Category: Racism

In her 1998 article African Americans and TVA Reservoir Property Removal: Race in a New Deal Program, Melissa Walker discusses the relocation process of local farmers due to dam construction projects from racial perspectives. The author argues that despite increasing the overall prosperity of the local communities, the policies and projects of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) did not address the well-being of the white population and Afro-American citizens equally.

For example, Walker studies East Tennessee analyzing the average pre-relocation economic conditions of two races mentioned above and cases of discrimination that appeared during the removal of black people to other properties. In this regard, the researcher maintains that due to the differences in the average value of the farms, Afro-American people were more susceptible to relocation as TVA sought to move poor and ineffective landowners. Moreover, Walker states that removal workers did not offer sufficient help to black people as they did to white counterparts. However, although the authors arguments that prove the existence of discrimination are persuasive, the paper has some minor reasoning flaws that should be discussed.

First of all, the fact that relatively more black people were removed from their lands by TVA does not mean that the choice was primarily motivated by racial discrimination. The author agrees that Afro-American farmers were on average poorer than their white counterparts. However, it is also mentioned that the main purpose of relocation  except construction  included the release of the land, which would ensure further expansion of prosperous households.

Therefore, the fact of intentional discrimination is questionable as TVA primarily pursued other purposes. Rather, it proves that inequality already existed in the region on the institutional level. However, the question of whether TVA should have sought to prioritize solving the racial issue over reaching maximum prosperity is debatable, especially considering the context of the Great Depression.

Next, although Walker mentions that unfair treatment existed due to racial and status-based prejudices, the author does not profoundly analyze the latter cases. For that reason, it is unclear how much each of the factors influenced the removal workers behavior separately. Of course, this notion does not imply that racial discrimination did not exist, but the extent to which it existed is left unknown. For instance, the comparison of poor African-American and poor white farmers cases would help to better understand racial inequality as the status of those people is similar.

Finally, the same logic applies to the authors argument that Poor African Americans also faced problems in navigating the authoritys bureaucracy because of discrimination against them and their own lack of education (Walker 426). It can be hypothesized that the latter had the same or even greater impact on eviction policies as uneducated white people would also encounter difficulties while moving to another place.

However, again it is not quite clear what was the extent of discriminative attitudes towards black farmers. As a result, when the author says, The TVA did little to aid black farm families in the Tennessee Valley& it is obscure whether Afro-Americans were the only unfairly treated group (Walker 428). Therefore, although the scope of the paper includes racism against black people, the researchers arguments that are taken out of context may be misleading.

In conclusion, the author presented a number of crucial historical facts that proved the existence of racial discrimination against African Americans during the relocation process led by TVA. Walker provides numerous cases of unfair treatment that black people had to face and the reasons behind such practices. As for the latter, it is argued that most of the relocation workers were raised in a culture that approves racial segregation; thus, they did not make any efforts to help Afro-Americans with the search for new homes.

However, it is argued that some arguments used by the researcher were flawed. It is noted that although removal workers may behave discriminatorily, it is not justified that TVA policy encouraged unjust treatment. Moreover, racial injustice is viewed separately from the other types of unfair treatments, which may lead to skewed conclusions.

Work Cited

Walker, Melissa. African Americans and TVA Reservoir property removal: Race in a New Deal program. Agricultural history, vol. 72, no. 2, 1998, pp. 417-428.

Introduction

The race up to the inauguration of Barack Obama as President-in-waiting of the United States brought, once again, the issue of skin color to the front. By some estimates, the fact that Obama isnt pearly white already had the odds stacked against him in the race. It was like starting a contest with one hand tied behind the back. And hence when he did win against all the odds, the worlds perspective shifted slightly as far as his race is concerned. But the debate rages on.

Main body

According to Abraham Verghese, who is from Africa but with Indian parents, once found himself taking up this very issue with his son, Tristan. Tristan is half Indian and half Hispanic, but they all live in the US. Now the still open-minded Tristan asked why Obama, who is of mixed parenthood, was always being called black. The question stumped Abraham, but got him thinking. He finally realized the faulty perception that lumped every mixed race into a group decidedly not white. And while this social-cultural divide clearly tore the nations demography in half, its even more sinister implications lay in the fact that this divide was seemingly accepted by even the non-white population in America.

A popular saying implies that just an ounce of black blood in your lineage is enough to label you as black. Technically, this perception is deficient, since there is no standing view to the opposite  that an ounce of white blood can make you white. In the long held mindsets of the pearly whites, you are either pure white, or you are something else altogether. These others cover anything from the African tan, to the Indian variation, to the Mexican hues. Actually, a really narrow definition of whites limits it just to the Caucasian race. This effectively cuts off even the Far East populace  the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans  from the white group. So where does this leave the mixed bloods?

Raging debates on the skin color of Obama seems to focus more on his parenthood. He had an African dad. But his mother was white. Effectively, that would make him something in between white and black. Those fueling the debates choose to see him as half black. The rest see him as half white. Its the classic scenario of half empty and half full glasses- all dependent on the observant. But why should there be such a disparity in perspective?

Nowhere, in his entire campaign, did Obama ever claim to be either expressly white or black. Quite clearly, issues of his skin color were a trivia to him. And he went on to prove that he was probably right  that in the final analysis, its not your skin color that determines your success. Its something else. His very actions actually made him more white than the average white American. This statement is made in view of the fact that the current standing divide between white and other skin colors is more social-cultural than pure hue. It is more a psychological perspective that cuts right across the norms, beliefs, expectations and preferences of the society. And, with the current American demographics, it also essentially cuts right down the middle of the population.

But just what really makes one an American? If the skin color issue is put aside, several profundities emerge. It becomes clear that patriotism runs deep in the hearts of every American citizen- whether or not they chose to acknowledge, or act by it. Secondly, individual performance becomes clearly a summed up total of individual effort, not an atavistic heritage or predisposition. The free American market has scope enough for the talented, regardless of racial background. And finally, in the long run, it is those who unite under duress, who ultimately emerge victors. The recent economic recession proved that, when it swung millions of votes towards Obama.

According to Abraham Verghese, the recent victory by Obama represents a far wider-reaching victory for Americans even abroad, especially now that the country is recovering from an economic and global-popularity recession. And in his eyes, Obama could top up his victory by one day rising and publicly denouncing the black label currently attributed to him, just as he doesnt accept to be called white. It will be a great day when he calls all people, from Booker T. Washington, to Abraham Lincoln, to John Kennedy and M.L.K., equal, and essential parts of the whole that makes America great. Abraham believes that half of this and half of that makes all of us American.

From a personal point of view, being American is not a case of skin color or birthright. It is a state of the mind. I believe that there are people in the farthest reaches of the earth who are more American than the average Joe in New York or DC. These are people who see being American not as a right, but as a privilege, and work hard to maintain their worthiness of that privilege. And of such, the world has never run out of excellent examples. A cursory gaze at any history book unearths a lot of full blooded Americans. And every single day, thousands of many other individuals prove their worth for the American tag.

Conclusion

The true Americans bear no racial or ethnic tags. They bear no elitist ideologies. They are the solders who fought in Vietnam and either came back battered but victorious, or saw their last sunset in Nam. They are the solders deployed to Iraq to dethrone a long-standing dictatorship. They are the entrepreneurs and gurus at the frontiers of business, who break down records of success on a daily base. They are the lonesome astronauts who get launched into deep space, without guarantees of making it back. They are the dads and moms in every close knit family, who perpetually subdue the odds against their union. They are in every milling crowd, every street corner, every nook and cranny, every profession. Those are the real Americans.

Racism is a belief, a set of ideological views based on the idea that humanity consists of strictly differentiated groups called races. People should live in equality and have equal access to various services, especially healthcare. No one should be differentiated against on any basis, including race (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021a). People who are regularly discriminated against may acquire several psychological health problems, which makes it difficult to access medical services. Some patients are subject to health disparities precisely because of racial discrimination. People die from severe illnesses because doctors are not ready to provide quality services because of racial prejudice (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021b). Moreover, the restriction of access to medical services on racial grounds is often carried out for students. This is a severe problem in modern society, leading to deaths and impaired health of adults and young people. Anti-racism is observed in the fact that most institutions still provide services to the population despite racial differences.

Racism in social and emotional education plays an essential role in the education of a morally healthy society. An anti-racist approach is necessary for social and emotional learning, as it significantly benefits student learning and interracial communication (Combe, 2020). Children can be cruel to each other and tend to separate from children of another race. Historical facts and events can demonstrate what racial discrimination was in the past, leaving children with extraordinary impressions. Based on the deck, children can start racial quarrels that will lead to a wrong perception of the situation (National Association of School Nurses, 2020). In addition, school culture is essential, which should educate children to suppress racism, show that all people are equal and that there should be no division on one or another basis, including privileges. If racism is not eradicated in childhood, some children may have adverse experiences that can lead to negative consequences.

The schools mission statement emphasizes that the institution strives to provide high-quality education for every child living in every district. The emphasis is on future successes and achievements, but the values in the mission statement are in no way consistent with diversity and equality. For some parents, it is essential to understand that their children will not be discriminated against since even the educational institutions mission is to prevent infringement of the rights of students. The mission should emphasize that it promotes diversity and equality of all students and seeks to eliminate racial bias. It is necessary to modify the mission to include the concept of inclusiveness and equality.

Tests with implicit bias help to better understand that bias has a place to be. This is because, despite significant efforts being made to eliminate racial discrimination, bias in tests persists to this day. This also has a substantial impact on healthcare, as some doctors may experience bias toward people of a different race from them. Ultimately, this affects the care, treatment, and further medical prescriptions for patients (Anderson, 2019). Bias in tests contributes to the development of racial biases, as well as a negative attitude towards people. Even implicit bias still manifests itself in peoples relationships with each other, hiring, healthcare, education, and other areas of life. Despite all the efforts made to prevent the development of racism, it still takes place, although some try to hide it.

References

Anderson, A. (2019). Talking to children about racial bias. HealthyChildren.org. Web.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a). Racism and health.Web.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b). Health equity guiding principles for inclusive communication.Web.

Combe, L. (2020). Systematic racism must be eliminated from the United States. National Association of School Nurses. Web.

National Association of School Nurses. (2020). Eliminate racism to optimize student health and learning. Web.

Introduction

Racism is a topical problem in the present-day world since it undermines the quality of life of ethnic minorities. Despite the attempts of UK lawmakers to stop racial discrimination in the workplace by requiring organizations to increase diversity among employees, this issue is still present in the country (Kamasak et al., 2019). This research paper provides the background of racism in the UK, particularly in the area of employment. Further, it presents and discusses the results of the interviews with two female respondents belonging to ethnic minorities who experienced racial discrimination at work. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the paper and provides recommendations for further studies.

Background

Globalization has allowed the working-age population to move from country to country in search of employment more freely than ever. However, in an attempt to find a job or during the working process, employees belonging to ethnic minorities frequently encounter the consequences of racism. Overall, racism means the ideology that makes use of essentialized phenotypical, biological and sometimes cultural difference to express and reinforce these inequalities (Kamasak et al., 2019, p. 108). Workers belonging to a particular ethnic group are subject to racial discrimination when they experience the excessive negative influence of policies or treatment within an organization (Kamasak et al., 2019). In the UK, ethnic minority groups generally include Black and Asian ethnicities.

Racism in the UK has a long history that is traced back to the era of colonization. Although colonialism contributed to the economic growth and the establishment of trade relationships between people, it also divided ethnic groups and set them against each other, thus creating a racial order (Kamasak et al., 2019). Even though the present-day UK positions itself as a multicultural country that fosters equity, its racist history still influences many areas of life (Kamasak et al., 2019).

The consequences of racism in the workplace include lower wages of members of ethnic minorities and their underrepresentation in leadership positions (Kamasak et al., 2019). The UK legislation tries to address these issues, for example, by adopting the Race Relations Act 1965 and the Equality Act 2010 (Kamasak et al., 2019). However, ethnic minorities still experience racial discrimination in the workplace.

Aims

The UK struggles against racial discrimination and paves the way to equity and inclusion in the area of employment. Nevertheless, racism is an issue that is difficult to eradicate without complex measures. The first objective of this research was to investigate the perceived experiences of women belonging to ethnic minorities from workplace racial discrimination. The second aim was to discuss these experiences and the impact of racial discrimination on members of minority groups.

Method

The design of this study was qualitative research using structured interviews. Qualitative research is an appropriate research method for studies not involving numerical measures and intended for gaining an insight into human phenomena. Therefore, the use of this method for the study designed to understand human experiences is justified. Structured interviews allow for the consistency and fairness of treatment of the responders because they are asked the same questions in the same manner.

For eliciting more useful information about discrimination experiences, some open-ended questions were included in the interview. The respondents were two women, one of whom was Black, and the other was South Asian. They were approached in the workplace at St. Davids shopping center and agreed to answer some questions about their discrimination experiences.

Results

The first respondent was a 25-year-old South Asian woman who worked as a sales associate in a clothing store. In response to Question 4, she replied that she experienced workplace racial discrimination. She said that she received stricter treatment from her supervisors in terms of working discipline and gained little support from her white colleagues. For example, when she wanted to switch shifts with someone for family reasons, nobody agreed to it.

However, when her white colleague asked for the same favor, several people were willing to help her. The respondents answers to Questions 7 and 8 were negative. In response to Question 9, the woman shared her experience of searching for a job. She said that she had a degree in Communications and wanted to find a job in this professional field, but different recruiters had been rejecting her CV for six months. Eventually, she lost hope to find a job in Communications and got hired as a sales associate.

The second respondent was a 28-year-old Black woman working as a sales associate in a retail shop selling beauty products. Just like the first respondent, she reported experiencing racial discrimination in the workplace. She said that in the early days of her work at that place, her manager told her to straighten her long curly hair because it did not fit the dress code in its natural form. Although it seemed racist to her, the woman followed the advice.

Further, the second respondent shared that, one month ago, there was an open position of an assistant store manager. Since she had been working in that place for a year and a half, she considered herself quite experienced and asked her manager to promote her. The manager refused and employed a white woman who had not been previously employed there. The respondent did not report this case but shared her experience with her family. The response to Question 9 was negative since the womans previous workplace was more diverse in terms of ethnicities.

Discussion

The results of the interviews indicate that, despite the measures taken by the UK legislation to address the issue of racial discrimination, this problem still exists in society. Racism in the workplace brings negative experiences to people belonging to ethnic minority groups. The interview with the first respondent demonstrates that minority groups may have difficulties finding jobs, especially if the sought-after jobs are high-skilled.

As is seen from the interview with the second respondent, racial discrimination may hinder individuals from climbing the career ladder, which, consequently, results in the impossibility to improve the quality of life. The study has limitations, the first of which is a small number of respondents. Furthermore, the study lacks generalization since the respondents were chosen according to specific criteria, i.e., they had to be female and be in a similar situation.

Conclusion

Racism is a present-day issue in the UK, which stems from the era of colonialism. Ethnic minorities in the UK, including South Asians and Blacks, experience racial discrimination in the workplace that displays itself in lower wages, fewer career opportunities, and poor social relationships with coworkers. The research reveals the need for integrated efforts of the government, organizations, and individuals to address the issue of racial discrimination in the workplace. Moreover, people should be encouraged to report cases of discrimination, and measures should be taken to avoid these reports being unnoticed.

Reference List

Kamasak, R. et al. (2019) Race discrimination at work in the United Kingdom, in Vassilopoulou, J., Brabet, J. and Showunmi, V. (eds.) Race discrimination and management of ethnic diversity and migration at work: European countries perspectives. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 107-127.

Introduction

The histories of racism and negative stereotypes directed at Black Americans are often discussed in the CBS Sunday Morning and Jim Crow Museum shows. For instance, the CBS Sunday Morning Segment video demonstrates how minstrel shows allowed black and white performers to paint their faces black generating racism (CBS Sunday Morning, n.p.). Conversely, the Jim Crow Museum video helps disclose the history of Blacks racism through various artifacts (Jim Crow Museum, n.p.). The essay analyzes how racism arose through Blackface minstrelsy and imagery.

Reaction to the minstrel show

I believe that the minstrels put pressure on white Americans to change their skin color artificially. At the same time, black Americans had to darken their skin more. According to minstrel plays, black Americans were lazy and stupid, and their images often became objects of ridicule (Jim Crow Museum, n.p.). These shows made black Americans appear inferior and uneducated, and they took less essential roles in society. This generated adverse stereotypes and beliefs that yielded continued slavery and the emergence of segregation and discrimination against Blacks.

Blacks as minstrels and different from whites

Ideally, it was different for Blacks to be minstrel performers as opposed to Whites, as they demeaned themselves and showed how less important they were in society. The black minstrel performers misused themselves by being inferior to keep the audiences happy (CBS Sunday Morning, n.p.). Like the Blacks on buses, black minstrels were compelled to participate in their own victimization by choosing to demonstrate their weaknesses and how they were different from the Whites, leading to widespread racism.

Did objects of intolerance help achieve tolerance?

Racial understanding and race relations in America were developed and improved by using objects of intolerance to teach tolerance. The negative caricatures and disturbing artifacts developed to portray Black people within the museum were crucial in raising awareness on the existence of racism (Jim Crow Museum, n.p.). Therefore, this approach helped people determine the best ways to overcome racism to create a better society where every individual is respected and valued.

Black people dehumanization in the Jim Crow museum video

The Jim Crow Museum video shows how Black people have been dehumanized in every aspect of their lives. Blacks have been dehumanized in games like African Dodger, where they were required to stick their heads through holes and individuals would throw balls at their faces. In toys, Blacks are portrayed as targets and victims, where they dance and can be manipulated and abused by users. Based on the media, mainly movies and caricatures as advertisements, Mammy was used to dehumanizing black women by portraying them as dark, unattractive, desexualized, and loyal to faults. Consequently, Mammys face was placed on kitchen-related items and breakfast foods (Jim Crow Museum, n.p.). The Blacks dehumanization can be related to the Blackface Minstrelsy tradition, which demonstrates that African Americans are inferior, making it normal and fun to be punished and mistreated to keep other people happy.

My feelings on blackface imagery

The videos irritate me because the problem of Blackface imagery continues to exist and is offensive. This reveals the dark past when African Americans were considered inferior and subject to racism and discrimination; hence should be abandoned. The imagery discloses the painful history of mocking the non-white population in society (CBS Sunday Morning, n.p.). Therefore, the contemporary Blackface imagery widens racism, inhibiting minority groups, mainly blacks, from obtaining equal opportunities like the Whites. Unfortunately, this has the effect of preserving white supremacy of culture and opportunity; clearly, this is unethical and wrong. Instead, the members of society should focus on supporting equality while empowering each person, regardless of their race to feel valued and respected.

Conclusion

Minstrel shows created racism and discrimination against blacks because they were considered inferior to whites. However, the creation of the Jim Crow Museum helped people understand what racism is and how to control it. In addition, Blackfaces image should be avoided to create a society in which all people feel equal, respected, and valued. The CBS Sunday Morning video demonstrated that Blackface as a phenomenon promoted white supremacy, not helping to destroy racism.

Works Cited

CBS Sunday Morning. Blackface: A cultural history of a racist art form.YouTube, 2018.

Jim Crow Museum. The Jim Crow Museum.YouTube, 2013.

Labels are explanatory shortcuts that help to handle the complexity of interpersonal communication. Their use permeates cross-cultural interaction, creating misunderstandings and communicative failures. Video I Am NOT Black, You are NOT White explores probably the most popular label  black people, which include people of African descent and skin color (Prince Ea, 2015). Labeling the human population according to their physical appearance is unnatural behavior that is destructive to society.

Race is a social construct that was invented to divide people in the past. Despite the passage of time, the artificial separation based on ethnicity persists. Black people are involuntarily assigned a group identity, which not only oversimplifies their genetic makeup but also frames them as people of lower status than the white population. Labels create artificial identities preventing individuals and cultures from attaining unity and setting them against each other.

If a person was raised without the awareness of race affiliation, they would not view themselves as black, white, or any other color. These labels forever plug us from seeing the person for who they are, but instead see them through the judgmental, prejudicial, artificial filters of who we think they are (Prince Ea, 2015, 02:26). In a similar manner, when little children hear child cries, they start crying themselves, regardless of the other offsprings race, gender, or nationality.

Unfortunately, the human mind is influenced by the constant repetition of ideas, however unnatural they might be. People are so used to identifying African Americans as black that they refuse to accept the possibility of the artificiality of labeling. Rigid and stereotypical thinking compels them to view black individuals as negative and inferior to the dominant white demographic cohort. Subsequently, peoples inner resistance to equating representatives of non-white colors to them causes more distrust, prejudices, and reinforcement of a black label.

Reference

Prince Ea. (2015). I Am NOT Black, You are NOT White [Video]. YouTube.

Introduction

Racial concerns and debates regularly emerge in the United States. Despite the intention to create an equal society and support all citizens, many problems and questions remain poorly addressed. The creation of the Black Lives Matter movement, unstable community-police relationships, and the inability to manage racial discrimination prove that American people need more changes at different organizational levels. People from various spheres are interested in contributing to the evaluation of the situation and sharing their opinions about racial capitalism that came from Europe and continues challenging America today. Racism includes social and economic inequalities due to racial identity and is represented through dispossession, colonialism, and slavery in the past and lynching, criminalization, and incarceration in the present. This paper aims to explore how racial capitalism, which originated in Europe, penetrates Americans and affects Black lives. Robin Kelley, Ruth Wilson Gilmore, William Du Bois, and other activists offer strong arguments and campaigns to predict the development of the worst scenario for racially abused Americans. Racial capitalism is not just police or social inequality and injustice but a number of positive and negative interpersonal relationships determined by slavery, violence, and wars.

Racial Capitalism

The concept of racial capitalism is relatively new in American society. Cedric Robinson introduced it at the end of the 1980s to criticize political order and leadership authority (Kelly). During the last several centuries, people from different parts of the world have taken multiple steps to prove the importance of freedom and equality in society. However, instead of promoting liberty, it seems that governments prefer to replace some words and change their meanings. For example, slavery is no longer present in the United States, but more than 25% of the worlds population are imprisoned in American jails (13th). Prison and police have become the easiest industrial complex to solve various social problems (Ruth Wilson Gilmore makes a case for Abolition). These facts and observations prove that racism was not removed or resolved as a problem but re-evaluated through the prism of capitalism. European colonial aggrandizement shows how black-and-white relationships are developed, considering Europe as white and the world as black (Du Bois 23). Thus, racial capitalism is not an outcome or a solution for Americans but a sentence according to which millions of people have to live.

Forms of Racial Inequality

Most people prefer to recognize racism as a form of the unequal relationship between people based on racial or ethnic concerns. Yet, the spread of racial capitalism proves that many additional aspects may affect society. European examples and experiences demonstrate how such processes as dispossession, colonialism, and slavery established and defined human life quality. According to Kelley, some conspiracies always justified slavery and dispossession as a significant part of Western feudal society. Robinson explained European radicalization as a colonial process in the past that turned into nationalism in the present (qtd. in Kelley). Although this tendency was not effective, it was inevitable because society was in need of changes, and the government could allow those steps only. As a result, many individuals had no guarantees about their future and the possibility of protecting their property. It was not racism but capitalism that created additional grounds for inequality and injustice.

Another form of racial capitalism that could not be ignored in the 18^th and 19^th centuries was colonialism. In Robinsons research, colonial processes varied from new settlements, multiple invasions, and reasonable and unreasonable expropriation to racial hierarchy and wars (qtd. in Kelley). German colonization was harsh and brutal in relation to native citizens and innocent people. Regarding the current state of affairs and racially-based principles, all those lessons and mistakes were not enough to make the right judgments and promote equal and fair treatment in society.

Finally, interpersonal relationships are constantly analyzed, addressing the impact of slavery and its abolishment according to the 13^th amendment. It is hard to understand when slavery was initiated, but the desire to use someones abilities and strengths to achieve personal or public benefits has been observed since ancient times. Human freedoms were challenged in different ways, and people could do nothing to resist or avoid punishment. Rebellions, wars, and military conflicts within states or entire countries grew, which resulted in the Civil War and the creation of the 13^th amendment at the end of the 19^th century (13th). Slavery was officially over, but radical capitalism grew and strengthened its impact from new perspectives.

Consequences of Racial Capitalism

When official freedoms and rights were approved, it was hard to achieve a mutual understanding because new problems occurred. Instead of slavery and colonization, new rules and principles were promoted. The amendment supported human rights, but the same idea was not applied to criminalized individuals. Thus, the rise of police powers and prisons was noticed. Black people were arrested even for minor crimes (loitering or vagrancy) and were obliged to work for the country to rebuild the economy and cover the losses in different spheres (13th). It became clear that blackness, not crime, was condemned and reasoned for inequality and biases (Du Bois 20). Even today, similar judgments challenge society and create additional grounds for punishment and imprisonment. A terrible example was introduced by Wells when a white man was shot by a black one (3). All blacks in the neighborhood got hunted and judged as criminals. Although lynching and incarceration were not regular in the region, it was approved as a matter of justice for the white population, provoking anger and violence (Wells 5). The resistance was impossible due to the power of radical capitalism that had never disappeared.

Racism and capitalism co-exist and increase the impact on citizens relationships. People observe how brutal and unfair policing, which was created to support them and maintain public order, could be. Police impunity is devastating, especially when powers are used to harm and kill Black people (Ruth Wilson Gilmore makes a case for Abolition). In addition to George Floyd, Oscar Grant, and Botham Jean, the name of Recy Taylor should be mentioned to prove white violence and black struggles. Her story shows how the dehumanization of black females spreads in American society (McDonald). Not all rapes and mockeries are officially reported, and many women had to hide their problems and bad experiences not to be judged or misunderstood. Besides, employment and educational concerns bother many Americans today because of the existing absolutism (Wynter 66). If imperial wars and military conflicts due to racism are over, it does not mean that all problems have been resolved.

Conclusion

Racial capitalism is a current burden that defines American life quality from multiple perspectives. Regarding the historical overview and experiences of slavery, wars, and conflicts, it is necessary to find a solution and protect innocent citizens. It is not enough to abolish slavery but encourage incarceration or forget about colonization and justify lynching and black dehumanization. Not many people are ready to talk about their problems out loud, and all those killings, rapes, shortages, and anti-racial initiatives prove that racism exists in the United States and is nourished by European capitalism, increasing the impact of social injustice, racial inequality, and human violence.

Works Cited

13th. YouTube, uploaded by Netflix, 2020, Web.

Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. Dover Publications, 1999.

Kelley, Robin D. G. What Did Cedric Robinson Mean by Racial Capitalism? Boston Review, Web.

McDonald, Soraya Nadia. The Rape of Recy Taylor Explores the Little-Known Terror Campaign Against Black Women. The Undefeated, Web.

Ruth Wilson Gilmore makes a case for Abolition. The Intercept, 2020, Web.

Wells, Ida B. Lynching at the Curve. Web.

Wynter, Sylvia. No Humans Involved: An Open Letter to My Colleagues. Forum N. H. I. Knowledge for the 21^st Century, vol. 1, no. 1, 1994, pp. 42-73.

Racism is a significant issue for almost every multinational country, and the United States is not an exception. In the early 20^th century, some white Americans felt their superiority over minorities, and that state of affairs could be found in various spheres of life. For example, medicine also witnessed some kinds of prejudiced attitudes. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explain why Allen believed that African Americans were responsible for the spread of tuberculosis among whites and what consequences his assumption had.

Also known as a Georgia Physician, Allen was prejudiced by his time and culture. That is why this white southerner believed that disease among the negroes is a danger to the entire population (Warner & Tighe, 2001, p. 250). The scholar understands the threat of infectious diseases and emphasizes the fact that white southerners often come into direct contact with African Americans. Allen describes that representatives of this minority group were responsible for the spread of tuberculosis because they were employed as servants in many of the best homes in the South (Warner & Tighe, 2001, p. 250). Thus, health and sick Americans met in offices, stores, streetcars, and others, which contributed to the communication of the disease. The given supposition demonstrates that Allen believed in the superiority of white southerners over Black Americans because the latter ones were made responsible for the deteriorated health of the former.

Furthermore, the Physician stipulated that the abolition of slavery harmed the nation. Allen, as a southerner, supported slavery and tried to justify it with the help of numerous means. One of them referred to the idea that slaves witnessed a high level of discipline, so people carefully monitored order, sleep, nutrition, physical activity, and others. As a result of it, the scholar stated that the level of human immunity increased, and diseases could not have a significant effect on the population. That idea existed because free African Americans lived in dirty conditions and witnessed more sickness and inefficiency and crime (Warner & Tighe, 2001, p. 250). In addition to that, Allen emphasized that the representatives of this minority group had not been subject to tuberculosis during slavery time. The truth, however, is that multiple slaves had died because of disease, hard physical activity, and inadequate treatment. Consequently, Allens assumption was nothing but an attempt to justify slavery.

However, it is impossible to mention that the Georgia Physicians claim only expressed negative attitudes toward African Americans. The examples above will demonstrate that Allens ideas were controversial. Even though he evidently showed his racist beliefs by stating that the negro race in America is deteriorating, he offered some ways of how to solve the issue (Warner & Tighe, 2001, p. 253). In addition to that, the scholar did not agree with his friend that teaching sanitation to African Americans was the same as teaching it to mules. Thus, no one can state that Allen treated African Americans like animals.

As has been mentioned above, the Georgia Physician tried to solve the problem under consideration. He believed that the best option was to educate African Americans on how to create cleanliness when they work and live. However, it is possible to state that Allens proposal also was of controversial nature. On the one hand, the plan was good because it tried to improve the health of an appropriate part of the population. On the other hand, the ways to solve the issue were not free from racism. It was previously described that Allen insisted on the necessity to provide African Americans with enhanced educational opportunities. Thus, he considered it as an achievement that such people had individual drinking cups and nice lunch baskets made with their own hands (Warner & Tighe, 2001, p. 252).

Furthermore, Allen advocated the establishment of improvement clubs that were a kind of school for such people. Warner and Tighe (2001) explain that members of those clubs were proposed to learn hygiene and sanitation, together with farming and stock raising. At the same time, the Georgia Physician stated that women should be instructed in cooking and the care of infants (Warner & Tighe, 2001, p. 252). Thus, Allen expressed his opinion concerning the role of African Americans in society.

It is possible to conclude that Allens ideas were subjective. However, it is challenging to give an accurate appraisal of his activity. On the one hand, he offered ways of how to increase the health of African Americans. On the other hand, his proposal was driven by subjective thoughts and racist beliefs. He emphasized the superiority of white people over African Americans and explained that the latter ones could endanger the whole nation. Allen tried to justify slavery, but this idea appeared because many southerners were active opponents of making representatives of that minority group free. Even though those thoughts were prejudiced, Allen managed to offer a useful solution to the problem. It relates to the fact that he insisted on the necessity to teach African Americans how to follow hygiene standards. However, one should state that the proposal also supported the racial segregation of society.

Reference

Warner, J. H., & Tighe, J. A. (2001). Major problems in the history of American medicine and public health: Documents and essays. Houghton Mifflin.

Ackerman Institute for the Family (2021). Beverly Greene. Web.

This article presents the biography of psychologist Beverly Greene, which is a scientific understanding of the life story of her personality. The text is aimed at finding and identifying the origins of a womans socially significant activity in her individual biographical experience. The prerequisite for the creation of this biography was the recognition of the importance of personality for Beverly Greene for psychology both nationally and globally. In this biography, the events of a womans life are documentary material, and they are presented from the factographic side. The plot of the biography, identified and formed by the Ackerman Institute for the Family in the life of the heroine, consists of dynamics, personality development and its patterns. The genre affiliation of this publication is defined as a popular science biography. This work is addressed to a special audience and meets the requirements of verifiability and consistency.

The degree of the authors presence in the biography, and the amount of transformation of life events are insignificant. Interpretation of life events and logical analysis are carried out without moral evaluation, there is no emotional coloring. Since authors are objective, and there is no biased interpretation of the life events of Beverly Greene, the source can be called accurate and valid. It has documentary and scientific features, devoid of stylistic picturesqueness or imagery. The authors of the biography do not bring their life experience and values to the study in any way. The text of the biography is organized through a consistent description of verified and repeatedly verified facts. A special scientific concept is summed up under the description of events; this biography is a scientific study. The narrative about the personality of Beverly Greene is built on verifiable facts.

This source was very useful, as it allows the reader to get a fairly clear idea of the origin and scientific path of Beverly Greene, which are necessary to understand the context of the psychologists views. After presenting this work, the reader can get an idea of how the scientists life path influenced the formation of her new scientific theories. By reading this article, it can be also tracked which events in the life of Beverly Greene preceded the making of discoveries in the field of psychology and the emergence of new ideas in her. Due to the information presented by the authors, it is possible to observe in what conditions the information accumulated by different scientific disciplines formed into a single picture. Ensuring productive interdisciplinary interaction of history and psychology helped in solving the difficult problem of identifying the concept of the flow of scientific knowledge in Beverly Greene.

Rubin, L. (2022). Beverly Greene on Race, Racism and Psychotherapy. Psychology. Web.

This article deals with the peculiarities of the psychotherapeutic work of people suffering from racism. The reader is presented with an interview with Beverly Greene, who raises the problem of racism and considers it from the perspective of psychotherapy. The focus of the professional activity of the psychologist includes clients who have suffered from racial discrimination. Beverly Greene gives a detailed answer to the question of how racial stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination affect psychological health. The psychologist also refers to the situation with George Floyd as an example illustrating the actual problem of modernity. Beverly Greene emphasizes that the signs of nationality should act as an incentive for a psychologist to show increased attention and alertness to the presence of injuries associated with the experience of discrimination.

The main advantage of this publication is its objectivity which in this case does not mean the mathematical accuracy of the transmission of the scientific position expressed by Beverly Greene. Rather, it is the coverage of the conversation with her, excluding emotions and separating facts from opinions. Such objectivity is associated with the structure of writing a text in a form of an inverted pyramid, when facts are arranged according to their importance from top to bottom. Objectivity, the accuracy and validity of the source in this case is considered as an accurate coverage of the psychologists opinion in the form of an impartial description. There is practically no analytical coverage of the scientific concept of Beverly Greene in the article, which excludes the possibility of biased interpretation of her ideas. The interviewer asking the scientist questions is unbiased and has a good knowledge of the subject of the conversation, as a result of which the source fully correspond to the position of Beverly Greene.

The advantages of this source are that an interview is chosen as a form of research; it allows the information to be as useful as possible. The reader can see not only the specific view of the Beverly Greene person on the specifics of working with patients affected by racism. It is also possible to assess the level of her education and culture, calculate the angles of her worldview and identify her high competence in psychology. If there is a lack of understanding of what the respondent is talking about, the interviewer asks her clarifying questions, so that everything said is definitely presented in an accessible form for the reader.

Extreme racism groups including The White Supremacy affect the life of the society and create tension and social disobedience. Be that as it may, in a racist community, it stands to reason that every African-American person is bombarded with cultural affronts and indignities regardless of whether or not she or he is involved in actual interaction with other races. In terms of secular perspective, people engage in violence because of strong personal beliefs and the inability to accept other religions and views. They suppose that their religion is the only one, so other beliefs and traditions are morally and socially wrong. After all, extreme racism attraction may be either direct (e.g., verbal and physical abuse) or indirect (e.g., the virtual absence of racial history prior to slavery).

The ideology and beliefs of The White Supremacy are based on supremacist beliefs that white people are a dominant social class of people while other races and nationalities are non-humans. In terms of psychological perspective, The White Supremacy members identify themselves with a certain race or culture and try to devastate other cultures. What is more relevant here is that the racist person from The White supremacy expends considerable energy in rationalizing such occurrences and pretending that they have no implications for the well-being of African-American people in general and himself in particular; that is, attributions of task and causation are internal, as required for membership in the white community (The White Supremacy 2009).

The White Supremacy follows policies of racial hatred and rejection of colored people. The group believes that the civilization perspective states that the violence and racial envy is a result of conflicts between civilizations and their desire for dominance in the world. Thus, although such an individual evaluates African-Americans according to White standard (e.g., physical appearance, standardized tests, etc.), does so mechanically without awareness that other standards are possible, and that he might be as legitimately evaluated according to other racial/ cultural standards. Diverse world views cause individuals to selectively attend to information and to perceive similar information differently, though the same kinds of visual expressions are potentially available to each individual regardless of race. Thus, both the Europeans and African-Americans racial identity models propose that the earlier stages (or the mono-racial types) are associated with poorer change than later stages (or pluralistic racial types) because, in the earlier stages, the individual has to expend considerable energy in screening out or denying potentially identity-shattering data (Saint-Aubin 32).

The White Supremacists explains that social structure and pluralism tension between different racial groups and also lead to extreme racist attitudes. In some cases, racial identity prior to participation in a social experience most probably governs how receptive he is to the message of the social experience; his stage following participation stipulates his resistance to the countervailing environmental social forces. For people judged to be at problematic identity, some ongoing social activities might have to occur if relapse or obsession is to be avoided. Different issues may be relevant for the social congruence approach as opposed to the racial identity direction. For the social congruence, more evidence is needed concerning the validity of the assumptions that corresponding to certain stages or levels of social and personal identification with a race or culture to certain interventions does result in greater immediate comfort and openness with racial concerns, and contact to social environment at each level of development does result in prolonged improvement in identity attitudes, behaviors, and individuals emotions. The notion that black men could be linked biologically (and thus psychologically and morally) to white men was the source of enormous anxiety and scientific resistance (Saint-Aubin; 32).

From a sociological perspective, the White Supremacists support violence, terror attacks, and policy of exclusion as the only possible measures against the proliferation of non-white racial groups into society. For the White Supremacists, social violence and extreme racist attitudes are a direct result of historical development and confrontations between classes and nations (The White Supremacy 2009). For the White Supremacists, some empirical data is needed concerning (a) whether racial identity changes follow contribution in such social experiences; (b) if so, which components of the identity are necessary or sufficient for generating conflict; and (c) whether fight and struggle against certain groups are successful. The White Supremacists explain that people whose racial identity resolution is passive are hard to recognize because their attitudes so clearly mirror that which is dominant in the White community. As a result, social behavior that may not be healthy for themselves, in the long run, is resisted by the dominant society as well as racial friends who are at the same stage of racial identity (Appel 81).

In sum, the White Supremacists are influenced by the historical process and social development of modern civilization. Their views and attitudes are formed by religious values, religious conflicts, cultural differences, and personal envy of people with different colors of skin.

Also, both African-Americans and European potential interveners could conceivably benefit from historical and cultural information written from an African-American (and another visible racial group) viewpoint, since this is not a viewpoint that is inherent in American social experiences. Yet, according to virtual identity, assimilation of accurate factual data is only the beginning of the self-exploration procedure.

References

Appel, L. White Supremacy in the Movement against the Prison-Industrial Complex. Social Justice, 30 (2003), 81.

Saint-Aubin, A. F. A Grammar of Black Masculinity: A Body of Science. The Journal of Mens Studies, 10 (2002), 32.

The White Supremacy. 2009. Web.