Category: Recreation and Sports

Abstract

Using smartphones while walking has become quite risky for people’s safety. The people who use smartphones while walking on roads are at life’s higher threat than people who do not prefer to use them, so it needs to a solution. There comes a danger alert feature that alert people while walking if anything is coming in their path like a vehicle and can detect another obstacle like not small stones it detects little bit big stone etc. if we see there are a number of application in smartphone and implementation of devices for the safety but this is also one of the features that are really helpful to the pedestrians. This feature work on artificial intelligence and uses a camera that is Omni directional and attaches to the mobile at the front side and then connects to the mobile by Bluetooth, people can see the front and back easily and it alerts the people for safety by giving the notification. People who use this feature can handle the situation better as now they will be aware of the environment.

Introduction

Road accidents know days are a major issue worldwide. As a number of Smartphones are been manufactured day by day, and these have Smartphone-based applications i.e. Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, Gmail, etc and most people have made their all routine activities dependent on mobile phones like office work, online education, etc. In this sense we had more usage of phones more in our everyday life, if we are in walking on the road, on stairs, etc. continuous Smartphone usage has been increasing which causes effect pedestrian’s attention. There are more chances of collision with any person or object while walking on the road. As we see from the report that the world health organization gave of 2018 is that globally the number of annual road traffic deaths has reached 1.35 million, the most people that are been injured are between the ages of 5-29. The risk of injuries increases significantly when pedestrians are distracted by their Smartphones while walking. Although walking is good for our physical health and mental benefits, using Smartphones during walking on the road can lead to injuries. Many of the solutions to this problem were introduced by many researchers like a device was given to hold with a mobile and wear a bag which was containing machines of that device so this was a heavy procedure for the edged people it became difficult to wear a heavy bag and also hold the device while going outside for walking. Other devices also came researchers were very conscious of this problem because no device that was implemented, was not user-friendly. So this research paper danger alert gives another idea a self-contained Smartphone provided with a peripheral Omni directional camera. The prototype consists of a Smartphone in which an Omni directional lens is fitted, which shows full 360 fronts, and back surroundings and has the ability to give a notification whenever any obstacle is coming near or whenever a collision is being with other pedestrians. This device is attached to the front of the mobile. Active use of the mobile camera extends the mobile’s limited field of sight.

Literature review

For many years, many researchers are giving focused on this problem. Obstacle detection and avoidance research have been more day by day in the field of intelligent vehicles and robotics. If we see the collision with objects and other pedestrians had been more because people are using mobile while walking in the streets, it has become so much more dangerous for people. The result of the survey also proves that people use mobile and do walk simultaneously, 45% of the people had experienced a collision with an object or other pedestrians. So much of the research had proved that walking and using mobile simultaneously increase the chances of the collision of the user with dangerous objects. Distracted walking impacts the user’s safety. People using a cell phones while walking are at big risk. Many researchers had given the devices like handheld devices, cameras, built-in sensors, etc for the safety of pedestrians. In 2012 the author of walk safe gave an application for pedestrians’ safety and in this, it uses a back camera to detect while walking and if there is any critical situation it alerts the person [1]. Then in 2013, the author of the crash alert gave the peripheral alertness for eye-busy mobile interaction while walking. In this, a system that augments mobile devices with a depth camera provides distance and location visual cues of obstacles on the user’s path [2]. In 2017 the author uses phone sensors to enhance pedestrians’ safety [3]. In 2018 the author gave pedestrian walking safety based on smartphone built-in sensors [4]. These were the previous research that the researchers had done for the user’s benefit. AS latest observation proves that, people who are involved in eye-busy walking i.e. mobile usage while walking are less safe while crossing streets than those who do not use. The danger alert device that we are giving can also enhance the safety of the user and after the results, many of the users are in favor of this device.

Danger alert capabilities

The capabilities of this device are that it recognizes the object around the device and also recognizes the user activity surrounding the device. The implementation of these features is by using openCV4 android.

Methodology

To understand the problem more deeply and clearly, an online survey has been conducted us. We collected the data from 30 people, including males and females. The audience was asked only six main questions like were asked whether they check the notification immediately or not during walking and crossing the road, the other thing did they experience the collision with objects while busy-eyes during the walk. After replying to these types of questions from users, we analyzed the input of the users and checked percentages generated by the google form service.

Results

After conducting a survey we concluded that 58.3% of people use their mobile while walking on roads, and 20.8% of people expressed their view as that they do not use their mobiles while walking. 47.6% of people said that they immediately check the notifications, 42.9% said that they check sometimes immediately and sometimes later but only 9.5% said they do not check the notifications immediately or ignore the notifications while walking. 90% of people said that using mobile while walking is not safe but still we use them. 45% of people said that they had collisions with objects while eye-busy in the mobile during walking, and 15% said sometimes they have collisions and sometimes not. But a big portion of the audience that was 85%, agreed that there should be a future device we can say a smartphone that alerts for an object while walking so that pedestrians should feel safe.

Conclusion

The results of the survey clearly indicate that people who use mobile phones while walking are at higher risk. The majority had a collision with the object while walking because they did not concentrate on the surroundings and what going on. This is a very critical problem for pedestrians, so this paper gives the solution which is the danger alert. This feature will let the pedestrian know about front and back if any object is coming and save us from a collision.

Walking aids are used to assist individuals to keep a good balance and maintain steadiness while performing tasks in daily life such as walking, standing up from sitting, walking upstairs, and many more. These devices help their users to maintain balance by decreasing the pain and fatigue felt by them besides reducing the weight bearing on lower limbs. (REFER). According to a study in 2017, the number of older adults was estimated to double to 22% between the years 2000 and 2050. The same trends are seen in Malaysia, where the country will be an aging nation by the year 2035 as older adults are expected to own 15% of the total population. (ARTICLE 4)

Other than that, a study in 2016 stated that to support physical disabilities while walking, older adults started using walking sticks to have external support. Walking sticks may help to prevent falling due to postural disorders and reduction of balance that was experienced by older adults. (14) Reduction in muscle mass, vestibular function, postural stability, and muscle strength causes changes in their physical performance such as gait, balance, and others. This concern older adult especially when they have a stroke or other disabilities which it may causes limitation in their functional mobility (4) This is all part of the aging process. The aging process causes neuromuscular apparatus to undergo alteration which causes a decrease in muscle strength and power generation reduction. (17) Thus, requiring some of them to use walking aids in their daily life.

In addition, quadruped canes are known to give better balance and stability compared to single canes due to their larger base of support, however, they also may increase the risk of falls in certain situations because of their potential for foot-device collisions. As for the tripod cane, it may reduce the chance of falling because it has a smaller size compared to quadruped. (5) Assistive devices such as walking sticks, quadruped, and others are also used to provide more stability and reduce pain felt on the joint which indirectly improves their users to have more confidence. (22)

Balance (TUG) with walking aids

Time up and go (TUG) test will be used to assess mobility and balance in the study. The patient is asked to stand up from sitting position to walk approximately 3 meters, turn around and walk back to the chair and sit. The time will be recorded as the subject stand up and end with the subject sitting back down. (21) The TUG protocols state an instruction where it indicates the patient should use a walking aid in the test does not take the potential effect of the walking aids as an assistive device on the performance. (5) Other than that, the TUG test has shown to be easy and quick to perform and to be valid in several populations despite being inexpensive. TUG test also shows significant scores correlated with walking speed, balance, and also functional capacity in older adults that have the risk of fall which indicate that this TUG test might be useful to evaluate mobility skills (17) Shumway-Cock, Brauer, and Woollacott found that TUG test has a specificity of 87% and sensitivity of 87%, according to a study that was done in 2019 (21). Using walking aids in the TUG test also recorded longer times due to the restrictive devices. Previous studies examined the impact of using walking aids on the times to complete the TUG test. In the latter study, it showed that using a rolling walker as the walking aid takes longer times to complete the test where it was 5.23 seconds slower compared to the group using walking sticks or canes as walking aids. (5)

Gait speed

A study in 2018 showed that there’s a reduction of responsiveness in the subject that uses walking aids to measure positive exercise effects, where the effects were observed in term of balance. Walking aids conceal the ratio of changes to time in gait speed. It is important to measure gait including unsupported to understand the progression and the severity of the impairment. The study also has limitations since some of the subjects were unable to perform the test without their walking aids. (18) Gait speed may also be applied to determine if older adults are at risk of early mortality. A slower gait speed record is correlated with a higher risk of falls. Gait speed reflects older adults’ health, functional status, and survival. According to the data from the cohort study, if the gait speed was faster than 100cm per second suggests better life expectancy. In addition, a study by Quach et al. concludes that a gait speed lower than 60cm per second increase the risk of indoor falls, and a gait speed higher than 130cm per second increased the risk of outdoor falls. The normal gait speed is between 100 to 130 centimeters per second. Walking speed or gait speed is used to measure and determine mobility widely. The assessment of gait speed is suitable as it can be quick, inexpensive, practical and reliable. (15)

Gait with walking aids

Other studies, stated that the use of a cane or walking sticks and rollator show gait patterns much like the people walking without using walking aids, however, the speed decreased significantly when using a cane. Other than that, both devices provide stability and help to improve stride length. Using a single crutch to walk results in using a cane. Next, using walkers without wheels causes asymmetric walking patterns as those of using crutches. Since the users have to move before each step, the gait speed and stride length will be decreased. In addition, using crutches causes a longer stride phase and stance phase compared to swing.

Higher stability does not really associates with a safer gait and lower fall risk. During walking uphill with the use of a rollator, gait speed was slower compared to normal walking and the walking ratio was a little worse due to the decrease in stride length. During walking downhill using a rollator, no change in gait speed was recorded when comparing it to level walking but theres an increase in cadence and decrease in stride length slightly.

Sports are something I love doing and watching but have never been good at. Volleyball was the first sport I could actually say I’m not terrible at and have confidence in my skill. Volleyball gave me many things that other sports never could which were confidence and leadership role/responsibility. I always looked down upon volleyball when I was younger and thought it was such a boring sport to watch and because of that boring to play. This idea of volleyball being so bland and boring changed when I first tried out for the team. What changed my thinking was the fact that I was finally better at something than the majority. The moment when it finally sank in that volleyball was going to be part of my future was when kids in my grade were asking for help. Originally when I heard my teammate ask for help I had no idea how to help him because I too had just learned how to play and since it was tryouts I really didn’t want help but when I attempted to help I was just confusing myself. Attempting to help kids with things, especially sports was something I was never something I comfortable doing or was good enough to even be asked. Knowing was I good enough at volleyball that my friends are asking me for help was something I would feed off of as a confidence booster since I used to be a negative person. This confidence would end up taking me to 10th grade where I was one of the captains of the JV team. In the many sports I’ve played I have never been anywhere near the top so I was never someone that had to control my teammates. During my 10th grade season, this role of being captain hit me like a train. Within the first month of the season, my other co-captains were forced to convince a kid to not quit the team. The kid wanted to quit because he felt our coach was targeting him. This was very hard for me because I didn’t even like the kid, he was always someone that tried to start things with me so it was very hard for me mentally to convince him to stay. I knew that now that I was one of the captains I had to push my feelings to the side and convince him to stay on the team.

Also, as captain, I was accountable to be a role model to my younger teammates and not act out. I was not used to having little to any influence on others, so I was used to acting and saying the first thoughts. The moment my teammate gets hit in the head with a volleyball since they weren’t paying attention I did what most of my teammates did, which was laugh with everyone else (knowing it was wrong). This would be the completely wrong reaction that my fellow captains and I should have done. Our coach wanted us to stop everyone else from laughing, but when he saw everyone laughing he was furious. He would make us as a team do punishments like suicides. From this situation, I was able to learn that there are certain times to laugh, and as a leader of the team, you have a responsibility.

Soccer has existed for hundreds of years. There are traces of early forms of its existence in the ancient civilizations of the Mayans and the Incas. There are centuries old records of organized teams in Europe. However, in the U.S. soccer is still a fairly new and continuously growing sport which corresponds with the U.S. not being a country with a long history. While soccer is the dominant sport worldwide it has struggled to take root throughout the history of the United States.

The earliest official record of an organized soccer team in the U.S is the Oneida Football Club. This club was formed by “Gerrit Smith Miller…in the fall of 1862, with R. Clifford Watson and a few other members of the Dixwell Private Latin School of Boston” after being dissatisfied with the inconstant rules with soccer (Lawrence 5). According to Bradshaw, during the 19th century schools had different rules and preferences on how to play soccer. Harvard and Yale early on preferred the version where the ball could be held and influenced other schools to use that style. Their influence reached the point to where the version of football (also known to Americans as soccer) involving only feet use in the collegiate level became almost non-existent. These variations of being able to hold the ball in schools led to the creation of rugby and American football. Later on “America’s strong desire to assert its cultural independence by developing sports of its own…” led to the increasing popularity of rugby, football, and baseball over soccer (Bradshaw 2).

An official book of soccer rules was finally published in the mid 1800’s. From this publication there came a clear differentiation between the version of soccer involving hands and not involving hands. The rule book was published by “Beadle & Company…in 1866 for ‘association football’, known as soccer and also for handling game (rugby).”(History) Now that soccer wasn’t popularly played in schools anymore the only thing keeping it from basically going extinct in the U.S. were the immigrants that wanted to preserve their customs and the “working-class communities, who were rapidly adopting the game, as the upper classes increasingly looked to rugby/gridiron.” (Gardner) After this the American Football Association was formed. According to Gardner this wasn’t a league but rather organized games and hosted the America Cup. From [year] to present day the formation and collapsing of various soccer leagues took place. One of the leagues was the North American Soccer League which could possibly be credited for the spark that revived soccer. The NASL brought Pelé (one of the best players to have ever played soccer and an icon is the world of soccer) out of retirement in 1974 to play for the New York Cosmos. This act skyrocketed the popularity of soccer in the U.S. and by the time Pelé officially retired in 1977 “…soccer had never been as popular as it was at that moment.”(Bradshaw 6)

After the retirement of Pelé, there was once again a decreasing popularity with soccer and teams struggled to bring and keep fans to fill their stadiums. As their last resort the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) placed a bid to host the 1994 World Cup. The hosting of the 1994 World Cup successfully helped interest Americans in soccer and led to the creation of the Major League Soccer (MLS). The MLS knowing what led to the failures of past soccer leagues decided to not make the same mistakes and therefore “advocated for a ‘single-entity’ league in which investors would buy into the MLS as a whole, as opposed to ownership of a single club.”(Bradshaw 8)

Imagine walking into a room full of kids who can play baseball, basketball, softball, and some may even be track stars. This may even be a class, or a gym class. Everybody is told to learn how to do basketball to get a grade. Several kids get upset, some do not mind, and a few are excited. Due to lack of exercise and poor diet in students, obesity has become an issue in almost every state. If at a young age kids do the sports that they enjoy at school, they have more reasons to be active and more into it as they age. After school sports should be a part of the school curriculum; it would drive students to try new things, help them pursue in their careers as they age, and there would be much more time for them to do other things.

To begin, if sports were classes, students would be driven to consider new things and find the sports that they love. So many different sports happen throughout the school year that could happen as a class. Steven Dowshen says, “So many choices can seem overwhelming, but getting involved in new activities with new people is a fun way to challenge yourself.”(Teenshealth) Joining new activities like sports is a beneficial way to use time at school, and learn the benefits of goal-setting. When students are being challenged and finding worth in what they can achieve, that typically motivates them to do more. Even trying a new sport for just one part of the semester would be an efficient way for students to find their strengths and weaknesses. Doing so is a good way to prepare them for their future and the people they will be working with. Sports should be a class, because there will then be more opportunities for kids.

Furthermore, the students inclined to play the sport will learn how they can help themselves in situations of figuring the difference between right and wrong. This affects how they will work with others when they are older. As Tyson Hartnett once said, “The bonds from sports are so deep that they never go away. I think the reason for this is that you are basically going into battle with someone, and you can learn a lot about somebody from how they act in a game. ” (Huffpost) Being in sports helps leave an impression on the people students are competing with or against. This means that then, it is easier to learn how to react to certain situations whether they are good or bad. For example, if the student is running against another and they accidentally trip them, it is their decision to either apologize or ignore it. This is great ethical practice before becoming an adult, where a good attitude is important to have. If sports were a class, then this would help students as they pursue in a career as they age.

In addition, it is emotionally and physically straining on the students after a long day of school work to be doing exercise. This decreases their ability to play well. Steve Ettinger said, “It’s far too common for to kids get ‘poisoned’ by a bad after school sports experience”(Howtolearn.com). At the time of the day that after school sports are usually held, is when kids should be working on homework at home and relaxing. If sports were to be held during the school day, then there would be much more after school time for work and there would be much more time for doing other things.

Sports should be a part of the curriculum. Kids would be much more motivated across the world to be more physically active. Every single day, some children across America are taking some form of physical education or after school sport that brings more negative effects than positive into their lives. Bringing sports into students’ school lives would drive students to try new things, help them pursue in their careers as they age, and there would be much more time for them to do other things.

References

1. “Extracurricular Activities.” Edited by Steven Dowshen, KidsHealth, The Nemours Foundation, Mar. 2017, kidshealth.org/en/teens/involved-school.html.
2. Hartnett, Tyson. “Why Sports Are So Valuable.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 11 Mar. 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/tyson-hartnett/why-sports-are-so-valuabl_1_b_6851878.html
3. “After School Sports – Why Kids Say No.” How To Learn | Powerful Strategies to Master Any New Skill or Subject, 14 Dec. 2012, www.howtolearn.com/2011/07/after-school-sports-why-kids-say-no

Introduction

From the moment I stepped into the Taekwondo dojang, I knew that I had found my passion. The blend of physical discipline, mental focus, and spiritual development drew me in, and I embarked on a journey that would transform my life. Through years of training, countless hours of practice, and overcoming numerous challenges, I have reached the pinnacle of my Taekwondo journey: the coveted Black Belt. In this narrative essay, I will recount my personal journey to achieving this significant milestone, highlighting the lessons learned, the obstacles overcome, and the growth experienced along the way.

Setting the Foundation

My journey began as a white belt, filled with excitement and a thirst for knowledge. I was introduced to the fundamental techniques, forms, and principles of Taekwondo. I quickly realized that Taekwondo was not just a physical activity but a way of life, promoting discipline, respect, and self-control. With each belt promotion, I faced new challenges and learned valuable life lessons about perseverance, dedication, and the importance of setting goals. The training became more intense, pushing me to test my limits and develop mental fortitude.

The Power of Discipline

As I progressed through the ranks, discipline became a core aspect of my training. The rigorous practice schedules, the demanding physical conditioning, and the mental focus required taught me the importance of self-discipline. Early mornings and late nights were spent honing techniques, perfecting forms, and pushing myself to the edge of exhaustion. Through discipline, I learned the value of time management, prioritization, and consistency. Taekwondo instilled in me the ability to stay committed to my goals, not just on the training floor but also in other areas of my life.

Overcoming Challenges

The path to the Black Belt was not without obstacles. There were times when I faced self-doubt, physical limitations, and setbacks. I experienced moments of frustration and wanted to give up. However, it was during these challenging times that I discovered the power of resilience and determination. With the support of my instructors and fellow students, I found the strength to push through adversity. Each setback became an opportunity for growth, and I learned that failure is not a permanent state but a stepping stone toward success. Overcoming these challenges only fueled my desire to become a Black Belt and inspired me to keep pushing forward.

Personal Growth and Transformation

Beyond the physical aspects, Taekwondo has transformed me as an individual. The art has instilled in me a sense of humility, teaching me to respect others and treat them with kindness. It has cultivated a sense of inner peace and mental clarity, allowing me to navigate life’s challenges with a calm and focused mind. Taekwondo has also taught me the importance of leadership, as I now have the opportunity to guide and inspire junior students on their own journeys. The confidence and self-belief gained through my training have translated into other areas of my life, empowering me to pursue my dreams and overcome obstacles outside of the dojang.

The Black Belt Achievement

Finally, after years of dedicated training and personal growth, I stand before you as a Black Belt. This achievement represents the culmination of countless hours of hard work, sacrifice, and unwavering commitment. However, it is not an endpoint but a new beginning. With the Black Belt comes greater responsibility to exemplify the principles of Taekwondo and serve as a role model for others. I am honored to join the ranks of those who have achieved this esteemed rank and pledge to continue my journey of self-improvement and contribution to the Taekwondo community.

Conclusion

My journey to the Taekwondo Black Belt has been a transformative experience, shaping me into a more disciplined, resilient, and compassionate individual. Through the challenges, setbacks, and triumphs, I have grown both physically and mentally, gaining invaluable life skills along the way. Taekwondo has become an integral part of my identity, and I am grateful for the lessons it has taught me. As I continue my journey, I look forward to embracing new challenges, inspiring others, and contributing to the legacy of Taekwondo.

Softball was introduced to me when I was probably eight years old, I remember walking with a few of my cousins to the dirt field at the corner of my grandma’s house. There were no hand mitts involved just a softball and an old wood bat. I think I had the basics down but now researching this paper I have learned a lot more. I was thrilled to learn that Softball is said to have begun in 1887 on Thanksgiving Day in Chicago. It was indoors, a group of men gathered at Chicago’s Farragut Boat Club anxiously waited for the outcome of the Yale versus Harvard football game. When Yale was announced as the winner, a Yale alumnus threw a boxing glove with a string tied around at a Harvard supporter. The Harvard fan swung at the balled-up glove with a stick. The first softball game commenced with the football fans using the boxing glove as a ball and a broom handle in place of the bat. George Hancock, a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade jokingly called out “play ball”.

Because of the underlying fervor encompassing the game, the Farragut Boat Club chose to formally make their very own arrangement of principles. The game before long spilled all through Chicago and in the end over the Midwest U.S. Softball molded itself throughout the following decade, the game went under numerous structures like ‘indoor baseball, cat baseball field ball, mush ball, and pumpkin ball. In 1026 Walter Hakanson instituted the expression ‘Softball’ while speaking to the YMCA at a national entertainment congress meeting. By 1930, the term stuck as the game’s authority name.

In 1934, the Joint Rules Committee on Softball worked together to make a lot of institutionalized principles. Up until this point, the game was being played with various guidelines, player positions, and ball sizes. The first softball utilized by the Farragut Boat Club was 16 crawls in the circuit.

In any case, Lewis Rober Sr. the man answerable for sorting out softball match-ups for firemen in Minneapolis utilized 12-inch balls. The favored size is the 12-inch ball, softball match-ups today are played with 10-12 inch balls. While the game was initially played inside the game took on so much ubiquity and acknowledgment that it immediately turned into its official game outside. In 1991, ladies’ fastpitch softball was added to the program of the 1996 Summer Olympics a milestone numerous individuals perceive as a definitive accomplishment as a game. In spite of the fact that softball was later dropped from the 2012 Summer Olympics lineup, the game is as yet one of the most mainstream sports in the United States and 113 nations have formally joined the International Softball Federation since the association’s development in 1952.

Today, softball is one of the most popular sports in the country, and an estimated 40 million Americans engage in at least one softball game each year. Because it can be played on either a field or an indoor arena, softball games are played all year round. Softball is sometimes played by co-recreational leagues, where both women and men play on the same teams but the rules are generally modified to reduce physical inequalities between the sexes. Often companies and organizations from amateur coed teams play for benefits and charity fundraising events.

The historical backdrop of softball is as yet unfurling, and the game has experienced various alterations since its creation in 1887, however, it is as yet one of the most favored games in the nation and has built up a following in a few nations all through the world, particularly in Australia, China, and Japan. Adored by beginners and experts all things considered and athletic foundations, the world can just envision what is coming up for the fate of America’s other most loved distraction.

As indicated by the official guidelines grew from the get-go throughout the entire existence of softball, in the long run, characterized by the International Softball Federation, there are nine players on the field at once. The players take the places of pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, third baseman, and outfielder. Typically, three outfielders are holding the places of the correct defender, left defender, and focus defender. Notwithstanding, slow-pitch softball takes into consideration the fourth individual in the outfield. Like baseball, the group with the most keeps running toward the finish of the seventh inning is named the victor. Be that as it may, if the groups are tied toward the finish of the seventh inning, the game can go into additional innings, until the tie is broken leaving one victor.

An inning is split into two sections called the top and the bottom of the innings. The away team bats first at the top of the inning while the home team field, then the teams switch so the home team bats at the bottom of the inning. The field is in a diamond shape with four bases, first base, second base, third base, and home base, where the batter stands. The pitcher must throw the ball underarm and must have at least one foot on the plate at the point of delivery.

Once a batting order is set at the start of the game it cannot be changed throughout. A batsman can be given out by being caught by a fielder without the ball bouncing, missing the ball three times in which a strike is called, or by being tagged by a fielder holding the ball while running between bases. A batsman can be walked to first base if the pitcher fails to get the ball in the strike zone 4 times without a stroke being made. The strike zone in softball is larger than that of baseball.

Batter: A person in the batters bot attempting to hit the softball from the pitcher.

Pitcher: A person in the pitching circle who throws the softball to the batter.

Batters Box: The area surrounding the home plate where the batter must stand while trying to hit the ball.

Pitching Circle: The rectangular piece of rubber in the middle where the pitcher must throw the ball. The pitcher is required to maintain contact with the pitching rubber until the ball is released.

Strike: A pitch is thrown through the strike zone that the hitter does not hit, whether by swinging or not. A strike is also any pitch that a batter swing at but misses.

Base Runner: A batter who has legally reached base either by walk or hit.

Out: An out occurs when either a hitter or base runner is legally removed from play by the opposing team, Such as striking out, hitting a ground out, or hitting a pop or fly out.

Grounder: A ball that is hit on the ground either in the infield or outfield

Ground Out: A ground out is where a ground ball is hit, and the opposing team catches it and throws to first base where the team baseman catches the ball and tags first base before the hitter touches first base.

Fly Ball: A ball that is hit in the air and the opposing team catches.

Single: First base hit

Double: Hitter makes it to second base

Triple: Hitter makes it to third base

Homerun: A hit ball where the batter advances to all three bases and returns to home plate safely without error committed by a fielder. A homerun can either be out of the park meaning a ball hit over the outfield fence or in the park meaning the batter advances around all of the bases without being tagged out.

Grand Slam: A home run hit with the bases loaded or runners on first second and third.

The difference between 16-inch and 12-inch softball is more than the size of the ball. Traditionally, the only kind of organized softball played in Chicago was a 16-inch. After all, Chicago is known as the home of 16-inch softball. The 16-inch softball is used when the game is played without gloves. This style of softball is quite popular in Chicago and New York metropolitan areas. It is softer than the 12-inch softball, its size limits the distance it can travel compared to the smaller balls. A version of slow-pitch softball unique to Chicago uses a softer 16-inch ball. The larger ball doesn’t travel far when hit, which means few home runs.

Most softball players are familiar with 12-inch softballs. A softball 12 inches in diameter is required for the regulation play by men’s fastpitch softball teams, including senior men’s fastpitch teams and boys’ youth fastpitch teams. It is also used by women’s fastpitch teams.

The balls are also used in modified fastpitch games, but the ASA requires modified games to use 12-inch balls with modified compression.

Volleyball is a sport in which two teams of six players hit a ball back and forth over a high net, seeking to get the ball to touch the court within the opponents’ playing area before returning it. To circumvent this, a player on the opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate before it touches the court surface; that teammate may then volley it back across the net or bat it to a third teammate who volleys it across the net. A team is only allowed three touches of the ball before it must be returned over the net.

Volleyball was conceived in 1895 by William G. Morgan, the physical director of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was intended to be an indoor sport when it was invented. Morgan drafted the original rules, which were published in the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian Associations of North America’s Official Handbook in its first edition (1897). Volleyball was established as an Olympic sport for both men and women at the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games.

Volleyball is a sport that can be played both indoors and out, and it requires very little equipment and room to play. The game is played on a smooth-surfaced court that is 9 meters (30 feet) wide by 18 meters (60 feet) long and divided into two equal portions by a central line, one of which is chosen or assigned to each of the two competing teams. Players may not walk completely beyond the center line while the ball is in play. A line 3 meters (10 feet) from and parallel to the center line of either court marks the point in front of which a backcourt player may not drive the ball over the net from a position over the top of the net (This offensive maneuver, known as a spike or kill, is usually performed most successfully and with the most power near the net by the forward line of players.)

Net heights for men and women are 2.4 meters (8 feet) and 2.2 meters (7.4 feet), respectively, measured from the top edge of the net to the playing surface in the center of the court. Volleyball can be played by any size group. Each team features six players in competition: three forwards in a row near and facing the net, and three backcourt players. Only one point is awarded for a successful play at a time. A game is won by the team that scores 25 points first, except in the fifth set, when a team must only score 15 points and win by two points.

The libero is the only member of the team who is not allowed to serve or rotate to the front line, and he or she wears a different color than the rest of the team.

The Renaissance period, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, was a time of great cultural and intellectual transformation in Europe. While advancements in art, literature, and science are often associated with this era, it is important not to overlook the significant role that sports played in Renaissance society. Sports during this time were not only a form of entertainment but also a reflection of the values and ideals of the period. This essay will provide an informative exploration of sports in the Renaissance, shedding light on their significance, popular activities, and their impact on society.

Sports in the Renaissance held a multifaceted role, serving as a means of entertainment, socialization, and physical exercise. They were seen as a way to promote physical fitness and cultivate virtues such as discipline, endurance, and teamwork. The emphasis on physical prowess and the human body during this period, as exemplified in art and literature, further fueled the interest in sports.

One of the most popular sports during the Renaissance was jousting, a form of combat on horseback. Jousting tournaments attracted participants from all social classes and were not only showcases of skill but also opportunities for social interaction and display of wealth and status. These events were often grand spectacles, drawing large crowds who eagerly cheered on their favorite knights.

Another widely enjoyed sport was archery, which held both practical and recreational significance. Archery was essential for military training and defense but was also a popular leisure activity. Archery contests and competitions were organized, showcasing the accuracy and skill of participants. The sport symbolized the ideal of the Renaissance man, who excelled not only in intellectual pursuits but also in physical abilities.

In addition to jousting and archery, other sports such as wrestling, fencing, and horse racing were also popular during the Renaissance. These activities were not limited to the upper classes but were enjoyed by individuals from various social backgrounds. They provided a sense of camaraderie and healthy competition among participants.

Sports in the Renaissance also reflected the values and ideals of the period. The emphasis on classical antiquity and the revival of interest in ancient Greece and Rome influenced the types of sports that were favored. The ancient Olympic Games served as a model for many Renaissance sports, with an emphasis on physical prowess, competition, and the pursuit of excellence.

Furthermore, sports in the Renaissance had a significant impact on society. They provided a sense of unity and identity, bringing people together from different social classes and fostering a sense of community. Sports events became opportunities for socializing and networking, facilitating interactions between individuals who might not have otherwise crossed paths.

Moreover, sports had an educational aspect, teaching important values and skills. They promoted discipline, fair play, and sportsmanship, instilling a sense of morality and ethics. Renaissance thinkers saw sports as a means of cultivating the body and mind in harmony, contributing to the overall development of individuals.

In conclusion, sports played a vital role in the Renaissance, offering entertainment, promoting physical fitness, and reflecting the values of the period. Jousting, archery, wrestling, fencing, and horse racing were among the popular activities that brought people together, encouraged competition, and fostered a sense of community. Sports in the Renaissance not only served as a form of leisure but also had educational and societal significance, teaching virtues and cultivating a sense of identity. By exploring sports in the Renaissance, we gain valuable insights into the culture and mindset of this transformative era.

Introduction

From the moment I stepped into the Taekwondo dojang, I knew that I had found my passion. The blend of physical discipline, mental focus, and spiritual development drew me in, and I embarked on a journey that would transform my life. Through years of training, countless hours of practice, and overcoming numerous challenges, I have reached the pinnacle of my Taekwondo journey: the coveted Black Belt. In this narrative essay, I will recount my personal journey to achieving this significant milestone, highlighting the lessons learned, the obstacles overcome, and the growth experienced along the way.

Setting the Foundation

My journey began as a white belt, filled with excitement and a thirst for knowledge. I was introduced to the fundamental techniques, forms, and principles of Taekwondo. I quickly realized that Taekwondo was not just a physical activity but a way of life, promoting discipline, respect, and self-control. With each belt promotion, I faced new challenges and learned valuable life lessons about perseverance, dedication, and the importance of setting goals. The training became more intense, pushing me to test my limits and develop mental fortitude.

The Power of Discipline

As I progressed through the ranks, discipline became a core aspect of my training. The rigorous practice schedules, the demanding physical conditioning, and the mental focus required taught me the importance of self-discipline. Early mornings and late nights were spent honing techniques, perfecting forms, and pushing myself to the edge of exhaustion. Through discipline, I learned the value of time management, prioritization, and consistency. Taekwondo instilled in me the ability to stay committed to my goals, not just on the training floor but also in other areas of my life.

Overcoming Challenges

The path to the Black Belt was not without obstacles. There were times when I faced self-doubt, physical limitations, and setbacks. I experienced moments of frustration and wanted to give up. However, it was during these challenging times that I discovered the power of resilience and determination. With the support of my instructors and fellow students, I found the strength to push through adversity. Each setback became an opportunity for growth, and I learned that failure is not a permanent state but a stepping stone toward success. Overcoming these challenges only fueled my desire to become a Black Belt and inspired me to keep pushing forward.

Personal Growth and Transformation

Beyond the physical aspects, Taekwondo has transformed me as an individual. The art has instilled in me a sense of humility, teaching me to respect others and treat them with kindness. It has cultivated a sense of inner peace and mental clarity, allowing me to navigate life’s challenges with a calm and focused mind. Taekwondo has also taught me the importance of leadership, as I now have the opportunity to guide and inspire junior students on their own journeys. The confidence and self-belief gained through my training have translated into other areas of my life, empowering me to pursue my dreams and overcome obstacles outside of the dojang.

The Black Belt Achievement

Finally, after years of dedicated training and personal growth, I stand before you as a Black Belt. This achievement represents the culmination of countless hours of hard work, sacrifice, and unwavering commitment. However, it is not an endpoint but a new beginning. With the Black Belt comes greater responsibility to exemplify the principles of Taekwondo and serve as a role model for others. I am honored to join the ranks of those who have achieved this esteemed rank and pledge to continue my journey of self-improvement and contribution to the Taekwondo community.

Conclusion

My journey to the Taekwondo Black Belt has been a transformative experience, shaping me into a more disciplined, resilient, and compassionate individual. Through the challenges, setbacks, and triumphs, I have grown both physically and mentally, gaining invaluable life skills along the way. Taekwondo has become an integral part of my identity, and I am grateful for the lessons it has taught me. As I continue my journey, I look forward to embracing new challenges, inspiring others, and contributing to the legacy of Taekwondo.