Category: Racial Segregation

12 years a slave

There were two sets of reasons. Wealthy Southerners used it to divide the working class by colour. It’s hard to realize it now but the South was, until late in the 50s, a very backward place, the rural economy which provided low wages for everyone who had to work for a living. By segregating blacks and treating them far worse than they treated whites, the Southern establishment was able to keep the whites in their place, because they were, after all, still better off than blacks.

For whites, segregation gave them the feeling that they were not at the bottom, as blacks were worse off than they were. By labelling blacks, they also gained superiority.

With segregation, it’s about keeping one set of people separated from another and also intimidation upon one group which had basically no rights in any conflict with the other group.

To Kill a Mockingbird

The entire novel from beginning to end is infused with examples of racial prejudice and segregation: the very casual and frequent use of the word “nigger,” the segregated seating in the courthouse, the outcome of the trial (Tom was clearly not guilty of the crime but was convicted anyway), the degrading treatment of Tom by the lawyers and witnesses (including their refusal to call him Mr. unlike whites), the casual comments of white characters, the vast economic differences.

In the 1930s, it was a place where separate never meant equal. It was a place where ‘coloured’ bubblers did not spout brightly coloured water as a child might expect, but stood as symbols of the dogmas of racism, which meant humiliation and shame for some and insignificance, and hate for others.

Courageous African Americans were bringing issues of race, fairness, and simple justice to the attention of the nation, and of the world, by appealing to the conscience of all people everywhere. To Kill a Mockingbird is as relevant today as it was in 1960; there have been significant gains, but as a race of ‘people’ we still have a long way to go.

Comparisons

It’s in the representation of heart-breaking cruelty and heart-warming humanity. It’s in the innocence of a child’s world overshadowed by the evil that adults do. The novel reveals not only prejudice, but in examines prejudice, and its consequences. Harper Lee accomplishes this by dramatising the main characters’, Scout and Jem’s, maturing from a perspective of childhood innocence. They have never seen or practiced evil and they think that all people are good and accepting of others. It is not until they see things from adult perspectives that they are able to confront evil, as well as prejudice, and incorporate it into their understanding of the world.

Whereas in 12 years a slave, the depiction is really the beginning of slavery. Showing the opposite sides of freedom and slavery from one mans perspective. Racism and segregation blatantly shown throughout with hostility towards blacks in the minds of the white people that the black race was of a lesser humanity and all should be slaves. Sexism segregation is a recurring theme as they were considered whores and promiscuous, whereas white women were saints. There was no justice system as they were disposable and replaceable.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee explores the moral nature of human beings, especially the struggle in every human soul between discrimination and tolerance. The belief that racial prejudice is incorrect and the treatment of African-Americans’ is cruel and unjust. “Remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird” said Atticus to Scout. In other words, according to Atticus it’s a sin to help innocent people who are the victims of evil, just like Boo Radley who does not harm anyone, instead, he leaves Jem and Scout gifts and covers Scout with a blanket during the fire. The problem is society can instil beliefs that can act as a veil and blind people from justice.

Whereas in 12 years a slave the themes of segregation including racism, sexism, and neglect create slavery in that time in America. The themes of segregation include the racism of blacks being chosen as slaves, mistreatment of women because of sexism, and neglect led to it lasting so long. No-one stood up for them. It shows injustice from the point of view of a man, who couldn’t escape it as much as he tried.

Unifying the Races – Assimilation Versus Segregation

When the Thirteenth Amendment was signed and officially ended slavery, one would think that this would begin the steady reunifying of the union. However, after the slaves were free, American entered a state of living that would continue to divide the people of this country. This state of living was segregation; it caused the prevention of values, cultural beliefs, as well as, societal opportunities from intertwining between the White and African Americans. The interlinking of these elements of the two races is known as assimilation. An important aspect of the rebuilding of the Union would come down to first understanding how segregation affected the citizen, followed by the push for assimilation, and finally the importance of assimilating the races.

Segregation divided the races both physically and psychologically. Physically, by preventing blacks and whites from learning and working with one another as well as dining in the same establishments or even using the same public services. The segregation in the learning systems of blacks and whites caused for a great unbalance in knowledge between the two races. W.E.B. Du Bois spoke of the drastic disadvantage of the African American student by the segregation of the education system. Du Bois wrote,

“The Negro colleges, hurriedly founded, were inadequately equipped, illogically distributed, and varying efficiency and grade; the normal and high schools were doing little more than common school work , and the common schools were training but a third of the children who ought to be in them, and training those too poorly.”(717, Du Bois)

By this line, Du Bois is evaluating how Africans American learning places had a lack of resources and educators capable of providing knowledge to the youth of the black race. This was a large problem of segregation because many African Americans saw it obvious that without the proper education, the black race could never truly establish itself as independent race equal to the status of the white American. Besides the educational disadvantage caused by segregation, it also penetrated its affects as deep as into the African American family itself. In this instance, segregation caused for a divide of the race by skin color. Hence, African American families with varying skin complexions could find themselves in tear between the acceptance of whites and their own race. For example, In Jessie Redmon Fauset’s novel, “Plum Bun”, she writes about an African American family who are forced to leave there home in pairs because half of their family has dark skin and the other half has light skin. The lighter member of this family is welcome to benefits that are denied to the other simply because of their skin. In the novel Fauset writes, “… the great rewards of life – riches – glamour, and pleasure, — are for white-skinned people only. Secondly, that Junius and Virginia were denied these privileges because they were dark” (966, Fauset). This illustrates how segregation prevents the African American from living their lives with equal comfort and opportunity as the white citizen. This truth would work against the structure of the African American family by forcing a fraction for of race to choose between the comfort and privilege of the majority or the unity of their own race.

​The process of Assimilation is deeper than the ending of segregation; for it would it cause for the structural foundation of society to shatter and be rebuilt. In saying this, it is understood that the division of the black and white races of America is not given rise by the notion of segregation. It is birthed by the stigma that one group Is better and entitled to more than the other. This belief is what prevents the two sides from truly becoming a unit; it is what separates the cultures, values, and opportunities. Several African American scholars have referred to this boundary as the “Veil”. The veil is not one of literal existence; however, it is one of cognitive actuality. This cognitive actuality prevents the two sides from entirely understanding one another in order to become unified. Author and Civil Rights Activist, James Weldon Johnson took action to remove this veil in 1923 when he wrote “The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.” In his autobiography he wrote, “it is as though a veil ha been drawn aside: the reader is given a view of the inner life of the Negro in American (793, Johnson). His purpose for writing this novel was to provide an illustration of a life of African American males; in doing so, he depicted the abundance of struggle, knowledge, and love that is the African American life. Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored man allow for white Americans to form sympathy for African Americans by learning of the impact prejudice and racism has on the black man. This is an important step towards assimilation because it would allow White Americans to see the likeness that all people share.

​Finally, the only way for America to truly become a great country is by understanding the importance and power of assimilation. The importance if the unified states is that together we allow each other to grow and learn. Booker T. Washington wrote,

“…Let us pray God, will come, in a blotting out of sectional differences and racial animosities and suspicions…this coupled with our material prosperity, will bring into our beloved South a new heaven and a new earth” (Washington, 575).

This new heaven and earth, Washington speaks of is one that all citizens are equals with equal opportunity and representation. In this new state, African Americans can finally reestablish their identity through their own eyes and not through a double-conscious. The unifying of the races would allow the true establish of the melting pot America would become. In this melting pot, the values, ideas, and talents of all people would be free to intertwine and influence all of those in the country. The assimilation of African and White Americans would allow for blacks to get a higher education at capable institutions, and white to openly embrace the culture and arts of African Americans.

​Segregation allowed for the rebuilding of the Union to create an unequal split in civil representation and public services. It allowed for racial tensions to fester and build while altercations between blacks and white turned increasingly violent. Segregation was failed plan for equality and peace; therefore, the only other option was to assimilate. Assimilation caused for the sharing of cultures, values, and opportunities. This is what built the American we live in today that is home to citizens from all walks of life and from countries all around the world. In today’s world, the assimilation of blacks and white is not at all at strength Americans would like it to be, but the more we began accept the values and others and understand that we are all equal we will continue to work toward a great earth. Frederick Douglass wrote that,

“Great streams are not easily turned from channels, worn deep in the course of ages. They may sometimes rise in quiet and stately majesty, and inundate the land, refreshing and fertilizing the earth with their mysterious properties. They may also rise in wrath and fury, and bear away, on their angry waves, the accumulated wealth of years of toil and hardship. They, however, gradually flow back to the same old channel, and flow on as serenely as ever. But, while the river may not be turned aside, it may dry up, and leave nothing behind but the withered branch, and the unsightly rock, to howl in the abyss-sweeping wind, the sad tale of departed glory. As with rivers so with nations” (Douglass, 403).​

I believed this quote still rings true to this country. Despite the glory this nation has achieved, if we Americans fail to continue to grow as one, we will have failed. If we fail to end all racism, prejudices and inequalities we will have failed as a nation. In conclusion, must continue to learn to accept each other along with our individual culture, beliefs, and values.

Imagine not being allowed to sit in the same room, use the same bathroom, and water fountain as some classmates of different colors. In the early and mid 1900’s the mass majority of public schools were all segregated all across America. The topic of desegregation was a huge and massive battle. A battle that could have been fought much more sooner and earlier than the Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968. African Americans in boston, including Prince hall, campaigned against inequality.

They petitioned the state legislature, They protested that since their taxes supported the schooling of white children while there was no public schools opened to the children of color. This is proven by the evidence in an article by the supreme court ruler. “Influeneced by slavery, northern america does incriminate against people of color.” the higher significance of this quote is that it leads up to the driving topic of the beginning of what we know as segregation. Another quote from jim crow laws at the time “The formal segregation of blacks and whites began on the passage at the end of the reconstruction era.” The quote was found important because it shows the denial of citizenship to African American population and the descendants of slaves.

The American civil war and the emancipation Proclamation both stated quality, but it was not fulfilled with the years after the war. Their was not only segregation in white and African American races, also with the mexican American ethnicity. The Fourteenth Amendment states “equal protection under the law.” The violence of the law was meant to keep everyone equal. Also to insure equality for every one man and women. The proponents of Mexican American segregation was often defended by the sustaining of Mexican schools.

The upheld topic of the constitutional law or Jim Crow, in the supreme court ruling of plessy vs ferguson. Ruled that separate facilities for African Americans and other minorities were Chronically under founded and worse quality was not successful. The court stated “states and school districts did little to nothing to reduce segregation in school districts. The case of Plessy versus Ferguson was pointless in the fight to clear out segregation.

The first African American kids to desegregate a white school was the little rock Nine. The Little Rock Nine were a group of 9 African American students that were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by what was known as the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus who was the Governor of Arkansas. They all were yelled at and also cursed by parents.

In conclusion segregation across the United states was ended though the view of racism and a court ruling of the mom of a african american descent. Through all of the things that they have been though they persevered and prevailed through all the racism. With everything that they had done they kept pursuing the right of equal school rights and they go it.

Imagine not being allowed to sit in the same room, use the same bathroom, and water fountain as some classmates of different colors. In the early and mid 1900’s the mass majority of public schools were all segregated all across America. The topic of desegregation was a huge and massive battle. A battle that could have been fought much more sooner and earlier than the Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968. African Americans in boston, including Prince hall, campaigned against inequality.

They petitioned the state legislature, They protested that since their taxes supported the schooling of white children while there was no public schools opened to the children of color. This is proven by the evidence in an article by the supreme court ruler. “Influeneced by slavery, northern america does incriminate against people of color.” the higher significance of this quote is that it leads up to the driving topic of the beginning of what we know as segregation. Another quote from jim crow laws at the time “The formal segregation of blacks and whites began on the passage at the end of the reconstruction era.” The quote was found important because it shows the denial of citizenship to African American population and the descendants of slaves.

The American civil war and the emancipation Proclamation both stated quality, but it was not fulfilled with the years after the war. Their was not only segregation in white and African American races, also with the mexican American ethnicity. The Fourteenth Amendment states “equal protection under the law.” The violence of the law was meant to keep everyone equal. Also to insure equality for every one man and women. The proponents of Mexican American segregation was often defended by the sustaining of Mexican schools.

The upheld topic of the constitutional law or Jim Crow, in the supreme court ruling of plessy vs ferguson. Ruled that separate facilities for African Americans and other minorities were Chronically under founded and worse quality was not successful. The court stated “states and school districts did little to nothing to reduce segregation in school districts. The case of Plessy versus Ferguson was pointless in the fight to clear out segregation.

The first African American kids to desegregate a white school was the little rock Nine. The Little Rock Nine were a group of 9 African American students that were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by what was known as the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus who was the Governor of Arkansas. They all were yelled at and also cursed by parents.

In conclusion segregation across the United states was ended though the view of racism and a court ruling of the mom of a african american descent. Through all of the things that they have been though they persevered and prevailed through all the racism. With everything that they had done they kept pursuing the right of equal school rights and they go it.