite popular during the Renaissance period in which Marlowe’s suggestion, that poetry function as the mode of expression of human nature itself as a kind of unity of language. In this environment of relative tolerance and stability, the flourishing of the arts in continental Europe spread to England, and in the late sixteenth century became famous for an extraordinary flowering in literature known as the English ‘‘Renaissance.’’ Marlowe was perhaps the first major innovator in humanistic English drama, however, along with his friend Thomas Kyd. Marlowe was also very influential over Jonson and Shakespeare, whose writing came at what is generally considered the height of the English.

Christopher Marlowe is the only dramatist of the Elizabethan era who is compared with Shakespeare, he died at an early age and produced a single great play, his works are remarkable for a splendid imagination as he gave Renaissance and humanism a step ahead and influenced people of his time with poetic beauty and a platform he provided in the era of development of drama.

Loys le Roy is aware that the time he is living in is one of historical change. The Renaissance was a time that embraced the innovative growth of the Latin language and literature, beginning with the revival of learning based on classical sources, as well as letters being discovered and being used again. Le Roy offers a summary of some of the phenomenal characteristics of the Renaissance. He states several times that the efforts of multiple scholars and philosophers have essentially led to all the success that they are experiencing during his time and that all the success has led them to be known as the most learned time there ever was. Notably, Le Roy claims that printing is the most important advancement of the era due to “its excellence, utility, and the subtlety of craftsmanship …. [Which lets more work be] accomplished in one day than many diligent scribes could do in a year… The invention has greatly aided the advancement of all disciplines”. The second most influential invention of the age according to Le Roy was the marine compass, which he praises for the successful navigation of unknown parts of the world, while the third item on his list is cannonry.

Concerning philosophy, Le Roy complains that scholars of his time “spend their lives sheltered by the academic shade without acquiring any practical affairs, although learning is imperfect without application ” and that this is the reason why they do not have famous people in philosophy like Pythagoras and Plato. However, Le Roy also praises the improvement in mathematics during this time period although this is mainly thanks to the work of astrologers and cosmographers.

Jacques LeFevre D’Etaples was another Renaissance writer who believe that the time he was living in was a time of fundamental changes. In 1522, he wrote “The Restoration of the gospel” and in his works, he states that “by this divine light many have been so greatly illuminated that… there has not been greater knowledge of languages more extensive discovery of lands… than in these times”. Like Le Roy, Jacques believed that times were changing for the better. The language was improving, especially Latin and Greek, due to its return after Constantinople was captured. Its return was seen as important since Latin had been essential to learning, religion, and government, and with its return during the Renaissance, scholars sought to restore a reliable Latin language based firmly on the work of ancient authors. Another thing that he shares with Le Roy is that new lands were discovered due to the creation of navigational items such as the marine compass. This was important since with more lands discovered due to exploration there was a “wider diffusion of the name of Christ in the more distant parts of the earth ” than ever before. With the name of Christ being propagated by the Portuguese, Spaniards, and France, the Church became even more powerful.

Both writers seek to inform people about how they view the world they are currently living in and how is it changing. While many people viewed this era as a time for negative changes, they both saw it as a time of great change that was characterized by its advancements in language, literature, mathematics, and technologies. To a person reading this message in the 21st century, it serves as a way to remind us that, in the middle of our technologically advancing world, the important changes in the way that people interact and communicate have long encountered a combination of dread for the advancements and eagerness to see what has been created and how it will benefit us. Le Roy embraces the new advancements of the age and he acknowledges that his own knowledge and education were only possible thanks to the invention of the printing press which made it possible for more books to be created and distributed to the public. At the same time, LeFevre embraces the changes since it spreads the religion all over the globe as well as the restoration of the Latin language, which was the main language of the church.