The Enormous Radio (1947) was written by John Cheever. Research indicates that the short story appeared first in the New Yorker. The short story gathered the attention of the public that made it to be among The Enormous Radio and Other Stories collections.
Research shows that the prevailing theme identifies with one family that valued a radio in their life, the initial radio broke down prompting a purchase of another radio, which opened the family to the questionable outside world.
Plot
The plot of the short story reflects on Irene Westcott and Jim, believed to have lived in Sutton place, somewhere in New York. The couple had two children, and enjoyed music on their radio and attending live concerts.
The old radio broke down and Jim had to purchase another radio. He brought home a new radio made up of a huge gumwood cabinet. Westcott did not like the new radio, starting from the color, size and the blinking lights.
Westcott was sensitive with colors; the radio brought a pure mismatch with the furnishings in the living room.
Conceptions of the Enormous Radio
Westcott believed that the cabinet was ugly and very dark, symbolizing the darkness in the entire living room and ultimately reflect in their lives.
Research indicates that Westcott identifies with the new radio. The radio brought disagreements and disharmony in the family, although both couples loved music.
Symbolism
Enormous Radio symbolizes buried secrets. The radio made Westcott and Jim come to the realization that their marriage is not perfect, as they thought.
There is the tension that had been kept in secret between the couple. Research shows that Westcott in particular had a dull past, the new radio made her remember about her past life.
The fact that the radio is ugly brought about the inner ugliness of Westcott and the negative attitude Westcott has against the neighbors.
The radio is believed to expose the inner lives of other people, and she realized that the radio had exposed her life too. This is an irony, in that the radio was intended to bring joy, but instead cultivated hatred and animosity.
It has been noted that a metaphor is applied in the short story to show the interconnections between gender, house and the family.
Themes
One of the most common themes in the short story identifies with theme of addiction. Westcott and Jim are addicted to the radio to an extent that it plays an influential role in their lives, to a point of exposing the weak points within the marriage.
The radio symbolizes today’s television sets that have been addicted by people. The radio is exposing the real nature of people.
Conclusion
The satanic radio can be equated to the serpent in the garden of Aden that made Eve and Adam commit a sin by eating the forbidden fruit, and all of sudden; they realized they were in their natural suit.
Westcott exposed the American underworld. The short story indicates that things at times do no display reality. The fact that Westcott and Jim were normal couples, who later became violent, is an indication that human beings have two faces.
The cliché of the short story is on the Enormous radio with diverse representations, it shows diverse mirror images that are addressed. Westcott had two personalities, meaning she was pretending to some extent in the marriage of her and Jim.
The short story teaches human beings to be real. No matter how far people hind identities, circumstances erupt that shows the real face of the people.
Gavriel Iddan pioneered wireless endoscopy developments, despite the fact that he lacked medical background. His electro-optical expertise can never be underestimated as being key factor, in his role in endoscopy developments. Iddan was working on a project that was meant to develop ‘an eye’, which would guide missile to its target.
Same scenario was presented by Scapa, when she met Iddan in Boston. Scapa mentioned that one of the challenges in treating diseases in small intestines, was that physician would not be able to identify region with the problem. Physician was not in a position to view lining of small intestines, since x rays could not show twists and turns. Existing endoscopes could not go beyond first third of small intestines.
Iddan considered inventing an object that would view images in every region of small intestines. Clear images of small intestines would enable physicians to diagnose conditions and problems, which were escalating. Further, invention process would consider transmission of images from small intestines.
Notably, Iddan had gone to Boston to work for a company that produced x ray tubes and ultrasonic probes. Iddan’s background was therefore essential in role of being a pioneer in wireless endoscopy. For example, Iddan’s involvement in endoscopy developments was founded on his earlier project of inventing an eye guided missile.
Further, his finesse in electro engineering can be linked with invention of semiconductors, which were later developed into complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS). The development was essential as it solved charge problem, since Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) that would be depleted within 10 minutes, were replaced with long lasting CMOS.
Demand or existence of need was the other factor, which enabled Iddan to pioneer wireless endoscopy developments. Scapa literally pressurized Iddan to come up with a way in which physicians would be in a better position to view images, of small intestines. Alarming statistics of population diagnosed with disorders of small intestines, facilitated necessity to develop alternatives.
Challenges that faced medical field, required interventions and support from other scientific fields. Existing gap in medical field provided an opportunity for other scientists including Iddan, to pioneer any developments in wireless endoscopy. Support and collaboration also enabled Iddan to pioneer wireless endoscopy developments.
For example, Meron acknowledged Iddan’s creativity when he presented CMOS product to him. Further, combination of efforts of ‘Given Imaging’ with those of research team from United Kingdom, enabled Iddan to initiate wireless endoscopy developments. Development of wireless endoscopy was successful, after efforts from both teams were combined.
Given’s development of camera pill can be understood as science push, which was facilitated by demand pull. Science push defines advancements that are facilitated by evolution of research. On the other hand, demand pull can be defined as evolutions that are triggered by the fluctuations in population.
Given Imaging, arose from acknowledgement of evolution of science. Meron, the CEO of Applied Limited, acknowledged developments presented by Iddan and founded Given Imaging. Further, Given Imaging agreed to join forces with team of experts from United Kingdom, as a way of responding to science push. Given Imaging utilized opportunity of scientific research to maximum.
For instance, it provided a complete set in its inventions of wireless endoscopy. Endoscopy set included a camera pill that was supposed to be swallowed by patient. The set also incorporated a recording pack that patient would wear after swallowing camera pill. Further, Given Imaging had software through which a doctor would upload images recorded in wearable recording pack.
After development of wireless endoscopy was successful and accepted into market, many research firms adopted innovation strategies associated with science. After tremendous developments on wireless endoscopy by rival technology, Given Imaging stepped in to develop camera pills that would target esophagus and colon.
Demand pull is also a notable characteristic of Given Imaging development. Meron was fascinated by developments presented by Iddan, since he recognized that such idea was in demand. The endoscopy set invented by Given Imaging was comprehensive and expensive.
In this regard, strategies and efforts applied in invention process of wireless endoscopy can be attributed to profitability associated with success. Notably, Given Imaging enjoyed benefits associated with wireless endoscopy developments alone, since it was the pioneer technology. Endoscopy developments were minimal during this time and were rejuvenated by penetration into market by rival technologies.
Threat of competitors compelled Given Imaging to secure its patent for wireless endoscopy development in United States of America. Given Imaging installed its devices in most hospitals and clinics, thereby leaving minimal tendency for choice of rival technology.
Change of installed Given Imaging devices meant great expenses for clinics and hospitals. In this regard, developments on camera pill that could target esophagus and colon could be seen as being demand driven.
Collaboration of Iddan with Swain’s team is characterized by advantages as well as disadvantages. Combination of ideas led to efficacy, since there were better results. For example, Iddan specialized in science of semiconductors that was essential in development process of wireless endoscopy.
Swains team was more experienced in anatomy and medical field. In this regard, both teams were essential in development of wireless endoscopy. Notably, development process of wireless endoscopy was shortened, by combination of efforts from both teams.
Teams combined their strong points to reduce impacts of their weak sides. For example, Swains team would have invested more time and resources to come up with idea of semiconductors. Similarly, developments of Iddan would have been limited by his inexperience in anatomy and medical field.
The disadvantage would be linked to shared latent, in perspective of commercialization process of wireless endoscopy. Since both teams worked together in development procedure, advantages associated with success were shared. Notably, scientific method used was not private, thereby making it open to public. As a result, rival technologies penetrated wireless endoscopy field with minimal barriers.
Notably, shared method used in wireless endoscopy rendered Given Imaging vulnerable to competition. Tremendous evolution and science push directed to developments of endoscopy, almost rendered Given Imaging insignificant. Combination of efforts of both teams shortened time taken in realizing results but at the same time limited innovation and creativity, in endoscopy developments.
Reduced period of developments meant reduced rate of innovation, since a team would not research on the area of specification of the other. For example, since Iddan was associated with knowledge of CMOS, Swain’s team adopted his idea without further research that could have even led to better results.
Similarly, Iddan did not research anymore on aspects of anatomy, since Swain’s team was expert. In this regard, creativity was discouraged since every individual would have discovered different things using his own method of research.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful medical imaging application utilized by radiologists and clinicians to study anatomical and functional characteristics in healthy and disease states (Elman & Harth, 2011). Scanners used in MRI involve the use of powerful magnetic waves and radio waves that help to create images for interpretation by medical professionals.
It is the preferred medical imaging technique by health providers because it does not involve the use of ionizing radiation. The application is commonly used to facilitate medical diagnosis, estimate stage of a disease or health condition and support patient follow-up (Schwarz et al., 2008; Hartwig et al., 2009).
Radio frequency (RF) waves are used in MRI scanners to excite nuclei that yield energy for imaging of body organs and systems. When conducting MRI, RF waves could come into contact with body tissues and foreign materials like metallic implants. The power produced by RF fields during medical imaging is converted into thermal energy.
The energy is received by neighboring body organs, which are caused to increase their internal and external temperature. While the use of MRI in the healthcare industry to improve patient outcomes has increased rapidly, there have been growing concerns that exposure to RF as used in MRI could result in health problems (Hartwig et al., 2009).
This paper gives the definition and background information of RF. It analyzes biological effects of RF used in MRI in healthcare settings. It also gives a conclusion based on the significant findings on the effects of RF.
Definition and background of RF
A radio frequency field is characterized by electric and magnetic features, and it is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. MRI scanners measure the intensity of RF field by determining the units of magnetic field strength. A volt per meter is used to determine how a magnetic field strength is or strength of magnetic field in terms of current per meter (A/m).
The use of RF has increased both in clinical and non-clinical settings. The advancements in the rates of technological adoption have greatly impacted the increase in the use of RF in MRI across the world.
Other sources of RF outside clinical centers include radio stations, antennas used in television sets, and factories for manufacturing mobile phones (Nakamura, Matsuzaki, Hatta, Nobukuni, Kambayashi & Ogino, 2003; Hartwig et al., 2009).
The extent to which RF affects the body depends on the level of interactions between frequencies and wavelengths associated with RF and body organs. Frequency of RF in MRI is used to refer to the number of oscillations per unit time. Wavelength is used to refer to the distance between energy particles and waves of a RF field (Nakamura et al., 2003).
Body reactions
Several studies have determined the effects of RF on body systems, especially with regard to the activity of biophysical pathways. RF could alter the normal physiological activities of biological systems.
Understanding the effects of RF on body systems is important so that better and safer MRI systems could be developed and adopted in the healthcare industry for diagnostic and other applications (Shellock, 2000).
When thinking about how RF causes effects on body organs through biophysical mechanisms, it would be crucial to note that RF radiation does not cause ionization of body chemicals (i.e. formation of anions and cations).
Therefore, RF radiation does have the ability to disrupt chemical bonds in DNA, a molecule that is important in determining heredity and functions of genes.
Although RF radiation does not have direct biophysical effects, it leads to energy conversions that culminate in high amount of energy within body organs (Shellock, 2000). The effects caused by the energy produced by RF radiation are determined by factors like time of exposure to RF radiation, and distance of an organ from a radiation source.
It has been shown that various frequencies are absorbed at different rates by biological systems. Prolonged exposure to RF radiations could result in worsening of body tissues (Shellock, 2000). Also, the shorter the distance between a radiation source and a tissue the greater the effects caused.
Damage occurs in a tissue because it is not able to get rid of heat energy produced by the RF radiation. Therefore, it is expected that organs that are not deeper in the body like the skin could hardly be affected by RF radiation, other factors like period of exposure and distance from the radiation source held constant.
Blood circulation has also been shown to influence the pace and intensity of RF radiation damage to organs. Tissues that are not well supplied with blood encounter more damages caused by RF radiation than those that are well supplied with blood.
Thus, the eyes could be more susceptible to RF radiation because they are characterized by poor blood supply. Much heating has been blamed for causing infertility in males by affecting the process of forming quality spermatozoa.
Heat blankets caused by RF radiation have been shown to increase chances of fetus developing congenital problems, which may trigger a miscarriage (Mjøen, Sætre, Lie, Tynes, Blaasaas, Hannevik & Irgens, 2006; Shellock, 2000). It has been asserted that thermal effects of RF radiation have the greatest impact on biological systems.
There is limited scientific evidence to link RF radiation with biological effects. However, non-thermal effects have been demonstrated to cause abnormal production of cells, neurological disorders, immune diseases, and reproductive problems (Mjøen et al., 2006).
Allergic effects
Allergic reactions are produced by the body to cause clinical symptoms. This is an important aspect in clinical immunology that seeks to understand the various pathways that are involved in initiation of allergies (Mjøen et al., 2009). Tissue molecules close to RF radiation are excited to vibrate by energy produced by the radiation.
When biological molecules vibrate, they produce energy. Thus, the amount of heat energy within organs is increased. Studies suggest that sources of RF radiation that produce small amounts of radiations could trigger allergy-like reactions, which result in unhealthy states of the body.
This process of facilitating the reactions is known as chemical hypersensitivity. The reactions occur if radiation exposure is above the threshold levels. The levels must be reached to increase organ temperature by a minimum of 10C. Exposure to RF radiation has been shown to result in tiredness and dizziness.
It also causes of skin and alimentary canal problems. In some cases, the conditions could be life-threatening when they are severe. However, research shows that some conditions affecting neurological system are caused by RF radiation pulses rather than continuous exposures.
This could impact the design of MRI scanners. While they should be made in such a way that they do not allow prolonged exposures to RF radiation, the systems should also be designed in a manner that they introduce the least amount of radiation pulses to tissues.
Through the design, threshold amount of radiation that would result in unhealthy body reactions would not be achieved (Mjøen et al., 2009).
Cancer effects
Cancer is a leading killer across the world, and it has no cure. The genesis of cancer has been attributed to changes in the human DNA, which result in abnormal cell growth and multiplication. Increase in cancer diagnoses has caused global concerns.
There haven been issues that human beings are exposed to RF radiations, like those produced by mobile phones, which could cause cancer.
The commonest form of cancer associated with the use of mobile phones is cancer of the brain. In fact, several studies have sounded an alarm that increased exposures to RF radiation could pose threats to the development of various forms of cancer.
RF radiation from microwaves is strongly associated with increased chances of developing cancer. TV sets and radio receivers have also been cited to emit some significant amounts of radiation that would result in carcinogenic states over time.
When conducting analyses to understand the impact of RF radiation on abnormal multiplication of cells, scientists collect data on cancer cases and exposure to devices that emit RF radiation.
Wong and colleagues (2009) determined the effectiveness of using RF ablation technique to enhance colorectal cancer treatment. The researchers reviewed literature on the topic from articles published in peer-reviewed journals. RF is used to stop the spread of colorectal cancer cells to the liver (Wong et al., 2009).
This metastasis has become an issue because about half of colorectal cancer patients are characterized by colorectal cancer that spread to the liver. RF radiation is adopted to stop the spread by killing cells in the affected tissue mass. Special needles are used in the process so that only the affected tissue mass is heated up (Wong et al., 2009).
The heating process damages cancerous cells by facilitating agglutination of DNA and protein molecules (Guler, Tomruk, Ozgur & Seyhan, 2010). The authors conclude that laparoscopic RF is the safest method of killing abnormal cells in the liver because the technique kills the least number of healthy cells in the neighboring tissue, and it could be repeated easily (Guler et al., 2010).
Also, there is no clear difference in benefits of surgical and RF approaches to killing cancer cells in the liver. However, the study authors suggest that studies should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of using RF radiation to remove hepatic metastases.
Since several studies have associated exposures to RF radiation with the development of cancer, there should be evidence-based findings to determine the benefits of using RF in anticancer killing methods.
It could be that RF facilitates cell death in the affected tissue, but it also causes changes in DNA in the surrounding cells, a process that leads to abnormal multiplication of cells (Wong et al., 2009; Guler et al., 2010).
Skin problems and biological system defects
Skin exposures to RF radiation facilitate the development of skin clinical symptoms because the skin reacts negatively when exposed to RF radiation threshold levels (Elman & Harth, 2011). Disease states of biological systems cause malfunctioning of many tissues and organs.
Caution should be taken when exposing organs to RF radiation because prolonged exposures of threshold levels would result in defects (Elman & Harth, 2011). The use of RF radiation in MRI scanning equipment in males causes a major concern. There is evidence that household and personal devices like mobile phones could initiate male reproductive problems.
This could happen when RF radiation interferes with the pathways involved in producing normal sperm count. The changes would lead to pathological modifications in testes that would interfere with the factors crucial in viability and motility of spermatozoa.
If testes are exposed to RF radiation, then they could be affected by oxidative stress, which causes DNA damage in sperms. Health parameters of male sperms are closely monitored by DNA. Thus, DNA damage leads to abnormal sperm cells, a process that culminates in male infertility.
Exposure to RF alters the physiology of seminiferous tubules and lumen that are essential in producing healthy sperms. Continuous exposure to RF radiation could lead to chemical isomerism in the kidneys, a process that could lead to kidney problems.
If persons are exposed to high levels of RF radiation, then they could develop unstable chromosomes. Abnormal chromosomes result in many disease states in an individual. For example, an individual could have an altered growth pattern and development of other biological system defects (Ruediger, 2009).
Research shows that RF radiation exposures of about 50-60Hz could lead to congenital defects, female infertility, and pre-term births, among others. Women who are exposed to household appliances that emit RF have high chances of miscarrying or failing to conceive in life.
The reproduction problems highlighted in this section have important implications for MRI in the healthcare industry. RF radiation should be used selectively in a healthcare facility. Young men and women in the child-bearing ages should not undergo frequent MRI because the procedure could make them develop reproductive problems.
If this group of people has to undergo MRI, then necessary caution and standards should be adopted to ensure that young females and males are prevented from being exposed to harmful RF radiation (Ruediger, 2009).
Neurological, cognitive and hypersensitivity effects
Neurons play important roles in impulse processing and transmission. If their chemical or structural components are affected, then they would not carry out their functions effectively. For example, interfering with the structures of the axons and dendrites would compromise the transmission of nerve impulses.
Also, if RF radiation affects the chemical composition of a chemical synapse, then it would imply that nerve cells would not communicate and exchange their information in the form of chemicals. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are examples of neurological disorders that could result when the nervous system is exposed to threshold levels of RF radiation (Ruediger, 2009).
There is limited evidence to show that cognitive disorders like impaired memory, prolonged reaction time and altered sleep patterns are significantly linked with continuous exposures to RF radiation. However, if enough evidence is established in the future, then it will have implications for MRI in healthcare organizations.
The evidence will inform radiologists, and other healthcare providers to take caution when using MRI in their clients because they could easily develop cognitive disorders, which could impact their lives negatively (Mjøen et al., 2009).
Continuous exposure to RF radiation leads to electromagnetic field hypersensitivity. Thus, if exposure is prolonged, then the affected people would develop neurological problems. Some symptoms of electromagnetic hypersensitivity include lethargy, skin and digestive problems.
Non thermal RF radiation has not been implicated in causing neurological, cognitive and hypersensitivity problems. However, further research in the future with regard to the disorders might implicate this type of radiation. Detailed research in the future would be supported by innovative approaches.
Winter and colleagues (2013) analyzed the changes that could be adopted when developing radio frequency equipment. The study authors aimed to design equipment for imaging patients that could use high magnetic fields. Conventional RF coils cannot be functional without the use of amplifiers and other devices to maintain good heating effects (Winter,et al., 2013).
However, the wavelengths in such equipment would be greater than those found in the brain. This could result in inaccuracies in therapies (Winter,et al., 2013). To overcome this limitation, the study authors proposed to utilize high magnetic fields. They introduced their model to a thorough testing that involved determining temperature changes and stability of the equipment.
The biomechanical material used corresponded to the human brain. The researchers asserted that the designed equipment would be used effectively for imaging patients without the need for extra materials or devices. Spatial and temperature mapping techniques were used to enhance the efficiency of the equipment (Winter,et al., 2013).
The equipment used heat energy economically, and it was characterized by minimal temperature rise on the external surfaces. Therefore, such equipment would be used to image the brain and one would be assured of safety, i.e. the equipment would not cause damage to brain cells and centers responsive for cognitive functions (Ruediger, 2009).
Conclusion and recommendations
MRI use is common in the healthcare industry for clinical and diagnostic applications. RF waves are used in MRI scanners to excite nuclei that yield energy for imaging of body organs and systems. When conducting MRI, RF waves could come into contact with body tissues and foreign materials like metallic implants.
The power produced by RF fields during medical imaging is converted into thermal energy. The energy is received by neighboring body organs, which are caused to increase their internal and external temperature. Advancements in technology have led to better scanning systems that have significantly improved patient outcomes across the world.
However, there are concerns that RF radiations could impact health status of persons undergoing MRI negatively. Based on findings in this report, RF radiation causes major effects in humans. First, it leads to the development of body reactions due to the heat produced by RF radiations.
Second, harmful radiations have been shown to result in allergic reactions that make the body react to its own substances or those which usually cause no harm. Third, several studies have demonstrated that RF radiations are significantly associated with the development of abnormally multiplying cells in the human body.
Fourth, RF radiations have been implicated in the skin and biological system defects. Fifth, there is evidence to support that RF radiation could cause neurological, cognitive and hypersensitivity effects. In conclusion, it is recommended that further research be conducted to determine the effects of RF radiation in areas that lack research evidence.
Also, patients should always be told the merits and demerits of MRI before they would undergo a medical imaging procedure (MRI). This would enable them to make informed decisions regarding MRI.
References
Elman, M., & Harth, Y. (2011). Novel Multi-Source Phase-Controlled Radiofrequency Technology for Non-Ablative and Micro-Ablative Treatment of Wrinkles, Lax Skin and Acne Scars. Journal of Laser Therapy, 20(2), 139-144.
Guler, G., Tomruk, A., Ozgur, E., & Seyhan, N. (2010). The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in nonpregnant and pregnant rabbits and their newborns. Gen Physiol Biophys, 29(1), 59-66.
Hartwig, V., Giovannetti, G., Vanello, N., Lombardi, M., Landini, L., & Simi, S. (2009). Biological effects and safety in magnetic resonance imaging: a review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 6(6), 1778- 1798.
Mjøen, G., Sætre, D. O., Lie, R. T., Tynes, T., Blaasaas, K. G., Hannevik, M., & Irgens, L. M. (2006). Paternal occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. European journal of epidemiology, 21(7), 529-535.
Nakamura, H., Matsuzaki, I., Hatta, K., Nobukuni, Y., Kambayashi, Y., & Ogino, K. (2003). Nonthermal effects of mobile-phone frequency microwaves on uteroplacental functions in pregnant rats. Reproductive Toxicology, 17(3), 321- 326.
Ruediger, H. W. (2009). Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Pathophysiology, 16(2), 89-102.
Schwarz, C., Kratochvil, E., Pilger, A., Kuster, N., Adlkofer, F., & Rüdiger, H. W. (2008). Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 81(6), 755-767.
Shellock, F. G. (2000). Radiofrequency Energy‐Induced Heating During MR Procedures: A Review. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12(1), 30-36.
Winter, L., Özerdem, C., Hoffmann, W., Santoro, D., Müller, A., Waiczies, H.,… & Niendorf, T. (2013). Design and Evaluation of a Hybrid Radiofrequency Applicator for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and RF Induced Hyperthermia: Electromagnetic Field Simulations up to 14.0 Tesla and Proof-of-Concept at 7.0 Tesla. PloS one, 8(4), 1-12.
Wong, S. L., Mangu, P. B., Choti, M. A., Crocenzi, T. S., Dodd, G. D., Dorfman, G. S.,… & Benson, A. B. (2010). American Society of Clinical Oncology 2009 clinical evidence review on radiofrequency ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(3), 493-508.
Many people in America are suffering from heart attacks, and it has become necessary to advance technology to treat heart ailments. It is because of the heart alert that a wireless Ecg was devised to measure the heartbeat. An app is installed on the phone, and after measuring the heartbeat, the application sends the gathered information to the phone.
The person using the app can afterward send the data to the doctor for evaluation and information about the condition of the heart (Fensli et al. 408). The use of this wireless device helps in measuring the heart rate. The gadget has been devised in such a way that it notifies the users of any looming complications such as heart attacks, and assessing the heartbeat of the user and comparing the measurements with the readings in the Ecg to show any complications in the heart.
The device has an inside speaker that emits an alarm once the measurement is complete. By using this gadget, it becomes easy for the users to know the condition of their hearts and be forewarned in case of any danger (Güler and Uğur 232). The wireless Ecg notifies users when the heartbeat is either too slow or too fast.
The wireless Ecg is very important as it helps in ensuring that any conditions to the heart are sent to the doctor in due time and thus eradicating emergencies. The device does not interfere with an individual’s daily life, and it can work without the app. The app installed on the phone allows the transmission of the collected information through Bluetooth.
The device uses radio waves, and thus, it is less tiring to the user (Sneha and Upkar 35). Though it might be expensive to purchase the device, it is very helpful in the eradication of emergency heart ailments. The gadgets are readily available, and thus the approximated 1.5 million people at risk of heart infections can acquire wireless gadgets (Güler and Uğur 232).
Data Collection and Analysis
Data for the research will be collected from people over 65 years since they have high chances of suffering from heart ailments such as Cardiac Arrhythmia, enlarged hearts, and congestive heart failure (Orlov et al. 34). Data analysis was conducted by the use of graphs and charts, and according to the statistics gathered from the research, about 1.5 million Americans suffer from heart attacks on a yearly basis, with approximately 610,000 succumbing to heart diseases every year.
Of these, 150,000 are below 65 years. The heart alert is important as, according to the gathered statistics, 47% of deaths connected to the heart occur out of medical facilities. Of those respondents included in the research, 27% knew the symptoms associated with heart ailments (Cao et al. 86). The cost of treating emergency heart ailments is very high, with it being approximated to be 60 billion dollars each year.
It is important to understand that a normal person has an average of 80 beats per minute, with a low of 60 bp and a high of 100 bp. Sometimes the beats per minute can exceed the normal rate when an individual is under stress or when exercising (Welch et al. 3447).
Ensuring Continuous Learning
Beyond the classroom, it is important to facilitate continuous learning, and this can be made possible by using online libraries and search engines to gather additional information. With the advancement in technology, computers and the internet have become part and parcel of studies. Additional information from classroom learning can be attained at the click of a mouse.
It is important to make use of the online learning platforms as they are educative, effective, and cheap as considered to purchasing printed materials. Considering emergencies connected to heart ailments, the internet is an important source where information can be gathered (Welch et al. 3447). The use of search engines such as Google has been important in offering additional learning materials.
Works Cited
Cao, Huasong, V. Leung and C, Chow. “Enabling technologies for wireless body area networks: A survey and outlook.” Communications Magazine, IEEE (2009): 84-93. Print
Fensli, Rune, Einar Gunnarson, and Torstein Gundersen. “A wearable ECG-recording system for continuous arrhythmia monitoring in a wireless tele-home-care situation.” Computer-Based Medical Systems, 2005. Proceedings. 18th IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 2005. 407-412. Print
Güler, Nihal Fatma, and Uğur Fidan. “Wireless transmission of ECG signal.” Journal of medical systems (2006): 231-235.Print
Orlov, Oleg I., et al. “Wireless ECG monitoring by telephone.” Telemedicine Journal and E-health (2001): 33-38.Print
Sneha, Sweta, and Upkar Varshney. “A wireless ECG monitoring system for pervasive healthcare.” International Journal of Electronic Healthcare (2006): 32-50.Print
Welch, James, Farzin Guilak, and Steven D. Baker. “A wireless ECG smart sensor for broad application in life threatening event detection.” Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004. IEMBS’Annual International Conference of the IEEE. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2004. 3447-3449. Print
The role and utility of wireless and/or mobile computing has enlarged in the healthcare sector over the period. The use of wireless technology with the mobile computing devices has proliferated into various healthcare organizations such as hospitals, clinics, long-term care centers and home care.
Most of the up to date technology tools that are available today, are complicated in the nature of their functioning and the physicians are unable to handle them with ease. However, the information systems and technologies have changed the way of practice of the physicians largely. The physicians now use a mobile practice companion or PDA device, which enable them to access critical clinical information about the patients. This helps them to provide greater patient care irrespective of the place or time, when the physicians need such information. These types of portable devices improve the practice efficiency of the physicians and they greatly enhance the patient satisfaction (Groen & Wine).
This system works in the healthcare setting by enabling the physician to enter the service provided to an inpatient, into a handheld mobile-computing device, which records the service, which is identified by appropriate code. Data from handheld device automatically are transformed to the legacy billing system through the wireless network. This eliminates the use of traditional paper records (Turisco, 2000).
These mobile technology tools focus primarily on the point of care. There is no need for a sophisticated data transfer infrastructure to transfer the data back to the main computer of the organization. Use of these mobile application combined with the wireless technologies, there are a number of benefits accrue to the healthcare organization. The benefits include:
convenient access to patient data,
accurate and timely entry of data,
cheaper installation costs as compared to the wired networks,
reduction in the number of medical errors,
elimination of duplication of data entry,
improvement in the quality of patient care,
gross reduction in the operating costs and
improved efficiency through smooth workflow.
One of the greatest challenges for the mobile computing vendors with respect to the extension of technological applications to healthcare sector is that they are unable to provide broader functionalities to meet the needs of the healthcare industry. It is critically important that they combine their efforts with the mobile computing application vendors to extend the technology to various potential healthcare applications.
High-speed internet provision and portal technologies are able to transform the delivery of healthcare. Portals can be accessed always through the computers, wireless devices and telephone (accessing by telephone is enabled using voice recognition and speech synthesis applications). These types of communication facilities enable real time collaboration between the patients and the healthcare providers. Portal infrastructures help the promotion of an environment, which promotes efficient customer service.
Although the implementation of wireless computing can provide ample financial benefits to the healthcare organizations, the full value of the technological implementation cannot be reaped by the organization unless proper planning is undertaken with respect to the implementation. The wireless enterprise design should be formulated after an extensive preparation of the organization to adapt to the new technological improvements. It is also essential that the organization should consider the adoption of wireless applications in the context of a larger business process re-engineering and enterprise-wide information technology effort to make the systems function effectively. There is the need to develop a long-range strategic plan in respect of the technological needs of the organization.
References
Groen, P., & Wine, M. (n.d.). Wireless Strategies for Healthcare Provider Organization. Web.
Turisco, F. (2000). Mobile Computing Is Next Technology Frontier for Healthcare Providers. Web.
An RFID (Radio-frequency identification) chip can considered an ingenious device due to its overall simplicity yet wide applicability in a variety of fields and applications (Nikitin, Rao, Martinez, & Lam, 2009). The chip, no bigger than a grain of rice, works via system of query and transmission wherein the chip releases a coded identification number when it is queried by a reader device that produces the necessary type of signal (Nikitin, Rao, Martinez, & Lam, 2009). The result is a method of tracking and identification which enables companies, medical institutions and even government agencies to immediately identify and track a particular object or person based on the RFID signal transmitted by an embedded chip (Harris, 2006). For example, the Verichip, a small innocuous device no bigger than a grain of rice, was debuted in the latter half of 2004 as being a safe and efficient way for hospitals to access the medical history of a patient so as to speed up treatment and recovery via an embedded RFID chip in their arm.
In a way the advent of this particular type of technology could be thought of as a medical milestone, the future of medicine so to speak; wherein doctors, EMTs, nurses and various other medical personnel can quickly and accurately diagnose a patient’s current condition based on their medical history should the patient be unconscious, unable to speak or is relatively unaware of their own history of medical care. From the point of view of medical practitioners the use of medical “chips” is a positive facilitator of medical care since not only can doctors respond quickly and efficiently to a patient’s condition but they can avoid utilizing particular medicines, procedures or methods of treatment should the patient’s medical record reveal a possible adverse reaction to the intended procedure. Aside from their use in medical institutions RFID chips have been utilized extensively in the transportation industry via installed electronic toll way collection systems. Such devices are commonly seen on commuters who utilize highways or other locations that have tolls in place. These systems allow drivers to pay a select amount beforehand allowing the toll readers to identify the transmitted code attached to the driver’s RFID systems and automatically allow them to pass through while at the same time deducting the amount utilized in the toll within their systems. Other more subtle methods of RFID technology use has been their implementation in passport systems and large scale agricultural operations. The technology in effect has made it easier to easily track both people and animals as they are transported from one location to another thus facilitating easy identification leading to access to particular ports of entry.
Evolution of RFID via Entrepreneurs
Thamhain (2009) indicates that research and development into new ways of producing and utilizing technology is one of the practices most often seen in technology intensive enterprises (Thamhain, 2009). This is due to the fact that technology has as of late been under a constantly accelerating level development and as a result has enabled new players to enter into markets whereas in the past distinct barriers to proper entry would have been present (Thamhain, 2009). As such failure to sufficiently innovate along with new technological trends and products can be thought of as a failure on the part of the managerial practices at a company since being able to anticipate trends and use them to either reach greater market penetration or keep the company relevant to consumers is a necessity in today’s technology intensive market economy. In this regard, authors such as Thamhain (2009) state that entrepreneurs are the vanguards of such a practice due to their ability to utilize already existing technology in ways that were not originally perceived by the inventors but have in effect spawned very successful niche markets.
One of the more interesting cases where this was utilized was explained by the case study of the Technology review (2004) which focused on an examination of how RFID technology was popularized as a way in which to track pets that had escaped or were stolen (Micro tracker, 2004). As the Technology review (2004) explains, the entrepreneurs who implemented this type of innovative procedure sought to fulfill a market niche within the pet industry involving lost or stolen pets (Micro tracker, 2004). Since an RFID chip can be embedded within an animal with no ill effects, embedded chips placed on certain strategic locations on an animals body enables them to be easily identified and tracked when either caught by local animal shelters or if they are brought to a veterinarian’s office by another individual. Other uses of the technology via entrepreneurs has taken the form of the development of small scale RFID trackers with can be utilized in order to track missing objects within a small area.
Since an embedded RFID chip can be read and located via a reader within a 10 meter radius (provided that there are no blockers surrounding the chip) this as a result enables the immediate detection of a lost item. This has become a popular method for stores to both track the location of their inventory as well as prevent their theft with RFID detectors being placed on the fronts of most stores which prevents malicious individuals from coming in and appropriating merchandise without paying for it. Similar types of products are also available to the general public via small scale RFID devices that can be placed within certain items such as a laptop, iPod case, and variety of other types of electronics. This prevents their resale should they be stolen and as a result would lead to the arrest of the person who stole the gadget in the first place. One of the last ways in which RFID technologies have been repurposed by entrepreneurs has been their repurposing as a method of cashless transactions within various parts of Japan. An attached RFID indicator attached to a cell phone and the proliferation of “cashless machines” (i.e. machines that do not accept cash but rather digital methods of payment) has resulted in a greater adoption of this new method of payment which reduces costs inherent to the collection of actual paper money or coins.
Application in Company Information Systems
Information systems can be described as the interface between people, organizations and technology enabling the business to accomplish a specific task or action. One example of an information system are the various applications and websites utilized by Amazon in selling products, accepting client payments through credit card processing applications, contacting their warehouses and shipping bought products to the correct addresses indicated by their consumers. While this is only a one example of the plethora of information systems out there what must be understood is that information systems act as methods of integration for a company helping to streamline specific processes so that they can be controlled, influenced and improved when necessary. Developing proper information systems is an essential aspect for a company for without it a company will be unable to properly deal with the buying, selling and the utilization of resources across various locations in the country. Due to the varied and often complicated nature of company operations it becomes a necessity to streamline and integrate product delivery processes, methods of operation, customer service and various other operational capacities. This is where RFID technology enters into the picture, through the use of embedded chips within shipping containers, IDs and even vehicles companies have in effect integrated RFID technology into their own information systems thus resulting in far more efficient methods of tracking, sorting and granting access to appropriate individuals for use of particular facilities. This establishes a distinct precedent and shows that RFID chips can be utilized and integrated within already present information systems and as such can be implemented with little, if any difficulty, should the technology be modified in order to conform to already present processes.
Current Problems with the RFID Business Model
An examination of the current RFID business model reveals several gaps in its overall approach which actually prevents the technology from meeting its potential. First and foremost, the utilization of RFID chips has primarily been isolated towards tracking and identification. While this was its original purpose there are other possibilities for the technology which have been neglected. For starters studies such as those by (McKee & McKee (2011) indicate that one possible utilization of the technology could be in a way in which it could contain personally identifying information in order to reduce instances of identity theft (McKee & McKee, 2011). This can be accomplished by embedding people with the chip so as to create a way in which it would be almost impossible for duplication to occur. While the point of view of McKee & McKee (2011) is still within the realm of theory, it does present a viewpoint that should be taken into consideration especially with the use of the chips in the medical field. Not only that, there have been relatively few instances where these types of chips have been utilized in daily transactions despite the fact that they can actually add an added level of protection to most transactions. It is based on this that it is recommended that the RFID industry accomplish the following in order to stay relevant:
Reevaluate its current business model.
Recreate its current product to match the demands of modern day consumers.
Focus on new technology oriented trends in development.
Develop a means of distribution that utilizes new innovative technological products.
Create information systems in order to keep pace with the rapid development of news and information that is present on the internet today.
Controversies Attached to RFID Usage
Despite these apparent advantages, privacy concerns are at the forefront of the debate against their usage by the general public due to the potential for disreputable individuals to gain access to an individual’s private records via an appropriated RFID reader. The case of Weis (2011) reveals that while the technology itself makes it easier to track, locate and facilitate the transfer of people, goods and services it has also made it that much easier for unscrupulous individuals to abuse the technology for their own ends Weiss (2011). This took the form of people who “stole” RFID identification data via a reader and embedding it in their own customized chips. By doing so this in effect allowed them to access services without having to pay for them or even pretend to be someone else based on embedded RFID telemetry data.
As noted by studies such as Weiss (2011) which examined the prevalence of hacking and hacking related crimes, any form of personally identifiable information that can be easily and openly accessed can be used by hackers as a form of identity theft. Weiss (2011) pointed to the case of implanted RFID medical chips wherein people may not even realize that their medical information could be accessed, copied and used as way to for others to pose as them in order to receive free medical treatment (Weiss, 2011). With the increasing prevalence of RFID usage also comes with it criticisms in the way in which it supposedly enables the government and private corporations to in effect track the movement of any individual broadcasting an RFID frequency. For example, one of the current plans of the U.S. government is to implant an RFID medical chip in every U.S. citizen so as to facilitate easy identification of certain individuals leading to faster medical care.
Unfortunately, one of the consequences of having an RFID chip embedded within your body is that should there be RFID readers placed in certain public locations a person can in effect be tracked wherever they go which many consider to be a massive violation of privacy. It must also be noted that studies such as those by Reza & Geok (2009) indicate that despite the increasingly sophisticated methods of ensuring that information within RFID chips can only be read by appropriate readers with the right type of authentication key, hackers and a variety of other unscrupulous individuals have also “stepped up their game” so to speak creating increasingly clever ways to circumvent the protective measures meant to ensure the safety of private data contained within the chips (Reza & Geok,2009). Reza & Geok (2009) even notes that the problem lies in the broadcasting of information itself which is the main problem behind RFID chip technologies since it practically invites unscrupulous individuals to attempt to access this broadcast for their own aims (Reza & Geok,2009.
Necessity of the Technology
It must be noted though that based on view of Brusey & McFarlane (2009) embedded RFID technology can be considered a necessity in the future due to the continuing growth and sophistication of individuals who steal identities for a living (Brusey & McFarlane, 2009). As Brusey & McFarlane (2009) explains, with the increasing sophisticated methods of identity thefts comes the necessity of developing methods in protecting an individual’s identity. With the ability of embedded RFID technology to create unique frequencies inherent to a particular chip this creates a level of protection that cannot be replicated easily. It must also be noted that based on data examining the prevalence of medical error related deaths in the U.S. nearly 195,000 people die every year within hospitals due to some medical related error that was unforeseen from the onset of treatment (Medical News, 2004).
In fact, based on studies from Encinosa and Hellinger (2008) it was noted that a large percentage of deaths from some form of treatment error came about as a direct result of a misdiagnosis by doctors as well as unforeseen consequences when using particular methods of treatment due to the apparent lack of information regarding the patient’s medical history (Encinosa & Hellinger, 2008). From this alone it can be seen that there is a distinct necessity in ensuring accurate medical information can be obtained by health care professionals so as to reduce the number of deaths that come about due to lack of information (Dodek, 2010). The utilization of implanted medical chip technology would be able to provide the necessary information doctors need especially if implemented on a global scale. In fact utilization of the technology is rather cheap when compared to the possible complications that may arise as a result of a misdiagnosed medical condition and as such proves the importance of utilizing this particular technology as a global healthcare standard.
Another factor that should be taken into consideration is the possibility of the technology improving within the chip so that aside from enabling access to a person’s medical records it would also be able to monitor a person’s health on a real time basis without having to be connected to cumbersome hospital equipment. This particular type of internal analysis can come in form of cholesterol level monitoring, blood pressure, presence of foreign chemicals in the system etc. These readouts can be utilized by doctors when the patient comes in for a checkup in order to determine the exact causes of certain maladies a person has. Not only would this significantly decrease the time it would take to diagnose a patient’s current condition but it would also help doctors determine whether there is any significant effect on the patient’s health over a long term period due to prescribed medication. On the other hand this particular aspect of the technology is still under development and as such its implementation could be decades more in the future. Other aspects that can be developed in the future regarding this particular type of technology take the form of integrated identification systems wherein aspects related to payment.
Globalizing RFID
It is interesting to note that RFID technology has already been accepted on a global scale by thousands of companies around the world. Embedded RFID chips can already be found in a multitude of company ID systems which are utilized in order to grant employee access to a variety of departments and facilities. RFID technology is also utilized in a variety of Universities wherein an embedded RFID chip within an ID card is encoded with a reference number attached to a particular student which in effect allows guards to ensure that only registered students can enter the school’s facilities. It is based on this particular precedent regarding the utilization of the technology that it can be stated that RFID technology can be easily implemented into a variety of new processes involving identification since it has already been implemented in a similar capacity.
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the point of view of this paper it can be seen that despite the issues of privacy violation and identity theft the fact remains that the implanted RFID chips, such as the Verichip, can help to reduce the number of instances involving identity theft as well as medical error related deaths and as such should be implemented for use to the general public. One way of ensuring that the issues brought up in this paper don’t occur is utilize a form of randomized encryption software on implanted chips that is update after every visit so as to ensure that only people with the right encryption key (medical professionals and hospitals) can access and review the information stored inside.
Assignment 2
Abstract
This paper examines utilization of embedded RFID chips within credit cards and various methods of identification in order to prevent occurrences of identity theft.
Introduction
Identity theft has resulted in millions of dollars in losses and considerable grief for a large percentage of today’s modern day consumer. This is due to the fact that more and more of what defines “identity” is connected to the method of identification utilized which consists of a physical form of identification such as a credit card, drivers license or even a passport. When investigating this particular issue it was seen that the research has primarily concentrated on either making information regarding an individual’s identity harder to get or methods in which identity theft can be detected early on, very few cases have actually delved into the concept of preventing the problem in a way that allows the information to be taken but makes it useless to actually utilize. This is the primary gap in the research that this article seeks to close by presenting a solution involving RFID technology wherein through its use cases of identity theft can be greatly reduced on a global scale without having to place a customer/client/citizen through any undue complications. What this article expects to point out is that there are alternatives to the current methods of identity protection and that through a pursuit of these alternatives a better and more efficient method can be implemented. It is based on this that this article will address the problem of identity theft through the implementation of an embedded RFID chip within various method of identification to ensure that they cannot be easily copied thus reducing instances of identity theft. This will be done through a presentation of how the technology works, its viability if implemented in present day systems, who will benefit and what will be the end result of such an endeavor.
What is an RFID Chip?
An RFID (Radio-frequency identification) chip can considered an ingenious device due to its overall simplicity yet wide applicability in a variety of fields and applications. The chip, no bigger than a grain of rice, works via system of query and transmission wherein the chip releases a coded identification number when it is queried by a reader device that produces the necessary type of signal. The result is a method of tracking and identification which enables companies, medical institutions and even government agencies to immediately identify and track a particular object or person based on the RFID signal transmitted by an embedded chip. Due to its overall size and the fact that the technology is relatively cheap to implement this means that it can in effect be utilized in a wide variety of possible methods of identification.
The Problem
While RFID chips are already utilized within passports what they currently are not utilized in, yet which serves as some of the main ways in which identity thieves steal an individual’s identity, is in credit cards, debit cards and drivers licenses. While it may be true that an individual can call in to the bank to cancel their credit card/ debit card this does not necessarily mean that they may be able to do it in time. For example, it was seen in the study of McKee & McKee (2011) that identify thieves can obtain credit card/ debit card numbers through a wide assortment of methods such as through a hidden scanner installed in an outdoor ATM, through online purchases or even through restaurant attendants who steal the information on a credit card and sell it to the black market (McKee & McKee, 2011). Drivers licenses can also be similarly targeted since copies of licenses are often required for job applications resulting in the possibility of such records being stolen due to inefficient methods of filing and disposal.
Solution
The solution to this problem is actually quite straight forward, each RFID chip has a frequency that is unique only to itself as well as possesses the ability to transmit various types of information that can only be accessible by individuals with the proper type of reader and even the correct kind of code in instances involving some of the more complex chips out there. Due to their relatively small size they can be easily embedded within an assortment of different types of cards which does not make them immediately apparent. Not only that, RFID scanners are actually relatively cheap and all it would take would be to create a separate database along with the primary database utilized to scan various methods of identification so that they can work in conjunction with each other in order to ensure that the ID being utilized is actually valid. By implementing a system where an RFID chip is embedded within these particular methods of identification and creating a setup where the information presented is utilized in conjunction with information on the chip, this in effect limits the number of opportunities where a fake method of identification is utilized.
Approach to Coming up with a Solution
Developing a solution to this problem was actually pretty straightforward; all it took was an examination of how RFID technology works and how it could best be implemented in a situation that involved a secondary degree of identification. By examining new ways in which RFID technology has been implemented at the present I was able to devise the aforementioned solution.
Implications of Solution
The implication of my proposed solution is in effect an easier and above all affordable method of secondary identification that helps to prevent instances of identity theft through the use of RFID technology.
Viability within Present Day Systems
Based on the study of the Technology Review (2004), it can be seen that RFID chips can be implemented within modern day information and identification systems due to a variety of aspects of the technology which will be elaborated on (Micro tracker, 2004). First and foremost it is cheap; the average price of a single RFID embedded chip is less than a dollar due to its overall size and limited capacity as an electronic gadget. This means that it can be easily implemented on a large scale without having to worry about the inherent costs. Secondly it is small; due to its size which is barely larger than a grain of rice it can be easily placed within a wide variety of credit cards, debit cards and drivers licenses without any noticeable difference. As such, this ensures that the various methods of identification can continue to function as normal without them having to undergo any significant changes to their overall structure. Lastly, RFID scanners are not bulky in the least and can function without any significant inconvenience for a customer. Evidence of this can be seen in the way in which electronic toll ways found in various highways do not require the driver to activate a button, flash some form of identification or any other action since the electronic RFID device placed within their can be automatically scanned and the amount deducted from the preloaded credits added onto their account. The same concept can be easily applied to either a credit card or a debit card wherein card readers can be easily modified to read not only the magnetic strip on the card itself but also the embedded RFID chip.
Who cares if the Problem is solved?
Those who would care if the problem is solved are primarily government agencies, financial institutions and everyday consumers who are at risk of identity theft. By resolving this issue through the use of RFID technology this in effect reduces the amount of funds wasted by government agencies, consumers and financial institutions alike in resolving issues related to identity theft.
Who Will Benefit?
Those who will benefit the most from the implementation of such a system would of course be modern day consumers. Since this system does not require any effort on their part this would in effect allow them to go about their daily business with the exception that their identities are better protected. Banks and various financial institutions would also benefit from this since this would reduce the millions of dollars in losses that they experience on a yearly basis as a direct result of credit card/ debit card fraud. Lastly, government institutions would also benefit considerably from the implementation of such a system since the instances where they would have to deal with problems related to the stolen identity of a citizen would be greatly reduced. It must also be noted that as of late RFID chips have become an increasingly utilized method of medical identification wherein they are at times implanted into various patients in order to help doctors immediately identify them, access pertinent medical records regarding treatment and immediately perform the correct types of procedures (Medical News, 2004).. Should the technology become adopted on a wide scale by companies at the present it can be expected that it will eventually come to a point that an embedded RFID chip will become the primary method by which a person can identify themselves and pay for certain goods.
Conclusion
Based on all the facts presented it can be seen that embedded RFID technology can be an effective way of reducing the number of incidents involving identity theft. As such, should this particular type of technology catch on it can be expected that not only will consumers feel safer but banks, government agencies and various financial institutions can in effect devote the money that would have otherwise been lost to fraud towards other endeavors.
Reference List
McKee, T. E., & McKee, L. B. (2011). Helping Taxpayers Who Are Victims of Identity Theft. CPA Journal, 81(7), 46-50.
Medical News, (2004). In hospital deaths from medical errors at 195,000 per year usa. Web.
Brusey, J. J., & McFarlane, D. C. (2009). Effective RFID-based object tracking for manufacturing. International Journal Of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 22(7), 638-647.
Dodek, P. (2010). 2 or more medical errors with adverse consequences, affecting 2.6% of patients, increased mortality in intensive care units. ACP Journal Club, 152(5), 11.
Encinosa, W. E., & Hellinger, F. J. (2008). The Impact of Medical Errors on Ninety-Day Costs and Outcomes: An Examination of Surgical Patients. Health Services Research, 43(6), 2067-2085.
Harris, A. A. (2006). Frozen chips [RFID chips]. Computing & Control Engineering, 17(3), 16-21.
McKee, T. E., & McKee, L. B. (2011). Helping Taxpayers Who Are Victims of Identity Theft. CPA Journal, 81(7), 46-50.
Nikitin, P. V., Rao, K., Martinez, R., & Lam, S. F. (2009). Sensitivity and Impedance Measurements of UHF RFID Chips. IEEE Transactions On Microwave Theory & Techniques, 57(5), 1297-1302.
Reza, A., & Geok, T. (2009). Objects tracking in a dense reader environment utilising grids of RFID antenna positioning. International Journal Of Electronics, 96(12), 1281-1307.
Thamhain, H. J. (2009). Managing globally dispersed R&D teams. International Journal Of Information Technology & Management, 8(1), 107-126.
Weiss, s. (2011). Tempting target. State Legislatures, 37(6), 30. Web.
It is essential to note that the National Public Radio is a media organization that produces and distributes the news. Daily news podcast Up First and daily radio program Morning Edition are news releases issued within the same company but have different purposes. My opinion is that Up First is created as a preview of the news stories shown throughout the day. That is why, when the Morning broadcast resumes in the morning, the first ten minutes of it are replaced with something new so that the information remains up to date and does not repeat itself.
Concerning the second prompt and differences, it is essential to point out that both programs have different aims. Up First is the 10-minute daily news podcast, and it works in order to show the most prominent stories of the day (File, 2021). The morning edition, in turn, lasts two hours, and its purpose is more detailed coverage of world events. In view of these facts, the audience may be different too. For many people, Morning Edition is inaccessible due to its length. That is why a new podcast format has been created to engage those interested in short, daily audio news updates.
After analyzing all the proposed news releases, I can conclude that I like NPR Up First the most. It would be improper not to discuss the fact that this podcast has standard features with the Daily, so they are often compared. However, I argue that the Up First format in NPR has some key differences, which are the main reason I chose it. Although The Daily launches a 20-25-minute podcast that provides a broad overview of a single story, the NPR Up program lasts about 10 minutes; it makes the most important news as accessible and easy to learn as possible (File, 2021). As for the Today Explained podcast, I want to add that its purpose is something else. It gives a more detailed analysis and explanation of the news. I think that this podcast format also has its advantages, but it is not convenient enough for me. I chose Up First because it gives a brief and clear overview, and I feel better informed after listening to it.
As the time of launching the radio commercial for the new spring line of rock climbing, mountain biking, white water river rafting, and kayaking equipment comes, there is a need to assess the popularity of the segment during which the advertisements will air. Careful investigation of the latest ratings of the segment for the commercial time slot in different categories of population will help to identify the strengths and drawbacks of the segment, determine how they can affect the efficaciousness of the advertisements, and suggest possible solutions that can eliminate the risks related to the identified drawbacks and make use of the identified strengths.
You have requested me to check the ratings and analyze them as you are concerned with the reputation of the controversial radio host. I agree that the ratings are of vital importance for the success of the commercial, as they directly influence the number of the listeners able to hear it. Therefore, my primary duty is to suggest solutions that can neutralize the influence of possible negative tendencies in the segment’s popularity.
The ratings for the chosen segment appear to be rather successful for over-65 demographic while other categories of the population do not demonstrate that much interest in it. As the ratings of elderly people are significantly higher than we have expected, it is important to make use of this positive factor.
Choosing local spot radio advertising was a perfect choice as it reaches well-defined geographic audiences (O’Guinn, Allen, and Semenik 514). Radio advertisements contribute to creating the brand of the advertised product, and, therefore, it should be carefully planned (Ingram and Barber 59). The first aspect that should be considered is the length of the commercial. I propose to step outside the 15 to 30 seconds format and launch a 40-second advertisement, with 5-second echo later in the same break.
Such echo serves as a short version and a reminder of the longer advertisement (Sell 11). Such strategy will help to captivate the attention of the listeners and make them remember the product. The next aspect that should be considered is the target audience of the advertisement. The analysis of the ratings shows that we should focus on the elderly group of the listeners. Though rock climbing, mountain biking, white water river rafting, and kayaking equipment seems to be not interesting for the older population at the first sight, we can make an unexpected success by advertising this equipment as a perfect present for the younger generation – the grandchildren and children of the elderly people who comprise our potential audience.
Older people are always willing to please their dearest ones with sweet presents, but often have problems with identifying what is trendy and interesting for young people nowadays. In our advertisement, we will give the elderly listeners “specific action steps” for a happy shopping experience (Saracino par. 14). In such way, we will balance the needs and desires of our target audience with what we want to say about the products (Hertz 79).
By naming the products that are interesting to the youth and then addressing the older people, we will provide an “unexpected” opening line that can grab the attention of the listeners (Pikington par. 7). We can also make use of every coming holiday to give the listeners the reason to buy the advertised products as they make perfect presents for any festival. All of the above-mentioned factors will contribute to the success of the commercials and attract the potential buyers.
The strategy I described above will help to address those categories of potential buyers that are often left behind due to the fact that the elderly people are not interested in climbing, biking, or rafting equipment. We can attract older generations and establish long-term relations with them by promoting the reputation of “Total Outdoors” as one of the best providers of presents for younger members of their families.
I will be glad to discuss these recommendations with you and follow through on any decisions you make. I am sure that proper analysis of the suggested strategy and combined effort put in designing the details of the commercial will help to find out the best solutions and ensure the success of the spring radio advertising campaign.
Works Cited
Hertz, Tony. The Seven Secrets of Creative Radio Advertising, Los Angeles, California: Panorama Press, Ltd., 2013. Print.
Ingram, Andrew, and Mark Barber. An Advertiser’s Guide to Better Radio Advertising, Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005. Print.
O’Guinn, Thomas, Chris Allen, and Richard Semenik. Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion. 5th ed. 2008. South Melbourne, Victoria: South-Western Cengage Learning. Print.
Radio Ambulante is a Spanish-language podcast that Peruvian Writer Daniel Alarcón created in 2012. The radio station publishes Latin American stories. The first three seasons of Radio Ambulante were released in 2012, and since 2016, National Public Radio has been distributing the program once a week. A San Francisco-based narrative podcast Broadcast Ambulante mixes storytelling and investigative journalism. It addresses issues including immigration, gender identity, political and financial difficulties, and human rights, among other topics. Each season consists of 24 episodes, typically between 25 and 55 minutes long. As of May 2019, it had generated around 140 episodes.
Radio Ambulante has produced over 250 episodes from 21 countries within the last ten years. It has been recognized globally for winning several awards including the 2014 Gabrel Garcia Marquess Innovation in Journalism award, the prestigious Journalism in Latin Prize award, and an award for being the best foreign language documentary publisher with subtitles in English. The radio station also received an award for being the best Spanish-language podcast. The audience and subscribers have significantly increased over the past seven years, hitting about 7 million. The radio station consists of more than thirty full-time journalists, editors, producers, fact-checkers, and sound designers from more than ten different countries, representing a variety of gender identities. The team reports on Latin America with expertise and interest for a broad, youthful, and educated global audience.
Mission Statement for Radio Ambulante
The mission of Radio Ambulante is to bring an extensive and better understanding of Latin America and the United States. By providing listeners with a detailed portrayal of a complicated and crucially important region, audio journalism about Latinx communities provides well-told, meticulously documented, and professionally produced stories. The project aims to embrace different kinds of knowledge in linguistics. The radio collaborates with a great group of radio producers, writers, and illustrators to present stories not covered by other media sources since NPR distributes our work. With stories of love and migration, youth and politics, the environment, and families in unusual situations, Radio Ambulante covers Latin American life.
Ideal World Episode
I have chosen an episode from an ideal world. The episode talks about the metrics or frameworks that can be used to attest to the ideal nature of the world. It further illustrates the life of someone frustrated with the world who has yet to give up. The episode had six discussants, including the chief editor of Radio Ambulante, Nancy Lopez, Felipe Montez, Daniel Alarcon, Newscast 1, Newscast 2, and Newscast 3. According to the respondent, Felipe Montez, the world has set low standards for most people, making them look so useless in life. People sit at home doing nothing because no equity is created worldwide. Jobs are scary, but how one’s personality can put one on a growth and development trail matters. The episode provides a better-quality sound, and the graphics were also of high quality. The episode discusses the life of Felipe Montez. A personal reflection on the episode-ideal world, the world should be full of honesty, without corruption and hatred. There should not exist a sort of desperation among people. Encouragement of love, liberty, and harmony should be people’s anthem. All genders would be treated equally and with respect by society. The populace may have had a strong sense of spirituality regardless of caste or religion.
The pirate radio station is a station in the UK. It is a site delivering pirate radio culture and music which is straight from the heart of London. It is also served through a web server and screening real audio. It has played a crucial role in forming Britain’s musical test. Today, the waves of the pirate radio station in the cities are so much crowded to the extent that the pirates are been pushed to the suburbs and the countryside. It is through these that the people from the rural communities have been in a position to access these services which most of the radio stations have not achieved. Today the members from the rural communities can now have the opportunity to listen to what is happening all over the world through the many programs which are made by this radio station. As a result, most people have named it a nerve center and its headquarter is Essex’s top pirate radio station. What was crucial for the growth of the pirate radio station was the incorporation of the new technology in the performance of its many activities.
This radio station has used the new technology and these are some of the factors on how this new technology has made pirate radio prosper. You find that the transistors were now a bit hugely smaller and also for the first time, these transistors were transportable. It was due to the new technology that there was a drop in the hardware price. It was due to the drop in the hardware price that most of the activities could be done effectively hence leading the company to realize its competitive advantage. You find that for a company to grow, first it needs to maintain its costs since when costs are more than the profits, then definitely the company will lead to losses. But here we see that the hardware could be sold at a cheap price hence meaning that its costs were less than the profits leading to the realization of the competitive advantage. The introduction of the clearer and cheaper FM brand is also another way by which the pirate radio has benefited from the new technology. Once the microwave technology came into play, it means that this transmitter was in a different location which was different from where the pirates broadcasted from and this is cheap hardware that can be easily got and replaced when stolen. (Jo Tacchi, 2001).
If you tune around that FM band in London, you will find a large number of pirate radio stations. These stations are highly recognizable since they have differentiated themselves from the other stations so that they can realize their competitive advantage. One of their distinctive features is their distinctive sounds. You find that at the pirate radio station, they usually play different sounds which are so different from the other stations. Often you find them playing certain musical styles such as House, UK garage, Drum n Bass, reggae, Grime plus other numerous old skools genres. All these are personal but try to catch so many people hence you find that most of the people usually try to tune in to the pirate radio station so that they can listen to the music playing which is so much attractive.
Most of the music which is played is usually aimed at certain societies and communities so that they can be in a position to learn from them. It is in this music that most of the communities can have the chance to listen to songs from their languages. Many people tend to enjoy these types of songs since most of them are usually more traditional and telling them about their own culture hence many people can not avoid listening to them. (Jo Tacchi, 2001).
Impacts of the pirate radio station in the United Kingdom
Pirate radio has done a great deal for house music and this is done by feeding the public with all the latest underground music even though it has not been in a position to get the credit it deserves. You find that this is one of the most entertainment stations in the United Kingdom in the sense that it has been in a position to keep most of the people here fully involved in most of their free time. The music industry is one of the growing sectors not only in the United Kingdom but also in other countries. It is through music that people have been in a position to utilize most of their free time hence leading to fewer criminals in society. So you tend to find that it is through the pirate radio station that most of the people can spend most of their free time listening to music, news and other records which are produced by the radio station. You find that most of the music usually carries important messages and most of the people can learn from this particular music.
Most people can change their behaviors through listening to this music’s and pirate is a good example since most of the people in the united kingdom usually like listening to radio pirate simply because it is well organized. It has a good schedule of doing its activities hence you find that most of the people like listening to it since it’s so much convenient. They have a variety of programs and these programs always have their set time hence people can be in a position to fix themselves on the p [particular program they want to listen to. It is also not biased like other radio stations. So you find that there is a lot of fun in radio pirate since it’s not biased at all and it has good music and entertainment which is liked by so many people. People are then in a position to benefit from pirate radio through its many programs, music, entertainment, and also news. The whole of the house in the music industry also benefits from the pirate radio since, in pirate radio, they pump out all the current tunes along with all the music favorites and this can be seen as helping keep the scene more alive and also helps by selling huge amounts of new records and also by increasing the total number of DJs in this industry. (Colin, 1996)
Promoters benefited through advertisements
Many companies and organizations have been in a position to benefit from the station since you find that most of the new events or even new products and services which have been produced in the market can be advertised through the radio station hence making the potential customers be in a position to access them. Once a company has produced a new product; the only way it can get this product to the potential customers is through advertisements. The radio advertisements are usually so cheap and available to everyone that why most of the people have preferred this radio station in advertising this product.
As a result, many people will be in a position to get to know the new product which has been introduced in the market. You find that most of the new events by these promoters are advertised through pirate radio hence leading to the growth of the economy. The pirate radio station will also benefit in that it has received so many clients who wish to advertise their many products in that particular station hence they have been in a position to record huge profits. Many people also benefit from the pirate radio station in that it tends to help the less fortunate in society. Not everyone in the many societies we come from has been blessed with wealth. There are a few elements that are termed as poor simply because they can not help them and a good example is the disabled, orphans, and the elderly in the United Kingdom. The pirate radio station has taken the initiative to help most of these people out of the many profits which they record. So it’s through this that even the less fortunate in society have been in a position to have improved standards of living. (Colin, 1996)
Record sales
Pirate radio has had a big impact on record sales. There is a symbiotic relationship between pirate radio and the record sales industry. You find that the radio pirate has grown hand in hand with the recording industry in that most of these recorded usually use the radio to advertise their new songs among other things. As a result, you find that these people have been in a position to increase their sales in that they usually advertise them through the radio. They too charge few charges as when compared to other radio stations hence meaning that it has been giving good services and that is why most of the people in the United Kingdom use this particular radio. It is also not biased. Many of the DJs in the UK have been in a position to excel in this industry through the radio pirate. You find that most of the DJs have been in a position to play their mixes over the air. Most of these DJs market themselves through these stations since many fun in the UK usually tune to pirate radio. So when they are marketed, then they are in a position to sell more records hence increasing their living standards. Most of the DJs have become millionaires through this industry and this is out of the many record sales they get. They have been in a position to have increased standards of living which is the basic goal for most of these musicians. Due to the large number of people who usually listen to this particular radio station, it has been in a position to benefit a lot from it. (Sian, 1996)
Job creation
This particular radio station is one of the employment industries in most people in the UK. Here you find that most of the young and the youth have been in a position to secure good jobs from this particular radio. It employs so many people so that they can be in a position to meet the growing demand of people. This is because most of the people like the businessmen, musicians, and government activities have relied so much on the radio pirate when advertising its many activities or even the new products which are produced in the market. It is as a result of this growing demand that many people have been in a position to get jobs through this industry.
At the end of the day, you find that the economy has been in a position to grow so much since unemployment is one of the leading factors to poverty in a country. You find that when there are large numbers of people who are not employed, then it will mean that most of the countries resources will be used to help these people not working. This is because the employed get the unemployed benefits so when they have a job, it will mean that the government will use these resources on other sectors which can be beneficial to all people and a good example is the education sector. So with this, the pirate radio has played a big role in occupying these people in the many roles which are available in this sector. This is because the radio station has so many departments and it is in these departments that many people have been in a position to secure good jobs. So you find that society too benefits from this a lot. (Paddy, & David, 1991).
Increased economic growth
It’s through the pirate radio that the economy has been in a position to grow. This is because the music industry is one of the growing sectors not only in the UK but also in other countries. So you find that due to the many profits which are got by the pirate radio station, the government has been in a position to get high revenues from highly taxing them. This is out of the many profits which they get. So you find that it’s through taxing these radio stations that the government has been in a position to increase its economic growth. The money which is collected as tax can then be used in other important sectors like in the provision of free health services to the needy people in the society. Also, it is out of the many profits which it gets that the members of the public have been in a position to benefit from the same through the selling of many shares. Since this particular sector accrues so many benefits, the members of the public have been in a position to benefit from the advantages of this company. This is through buying of the companies shares which are usually sold. It’s through buying these shares that they have been in a position to have increased standards of living since this is a form of investment in that it’s through buying these shares that they sell them when their prices are high hence leading to huge profits from them. So you find that the members of the public have been in a position to benefit from the resources of the pirate radio and the many profits which are got by it. (Colin, 1996).
Community development
Pirate radio has benefited the communities so much through the various programs which people listen to them. They usually introduce several programs that are already having several impacts on the members of these societies. One of the programs in this case in the community focus groups. This is one of the programs which focus on community activities hence it’s through listening to these programs that the community has been in a position to develop. The farmers plus other interest groups are usually asked by the radio station to identify key issues which they need to be aired to other people. A good example is the farmers in that they usually have a program that is supposed to encourage farmers so that they can have increased production.
Some of the successful farmers are usually brought into the studio whereby they usually tell people how they have succeeded through farming and the best tools and strategies which farmers can apply so that they can be in a position to succeed in farming. It’s through these that most of the farmers in the communities can take time and try to learn from this particular radio station. Some of the government officials are also invited to respond to the concerns which were raised by the various groups. So you find that when an issue has been brought by a particular interest group like the case with the farmers, then a government official who is specifically concerned with that sector is invited in the studio and tries to answer the many questions are asked by the interest groups. So this is one of how the pirate radio has brought the members of the community into close contact with the government and they can air their grievances to them whenever there are matters which need to be discussed. As a result, the community has been in a position to benefit in that they can get the correct advice and the basics which they require from the government hence leading to community development in return. (Kevin, 1998).
Despite the advantages the pirate radio station has had, it also has some disadvantages to the people who normally watch at these stations. You find that most of the programs which are watched by people especially the young people could have some negative impacts on them. For example, they have certain songs which can mislead most young people. So you will find that most of the young children usually spent most of their time listening to the radio and this can have an impact on their performance in education. So when it comes to the young children in the society, the children will learn both the good and the bad languages which are in the music most of the musicians usually sing. At the end of the day, you will find that the community will have so many deviants hence leading to an immoral society.
Another disadvantage is that is sometimes biased in that it tends to favor that government. So during times like during elections, the government will tend to use this particular media so that it can get most of the people in the society. These people are usually paid so that they can side with the government hence meaning that the members of the public will be misused through this particular radio station and tends to manipulate people to be on the side of the government. (Kevin, 1998).
Conclusion
Radio stations usually have a great impact on the members of the public. This is out of the many roles in which these radio stations have. Most radio stations usually have differentiated ways in which they present their activities and this is important in any organization since it’s one of the main ways by which an organization can realize its set goals and objectives. People would like to listen to radio stations that have a diversified range of activities and programs which would benefit people and society at large. For instance, they play the role of educating most people in the societies.
For example, the pirate radio station has taken the initiative of a good leader and hence does this through enlightening people on the society. It is through this initiative that the members of the public will tend to benefit through the many programs which are facilitated. So the radio stations are very much crucial in one’s life and one can imagine a world without a radio station. It can as a result of the new technology and it’s one of the cheapest technology which most people can afford as when compared to other Media like the television, the internet among others. As a result, it’s through it that many people have been in a position to benefit through the education and the type of entertainment they get from them. So pirate radio station has made a difference in many people lives since they are not the same again. They have improved their living standards through listening to the many programs which are found on this radio station.
Reference
Jo Tacchi, J. (2001): ‘Who listens to Radio? The role of Industrial audience research’. No News is Bad News: Radio, Television and the Press.London: Longman, pp.137-156).
Colin, S. (1996): The British press and broadcasting since 1945. 2nd edition. Blackwell.
Martin, S. & Cindy W, (2002); On Air: Methods and Meanings of Radio.Arnold, 2002.
Sian, N. (1996): The Echo of War: Home Front Propaganda and the Wartime BBC 1939-45. Manchester University Press, 1996.
Sian, N. (2002): ‘All the News that’s fit to Broadcast: the popular press versus the BBC, 1922-1945’, in P. Cattterall, C. Seymour Ure and A. Smith, eds, Northcliffe’s Legacy: Aspects of the British Popular Press, 1896-1996, (Macmillan, 2000), pp.121-148.
Paddy, S. & David, C. (1991): A Social History of British Broadcasting. Volume One 1922-1939. Serving the Nation. Blackwell.
Colin, S. (1996): The London press and broadcasting. Manchester University Press, 1996.
Kevin, W. (1998): Get me a murder a day! A history of mass communications in Britain Arnold, 1998.