Category: Relationship

The period between 1500 and 1700 is known as an Early Modern Period, it is considered to be the period between the Middle Ages and Contemporary world. It was the most significant period in the development of the Western Europe culture, in particular such countries as England, German, France and Spain.

There were great changes in all spheres of human life: cultural, political, religious and scientific. The period is characterized by the growing secularism, development of the social and economic life. The period is characterized by contradictions between secular and religious power, the process that shaped the political and cultural life in Europe and became the most distinctive feature of the European society.

Thus, there were two parallel lives in Europe: secular and sacred that influenced on other spheres of social development. The examples of the social changes can be found in a famous work by William Shakespeare Macbeth. In this essay, we will put a parallel between the work and distinctive features of the European society.

So, the major features of the Early Middle Period between 1500 and 1700 include the growth of the bourgeoisie that developed relations with monarchs, changes in the family network.

A particular feature of the Western Europe society was the decrease of the persons status and change of the womens status with was closely related to the husbands work, moreover, many young women had to work to get endowment. The average age of people who got married rose because of the rise of education (young men had to finish their education) and young couples wanted to be independent of their families.

Education became one of the prime necessities for men, consequently, the importance of schools and other educational establishments was exaggerated. Among the political events we can distinguish the following ones: German wars of religion, the conflict of king and parliament in England, War of Spain succession, etc.

There were great changes in the religious life that was dependent on politics. For example, the defeat of the Roman Catholic Religion by Spain and France and a very significant episode in the English history when king Henry VIII declared himself a leader of the Church in order to get divorce.

Let us explore how religious reformation in the European society influenced on the future development of it.

One of the greatest events in the field of religion and culture was the Protestant Reformation that greatly changed the attitudes to religion and politics, In the second decade of the sixteenth century, the Christian church experienced the first in a series of religious divisions along geographic lines. The sequence of splits, beginning in the Holy Roman Empire and spreading to the whole of Europe by the end of the century, transformed the relationship of the reformed churches with state, society, and the individual (Ferraro n. pg.).

Two names mark this period, Martin Luther and John Calvin. The practices of indulgence were introduced into society. One could pay money and reserve place in the Haven. Thus, Church became dependant on government and higher layers of the society. The one who had money was innocent and the one who was poor was considered to be a sinner. Family and social lives were directed by the Catholic doctrines. There even were special rules of childs upbringing.

New family suggested that husband was a head of the family but all family responsibilities were divided between man and woman, it concerned a question of decision making and elevated the status of wife. We can find the example of this change in Macbeth when his wife, Lady Macbeth takes an active part in her husbands activities. However, she is already not a classical obedient wife and has her own decisions to the problem. She is strong and independent woman who manipulates her husband.

Thus, the change of relations between genders that occurred in the European society is reflected in the work. Shakespeare writes that she is a woman with a male soul, undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males (Shakespeare 75). However, we still notice that woman did not have full independence and she had to use other means to express her power. In Macbeth, she uses manipulation.

The Protestant Reforms were not accepted by many people and they provoked a big number of wars of religion. The attempts to establish the power were made by church and could be observed in wars like French War of Religion and the English Civil War and a famous Glorious Revolution.

These were the wars that are characterized by the conflicts between the official religions and new religions. The core idea of every war was the struggle for power and political dominance. In general, the church was more powerful then the king of the country and it was a basis for the conflicts and wars.

The dominant position of religion influenced on the transformation of the traditional way of thinking. Christian beliefs and folk traditions were mixed and resulted in the formation of the European vision of the natural world. People believed in the supernatural powers and, in fact, were afraid of them. A terrible period of the witch-hunting is another page in the European history. It also shows the power of church in the social and cultural life of people.

It was also a result of lack of education among poor people. Witches were the enemies of society and church, they were considered to evil creatures that could destroy the society. We can also find the example of this social and religious belief in the work by William Shakespeare. These are the tree withes that provoke Lady Macbeth to commit a murder. Thus, the author shows a particular trait of society, moreover, he add a great significance to these three mystique personages of his work.

In Macbeth, we found another characteristic of the Early Modern society. First of all, the real historical personages had become the main characters of the work. However, Shakespeare did not focus on a true history and used those personages in order to describe social and political relations of the ruling class. Rivalry, and betrayal were the common features of it. The fact that Macbeth killed a king was a common thing for that period. Many rulers passed the same paths to get their thrones and they did not have any religious superstitions.

As it has already been mentioned, the religious beliefs influenced on all aspects of human life. The change of role of woman in the society is one of the major characteristics that became a distinctive feature of the Early Modern Europe. The Puritanism was a widespread religion that formed the orthodoxy view on woman. On the one hand, her position of a mother made her a pure creature (association with the mother of Christ), on the other hand, socially and economically she had not any freedom and was dependent on man and her family.

Some changes were introduced when Henry VIII legalized divorce, however, woman did not have such right as she was not an autonomous individual. In addition, she was not allowed to get education and she could not participate in political life of the country. A paradox in attitude to women is another feature of the period.

As it has already been mentioned, a woman had a certain degree of a religious purity, however, she was also considered to have unnatural powers, in other words, woman was often associated with a witch. However, in this period, we can see the seeds of rise of womens rights and William Shakespeare describes them it his work. He describes a woman of a new period, however he is still not liberated of superstitions of his time and revels the supernatural character of womans nature.

Thus, we can see that there was a great tension between the secular and religious power and authority in the early Modern European period. The confrontation between church and officials was a major characteristic of the European society. Between 1500 and 1700 there were special relations between secular and sacred.

Those reactions influenced on different aspects of human life, including cultural, social and politic development. One of the major characteristics of the society was an attitude to woman and her social role. We can find some of the characteristics of this society in the work by William Shakespeare, Macbeth.

Works Cited

Ferraro, Joanne M. Early Modern Europe. Web.

Shakespeare, William. Macbeth: a Tragedy. London: Mathews and Leigh., 1807

The Roman law

The Roman law was successfully codified to be in line with the roman customs. The coded form became one of the most valuable cultural heritages in medieval Europe, because it shaped the laws. The initial customary laws were efficiently transferred from one generation to another but created various conflicts over custom and human rights, since they were venerable to abuse by judges and favoured particular social classes.

The customary laws come to existence through joint community suggestions; however, unilateral suggestions by individuals caused division along tribal lines and centuries. The law then developed through establishments by the praetors decrees as well as senate verifications or resolutions as well as opinions of lawyers/jurists. The judges would seek opinions of the jurists to make final judgements. The jurists opinions therefore assisted in enhancing the law with the required quality.

Various constitutions of the roman emperors also played significant roles in formation of the Roman law. The law generally provided a distinction between the concept of property ownership and possession. According to Stein (3), Roman law is very similar to many current codes since its supports that a property owner has a right over property and can use it for personal gain, but a possessor is only in control for a limited period of contract, lease, employment or commission.

The first Roman emperor had an introductory law that was acceptable to many proceeding emperors. Contemporary civil systems therefore have a root on the Roman Emperor Law especially the juridical terminologies.

The Hammurabi/Roman Law

The Hammurabi/Roman Law that was practiced during the 8^th Century by Babylon rulers indicated that a wrong act faced tough law, thus the eye for an eye application. The law was applied regardless of the victim gender. Problems on the subject of adultery meant that the victim had to prove his/her innocence before the priest by swearing. If found culprit of such acts, the victim would be forced to jump and drown in the sea.

Although the rules of the society were harsh, such as support for divorce without considering reasons, a woman still had the right to claim share of the property as long as they had children with the husband. Failure to prove her innocence also indicated that the man had a right to keep her as a servant and fail to pay dowry. Serious cases were however dealt with by the courts and the outcome was a sentence to death through drowning.

These were strict rules that various societies leant and implemented although the code differed from one to the other. The rule was an indication over the importance of regulating the society, for instance to ensure social order, legitimacy and proper administration of wealth. Various laws are extremely unique in their cultural settings, but have a close interconnection on these importance and reasons. Code of Hammurabi was an original establishment meant to ascertain order.

The law was however harsh, strict and made a distinction between the social-economic classes and social believe that the code came to reality from the sun gods as opposed to establishment by societal leaders. A common aspect of the law was fairness or just treatment for everyone in the society.

Code of Hammurabi made the society to be a culture made by people and their achievements through thoughts or physical existence. It included both the mental and physical resources that integrated beliefs, customs and values into a common system. This code provided evidence that the law gives people a sense of identity, security, continuity and dignity. Law represents the religious society made of perpetually dynamic individuals, groups, or associations (Stein, 31).

Most problems in the society regard knowledge or faithfulness between social-economic values and culture. We fail to administer the law because culture involves achievements. Todays society is not only about growth but is concern with material achievements and system governance. According to Stein (28), societies have a culture that assimilates various aspects, provides the procedures and specifications of engaging societal believes and promote ethics.

Work Cited

Stein, Peter. Roman Law in European History. London, UK: Cambridge Press Printers. 2005. Press.

Introduction

Keeping fit is a challenging task in the modern world. A range of factors restrict peoples chances of keeping in a good shape. For instance, the abundance of fast food along with sedentary lifestyle triggers an immediate weight increase. Obesity, in its turn, leads to a variety of complications from heart diseases to diabetes.

A well thought out activity program may address some of the issues identified above for a while. However, to be in good health, one must maintain fitness throughout ones entire life. Though seemingly impossible, a lifelong activity can be encouraged once a coherent plan spurring motivation in the participants is created.

Plan

Support

Prior to setting the plan into motion, one must make sure that there is enough external support. Family members are the most likely source of encouragement. As long as one feels that someone will provide assistance in case of an obstacle or a problem, the possibility of following the program will increase.

Equipment

Since sports equipment is rather expensive, it will be necessary to restrict the choice of tools to a rather small set. However, the rest of the items can be substituted with cheaper substitutes. For instance, the treadmill can be replaced with a run down the nearby lane. In addition, creating sand dumbbells will not be a problem, either, as the required resources can be purchased for a comparatively small price. Using a roof beam as a pull-up bar should also be viewed as an option. Finally, a chest expander can be crafted with strings of rubber and two handles.

Costs

In light of the policy described above, costs can be reduced significantly. Once the above tools are assembled, one will have to consider buying a pair of sneakers ($50) and a skipping rope ($15) for exercises. In addition, the literature that sheds light on keeping physical, psychological, and spiritual fitness will have to be purchased. Thus, one will be able to stay in the budget ($100).

Goals

Contrary to what one might assume, losing a certain amount of weight is not the focus of the plan. Instead, the plan is aimed primarily at changing the lifestyle of the participant to a healthier one by making them recognize the significance of physical fitness. Developing the habit of spending at least ten minutes per day on physical exercises is the next most important goal of the project, whereas losing or gaining weight is among the secondary ones.

1. Designing the diet that is both nutritional and healthy (a balanced amount of fats, proteins, minerals, and water);
2. Restricting the number of daily means to three (breakfast, lunch, and dinner);
3. Exercising for at least five minutes per day;
4. Reading a scholarly article on nutrition at least once a week;
5. Visiting professional sites addressing health issues regularly;
6. Using counseling services of an expert in health and fitness;
7. Making regular checkups at the local healthcare facilities.

Wheel of Health

Movement, relationships, and nutrition are the three focus areas of the activity plan that are included in the Wheel of Health. However, as the points listed above show, the significance of the mind-body connection defined as crucial by the author of the Wheel is also incorporated into the activity set. Furthermore, the necessity to educate oneself outlined in the plan is related directly to the personal and professional development mentioned in the wheel.

Conclusion

Although keeping fit consistently might seem impossible, with the right attitude and the focus on physical, psychological, and spiritual needs alike, one will be able to maintain positive health rates. With a coherent activity plan, the above goals are easily attainable. Moreover, the adoption of the Wheel of Health and the emphasis on the domains detailed above will help inspire lifelong activity.

Introduction

Autism is a common health problem in children. Achieving early diagnosis is still a challenge leading to delayed treatment. Many scholars have tried to establish clinical manifestations of the disorder to help in the making of early diagnoses. Rozenkrantz et al. (2015) conducted a research study that explored the link between this disease and olfaction in young children, which can assist clinicians to make early diagnoses. The findings of this study that is published in the Current Biology show that conducting a sniff test alone can detect not only the presence but also the severity of autism in young children.

Summary of the Journal Article

The study aimed at exploring the association between olfaction and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers recruited eligible children who had no acute respiratory infections or organic smell disturbances that could interfere with the sense of smell. The control and ASD groups had 18 participants each; 17 of the participants were boys (Rozenkrantz et al., 2015). Apart from gender, other factors were controlled including parental education and age. Before recruiting the participants, the study sought approval from the Israeli National Helsinki Committees and the Assaf Harofe Medical Center, which was granted (Rozenkrantz et al., 2015). When seating in front of computer monitors to view cartoons, children were exposed to both unpleasant and pleasant odors. The pleasantness was rated on a six-point visual analog scale (VAS) with a sad and happy face meaning unpleasant and pleasant respectively. Butyric acid and rotten fish were unpleasant odorants while the pleasant ones were phenyl ethyl alcohol and herbal essence.

The results indicated the presence of a link between olfaction and ASD. Children in the control group had an adult sniff response within 305 microseconds after the onset of the odor while those in the ASD group had altered responses because they sniffed equally regardless of the odor valence (Rosencrantz et al., 2015). Sniff response variations were consistent irrespective of the perception of smell leading to 81% correct ASD classification using the sniff response alone (Rosencrantz et al., 2015). Furthermore, it was found that ASD severity was coupled with increasingly aberrant sniffing but not motor impairments. These findings reveal that the sniff test can reveal both the presence and severity of ASD in young children. The researchers, therefore, concluded that the findings unearthed an ASD marker that denotes the link between the disease and olfaction, which directly links impairment of internal action models and impaired social abilities.

Importance of the Topic

The link between autism and ASD can impact professional practice in a positive manner. However, the general population can misuse this information. Health professionals can utilize the research to enhance the process of diagnosing the disease in young children who cannot speak because the test requires only facial expressions and a sense of smell. Such a thing can add value to the treatment of the disorder. However, the general population can use this information to label all children with altered sniff responses as ASD cases even without considering variables like respiratory infections. Rozenkrantz et al. (2015) excluded children who had smell disturbances or acute respiratory infections because they could alter normal sniffing responses. Such a thing means that people can even label non-ASD children as individuals with the disorder. This labeling can attract negative attitudes to both ASD and non-ASD children who display sniff response abnormalities.

Conclusion

The link between ASD and olfaction can be used in diagnosing young children with autism. Normally, young children have a typical adult-type sniff response to different types of odors. However, children with ASD do not distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant odors. Clinicians can utilize this information in making diagnoses of the disorder to enhance early treatment. However, the acquisition of the same information by the public can have adverse consequences.

Reference

Rozenkrantz, L., Zachor, D., Heller, I., Plotkin, A., Weissbrod, A., Snitz, K.,&, Sobel, N. (2015). A mechanistic link between olfaction and autism spectrum disorder. Current Biology, 25(14), 1904-1910.

Introduction

After I conducted online research to find an interesting resource related to the topic of intimate relationships, I decided to focus on the phenomenon of abusive relationships. Therefore, I chose a scholarly article by Murray et al., entitled Turning Points: Critical Incidents Prompting Survivors to Begin the Process of Terminating Abusive Relationships (228). It is a peer-reviewed article published in The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families. Thus, the resource could be considered credible, reliable, and valuable. The article can be accessed online through its DOI:10.1177/1066480715573705.

Brief Overview of the Resource

The article under discussion is dedicated to the topic of abusive relationships. In particular, the authors strive to understand which factors influence the persons decision to leave such relationships. It is proposed by Murray et al. that one of the most critical yet insufficiently investigated factors are turning points, which are experienced by the victims of abusive relationships (228). The authors define the turning point as the transitional event, or a situation that significantly changes the paths of the individuals life (Murray et al. 228). A profound literature review is conducted in the study and the identification of 6 principal types of turning points, which are retrieved in the process of qualitative research among 123 respondents.

The Rationale for Choosing the Resource

Further, it is essential to discuss the rationale behind choosing this particular resource for the assignment. Primarily, the reasoning for my choice can be formulated as follows: the problem of abusive relationships, being considerably widespread in contemporary society, is often paid insufficient attention. Moreover, it is possible to state that victims of such relationships are often stigmatized by their family members, relatives, counselors, and society at large.

Therefore, it is interesting for me to investigate an academic resource on this topic. The chosen area of concern directly relates to my educational trajectory since the problem of abusive relationships is within the scope of social studies. Also, it should be stated that people often underestimate the possibility of engaging in abusive relationships, and thus it is crucial to extend the knowledge about this issue.

The Impact of the Resource on Positive Changes

I should note that I am not engaged in any abusive relationships now, and thus the necessity to leave an abusive partner is not substantive for me. However, through the investigation of the article, I found out that it is vital to change the attitude toward the victims and survivors of such relationships. I acquired a more profound understanding of the dynamics of abusive relationships and the reasons why people tend to stay in such relationships. Thus, my attitude was positively changed.

Building Successful and Healthy Relationship

It is also essential to mention that the information retrieved from this article could also be used to build successful and healthy relationships. As it was already suggested, people often underestimate the probability of engaging in such relations. Moreover, abuse is not always manifested in the form of physical violence, but mental and psychological pressure is also its distinct forms. Therefore, the understanding of how abusive relationships are formed and developed makes it possible to avoid abusive people as well as engaging in abusive relations.

Work Cited

Murray, Christine E., Allison Crowe, and Paulina Flasch. Turning Points: Critical Incidents Prompting Survivors to Begin the Process of Terminating Abusive Relationships. The Family Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, 2015, pp. 228-238.

Natural Sexual Tendencies

The ideas introduced by Ryan and Jetha (2012) go against the conventional perspectives on human sexuality. First of all, the authors suggest that people are non-monogamous. While marriage is traditionally regarded as the fundamental condition of male-female relationships and the nuclear family  as the core unit of the society, some features, such as sexual dimorphism, extra-pair copulation, and so on, indicate the contrary. Another important tendency derives from the denial of the importance of the marriage institution. It is shared parenthood which implies that all members of the community participate in raising others children and treat them as their own. The given behavioral tendency is largely associated with the early, pre-agricultural people and shows that the unselfish attitude to sex is natural for people. Ryan and Jetha (2010) consider that with the advancement of the social structure, humans started to oppress their natural instincts in order to preserve the current convenient patterns in the distribution of resources and privileges (and sex, in particular).

It is possible to say that the predilections discussed by the authors should be acknowledged because it seems that the conventional views on human sexuality contribute to social inequality of genders and sometimes may cause unnecessary distress in individuals. In the Western tradition, marriage is always synonymous with sexual exclusivity. Moreover, partners usually have intentions to stay together for a long time, if not forever. The deviation from the given model, e.g., cheating on the mate with another person, or legal separation of spouses, etc., is frequently criticized, especially in case the woman is the one who does not adhere to the prescribed behavioral norms. By acknowledging the natural sexual instincts and trying not to oppress them that much, society may gain a chance to become more wholesome, eradicate unfair social practices and double standards.

Bodily Pleasure and Interpersonal Violence

According to James Prescott, the presence of bodily pleasure in the persons life may interfere with the development of propensity to violence in him or her (Ryan & Jetha, 2010). The researcher claims that positive body experiences are especially important during the early, formative period of life because, at the given developmental stage, the psychological and behavioral patterns are formed in individuals. Depending on the degree of exposure to violence or pleasant sensory experiences, the person develops either violence-seeking or pleasure-seeking behaviors. In this way, it is true to say that deprivation of bodily pleasure leads to an increased propensity to violence.

Violence is an intentional expression of aggression, damage, or injury to individuals. In some cases, aggression may serve as a natural mechanism of self-protection. However, when the aggressive and violent state of mind becomes a norm of living, one may rather call it a pathological condition. Multiple research findings suggest that the deprivation of bodily pleasures and sex may lead to hypertrophy of the natural instincts to the degree when a person cannot control his or her own behavior and, as a result, becomes violent to others. Thus, the practices associated with sexual deprivation in society may be correlated with the overall rates of crime, interpersonal conflicts, and even organized warfare.

The evidence summarized in the book reveals that in primates whose sexual activity is frequent, the level of aggression is significantly low (Ryan & Jetha, 2010). Moreover, since they are not exposed to intense stress, they do not participate in intragroup conflicts as often as the primates are associated with low sexual activity. The given observation applies to humans as well. For instance, in armies, men are deprived of female company, and it may be one of the methods to direct their natural instincts into violent forms of behavior.

Based on the provided arguments, it is possible to conclude that society should change the current oppressing attitudes to sexuality and educate young individuals on the risks of deprivation of bodily pleasure. Only if a favorable and supportive informational and social environment will be created, the violence related to sexual oppression and abuse may be reduced.

Reference

Ryan, C., & Jetha, C. (2012). Sex at dawn: How we mate, why we stray, and what it means for modern relationships. New York: Harper Perennial.

Environmental factors have varying effect on every individual family. In this paper, the researcher has developed an Ecomap and Genogram to help identify the relationship between Mr. Smiths family and the environment. The relationship between the family and environmental forces is defined based on energy flow and strength. The aim is to help identify areas where improvements may be necessary to improve the relationship. The improvement will help promote a positive environment for the family.

From the two diagrams developed above, it is clear that this family consists of a husband, wife, and two children. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are late thirties and both are gainfully employed. Their eight year old daughter is healthy, but their five year old son is sick. He is suffering from sickle cell anemia. His condition has forced the parents to look for ways of ensuring that their child is always safe both at school and at home. Based on the interview, Mrs. Smith has made arrangements to come from work early in the evening when the son is leaving school to take care of him.

The two parents have a strong relationship with family members, their employers, friends, and the social worker who has been monitoring the condition of their child. They have received immense support from the three groups since their child was diagnosed with the disease two years ago. Family members have been visiting the family regularly to monitor the condition of the child and give them moral and financial support for the childs medication. The family friends have also been doing the same. This has encouraged the family and convinced them that their child may come out a winner in the battle against this acute disease (Wright, 2013). The employer, especially Mrs. Jane Smiths boss, has been very understanding. She allowed Mrs. Smith to change her schedule at work to allow her to leave early to attend to her child. The social worker provides professional support to the family about the childs condition and how to take care of him.

The relationship between the family and their church is weak. This is so because they minister at their church once told them that the condition of their child was a direct punishment from God for their lack of support to churchs projects. The two parents have a tense relationship with the school because they feel the relevant teachers are not giving their child the special care he deserves. This tension has caused additional stressors to the parents besides having to deal with the fact that their child is suffering from a life-threatening disease (Kaakinen, Coehio, Steele, Tabacco, & Hanson, 2015).

To change the negative forces of environment, the family will need to face the stressors with the aim of improving them. The first step may be to change their place of worship. The minister seems to be interested in financial benefits he can get from the family. They should seek spiritual nourishment elsewhere. The parents should also visit the school and address their issue to the management. They should explain to them reasons why they feel their child needs special care. In this case, nursing intervention should focus on eliminating stressors directly resulting from the condition of the child (Craft-Rosenberg & Pehler, 2011).

References

Craft-Rosenberg, M., & Pehler, S. (2011). Encyclopedia of Family Health. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 51(2), 195.

Kaakinen, J., Coehio, D, Steele, R., Tabacco, A., & Hanson, S. M. (2015). Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

Wright, M. (2013). Ecological Systems Theory and Practice: Systems and the Sociocybernetic Map. Web.

A good relationship is based on love, trust, respect, honesty, and all the virtues that human beings need to co-exist. For instance, when people respect each other then great relationships are formed since respect builds a strong foundation in any relationship. If these virtues are not honored, then this becomes the beginning of ruining a good relationship. Conventional minds have always limited their interpretation of the word relationship and love to romantic relationships only. However, this perspective is only one among the many types of relationships that exist. In this paper we examine relationships of all aspects bringing together mutual friends, intimate relationships, or even between family members. All of these relationships are based on the aforementioned virtues whose absence ruins a relationship. Another aspect or perspective that is possible but not covered in this paper is negative relationships that are based on complete opposites of these virtues. Such a relationship is common among enemies.

It is through communication that relationships are formed; therefore this communication should be used appropriately to sustain the formed relationships. Human beings communicate using language and it is through language that relationships are sustained or ruined. Good relationships are ruined if the involved parties do not use the appropriate language. This reflects the virtues that are needed to co-exist. For instance, if one respects someone, he/she will use the correct language to communicate. Lack of proper communication technique results in fights and break up. Inappropriate language includes using remarks that are hurtful to the other person. Again communication is crucial in any relationship, as it is through it that strong bonds are formed. Therefore the appropriate language should be used; if not then this becomes one way of ruining a good relationship. For instance, negative comments will ruin a good relationship. Negative comments bring negative feelings in the. Healthy language should be used in the relationship as this will help to develop healthy feelings, compliments, encouragement, support should be given to avoid the downfall of relationships. This clearly shows that if communication is poor in any relationship, then this is the very first step in ruining a good relationship. Not only is communication should be healthy, but also constant. Marriage and relationship counselors have always quoted the absence o communication as the major factor contributing to partners falling out. Lack of communication can be facilitated by distance where partners are far away from each other. If in the process of remaining away from each other they do not update one another of their well-being or the general situation of affairs on ones end, then trouble starts brewing.

Another way in which one can ruin a good relationship is by being ungrateful. Everyone wants to be appreciated and if this is not done, then the bond existing between partners in a relationship is threatened. Every person should feel loved and cared for and this is only possible if people learn to appreciate each other and the little things that make them special and unique. For instance, when people in a relationship concentrate on the negative qualities of their partners, they tend not to notice the good qualities and be grateful. To have a good relationship people should give attention to the good qualities of their partners. But if one wants to ruin a good relationship then they should not be grateful. We take a situation where one concentrates on the things that nag them about their partner, and then they will have nothing positive to say about them. In return, one will concentrate on the undesirable qualities of the partner and this will result in less love, appreciation, kindness and will result in a bad relationship. So if one wants to ruin a good relationship, they should be ungrateful to their partners. This is because it is human nature to feel loved, wanted, appreciated, and special. Children are the best example we have who pinpoint the necessity of appreciation and being grateful for their achievements. In doing so, we dispel the fear of loneliness and lack of self-worth. Any relationship with this kind of quality cannot be a good relationship and therefore cannot last for long.

Another way of ruining a good relationship is by treating your partner as an unequal partner. In any healthy relationship, each partner should be treated equally and should be able to contribute equally in any decision-making. This refers to the virtues mentioned earlier, that is each partner should be treated as a worthy entity. For one to ruin a good relationship, he/she should stop treating the partner as an equal partner and start making decisions without consulting the other partner. This situation will result in feelings of being treated as an inferior partner in the relationship. A healthy relationship involves the parties involved discussing every situation that affects their lives. So if one wants to ruin a good relationship, then he/she should start making decisions without consulting the other person. This kind of situation will ruin a good relationship because one person will feel less important. And therefore if one feels less important, he/she will feel less loved, cared for, wanted, respected, and special. These feelings cannot sustain a relationship let alone a good relationship.

As stated earlier a lot is required to sustain a good relation and a good relationship can be ruined by very minor things which are quite important in any relationship. For instance, being grateful helps in building a good relationship. If people are ungrateful, then they cannot co-exist, this is because we all have weaknesses, no one is perfect, so if people concentrate on the imperfections, then great relationships are ruined. People should learn to appreciate the relations that they have and learn to live with their weaknesses. Good relationships are ruined by people living with the virtues that are required of human beings. If these virtues are not honored then good relationships are ruined.

Relationships between a doctor and a patient have a great impact on the healing process and well-being of a patient. A set of pre-established rules and expectations directs the course of doctor-patient interactions. There may be some overlap in these interactions with those involving friends and family, but one factor, in particular, differentiates helping relationships from social relationships.

A helping relationship is established for the benefit of the healed, whereas kinship and friendship relationships are designed to meet mutual needs. In particular, the doctor-patient relationship is established to help the patient achieve and maintain optimal health. A successful helping relationship between doctor and -patient represents a different order of interaction than that which occurs in a friendship. This is not because of any superiority in the doctor but because of the mutual trust and the responsibilities for assisting others that characterize true professional relationships. It is possible to talk of the narrative structure of biomedical experienced of healing which stipulates the way of treatment and control it.

The outcome of the doctor-patient interaction depends on the doctors ability to engage the patient in decision-making and share the control and power in the relationship. Doctors build their communication skills by studying and practicing techniques, trial-and-error, observing role models, experience, and gaining comfort with the use of their own intuition. Patients are satisfied when their health care needs have been met and the sense that they have been cared for.

Doctors feel a sense of accomplishment when their interventions have had a positive influence on their patients health status and when their conduct has been competent and caring. Doctor-patient relationships may be a mutual learning experience, but in general, the goals of therapeutic relationships are directed toward the growth of clients. Each party wants to maintain a sense of personal competency and control. Doctors may gently and indirectly encourage the patients participation in problem-solving, whereas a direct order in such a situation would be considered impolite and inappropriate.

A complicated balance between considerations of facework and politeness and the necessity for client involvement point to the need for further research to supplement successful intuitive strategies that are difficult to teach. Doctors understand the importance of tact in engaging the patients participation. Patients who have a clear understanding of their health problems, as well as what they and their nurses can do about them, will expend less energy worrying and more energy doing something constructive. Validation invites the collaboration that is essential for successful patient change.

The trust developed from working together is likely to increase the accuracy and validity of the database, enriching the foundation for the rest of the healing process. Doctors and patients both know something about health and illness in general and about the individual patients health concerns in particular. Patients have definite notions about what has made them ill and what might improve their health; in turn, nurses have their own views, based on their knowledge and beliefs about what will help their patients. Doctors can help reverse this apathy and listlessness by encouraging patients to be partners in their own health care.

This means appreciating the worth of patients and calling on their strengths. Doctors need to be informed about the differences in the choice of providers and services covered by managed care providers to assist clients in the selection and in proper procedures for reimbursement.

In sum, communication and interaction between doctors and patients have a crucial impact on the healing process and perception of illness and health issues. Since doctors spend more time with patients, it is particularly important that doctors realize that both communication and culture are inextricably connected to health care. Besides having different ideas, doctors and patients also have preferred ways of observing their worlds and making decisions about what they see.

References

Fadiman, A. (1998). The Sprit Catches you and you Fall Down: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1 edition.

Alfredo James Al Pacino, widely known by his stardom name Al Pacino, is a prominent Hollywood actor, known for his villain roles in numerous outstanding films such as The Godfather, The Devils Advocate, The Recruit, Oceans Thirteen, and many more. Al Pacino is the symbol of the entire epoch, introducing new values to modern people, and promoting them in a very charismatic way. In the following paper, his relationship to social values will be discussed.

The historical moment, during which Al Pacino is famous, is rather prolonged. His success time came, beginning from his roles in The Godfather sequel. One of the most historically remarkable films in his career was Cruising (1980) (Fig. 1). In this film, Al Pacino stars as Steve Burns, a policeman who is ordained to find a vicious killer, cruelly murdering homosexual men.

Viewers have different opinions about his personages real attitude to homosexuality, but it can be said for certain that this role by Al Pacino is very significant in attracting wide publics attention to the issue of homosexual behavior.

In his broad filmography, Al Pacino represents a variety of social norms and ideals. If to return to Cruising movie, it is necessary to state that in it, the actor promotes social values and standards that tend to oppose homosexuality rather than support it. For example, he is shown as the man in love and sexual relations with a woman. In addition, certain hints from the movie plot suggest that he is the very killer, who murders homosexual men because of their sexual orientation. His role caused a vigorous response in the written press and song industry. Mostly, famous people promoted ideas, rejecting homosexuality as the reason for serious diseases extensions such as AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and a kind of corrupting the nation.

Although there are no significant ideological conflicts, embodied by Al Pacino in his films, a few of them can be still found. For example, in The Recruit (2003), the actor seems to defend Russian ideology in the secret activity of his character. During this period, the other actors address similar ideas in their personages. The other ideological conflict is often seen in Al Pacinos roles in such movies as The Godfather, The Devils Advocate, and Oceans Thirteen. The essence of this conflict is in promoting criminal values and money acquiring against moral values such as loyalty, friendship, honesty, and trustfulness. Al Pacinos villain roles in those movies present a row of serious moral and ethical issues to the audience. Of course, he is not the only actor, addressing this moral conflict in ones work. Among such actors are also Robert De Niro, Andy Garcia, Vincent Cassel, and many more.

In conclusion, it should be stated that Al Pacinos relationship to social norms can be seen in different films as an ambiguous matter. Particularly, films such as Cruising represent him as the promoter of traditional values such as love between men and women. The other films, where he plays villains, show him as a corrupted man, trapped by criminality, passion for money, and fame.

Bibliography

Barnard, Timothy. Hollywood. In American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Bret E. Carroll, 212-16. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004.

Piirto, Jane. Film and Film-Making Gifted. In Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent, edited by Barbara Kerr, 357-59. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2009.