The problem of racial profiling of minority communities has shown to be ineffective in preventing the growing concerns of increased crime rates and traffic congestion. Police departments have been continuously challenged by the lack of awareness on how they can address the arising public safety issues effectively.
Policy
Policy statement: the policy is concerned with identifying and eliminating both systemic and individual racial profiling at the police department of a chosen jurisdiction. Racial profiling, in regards to the established policy, is defined as any possible act of omission of safety, security, or public protection by an individual police officer or a whole department that results in created scrutiny and other adverse treatments based on race, ethnicity, and other related biases.
Target Audience
The policy option was chosen as a response to the problem because it would serve as a resource for law enforcement authorities on how to prevent racial profiling on a legislative basis. The target population of the policy, which includes law enforcement officers, is expected to act in accordance with the established principles. Bringing their attention to policy is essential because they hold authority and should use a reasonable degree of scrutiny to make judgments on ethnic origin, race, religion, color, and further stereotypes.
Responsibilities
The police department at the given jurisdiction is required to carry out the policy and the related responsibilities. The critical step is to identify instances of racial profiling, which includes the singling out of a racialized individual, the deviation from normal practices, a person of color being subjected to unprofessional or degrading treatment, and lacking reasons for the treatment experienced by a person of color (UNODC, 2011). Recognizing the causes of racial profiling is concerned with eliminating inappropriate policies and the general organizational culture.
Provisions and Procedures
The provisions and procedures of the policy are concerned with following the practices and principles of positive change within law enforcement. First, it is expected to substantively acknowledge the reality of racial profiling and the adverse impact it has on the community. For example, public protests against racial profiling represent the key threat to the safety of the community and undermine trust in law enforcement. Second, the policy establishes active and regular engagement with minority groups to obtain feedback on the experiences of racial profiling. Third, policy guidance is the procedure concerned with the implementation of appropriate standards and guidelines that directly address ending racial profiling in law enforcement.
The fourth provision is collecting and analyzing race data within the community to identify and manage the instances of profiling as well as manage performance. It is followed by monitoring and accountability, which is a procedure implying the regular assessment of racial profiling and setting multi-dimensional mechanisms for internal accountability, governance, and operational levels. The sixth procedure is organizational change, which includes the implementation of organizational change in the police department. The change should include personnel training, human resource management, and the implementation of incentive structures.
This step should be consistent with the United Nations Human Rights and Law Enforcement standards, which describe the key principles of non-discriminatory practices within the police force (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Center for Human Rights, n.d.). For example, the standards include the following provision: all persons are equal before the law, and are entitled, without discrimination, to equal protection of the law (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Center for Human Rights, n.d., p. 4).
Law enforcement should comply with the provision not only in terms of treating the members of the community but also when hiring police officers, training them, and promoting. Finally, the policy should include an action plan that would feature the initiatives targeted at achieving both short- and long-term targets for advancing the principles of equality and non-discrimination.
Action Plan
To reach the identified goal of the policy, the support from several resource areas. These resources can range from staff to financial resources, all of which are necessary for making positive change. They include the following:
Police human resources, which include a diverse workforce, such as officers of color, women, and representatives of minority groups;
Information technology (IT) resources necessary to improve data collection, analysis, and assessment of information on instances of racial profiling;
Community resources that support the work of the police department and enhance the public-police collaboration;
Financial resources intended to fund the implementation of the policy. The cost projection for the policy is $100,000 for the first six months of the policy.
The implantation of tasks is expected to be completed within half a year; however, with the following assessment and the identification of limitations, the plan may span across one year. The police department will be responsible for implementing all seven provisions identified within the policy. The Police Chief and Training Division Commanders will implement the training, data collection, monitoring and accountability, and organizational change activities. The Police Human Resources Manager will hire new staff and onboard them in compliance with the established non-discriminatory policy. Police officers working at the community will implement the engagement with the minority groups to collect information on racial profiling cases.
The fundamental mechanism for self-regulation is the implementation of regular assessments at the department to analyze the cases of profiling and the methods in which they were addressed. Each police officer will be held accountable for showing signs of maltreatment based on personal biases and subjected to rigorous evaluations regarding their work at the department (UNODC, 2011). It is recommended to implement monthly assessments to determine whether any progress has been achieved within the efforts to positively change the perceptions of racial profiling and police brutality against minorities.
A plan for building and maintaining support should imply the close collaboration between the department and the community it serves. While internal efforts such as training and effective Human Resource Management will deal with organizing the effective work of the police officers, fostering positive relationships with the public is paramount to the policy. Collaborative police/community relationships are necessary for eliminating the negative perception that law enforcement only works to produce high arrest figures but can also be a useful tool for ensuring safety for all individuals regardless of their race or ethnicity.
Summary
The reviewed project scenario pointed at the serious issue of racial profiling on the part of law enforcement, which encourages public distrust and dissatisfaction. The proposed policy offers a multi-dimensional solution to addressing the issue through several steps that a department can follow. Training, data collection and analysis, accountability, and collaboration with the public are the main provisions of the policy. They are intended to create a positive environment within the community and facilitate trusting relationships between minority groups and law enforcement.
Racial profiling refers to a form of discrimination by which law enforcement officials target an individual based on race or ethnic background as the main reason for targeting the individual. This is a violation of civil rights and it may lead to negative relations between individuals and law enforcement officials. Racial profiling occurs when a law enforcement officer has prejudice and is biassed towards a certain race or ethnic group (Napolitano, 2011). This essay is a short summary on racial profiling by police and the effects it has on society and individuals who are discriminated against.
Issues arising from Racial Profiling
Law Enforcement Concerns
Law enforcement officers are concerned that it will pose a national threat since the real culprits and criminals may not be arrested. In addition, some law enforcement personnel may fail to report their colleagues who engage in racial profiling based on race. This is likely to negatively affect the effectiveness of the law enforcement sector as a whole. This can be solved by proper training and counseling (Napolitano, 2011).
Racial profiling also affects the citizens of a nation as a whole. Discrimination of the minority by the police is likely to draw negative sentiments from the public thus creating a bad police image. It has been shown that persistent racial profiling has led to the affected parents training their children how to behave around policemen so that they do not get arrested (Napolitano, 2011).
Mistrust Issues
When the police engage in racial profiling mistrust between the public and the police arises. The causes of such mistrust may be due to poor communication between law enforcement individuals and community members due to the police not giving a proper explanation for stopping individuals (Napolitano, 2011). It has also been shown that the community at large may engage in racial profiling especially when a given minority group is viewed in a negative light, for instance, by being linked to terrorism (Napolitano, 2011).
Racial profiling may lead to family separation in the case where family members are locked away for a long time and accused of criminal activities they may have not committed.
Arguments on Racial Profiling
There have been mixed reactions to the issue of racial profiling. Some schools of thought have come out clearly to support racial profiling by the police. They argue that racial profiling helps to identify criminals. According to them, it prevents illicit drug activities and it helps to stop terrorism activities (Laney, 2004). However, I strongly disagree, I am of the opinion that a persons race or ethnicity can not determine whether that person is more or less likely to be a perpetrator of criminal activities. Racial profiling will only allow terrorists to go unpunished and on the other hand allow an innocent citizen to continue being oppressed.
Others believe that racial profiling is not only ineffective and unjust but also a violation of individuals rights. The fact that the majority of the communities are not targeted by policemen while the minorities seem always to be a police target is a clear indication that criminals who are from the communities not targeted will not be easily apprehended by the police. Law enforcement officers need to be trained on how to balance the rights of an individual and public safety to ensure that they do not violate the rights of citizens and at the same time ensure that national security is maintained (Laney, 2004).
Negative effects of Racial Profiling
There is a bad relationship created between enforcement officers and members of the target community. Past experiences that community members nay has undergone in the hands of the police will ruin the relationship between the community and the police. Profiling injustices may include harassment, embarrassments and violation of the privacy of individuals (Lever, 2005). Racial profiling by the police may be extended to other areas for instance in healthcare. If the police create an image that a given class of people is troublesome and more likely to commit crimes then the general public is likely to avoid relating with such people.
It has been shown that the disproportionate arresting of minorities is very evident. Police have been shown to be keen on some communities at the expense of other communities and as a result, there have been more arrests in minority communities and fewer arrests in majority communities. According to research, there is no link between crime and ethnicity. Police should therefore not focus all their efforts on a few minorities rather, they should focus their efforts on the whole nation to uphold national security.
Racial profiling leads to unpleasant and bitter feelings associated with past experiences. Holmes says that the students who have been arrested by the law enforcement officers were very bitter (Holmes, 2011). This is because police were not courteous enough to treat them well and to explain to them what was happening. The affected members feel that the police violate their rights instead of protecting them.
Possible Remedies
There should be a well-publicized complainant process where the interest of both parties will be considered. This will prevent biased police arrests of innocent citizens based on race. It will also ensure that the civil rights of the individual in question are upheld (Napolitano, 2011).
Educating the public on what they should do incase they are stopped by the police. People should be educated on how to friendly interact with the police instead of always viewing the police as enemies. This will help to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and thereafter being arrested (Napolitano, 2011).
Mediators and counselors intervention can be used as a tool to solve the problem of mistrust. Mistrust is a key factor that causes racial profiling. Mediators can come in and facilitate negotiations between the affected communities and the police. This will be in interest of both parties. Counselors can assist the entire enforcement body to be more professional and as they carry out their tasks. They may also help certain individual, to change their perception about certain communities. This could help the law enforcement body to build its confidence in the public (Napolitano, 2011).
According to Arizona Attorney General, policies and procedures can be used to guide law enforcement personnel. In addition, policies that define the right action to be taken on people who are practicing racial profiling should be adopted (Napolitano, 2011).
Provision of training should also be considered. They law enforcement officers should be trained on the right and recommended procedures, cultural differences and different languages. Racial profiling education should also be added to the school education curriculum to teach students on how to interact with police officers (Napolitano, 2011).
Law enforcement agencies should reflect diversity. Diversity should be practiced when it comes to recruitment by ensuring that minorities are represented. They should also ensure that officers are rotated as this will foster better understanding of different communities (Napolitano, 2011).
Use of technology to eliminate racial profiling can also be an effective tool. Law enforcement personnel can use technological devices such as audio or video technological devices to record traffic stop and passenger search occurrences. However, some people oppose this idea of using technology as they see it as invasion to privacy (Laney, 2004). I strongly believe that every technology has its pros and cons and so this should not prevent law enforcement officers from using it.
Collection of data that may assist in protection of identity of individuals especially when one is arrested. Data on individuals race and ethnicity, the reason why they have been stopped and location of the arrest should be collected. This data can then be analyzed and if well analyzed they will be able to indentify criminals (Laney, 2004).
Conclusion
Racial profiling should and must be eradicated within law enforcement agencies. Government should indentify the root problem to racial profiling and seek recommendation so that it can be eradicated. In addition, the government should come up with laws to protect violation of minorities rights by law enforcement officers. Every individual should also oppose racial profiling since it is illegitimate form of law enforcement. Law enforcement body should also train their personnel on how to balance the rights of an individual and public safety for the interest of both the citizen and the government. The police need to be offered more training on identifying of criminals instead of just relying on arresting people who they suspect they are likely to commit crime.
The United States of America prides itself on being the most racially diverse country in the world. Citizens of this country come from diverse backgrounds and there are laws in place to ensure that all people are treated equally. Racial equality is particularly emphasized and Chaires et al. (2009) state that few, if any, public agents would declare that they support any kind of discrimination based on race. Despite this, there have risen allegations of racial profiling by the Maricopa County Sheriffs Office (MCSO). The office has been accused by civil liberty organizations, most notably of which are the American Civil Liberties Union, of engaging in widespread and illegal racial profiling. MCSO continues to deny these allegations and maintains that it treats all races equally. This paper will argue that the Maricopa County Sherriffs Office in Phoenix Arizona does indeed engage in racial profiling. Scholarly articles, as well as media sources documenting racial profiling by sheriffs from this office, will be used to buttress this assertion.
MCSO Engaging in Racial Profiling
While many states have some isolated incidents of racial profiling, Arizona has been earmarked as the State with a significant amount of racial profiling cases. Most of these incidents involving the MCSO have been under the guise of enforcing immigration policies which were enacted under Arizonas Senate Bill 1070. MCSO deputies regularly conduct raids on worksites that are suspected of harboring illegal immigrants. ACLU (2009) notes that many of the raided worksites employ Hispanics and other minority groups. The deputies, who are heavily armed, demand registration documents and if a worker does not have them, then he or she can be detained. The ACLU (2009) iterates that MCSO deputies are in the habit of sacrificing the rights and well-being of workers in the name of immigration enforcement .
Police officers in Arizona are legally empowered to stop people and question them if they have probable cause for doing this. Withrow (2010) notes that the majority of the victims of this random scrutiny by the police are Hispanics. This is undoubtedly racial profiling since Hispanics do not make up the vast majority of the population in Arizona. Chaires, et al. (2009, p.90) state that racial profiling is evident when one group of persons can move between places without fear of being stopped by law-enforcement officers for capricious reasons while another group has to take into consideration the fact that they may be subjected to extra scrutiny. The freedoms of the Hispanic community are therefore infringed on by MCSO deputies.
There have been numerous incidents of MCSO deputies dealing harshly with minorities without provocation. Hensley (2010) reports that 2 lawsuits were issued against MCSO for deputies allegedly enforcing laws selectively to target Hispanic residents. In these particular cases, the deputies used excessive force when dealing with the minorities who were not guilty of any offense. Hensley (2010) notes that these are not isolated cases and the deputies are reputed for dealing more severely with Hispanics than with the white population.
While other states are investing more resources to tackle crime and ensure public safety, MCSO is dedicating even more resources to hunt out illegal immigrants. In April 2008, MCSO hired 15 deputies whose primary job was to seek out and arrest undocumented residents (ACLU, 2009). These arrests were to be conducted mostly using traffic stops and roadblocks. While rooting out illegal immigrants is a commendable job, it is almost impossible to do this without resorting to racial profiling. Withrow (2010) states that it is unlikely that an officer can stop a driver who appears to be an immigration violator without considering the individuals ethnicity prior to the traffic stop.
A Case for MCSO and Counterarguments
For all the accusations aimed at MCSO, the office employs many Hispanics and as a matter of fact, MCSO has an over-representation of Hispanic officers. If the office were as racist as it has been claimed, it is unlikely that the MCSO would employ as many Hispanics in its ranks as is the current case. Kearny Police Chief Joe Martinez declares that there is a large number of Hispanics in Arizona Law enforcement and concerns about racism were therefore unfounded (Engstrom, 2010, p.385). While it is true that there are many Hispanics in MCSO, this does not negate the fact that deputies still carry out arbitrary arrests and searches on Hispanics as a result of racial profiling.
Senator Russell Pearce who authored the tough immigration law that has led to the alleged racial profiling in Arizona states that the measure can be fairly implemented without racial profiling or discrimination (Engstrom, 2010, p.385). This assertion is corroborated by Kobach (2010) states that S.B. 1070 explicitly prohibits racial profiling by law-enforcement officials. While it is true that racial profiling is prohibited by the law, this does not stop officers from engaging in it. Officers are given discretion in enforcing the law which results in some of them treating individuals unequally.
Maricopa Countys Sherriff, Joe Arpaio who has earned the title of Toughest Sheriff in America asserts that the tough immigration laws adopted by MCSO are necessary since the federal government has failed in its duty to secure the border and prevent illegal immigration (Engstrom, 2010). Arpaio goes on to reveal that some rural areas in Arizona are the routes through which illegal immigrants gain entry into the US. Smugglers also bring in arms and drugs through this region. As such the tough actions taken by MCSO in their quest to find illegal immigrants are justifiable. These accusations by MCSO fail to consider the resources that the federal government through the United States Border Patrol (USBP) has inputted. In 2005, the Federal government launched the Secure Border Initiative which is a multibillion-dollar program aimed at protecting US borders from illegal immigrants and smugglers. Haddal (2010) notes that the Southwest Border region has been given the prevalence in this program.
Conclusion
The numerous lawsuits filed against Maricopa County Sheriffs Office on allegations of illegal arrests and racial profiling suggest that MCSO deputies may indeed be guilty of racial profiling. The actions by MCSO have received wide condemnation from Civil rights groups and even the Federal government as was evidenced by President Obamas statement criticizing the Arizona immigration Law. Perry (2009) notes that because of racial profiling, the ideal of an America that is fully integrated remains to be a myth.
From the arguments forwarded in this paper, it is clear that MCSO deputies engage in racial profiling and thus violate the civil liberties of many Americans. This practice is detrimental since it victimizes innocent citizens and fosters enmity. Racial profiling undermines trust between law enforcement-officers and the community thus reducing the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts. All progressive minded citizens of the US should therefore make calls against racial profiling and work towards the creation of a fully integrated society.
References
American Civil Liberties Union (2009). ACLU Sues Maricopa County Sheriffs Office for Illegal Arrest and Detention of U.S. Citizen and Legal Resident. Web.
Chaires, R.H., Barthe, E. & Lentz, A.S. (2009). Talking the talk and walking the walk of racial profiling: a study of automobile checkpoint law in three nations. Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy, 16(2), 87-120.
Haddal, C.C. (2010). Border Security: The Role of the U.S. Border Patrol. Washington: Congressional Research Service.
Hensley, J.J. (2010). 2 lawsuits vs. Sheriffs Office allege racial profiling. The Arizona Republic. Web.
Kobach, W.K. (2010). Defending Arizona: Its statute will withstand the inevitable -and already begun challenges in court. National Review.
Perry, B. (2009). Theres just places ya dont wanna go: the segregating impact of hate crime against Native Americans. Contemporary Justice Review, 12 (4), 401418.
Withrow, L.B. (2010). Racial Profiling Controversy: What Every Police Leader Should Know. NY: Looseleaf Law Publications.
Profiling is a strategy used by law enforcement officers to pursue criminals based on similar characteristics, history or repetitive behavior. It becomes racial profiling when race is involved. Before the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attack in the United States, the Arabs and other immigrants living in America had the benefit of being treated as equals with the associate American. Apart from a few exceptions, the law treated everyone the same.
For women of Arabic descent, equality was a rare exemption because they were deprived of such civil liberties in their homeland. However, these liberties were abridged following the 9/11 terrorist bombing. The Arabs and other immigrants in America were deemed guilty because of their race and religion.
Americans became opposed to people of Arabic descent and other American citizens who had come from the Middle East. The aftermath of 9/11 was marked with numerous occurrences where Middle Eastern people were discriminated and verbally assaulted. Terrorists were described as people of Arabic descent who believed in Islam. This belief altered the way Arabs were treated in social places like airports, restaurants, and parks.
The life of the Muslims and Arabs living in America was affected as they faced mistreatment, interrogation and raids at their places of work, schools, and homes1. They were expelled from flights and subjected to long hours of unnecessary questioning. Their businesses premises were destroyed or set on fire.
Their once friendly neighborhood turned out to be a nightmare. The hard work they had done to build institutions and earn the respect of their fellow Americans was reduced to nothing. This is because of the choices made by a few people who shared their religion and heritage. Presently, racial profiling has become a strategy for law enforcement officers in the name of protecting their country; hence, it is not a new phenomenon in America.
In the past, the Blacks and Latinos in America were discriminated because of their race. They were not allowed to share the same schools, buses or even streets with the white Americans. Although the 9/11 attacks presented lawmakers and enforcers with the problem of ensuring the security of Americans, the practice of racial profiling and racially motivated attacks within the United States quickly emerged and provided a national and racial identity for the formerly vague idea of a terrorist .
Racial profiling before 9/11
The Government and other civil societies in the United States have battled to eradicate racism and prejudice for a long time. Several people have lost their lives in the fight for equality. Racism does not only infringe upon the rights of individuals, but also destroys a nation. Racial profiling against Arab Americans was present before the 9/11 attack. It is different from racial profiling against African Americans, which was aimed at making them feel inferior.
Arab Americans were resented and hated because of the stereotype they represent. After the September 11th attack, racism against Arab American took a different model which is challenging to address. The United States congress passed the USA Patriot Act which seeks to protect America by using appropriate strategies to combat terrorism.
This law gave powers to Law enforcement agents and intelligence agencies to hold non-residence for an indefinite period and conduct searches where necessary. According to Ghazali, before 9/11 these policies were considered illegal, a violation of private freedom2.
Hostility has been directed to Arab Americas by citizens of America through hate crimes and bigotry. Hate crime statistics against Arab Americans accelerated following 9/11. The Arab Americans became targets of verbal abuse and violent eruptions. According to Peggy Stack in her article Backlash Against U.S. Muslims; Anger taken out on Arab-Americans , Muslims and Arab-Americans were verbally assaulted by their neighbours immediately after the attack3.
A Muslim painter who was working on a building after the explosion was verbally attacked with comments like why dont you just blow the building up 4. This comments come from people who had probably worked with him for a long time. Some of them were his friends, people who had a relationship with him.
Despite all these facts, this man was assumed to be guilty because of his religion. Another analogous view is that of Ghazali in his book Islam Muslims in the post 9/11 America. The author asserts that Muslim bashing was tolerated in America in post 9/11. A year after the attack, street vandals in Ohio spray painted windows of a Muslim owned market. Later, they stole property and money from several shops5.
Racial profiling and the right to freedom
Racial profiling in America after the 9/11 bombing was a measure used to protect the people of America. It is alleged that terrorists who desired to destroy United States originated from the Middle East or other countries, which were predominantly Muslim. For that reason, law enforcement officers used race as a factor in detaining and questioning suspects. This strategy was justified as the cost of war. It was a token to ensure the safety of the nation.
Statistics reveal most terrorist attacks against United States is carried out by people of Arabic descent and Islamic dedication. However, this does not justify the price paid by the Arab-Americans following the 9/11 attack. Despite the fact, they did not plan the attack, their rights as American citizens were deprived.
Their constitutional freedom to assemble and freely exercise their religion was violated. Some of these people were born in America while others had lived there for most of their adult life. They have embraced the culture and the people of America. Therefore, it is tragic for Arab Americans to pay for the mistakes of other people.
Racial profiling violates the liberties of Arab living in the United State. Audrey Hudson in her piece of writing, Muslim pilgrim surged to complain; Airport profiling seen as concern demonstrates how a group of Arabs were humiliated in a United States flight6. The incidence occurred during the hajj celebrations.
Hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city of Muslims. During this incidence, six imams travelling to Mecca were removed from the plane because they were seated in places not assigned to them. In their excitement, they were conversing amongst themselves in Arabic. The manner in which the imams were seated was similar to that of the 9/11 bombers. This profile was used as evidence and justified the removal of the imams from the plane.
Apart from their seating arrangement and language, the police had no solid proof against the imam. This incidence humiliated and violated the rights of the imam7. Racial profiling promotes bitterness, a sense of hurt and loss of self esteem. The law failed to protect the imams because of their race. In another racial profiling case, an American citizen of Pakistan descent was subjected to an unnecessary security search simply because she was wearing a hijab8.
The aftermath of 9/11 saw several Muslims and Arabs reported or detained for immigration anomalies. Law enforcement officers used immigration rules and regulations as an anti-terrorism instrument. Muslim and Arabs faced minor immigration violations, while the violations made by other races were ignored. In 2004, two Muslims girls were detained on suspicion that they had plans to become suicide bombers9.
These sixteen-year old girls were held in Pennsylvania detection center before they were released and deported back to their homeland10. Custom agents have been reported for interrogating Muslim passengers on their faith at the border. These officers ask whether the passengers attended Madrassah or which mosque they attend. Other officers asked the women to remove their hijab in public places; this is contrary to their beliefs and traditions.
These actions infringe upon their religious rights. In addition, Muslim charities were closed down on allegations that they funded terrorists groups. Ghazali claims that the government neither provided evidence linking these organizations to terrorism nor filed criminal charges against them11. Intelligent officials just froze their resources and apprehended their assets. It was up to the organization to prove that they were innocent.
In the attempt to bring out the adverse effects of racial profiling, Alsultany in her article Prime- time Plight of the Arab Muslim American reveals how racial profile is justified in a television show representing the happenings after 9/1112. In this show, there is an airline whose catchphrase is we Dont Fly Arabs .
The Director uses this phrase to advertise his airline as safe and security conscious. According to Evelyn Alsultany, this show can be used as an example of the aftermath of 9//11 because it correlates with genuine occurrence13. In one episode in court, the CEO was asked why he was discriminating against the Arabs and Muslim Americans.
He said, Because they blew up the world trade center . This show represents incidences of airlines removing Arabs and Muslim Americans from flights. In addition, Evelyn claims that the number of incidences where passengers refused to fly with Arabs increased after 9/1114.
For example, A Muslim man in New Jersey was ordered to leave the flight because the passengers were uncomfortable around him. In another case, an Arab FBI agent on his way to see the president was expelled from a flight because the pilot thought his behavior was suspicious15.
Racial profiling based on misconceptions
Following the attack, racial profiling against the Arabs went beyond verbal abuse. Some citizens resorted to violence to equalize the act of terror. In his article, Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred Kozakowski points out the misconception that people had about terrorists.
Kozakowski claims that most Americans are ignorant on the subject of non-western religion. Americans faces difficulties in differentiating Hinduism from Islam or Buddhism. In this article, a man was killed because he wore a turban and he had a long beard. His assassins associated the dressing to Middle Eastern people. The truth is that this man was devoted to a Hindu sect known as Sikh. The author explains that the majority of Americans think that Middle Eastern people are devoted to a monolith religion.
They associate all Arabs with Islam. If a person has Arabic features, then you are Muslim. Likewise, if a person wears a turban and flowing garments then he/she must be a terrorist. However, this is not true. According to Kozakowski, Islam is not synonymous with people from the Middle East. Not all Arabs are devoted to Islam or terror groups.
Some of them believe in Hinduism while others are Christian. The misconception held by most Americans brought immense misery to the Arab Americans after the September 11th attack16. They were profiled based on their dressing and physical characteristics. Ghazali calls these misconceptions Islamophobia17. He defines Islamophobia as discrimination based on misinformed versions of Islam and its followers.
The other misconception contributing to racial profiling is that all Muslims living in America are believed to come from the Middle East. Even so, this is further from the truth. Kozakowski claims that Arab Americans comprise of people whose families have been living in America for centuries18. Some of these people may have converted to Islam later.
Others are African- Americans who embraced Islam. On the other hand, there are Muslims who migrated to America to Study or work. Instead of embracing the different cultures, Americans have responded by stereotyping and racial profiling all Muslims. To them, all Muslims are terrorists. They have created images that associate Arabs with deserts, caravans, suicide bombers and machine guns. It is unfair for Arab Americans and Muslims for that matter to be profiled in light of these images.
Balbir Singh died because of his appearance; he had no associations with the terrorist. His only crime was keeping his beard and wearing a turban19. The act of terror was carried out by a group of extremists who do not express the position of all Muslims20. According to Kozakowski, the Muslim community does not condone the terrorist attacks. In the same way, Americans should not condone racial profiling against Arab Americans because of their physical characteristics21.
These misconceptions were increased by the campaigns against Islam by religious leaders and neoconservatives. A church in Florida wished to burn the Quran in commemoration of 9/11. Although they later aborted their plans, this act illustrates Islamophobia in America22.
Moreover, the media led anti-Islam campaign on television and radio talk show. Islam was dehumanized as a hostile religion; it was compared to Nazism. In different shows, radio and television personalities justified their claims by referring to the 9/11 attack. The media were dedicated to demonstrating that Islam is a violent religion. Shows demonizing Islam was quite popular after 9/11. Islam was attacked by leaders from various social and political arenas as an extremist religion.
During President Obama campaign, his opponents associated him with Islam in order to sabotage him23. Moreover, there were claims that the Sharia laws observed by the Muslims would replace the constitution when Obama administration assumes power. Publishers and movie directors were not left out in the Anti- Islam campaigns. Anti- Islam crusaders became millionaires overnight. Mason crest publishers released childrens books that contained inflammatory materials on Islam.
These books encouraged children to shun Muslims because they were terrorists against United States24. If this was not severe enough, another publishing house released a coloring book for children that characterize Muslims as terrorists. These books relay dangerous messages to children who will grow up to believe that followers of Islam are violent.
Comparison of racial profiling towards African American and Arab Americans
Corlett states racism is based is based on either a lower or higher order form of ethnic prejudice 25. In the past, the black Americans were discriminated because of their skin color. They were said to be close relatives of the apes. The aim of their subordinates was to make them feel inferior and, therefore, justify their position in society. Statistics show the majority of black Americans who died in 1920-1932 were killed by White police officers26.
Unnever and Gabbidon support this claim in their book A Theory of African American Offending. They assert that racial discrimination causes African Americans to nurture weak societal connections with existing institutions. As a result, African Americans develop negative emotions like resentment, frustration, hopelessness, and rage27. Racial profiling towards African Americans has been a predicament for a long time.
Grant and Byers explain that black Americans have been targeted for traffic stops and criminal activities. They go ahead to explain that, a higher percentage of black Americans and Latinos who have been stopped by law enforcement officers are likely to report that they have been frisked, cuffed or ticketed compared to their fellow whites28.
Some officers will further threaten or use violence against them. Moreover, African Americans have been stopped by law enforcement officers on suspicion that they were driving expensive cars. The acronym for this racial profiling is DWB which means driving While Black 29. In other cases, a black man is profiled simply because of his mode of dressing.
Apart from traffic stops, Black Americans are associated with drug trafficking. Police assume that most drug offenses are carried out by these two groups. As a result, Law enforcement officers have based their search on this racial profile. Because of the considerable amount of time and resources used by the police on black Americans and Latinos, they locate an unbalanced number of the minorities with drugs.
This cycle continues over and over until a racial profile is build against the Blacks and Latinos. From these statistics police justified their claim on the minority groups. This assumption increases the racial profiles that violate the rights of African Americans and Latinos30. Similarly, the police fail to concentrate on white people who commit the same crimes.
The white perpetrators remain unsuspected as they continue with the illegal trade. Unnever and Gabbidon assert that stereotyping of this nature against the minority is the basis of Black Americans offending. If they are arrested for a crime the first explanation is that they are black.
African and Arab Americans are oppressed communities living in the United States. The racial profile against these communities may be different but similar all the same. African Americans are stereotyped to be inferior while the Arab Americans are characterized as terrorists. Both races have their rights and liberties violated in the name of national security. It is acceptable for law enforcement officers to arrest these groups for any unnecessary suspicion.
This is because it is in the best interest of the country. African Americans were limited to share similar amenities with the white. They had to walk in different streets and use separated buses or sit at the back off the bus. Their children went to different schools and earned different certificates. Similarly, Arab Americans are discriminated from airplanes. They are barred from fights and seats in exceptional seats where people can watch them.
Conclusion
Although racial profiling against Arab Americans is used as a security measure, profiling on the basis of race should be a concern for all the citizens in America. The discrimination against a certain race may augment to include everyone. The individual rights of everyone may be violated and controlled by a domineering administration. The necessity to protect the citizens of America against terrorists may require the government to pass new policies.
However, these policies should not violate the rights of the entire population in the end. America is guilty of shameful acts of discrimination against the Black Americans. The question now is whether the country is prepared to repeat the same mistake again. Expelling Arab and Muslim Americans from airplanes is the similar to asking the Black to take a seat at the back of the bus. If Americans repeat history, then it means they have learnt the significance of judging based on character and not race.
Although the 9/11 attacks presented lawmakers and enforcers with the problem of ensuring the security of Americans, the practice of racial profiling violates the rights of Arab Americans. There is no moral justification for dehumanizing people on the basis of religion and race. It was wrong to discriminate against African Americans, and it is wrong to discriminate against the Arab and Muslim Americans.
Bibliography
Alsultany, Evelyn. Prime- time Plight of the Arab Muslim American In Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: from invisible citizens to visible subjects, edited by Amaney Jamal, and Christine Nadine. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008.
Corlett, Angelo. Race, racism, and reparations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Feagin, Joe. Racist America: roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Ghazali, Abdus. Islam and Muslim in the Post-9/11 America. 2012. Web.
Grant Kiara and Byers Tosha. Racial Profiling: Shows Unequal Justice for Blacks . Missouri Western State University. 2002. Web.
Hudson, Audrey. Muslim pilgrim surged to complain; Airport profiling seen as concern. Washington Times. 2006. Web.
Kozakowski, Michael. Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred. Georgetown Independent. 2001. Web.
Stack, Peggy. Backlash against U.S. Muslims; Anger taken out on Arab-Americans, 2001.
Unnever James and Shaun Gabbidon. A theory of African American offending. New York: Routledge, 2011.
Footnotes
Abdus Ghazali, Islam and Muslim in the Post-9/11 America, 2012.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam and Muslim in the Post-9/11 America, 2012.
Peggy Stack, Backlash Against U.S. Muslims; Anger taken out on Arab- Americans, Salt Lake Tribune.
Peggy Stack, Backlash Against U.S. Muslims; Anger taken out on Arab- Americans, Salt Lake Tribune.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam and Muslim in the Post-9/11 America, 2012.
Audrey Hudson, Muslim pilgrim surged to complain; Airport profiling seen as concern. Washington Times.
Audrey Hudson, Muslim pilgrim surged to complain; Airport profiling seen as concern. Washington Times.
Anai Rhoads, Ethnic and Religious Profiling In America, Center for research on Globalization.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam & Muslims in the post 9/11 America, 2012.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam & Muslims in the post 9/11 America, 2012.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam & Muslims in the post 9/11 America, 2012.
Evelyn Alsultany, Prime- time Plight of the Arab Muslim American in Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: from invisible citizens to visible subjects eds. Jamal, Amaney, and Nadine Christine. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2008,p.206.
Evelyn Alsultany, Prime- time Plight of the Arab Muslim American in Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: from invisible citizens to visible subjects eds. Jamal, Amaney, and Nadine Christine. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2008,p.206.
Evelyn Alsultany, Prime- time Plight of the Arab Muslim American in Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: from invisible citizens to visible subjects eds. Jamal, Amaney, and Nadine Christine. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2008,p.206.
Evelyn Alsultany, Prime- time Plight of the Arab Muslim American in Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: from invisible citizens to visible subjects eds. Jamal, Amaney, and Nadine Christine. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2008,p.206.
Michael Kozakowski. Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam & Muslims in the post 9/11 America, 2012.
Michael Kozakowski, Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred.
Michael Kozakowski, Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred.
Michael Kozakowski. Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred.
Michael Kozakowski. Misunderstanding of Islam is the root of hatred.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam& Muslims in the post 9/11 America.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam& Muslims in the post 9/11 America.
Abdus Ghazali, Islam& Muslims in the post 9/11 America.
Angelo Corlett, Race, racism, and reparations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003, p.87.
Joe Feagin, Racist America: roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge, 2011, p.147.
James Unnever and Shaun Gabbidon, A Theory of African American Offending, New York: Routledge, 2011, p.73.
Kiara Grant and Tosha Byers, Racial Profiling: Shows Unequal Justice for Blacks Missouri Western State University.
Joe Feagin, Racist America: roots, current realities, and future reparations, New York: Routledge ,2010, p.148.
James Unnever and Shaun Gabbidon, A Theory of African American Offending, New York: Routledge,2011, p.74.
Racial Profiling in opposition to African-Americans in America
Racial Profiling is an arbitrary action initiated by the usage of authority based absolutely on race, ethnicity, or the United States of America wide opening alternatively than on a person’s behavior. Discrimination is when you are denied chances and equal rights due to the fact of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons. (Schaefer, 2013: 233) There is no secret that racial profiling and discrimination nonetheless take place in America today. With Racial profiling additionally comes stereotypes. Racial Profiling and stereotyping is some element that takes place very often in America often towards minority businesses such as Blacks, Hispanics, and Muslims.( Schaefer, 2013: 238) In fact, there have been pretty a few experiments that proved such to be true (Schaefer as true as a tv show recognized as what would you do?! (Schaefer, 2013:239) (abc statistics Alley, Healy 2010).
Whether it be a Muslim passenger being eliminated from a flight because their presence alarmed other passengers (NPR Staff 2016), a Hispanic male being pulled over for using a crown Victoria in a fantastically decent neighborhood, or a younger black woman getting into an extraordinarily luxurious retailer to buy an item, however, she is accompanied round by potential of the staff, it happens and has flip out to be a day-to-day thing. Racial profiling in America continues to compromise the future of America. Unfortunately, racial profiling victims pay the price majorly due to the fact it can have an effect on them emotionally, mentally, and every now and then even bodily and financially. Ultimately It is a very risky and risky exercise that is enormously ineffective.
From the warfare standpoint Conflict theorist agree with Arnold Rose that racial prejudice and discrimination have many hazardous penalties for our society. (Schaffer, 2013) Although racial prejudice and racial discrimination are unique from racial profiling, they all convey risky consequences. Some racial profiling incidents have ended in death. For example, the taking pictures demise of Philando Castile by means of a police officer. According to Wikipedia the police officer patrolling the location the place Castile and his lady buddy were stopped radioed a shut by way of the squad and said that he deliberated to end the car due to the fact ‘The two occupants virtually show up human beings that had been worried in a robbery.
The driver appears like one of the suspects due to the reality of the wide-set nose.’ Later it used to be once determined that the vehicle was once stopped because of him being a black man using an auto with dreadlocks and having a great-set nose. There was once as soon as a preceding theft in the area, but the police had no exclusive proof on how the two robbers were regarded barring that one had dreadlocks and a vast set nose. This is a tragedy of one occasion of racial profiling. Mr. Castile was once in his non-public nearby using his day-to-day car, which actually so came about to be a 1997 Oldsmobile. (Wikipedia 2016)
He might additionally no longer have been shot due to the reality he was once black, however, he used to be truly profiled via the use of the p due to the 4he was once black. The term using while black comes to mind. (Wikipedia) His mother misplaced a son, his woman buddy misplaced her lover, and his coworkers and college students sincerely misplaced anyone who stimulated them. This incident like many others has motive so a complete lot of damage and unsettling in the black community. This and other incidents like it have a reason for many people to structure groups to stand in opposition to racial profiling, racial inequalities, and distinctive injustices in America
Despite the search being carried out to exhibit how ineffective racial profiling is in America, authorities proceed to use profiling. A latest examines about was once verified that blacks are nonetheless more perchance than whites to be frisked. After the Sep eleven terrorist assaults in the U.S. extra Muslims and Arabs have been racially profiled and unluckily this has moreover turned out to be a regular thing.
(Schaefer, 2013: 239) There have been situations in the area a Muslim passenger was eradicated from a flight just due to the truth he spoke Arabic and each and every different passenger felt uncomfortable with how he was once as soon as speak it. This isn’t the full incident in the area any person used to be eliminated from a flight for looking too Muslim or looking or sounding Middle Eastern. (NPR Staff, 2016)
Society is affected mightily by racial profiling. It harms the future of the increase in this country. Individuals may have racial trauma that stems from cases in the vicinity of discrimination and racial profiling worried they have experienced depression, an anxiousness that the incident may also additionally show up again, low self-esteem, and they might also additionally feel humiliation and irritability.
(Richardson, Turner 2016). It can damage the faith between residents and law officials. For instance, if a black man and his son had been walking domestic from taking part in basketball at a nearby park and they get stopped and frisked by a white cop for no apparent cause in their minds they would possibly additionally never have trusted any cop or legislation official ever again. This might also desire to lead them to trust that all police officers are this way as well. Racial profiling causes some mental and emotional stress on each the father and the son. The shootings of unarmed blacks in America have introduced a very real, very systemic societal problem. As a result, a lot of black Americans, regardless of class, regardless of context, and circumstance, since the consequences of these shootings. It motivates us to be surprised if they are occurring due to the reality of black people being racially profiled. It is moreover affecting of a variety Americans with there have trust in the American authorities as a whole. There are boundaries that had been damaged and now they are being built again.
My opinion on this social hassle is that racial profiling is an act in opposition to quintessential human rights. It is an upsetting factor to recognize that because of your ethnicity human beings (especially the authorities) can make an assumption about you and act on that assumption on that on my very own as a substitute for your personal personality behavior. I have in my view dealt with racial profiling in a garb store in the lake park area. The issue about this is that I labored at a garb keep in the equal plaza. The woman that was once the manager of the hold didn’t thinks I could control pay to buy objects in the preserve because she saved asking me what I was searching for and hinting that positive matters have been pricey and then she would say the rate and show up at me to verify that I knew I used to be as soon as someplace that she felt I didn’t belong. When I realized what used to be once going on it made me never pick out to shop at the store again and also let all people that I knew now not keep there because of the treatment I received.
Being a personality who had labored in retail you can’t ever understand who is going to come into the hold and you cannot judge a persona based on appearances on the other hand thru how they behave. It simply makes a huge difference. It makes me experience harm for all men and women that come across being racially profiled. With all that is going on in our US it loopy to me that this is something that we as the United States of America have to deal with. Middle Eastern human beings no longer have to generally marvel if they may additionally moreover get kicked off of a plane because they are speaking in their native tongue.
Blacks experience safe ample to pressure home at night time or even simply being pulled over they shouldn’t have to be surprised if this will be the time they don’t make it home. Hispanics shouldn’t sense that when they go into a store to purchase some factor they are being followed by the shop’s personnel to see if they are stealing. It’s such a horrible component and reasons stress and all different sorts of fitness problems. I feel as if we are to be judged, select us individually primarily based totally on our strikes no longer any distinctive reason.
‘Racism’ starts with a child! When a child is not even familiar with the word ‘racism’. But how actually racism started? From subtle discrimination in day-to-day life to incidents like lynching in the American South, cultural imperialism, and racism exists in many different forms in almost every facet of society. Is it a curse of not being fair or being of a dark complexion? Why do so few people actually admit to being racist? Only a few people now admit to racist feelings. There have been considerable since so many years of the changing relationship between earlier, racism and the emergence of a more converted racism which focuses on questions of culture, religion, and ethnicity. How and when did the term ‘racism’ originate? Why being fair is somehow considered beautiful? Why racism became an issue even at educational places. ‘RACISM’ will ever go? Is there anyone who’s not familiar with racism? Does global racism is getting better or worse? How racism should be explained to a child? Struggles of American – African to find them a place fit for themselves. Have society, taught their children the value of befriending a variety of races and ethnicities? Why racism is rooted in ignorance? Actually, we fear what we don’t understand. Racism is a topic that may not go from America ever. No matter how much we would want it to. Racism is so ingrained within the country’s history and currently that the plague and the mindsets will never diminish. What is the current state of racism in today’s society? And, yes it is very true that racism still exists in our society. Is a world without racism possible? Why is human’s racist? The level of incidence of this act varies from nation to nation.
Literature review
In the following chapter, the literature regarding racial socialization and its relations to contexts, racial beliefs, and mental health is reviewed. The review begins with an introduction to racial socialization and an overview of the variety of message types that have been identified in the previous literature. Following this discussion, the guiding theoretical model is described and a review of the relevant research related to each of the key components of the model is explained. Next, a review of issues related to the measurement of racial socialization and its variability across demographic factors is provided. Finally, the rationale, hypotheses, and research questions of the current study are outlined.
Limited evidence suggested that racial beliefs, such as color-blind racial beliefs, were related to racial socialization (Barr & Neville, 2008). The proposed model explored both the contexts and outcomes of racial socialization.
Specifically, it was hypothesized that the racial composition of Black students’ environment in high school (neighborhood, high school, and friend group) was related to the frequency and type of racial socialization received. In addition, it was proposed that racial socialization was related to students’ adoption/rejection of color-blind racial beliefs and mental health outcomes. It is also proposed that color-blind racial beliefs are related to mental health outcomes. Finally, the proposed model posited that the adoption/rejection of color-blind racial beliefs would moderate the relationship between racial socialization and mental health.
Racism is believed as the superiority of one race over another, which sometimes result in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. ‘Racism’ is an action or practice that reflects the racial worldview.
In countries like Germany, following the defeat in world war 1, it deeply became ingrained anti-Semitism and was successfully exploited by the Nazi party, which implemented policies of systematic discrimination that led to the eventual mass murder of Jews in Germany.
In North America and South Africa, racism dictated that different races should be segregated from one another; that they should form their own distinctive communities and develop their own institutions such as schools, hospitals, and churches and it was unusual for members of different races to marry. It was openly professed racism held that members of low-status races should be limited to low-status jobs and that members of the dominant race that was ‘white’ were assigned high-level posts or had exclusive access to economic resources, high-status jobs, political jobs, and rights for them was not restricted at all. So basically the ‘black’ deserve slaves for white. White can do anything they want to ‘black’ such as beat or insult them. During the time of maturation and spreading of racism around the world. People in higher positions started thinking of ethnic components of their own societies. At that time there was a huge difference between black and white people. Black people were highly discriminated against and exploited. Even in public spaces like markets, parks, buses, etc. They didn’t have access to civil rights and this became a common pattern in many areas of the world. Besides, Malaysia has 3 major races which are Malay, Chinese, and Indian. And there is a huge racism problem among them. Furthermore, racism can influence wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes.
Race issues are so fundamental in the world. Racism Incidents in South Africa are quite popular. The issue of racism is hierarchical and is being here us so many years. Gandhi Ji in South Africa was discriminated against on a train by a white man who objected to his presence in a first-class carriage and he was ordered to move to the van compartment at the end of the train Gandhi Ji refused because he had a first-class ticket and was thrown off the train.
Rosa Parks, an African American woman was even arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person. This incident shows how badly racism was there at that time too. Racism is like a chronic disease that has grabbed society into its arm and will never leave.
The problem is racism problems still persist and increase. Whether it’s the U.S., UK, Africa, or India the racist culture exists, and are on the edge of never leaving it. It’s actually not the countries but the people who are racist towards other people of darker complexions and creates a sense of inferiority in the society. This is the mindset of people actually who are dividing people living in a society on the basis of racism. Racism starts at home. Cases like, where a mother scratched his son with stone, to make him fair because of his dark complexions. Whether rural or urban ‘racism’ exist everywhere. From country to country, from home to office, and shockingly from Bollywood to Hollywood. There is nowhere you can escape racism. Not only common people but celebrities too have faced racism.
Priyanka Chopra quite popular in Hollywood as well as Bollywood was racially discriminated against on foreign land, in America for her brown complexion at the airport. She even lost out on a project for a Hollywood movie role because of her skin color when the producer wanted a fair-skinned actress. There are so many examples where big names not from only Bollywood but Hollywood too faced racism. In many countries, people are just judged by their skin color just by looking at them. So, when actually will it end, or will it not?
Not only Priyanka Chopra has gone through this but Shilpa Shetty Kundra while being on the reality TV show, faced a lot of racist comments and she was even mocked for her skin color and for being Indian too. This ‘racism’ has divided people into two categories ‘black’ and ‘white’. Indian faces a lot of backlash because of their dusky and dark complexions. And all, this leads to the evolution of fairness creams. Fairness creams which are enormously harmful to the skin are quite popular in markets. They target the complexion of the audiences. And, hence creates a huge impact on dark-toned audiences. Beauty companies are obsessed with turning the skin white. And this perception leads to the popularity of fairness creams. Instead of eradicating racism from our society, it gives rise to it actually. Instead of the thought of becoming fair, one should be aware of the fact that ‘dark is beautiful’ as well. This mentality of making an effort to camouflage skin tone or to alter natural skin color, acceptance is important. Accepting the skin color you are with is the best way to glorify beauty. Fairness creams are popular and the purchase rate is high because it is considered that ‘fair is beautiful’.
A woman’s confidence and comfort with her own skin color has been inspirational and encourages them not to succumb to the pressure of pursuing the dream of fair skin.
Historically, fairness has been an indicator of social status across societies. Racism starts when a child is referred to as ‘black’ at home. Brown, dusky, black-skinned students always go through racism in school, college, etc.
Racism can easily occur in countries that have many races such as Malaysia. The reason that racism will occur because all races speak their own language to insult other races. Besides that, different religions can also be one of the reasons. Different religion has their own taboo. Taboo is a very sensitive thing to religion. So, racism occurs easily. Even in countries like Korea racism does exist, and racism can be subtle. They treat Koreans politely but treat foreigners very rude and condescendingly.
Racism is always a serious problem in every country. Although it is the 21st century, the racism problem still happened everywhere. Racism comes from different cultural values, ethnic backgrounds, as well as physical appearances. The conflict of racism might have occurred when the majority group feels that the different cultures and values of the minority group bring deviance to society. Racism has been one of the most significant issues that people have to face and fight for, and it is still occurring in our daily life such as in school.
Racism can kill a person without any notice. It could kill people because it could hurt them and also discriminate against them in many ways. For example, the victim of racism may feel life is meaningless and then suicide or always think negatively.
People have been talking about racism for centuries. People continue to be racists. How do we solve this problem? Everybody has dealt with it, politicians, spiritual leaders, and community activities, and the problems of racism continue. First, we have to admit that racism is a problem and that it’s a psycho-social problem. But racists are like alcoholics. In Alcoholics Anonymous and Gamblers Anonymous, first, the people have to admit they have a problem. Admit they are out-of-control alcoholics; admit they are out-of-control gamblers before they can solve the problem. The problem with racism and racialism is that everybody denies it. Everybody is in denial. There are many ways to solve racism:
We can debate racial issues without fear of being publicly and permanently denounced as racist. For example, we can discuss this problem at school with teachers or friends, or parents. This solution can help us to know further information about racism. Another solution is it’s accepted that all races are capable of both tolerance and bigotry. We believe that character, not skin color, makes
Conclusion
Concluding my paper on racism I believe that racism should be stopped. Racism has occurred for centuries, but there is still a chance to end it. I believe racism should end because if it continues, it can split the unity of races. It may also lead to more violence within the countries. Racism should be stopped because no race is superior to any other race. All races have equal opportunities as other races.
Racism is a terrible problem that has troubled American as well as many other nations for centuries. Racism is destructive and hurts our society. Throughout history, people have constantly made fun of one another for being different. Racists criticize people for having different languages, different color skin, and features, and for having different customs and religions. But racism is a horrible and unproductive attitude. Racism makes people feel worthless, less human, and pathetic sometimes. Most racism comes from people who are ignorant of the basic facts about how all people are basically the same.
Still, all people, regardless of their skin tone, religion, customs, and language are the same. All people possess the same mental, biological, and emotional makeup and care about the same things. Everyone hates to be mocked and insulted, and racism just helps spread hatred and intolerance. It is important to try and spread tolerance and acceptance of all people so we can live together happily.
Crime here in the U.S. is a trending subject in society. You see crime appearing everywhere. On television, on newspapers and articles on the internet. On social media, you will see videos of black people getting pulled over for no reason. For a long time, white people had a lot of power over black people. Over time, that changed over important events like the Civil War. Many years ago, slavery had existed. The government considered it completely fine since it helped the economy get big at the time. The reason why so many white people were rich during this time was that all of them had slaves.
According to history.com, In the 17th and 18th centuries, people were being kidnapped from Africa and forced into labor for the production of crops like tobacco and cotton. Slavery started in America in 1619 when a Dutch ship brought 20 African slaves to a British colony in Jamestown, Virginia. According to the New York Times, “a white Bay Area officer was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter by a Los Angeles jury in the death of an unarmed black man in the early morning of New Years. The officer, Johannes Mehserle who is 28, was accused of a more serious charge, second-degree murder against Oscar Grant III who was 22. He was shot while facing down on the platform after being taken off a Bay Area Rapid Transit Train during a fight. Riots had started after the shooting with people burning cars and smashing storefronts. The shooting of Oscar Grant was caught on a video recording which got viral very fast on the internet.
People were taunting police officers at Oakland City Hall and throwing bottles at them. At least one person was hit by a vehicle or the crowd. Mehserle argued that the death of Oscar Grant III was an accident because he mistook his gun for a taser. He faced up to four years in prison plus additional time since a gun was involved. Grant’s family was not happy with the verdict. They thought the jury was dismissive and said that its still justice but not enough to give fair justice for what happened to Oscar Grant III. Residents that heard about the tragedy are comparing it to this case to the case with Rodney King. Black people in Oakland make up a big part of the population and have a history of bad relationships with the police because of police brutality. Blacks have been suffering from police brutality for decades. The issue of racial discrimination is argumentative because there is significant evidence that it does exist in our justice system. There are many crimes committed for their own reasons. What crimes are committed by what race? Throughout the U.S., lots of different types of races live here and some people of those races commit crimes. Something stereotypical to say about the crime is that Black people often do it. But is this stereotype the truth? Crime is committed a lot mostly by black people but there are other races/ethnicities that commit crimes as well.
According to Crime and Enforcement Activity in 2018 of NYC, during 2018, 5,797 misdemeanor criminal mischief arrests were made and 5,766 of these records contained race/ethnicity information. Black people have the highest percentage of being an arrestee, suspect and victim in all types of crime such as Felony Crimes and Misdemeanor Crimes. Their highest percentage is being a suspect. Hispanics end up in second place in arrestee, victim, and suspect as well. Their highest percentage is being an arrestee. The stereotype against black people can’t really be said for the same as the same for other races. White people end up in third place. Their highest percentage is being a victim which is usually the case in horror movies. Asians/Pacific Islanders are in fifth place. All of their percentages are lower than 10%. Their highest percentage is being an arrestee. American Indians come in the last place. Their highest percentage is being a suspect. Most black people live in Brooklyn where crimes happen very often. Over Memorial Day Weekend, there were 6 separate shootings. Through all those shootings, one was killed and ten were wounded and all those shootings took place in northern Brooklyn.
Police always assume black people are the suspect mainly because of the data information recorded each year starting from 2008, they started to do racial profiling. But racial profiling is nothing new in the U.S. because it’s been happening since slavery was legal here. It isn’t rare either, it happens every day. An example of racial profiling is the Tulsa Race Massacre that took place in the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma. According to History, on May 30, 1921, a teenager named Dick Rowland entered an elevator in an office building called the Drexel building on South Main Street. Sometime after that, a white elevator operator, Sarah Page, screamed and Rowland ran from the scene. The police were called, and the next morning they arrested Rowland”. Even though there was no evidence that Rowland had done anything to Page, the police had still arrested him because of racial profiling at this time. There was a front-page story in the Tulsa Tribune that reported police arrested Rowland for sexually assaulting Page in the afternoon. When evening came, an angry mob gathered outside the courthouse demanding that the sheriff hand Rowland over. Sheriff Willard McCullough refused, and his men barricaded the top floor to protect the black teenager.” During the riot, all charges on Rowland were dropped and he was kept safely under guard in jail.
The police had come to a conclusion that Rowland had probably stumbled into Page, or stepped on her foot. Even though Rowland was black, the police still protected him. Rowland left Tulsa the next morning and never returned. The official total of deaths in the riot were 36 people killed, including 10 whites. The Tulsa Race Massacre is known today as one of the deadliest riots in U.S. history. For decades, there were no public ceremonies, memorials or any efforts to commemorate the events of May 31-June 1, 1921. Instead, there were efforts to intentionally cover it up. Something similar happened in Texas in 1918. According to texasobserver.org, On January 28, 1918, a group of texas rangers and ranchers raided the Presidio County village of Porvenir at midnight. The Rangers were frustrated about a number of cattle raids by Mexicans by the border. Though there was no evidence that Porvenir was involved, they decided to punish the people of the village as a warning to others. In the dark, the rangers ordered 15 men and boys out of the huts they were sleeping in, took them to a nearby hill and executed them all.
The bodies were left where they were. After that, the rangers claimed that they were ambushed by the villagers which nobody ever had questioned this claim until 2002 when archaeologists proved that all the bullets fired that night were orders given from the government. Even to this day, most Texans don’t know about one of the cruelest massacres in their home state’s history. On January 28, 2018, 400 people gathered in an auditorium at the Texas Capitol to commemorate the events of January 28, 2018. Among the 400 people in the auditorium were lawmakers, historians, and activists, including about 300 people that were descendants of the victims. All these people traveled from states as far as New York, California, Florida, Washington and Arizona for the event. No criminal charges were ever put against the rangers but Governer William Hobby disbanded the group that led the massacre. The ringleader, James Monroe Fox, voluntarily retired and joined back with the Rangers a few years later. This is a perfect example of racial profiling because the people of the village hadn’t done anything but the Rangers decided to kill them anyways and made a false claim that the government never did anything about till 2002 when people had questioned it and could back it up and then when it was proven the only thing the government did was make them all resign. No charges were pressed against them even though they had committed voluntary manslaughter which isn’t allowed. Another race that was involved in a massacre is Asian people.
The massacre was called the Chinese massacre of 1871. The massacre took place in Los Angeles. According to lapl.org, In 1871, Los Angeles was known as a dirty and violent city. Even though the homicide rate was higher in Los Angeles than it was in New York and Chicago, there were only six police officers hired to maintain law and order. In 1870, there were only 172 people that were Chinese out of the whole population in Los Angeles or around three percent of the total population of 5,728. More than half of the Chinese people lived in an area called Calle de Los Negroes or Negro Alley. During the 1850-1860s, only a few attacks against the Chinese were reported. Things changed for the Chinese when the Los Angeles News and the Los Angeles Star began writing editorials attacking Chinese immigration and attacking the Chinese calling them inferior and unethical. This created an increase in racially motivated attacks against the Chinese. In October 1871, there was tension between two leaders of rival mutual benefit associations over the kidnapping of a young Chinese woman. Soon after that, a shootout between several Chinese men started in Negro Alley. The response of two police officers resulted in one of the officers being wounded and the death of a civilian named Robert Thompson who helped the officers. Robert Thompson was known for the popular saloon he owned.
The shooters took shelter in a building called the Coronel building. The news had quickly spread like wildfire about the death of Robert Thompson. A mob of rioters quickly rose to about 500 people which was about ten percent of the population in Los Angeles. The mob of rioters forced the Chinese people inside the building outside and dragged the captured ones to make complete gallows at Tomlinson’s corral and Goller’s wagon shop. John Goller, the owner of the wagon shop, claimed his children were present when they were about lynch the Chinese. Just as he said that one of the rioters pointed a gun at him and said, “Dry up, you son of a bitch.” Dry up is a way of telling someone to shut up. Once the portico crossbar in Goller’s wagon shop was full of seven hanging bodies, the crowd captured three more victims and brought to a closeby freight wagon and hung them on the high side of the wagon. While there are a variety of witnesses of what exactly happened, there is no discussion about the brutality and savagery that went on that night. In the morning, seventeen bodies were laid out in the jail yard, horrid evidence of the dreadful previous night. The eighteenth victim which was the first man that was hung was buried the night before the massacre. Ten percent of the Chinese population was killed in this massacre. One of the Chinese caught in the massacre was respected called Dr. Gene Tong. Out of the Chinese killed, only one of them is thought to have participated in the gunfight. Although a grand jury returned 25 indictments for the slaughter of the Chinese, only ten of the men involved were put on trial. Eight of the rioters were charged for manslaughter, but the charges were dropped due to a legal technicality and the defendants were not retried. The tragedy was quickly left behind.
The newspapers never talked about it towards the end of the year. The poor truth was that nothing had really changed in Los Angeles in the aftermath of the massacre on October 24. The massacre didn’t result in racial tolerance, instead, anti-Chinese beliefs increased in the next years. The Anti-Coolie club, with many of its members, made up of famous people and the newspapers continued their racial profiling against the Chinese. The main cause of the massacre was the discrimination that continuously grew ever since the Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. Another massacre that happened was the wounded knee massacre. According to history.com, Wounded Knee is an area found in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota. This massacre that took place in 1890 left about 150 Native Americans dead. Throughout 1890, the government was worried about the increasing wave at Pine Ridge of the Ghost Dance spiritual movement in which Indians believed that they had been defeated and sent to the reservations because they angered the gods because they had left behind their traditions.
The Sioux people believed that if they practiced the Ghost dance and rejected the ways of the white people, the gods would renew the world where non-believers, including non-indians, wouldn’t exist. On Dec. 15, 1890, the police of the reservation attempted to arrest Sitting Bull, one of the well-known Sioux chiefs, who the police had mistaken as a ghost dancer, and killed him in the process, which increased tensions at Pine Ridge. On Dec. 29, the U.S. Army besieged a group of Ghost Dancers under Big Foot who was a Lakota Sioux Chief closeby to Wounded Knee Creek. While that was happening, a fight started between an Indian and a U.S. Soldier. A shot was fired but nobody knows which one of them did it. A savage massacre was followed, where 150 Indians deaths were estimated about half of them were women and children. The U.S. Army lost 25 men. In 1968, the American Indian Movement was established in an attempt to cease police harassment against Indians. AIM became very popular over time. Instead of contronting the police in Pine Ridge, AIM besieged into Wounded Knee, the site of 1890 massacre. During 71 days of the siege, federal officers and AIM members exchanged bullets mostly at nighttime. There were hundreds of arrests made, two Native Americans were killed and a federal marshal was paralyzed permanently by a bullet wound. AIM finally surrendered on May 8 after a negotiation statement. AIM emerged triumphant and had succeeded in shining a national spotlight of the conflict going on with Native Americans.
The conflict was not over yet though. A civil war had started between the opposing indian groups. The Civil War left more than 100 indians dead. When two FBI agents were killed in a gunfight that took place in 1975, the agency raided the reservation and arrested AIM leader Leonard Peltier for the shooting. In 1977, Peltier was convicted of killing the two FBI agents and sentenced to life in prison. The conflict was referred to as a battle, but the truth was that it was a catastrophic massacre that could’ve easily been avoided. To this day, Peltier still has supporters.
Throughout history, the concepts of race and racism have affected many lives in society through the workplace, class, and gender roles. The concept of “race” has been a lens people look through in order to determine who belongs and who does not, categorizing people by their physical characteristics and thereby their race. False beliefs that some races are intellectually and physically superior to other “races” by the colour of their skin, socio-economic status, and gender identity is driven by supremacism. White supremacy has had an impact on human conflict with the use of racism. Racism itself derives from humans defining themselves in groups with similarities, while at the same time defining an “other” with differences. Historically, white supremacy was the driving belief to the enslavement of coloured people, resulting damaging residual ideologies coinciding with racism. No one is born with racist beliefs, it is something learned through the generations of white people, slowly adapting to societies’ changes in legislation and civil rights. Due to recent news coverage, the topic of racism is still relevant, creating controversy on incidents that have occurred in society. The question that arises with the concept of racism is how social context influences our perceptions on the intersectionality of race, class, and gender. Our perceptions in life are all constructed through our own experiences. The intersectionality of the contrasting principles with overlapping similarities of race, class, and gender organize the social construction of what has now become structured inequality within society, called racism. Racism has changed from “old-fashioned” racism to a more modern form of “symbolic” racism. Different perceptions of race can be understood throughout different areas in the world depending on the social context, the modern context in North America has turned towards the perceptions of the racial policy preferences, income inequality, and police and racial profiling.
Society is perpetually changing in regard to legislation and implementation of government policies and support. Through recent history, new forms of prejudice have been introduced by the shifting nature of racial policies (Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy 1998). Other scholars have noted a recent debate over the decline of “old fashioned” or blatant racial prejudice as a political force (Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy 1998). Theories of a new form of “symbolic”, “modern”, or “new” racism is what individuals face today. The context has shifted from the whites being unable to accept the non-whites as equal due to this dissatisfaction over what is seen as “special government treatment” of African Americans, in which whites claim they do not deserve. This ideology has been altered by the social context over the racial policy that has been supported empirically in recent studies. Originally, the racial policy agenda in the 1950’s and 1960’s revolved around an issue of whites to accept blacks as equal and minimize racial discrimination to a stabilizing extent. Presently, racial policies have been implemented in targeting all impoverished African Americans and individualistic programs aiming at a subgroup of deserving black individuals to provide equal outcomes or results for blacks. Government mandated racial policies that helped with school integration, workplace equity, and welfare support. However, with this change in racial policy, the issue of white resentment has resulted in a new racism that Virtanen Huddy explains based on the stereotypes used to portray African Americans as unwilling to work hard. Through the intersections of the black race and the labour markets, considerable empirical support has been found with the shifting nature of racial policies. Old-fashion racism opposes government racial policies. Racial policy programs implemented to increase and create equal opportunity for blacks, resulted in whites endorsing negative racial stereotypes and supporting their beliefs of the black race described as lacking ambition, violating the work ethic, and responsible for their own failures (Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy 1998). Social context, in turn, has influenced the perceptions on the intersectionality of race not into an existing form of prejudice that is suitable to the thought of racial policies, rather than a new form of prejudice. There are many ways racism has adapted into a different form that is blindly overlooked in modern society because “the difficulty in the struggle against the new racist discourses is their denial of their own racism” (Grosfoguel, R., Oso, L., & Christou, A. 2015). By avoiding the word ‘race’, cultural racism claims to be non-racist. Racism emerged from early socialization and migration where through social interaction, the idea of “the other” had been created changing the way humans perceive each other. Virtanen and Huddy hypothesized distinct determinants, to conclude “negative stereotypes are influenced additionally by one’s current work and living context” (Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy 1998). Through the use of quantitative research, Virtanen and Huddy asked a series of questions to a randomly selected sample confined to 1,107 white respondents to analyze the support or opposition for individualistic racial policies. Questions based on political effects on the sample were asked to receive answers comparing how group conflict, work context, and political view correlates with their racial perspective and prejudice. “As expected, the impact of negative stereotypes was distinct from that of old fashion racism …[however], the impact of old-fashioned racism on opposition to social welfare programs is entirely mediated by the effects of negative value stereotypes as seen in column 4 of Table 3” (Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy 1998). Thus, the shift due to the racial policies implemented has changed and perceptions differ when the variables of intersectionality are introduced such as work, social class, gender, and race, which all have reformed to have blacks equal to whites. However, symbolically, social power is still imposed upon African Americans, while still holding prejudice due to old-fashion values and creating stereotypes to oppose racial policy support programs. With the support of Sniderman and Piazza’s research, modern day prejudice that is influencing support for social welfare than for affirmative action and racial desegregation can be further reframed and eliminated. Once old fashion racism is differentiated, creating a newer social context to change our perceptions of African American race in gender, work, and SES, with race-neutral fashion, will remove the effects of old-fashion prejudice on the racial policies by whites. Yet, post-industrial evidence shows that through the intersection of race, gender, and the labour market, the effects of this antiquated racism resulted in an income inequality due to the social context of the post-civil rights movements.
The term Intersectionality first introduced by Kimberle Crenshaw, a black feminist scholar, explained that Intersectionality uses various forms of social stratification that contribute together to explain certain concepts. One of the concepts being racism. Intersectionality claims the range of social stratifications that contribute do not exist separately and rather construct each other. The main components being race, class, and gender, which have changed throughout recent history with feminist rights movements. However, the racist ideologies that have been retained by the population from previous generations have systemically constructed the social context in modern day society. Income inequality is one of the many problems our societies face today, yet, people tend to blame the inequality on an individual’s gender and or race through negative stereotyping values. Originally, the right-wing traditional views always favoured working men, while women be housewives. This is a result of the gender and race being fluid, socially constructed concepts, because they are situationally contingent. The shift in social context throughout the industrialization era created negative images of black women. With this came negative stereotypes of black women, “the asexualized Mammy, the promiscuous Jezebel, and the profligate welfare queen” (Browne, I. and Misra, J. 2003). The negative images of black women socially reinforced racial divisions disparaging Black women. These images not only create racial inequality, but also gender inequality among Whites by proposing White women as weak compared to White men. With this shift in social context, the labour force retains the negative stereotypes leading in lower employment rates of Blacks as well as creating a wage gap between men and women; therefore, different social classes are adversely affected, and the wage gap is woven in with race and gender. Such resentment resulted in “the hourly wage of working-age white men to exceed that of blacks by about 30% (Browne, I. and Misra, J, 2003). The unionization and casualization of work is the central cause of the Black-White wage inequality along with joblessness among Blacks which Whites attempt to justify through a socially constructed image of the race. Survey research on Whites, done by the National Opinion Research Center, had asked to evaluate how work-oriented blacks are. Results had shown that 16 percent of whites had ranked blacks at the hard-working end along with just under half ranked blacks on the lazy end of the scale (Feagin, 2001). The reoccurring stereotyping had reached media outputs to which a CBS News/New York Times poll had published results on people questioned who “thought that most poor people were black and that most welfare recipients were black” (Feagin, 2001). Yet, African Americans only make up 27 percent of the poor living in America clearly demonstrating class-race type negative imagery of the poor individuals on social support programs. Through intersectionality, whites are using present social context to covertly express anti-Black ideas. Society must call for affirmative action and government mandated support for these targeted groups in order to find equality. It is entirely unjust to have this form of racism permissible and affecting the lives of coloured and non-coloured individuals, altering their perceptions on intersectionality as a whole. The consequences of the negative images lead to a distasteful view in hiring African American people which created such a large wage gap. This measure can be understood through median family income between black and white households. With increased automation in the industrial sector in society, working conditions, and job security worsened in recent years, severely affecting income. U.S. government census data shows median family income of Black families to be 55 to 61 percent of that of white families, Blacks having a median household income $25,351 which is around 60 percent of the median household White income of $42, 439 (Feagin, 201). As a result, white perception leads them to automatically criticize blacks on socially constructed negative ideas in regard to relying on welfare systems and government support.
The construction of Racial theories has developed the intersections of one’s position in today’s social structure. One of the many racial theories is Racial profiling, which stems from biased policing. Race plays a significant role in developing attitudes towards police among racialized groups. Attitudes reflect not only personal beliefs but as well as a sense of group position in society. Current social contexts regard racial minorities through police practices and community relationships, which are consequently being questioned. In recent years, publications of fatal interactions between police and civilians of colour have been reported. Since 2012, there have been “shootings and deaths by police officers of 18-year-old Michael Brown of Ferguson, Missouri; 12-year-old Tamir Rice of Cleveland, Ohio; and 37-year-old Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, LA” (Nadal et al. 2017). With the increase of media coverage on such incidents, recent studies have been published to explain the deeper issues underlying interactions between civilians of colour and law enforcement. Perceptions of coloured communities on police has been a topic expressed through hip-hop culture, riots, and criminal justice systems. The emergence of subcultures arising from negative attitudes is further amplified through the music industry which has been portrayed by artists such as NWA. Along with music against law enforcement, incarceration rates showing an overrepresentation of coloured individuals support these beliefs. Research has shown that African Americans harbour increasingly negative perceptions of police than White Americans. Nadal’s use of intersectionality helps explain the influence social context has on police perceptions and racist actions that occur in society. A study done by Landers and Colleagues (2011) gave supporting evidence that Black male college students experienced more troubling interactions with police than Black females did. As a result, Nadal and Davidoff created a measure called Perceptions of Police Scale (POPS) asking a series of questions to acquire empirical data. Based off of the results of the POPS.
Branching off from these attitudes, police react negatively towards civilians to thereby trigger emotions related to racial profiling. Qualitative studies reported people who are unjustifiably stopped experience a range of reactions whether it be emotional, cognitive, or behavioural. The responses reported participants endure emotions that are often triggered by racism and racial microaggression. The harassment and murders of coloured civilians by police officers have made perceptions of police a controversial topic that is influenced by various media platforms, community organizations, bureaucracies, and political candidates. In 2012, New York Civil Liberties Union reported in all Stop Question and Frisk incidents by police, 85% targeted Black or Latino individuals and 88% of all incidents no one was arrested which deemed them as unjustifiable stops (Nadal et al., 2017). In turn, the SQF practices did not minimize crime but rather targeted people of colour more frequently than those of non-colour. The negative interactions through racial profiling methods create mistrust between law enforcement and the racialized community. Repetition of racial profiling alters not only the perspectives of those involved, but also the perceptions on a societal level.
Recent research included in this Special Issue has also suggested that repeated negative contacts with police, whether experienced directly or vicariously through social media, news coverage, or intergenerational transmission of narratives and beliefs, can be viewed as a form of racial trauma, which may alter people of color’s perceptions of safety and their views on the police (Nadal et al., 2017). Such racial trauma has led to various political and social movements, exemplified through the platform of “Black lives matter”. Racial profiling has led to negative perspectives of societies and distressful experiences as the victim, further growing human conflict symbolically.
In conclusion, racism has impacted generations of coloured people throughout history, adversely affecting future outcomes in society. As a result of racism, significant individuals led civil rights movements to eliminate racist legislation. Although societies may have eliminated all racist legislation, racist ideologies persist in adapting to the new social context by creating a symbolic form of racism. The change from old fashion racism to symbolic racism occurred with opposition of racial policies by whites as a result of negative racial beliefs. The opposition of equal opportunity for all people clearly demonstrates the human conflict that white resentment has left in today’s society. Racial policies are implemented to help further grow societies economically, socially and politically. From the dissatisfaction of government support for African American people, whites believe blacks are undeserving of this “special treatment”. Whites chose to impose their social power and social hierarchy on people of colour to subordinate in society through the opposition of racial policies. Although it may not be blatant prejudice or discrimination against people of colour, it clearly demonstrates a symbolically racist motion. Through the symbolic racism, comes the portrayal of negative stereotypes in social contexts. With the concept of Intersectionality being introduced and shift in context with the industrialization era, negative images of black men and women were portrayed in society. Race, class, and gender had collided through labour markets, with negative stereotypes significantly affecting income. The perceptions of coloured people resulting in the stereotypes of laziness, un-hardworking, and violating ethnic values is what had influenced job security, employment equity, and gender wage equality for people of colour. White male hourly working wage exceeds Black’s by 30%, while Blacks only make up 27% of the poor living in America. Even with poor living conditions, African American individuals defeat the negative stereotypes covertly expressed by Whites. Attitudes not only present belief but also social group position, furthering human conflict. Construction of racial theories occurring helped explain the difficulties faced by racialized minorities with law enforcement and how the negative perceptions on them affects their interactions with police. With the publications of recent fatal incidents in the news, studies were done to prove police practices retain raciest values by racially profiling individuals and Stop, Question, and Frisk practice to reduce crime. All of which are a result of perceptions which have been influenced by social context. Intersectionality of race, class, and gender has changed throughout time which influences Racism through racial policy preferences, income inequality, and police and racial profiling.
References
Browne, I., & Misra, J. (2003). The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 487-513. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036977
Feagin, J. R. (2001). Racist America : Roots, current realities, and future reparations. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Grosfoguel, R., Oso, L., & Christou, A. (2015). ‘Racism’, intersectionality and migration studies:
Framing some theoretical reflections. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 22(6), 635-652. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from https://journals.scholarsportal.info/pdf/1070289x/v22i0006/635_iamsfstr.xml
Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serp, C. R., & Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of Police, Racial Profiling, and Psychological Outcomes: A Mixed Methodological Study. Journal of Social Issues, 74(4), 808-830. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from https://journals.scholarsportal.info/pdf/00224537/v73i0004/808_poprpapoamms.xml.
Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy. “Old-Fashioned Racism and New Forms of Racial Prejudice.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 60, no. 2, 1998, pp. 311–332. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2647911.
‘Racial Profiling’ suggests the uncalled-for getting ready by law need bosses of concentrating on individuals for powerlessness of horrible lead subject to the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national beginning stage. Criminal profiling, all things considered, as invaded by police, is the reliance on a get-together of credits they perceive to be related with horrible lead.
Suggestion: Conflicts for profiling will everything considered be utilitarian, yet it also has been battle that enduring all costs of profiling were seen, utilitarian examinations would keep profiling. Non-consequentialist conflicts will everything considered enter the trade by technique for rights-and fairness– based contrasts to profiling. Our methodology illuminates staggering bits of profiling from a couple completely held phenomenal points without sharing in any crucial talked about them. If the proposal of these centers contrasts, regardless, focal contemplations will be required to accomplish a choice.
Racial profiling is a victor among the most amazing and harming sorts of obsession looked by racialized individuals in their correspondence with the criminal respect structure. The African Nova Scotian culture is familiar with much powerfully principal police understanding and racial profiling segregated and non-racialized structures. The Ontario Human Rights Commission generally depicted racial profiling as any development attempted for reasons of accomplishment, security, or open insurance that depends on hypotheses about race, shading, ethnicity, heredity, religion, or spot of start rather than on sensible weakness, to single out a person for logically basic examination or express treatment. bias, racial profiling and soundly exceptional police examination of African Nova Scotians lead to the over-depiction of racialized people in gets and ace. African Nova Scotians are 2.3% of the crucial people (most live in the Halifax zone). Anyway in 2014, 16% of youth sentenced to an obliging office in Nova Scotia were African Nova Scotians and 14% of adults sentenced to standard helpful office time were African Nova Scotian. In 2017, Halifax Regional Police (HRP) released a report which indicated 33% of Halifax Black masses had been a trouble of police checks. ‘The Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission continues watching insistence of tendency and portion looked by African Nova Scotians,’ said Christine Hanson, the commission’s director and CEO. ‘This report verifiably demonstrates that street checks are a fundamental issue influencing the lessen structure and the commission is spun around working with each and every get-together to ensure that people are not acquainted with severe treatment, for instance, racial profiling. ‘Reasons are offered for this limitless tendency. It is suggested that the point of reference towards looking over word related execution in the police has had the unintended result of progressing racial profiling or picking ethnic minority bundles for uncalled for treatment. Ethnic minority cops are obligated to uneven individual abuse as a framework for ‘testing’ them. They believe that, in case they challenge either their own one of a kind interesting treatment or that of ethnic minority typical people, they may hurt their occupations.
Second, under conditions to be delineated, the use of race in police frameworks is neither out of line not does it slight any moral rights. This discussion keeps running with limits and its validness changes transversely over racial get-togethers (and across over individuals and systems, as conditions influence). We will in all probability appear under which conditions no consequentialist protests to profiling are, and are not, telling. The sales ‘Do you reinforce racial profiling?’ has no answer that is both unfit and sensibly immaculate. Three issues are all around conflated in the discussion of ‘racial profiling.’ The first is the usage of race as an information transporter for reasonable purposes; the second is police abuse; and the third is the ‘unbalanced’ utilization of race in profiling (at any rate we will see that all things considered hard to enlighten what that prescribes). Unique or most examines profiling address the second and third issues, regardless give fundamentally no plan to refinement between them. In spite of the way in which that our discussion supports profiling in a level of conditions, it is unsurprising with assistance for wide measures to lessen racial varieties and unevenness. This may trance: some vibe that disputes in help of profiling can talk just to the overall public who unfeelingly reject the blocked status of racial minorities. Showing why this supposition is false is one endeavor of our examination.
To focus the talk further, we address two subjects if all else fails conflated with profiling as we portray it: police abuse and unequal screening of minorities. Profiling ascends as very newsworthy generally when joined with extraordinary and pitiless police lead: discourteous words, criticizing demands, physical power, or physical naughtiness. Along these lines, when profiling is talked about, abuse if all else fails recognize a conspicuous work. The running with everything considered implied cases are standard of the sort of case at the ‘impolite or hating’ end of the widen. Notwithstanding, paying little identity to whether we are concerned just with appropriateness, this ‘goal the most likely’ strategy misfires. Desire is similarly a weight. In case the police investigated only the no doubt at risk social occasions, others (‘unlikeliest’) would get a ‘free horrendous direct.’ For instance, in executing threatening to mental abuse measures, we can’t simply audit the no vulnerability gathering, since dread mongers would manufacture attempts to pick people from untargeted parties. (Survey the ‘shoe-flying machine.’) The gainful screening system – the perfect mix transversely over parties, additionally, in that limit the one that wires proportionate screening in the sense engineered – contemplates killing movement, the likelihood that people from different get-togethers have pulled in or will partake in terrible practices, and the import of non-estimation pointers of wrongdoing. Since security is a weight, resources are bound, and each upsetting effect is a cost, look probabilities must course of action with the relative risk degree for different parties. The relative hazard degree is the likelihood that a sporadic individual from one get-together completed a (the) horrible lead, as invalidated to a passionate individual in various gatherings. In looking degrees, one ought to in like manner consider the remarkable condition and right the rates. Another possible street to search for a reaction for racial profiling scenes is suing the police in like manner court. The law and strategies required with suing someone is dissipated. Cops can be sued for torts like false catch, false constrainment, careless examination or careless use of power.
While discussing the unbalanced screening of minorities, we mean the sentiment of proportionality concerning the target of the examination. Individuals have a legitimate logical inconsistency if profiling occurs in a manner unbalanced to those objectives. Anyway, it is now and again difficult to state what joins as unequal in that sense. One reasonable goal is to scan for after the system that gets the most lowlifes per individual screened. State spectator exposure recommends that there is a 60% given that a horrendous lead was collected by an African-American man, and African-American individuals make up 25% of the all inclusive community; one should then assess fundamentally African-American individuals, and mutatis mutandis for various conditions. Besides, as generally, racial profiling can’t. It allotments systems from law use, disappoints plan policing endeavors, and effects law underwriting to lose constancy and trust among the far reaching system they are guaranteed to check and serve.
Inclination particularly exists. It appears in standard talks and all through our general people. Regardless of the way that a significant number of individuals try to ignore its existence, it’s exceptionally certain that it implies the lives of racialized people and is a troublesome yet key bit of African Nova Scotian history. One of the affinities in which inclination shows itself is through the presentation of racial profiling by police. This paper clears up your rights and what genuine advances you can take in the wake of being at risk to racial profiling. In a perfect world it draws in people to get a pinch of the respect, citizenship and feeling of having a distinguish that they have been denied.
Poverty, violence, and crimes are major social problem. Social problems are the part of the society for thousands of years. Different countries share similar problems. All countries of world tried to find solution for the social problem. “The hate you giving by “the Angie Thomas” explores the depth of one sixteen years old life and her struggle she faces as a black female who have grown up in an unprivileged neighborhood. She wrote all the social problem occurs in the society but Racial profiling and the need for bravery are the important to discuss.
The first major theme of this book is racial profiling. Racial profiling is very common problem in our society. Racial profiling means to do discrimination in caste, color, religion. Racial profiling is very controversial and sensitive topic and every person can relate too. For example, in the book “The hate you give” when Starr and Khalil was in the car, police pulled over and killed Khalil. Khalil was the one who was supporting his grandma who has the cancer. In the interview the reporter asked to the Starr the reason of killing Khalil’s was his past drug dealing and affirmation with the king lords and a local gang. The book also shows describe the political violence when the victim is black and the shooter is white. Another example when Starr was in the school her friends Hailey and Maya did the joke on Starr that “it is the fried chicken day!” they were racist with Starr as she was the only black girl in the room.
The second major theme of this book is the need of the bravery. Bravery means courage. This the another common issue in our society for speaking up the truth. In the book after the Khalil’s death, Starr does not know how to speak up on this issues because she was afraid for her reputation of her school and her safety. Starr faced discrimination and prejudice is serious. She knows that she has to be brave enough to stand up to an injustice system and explore her own identity. Another example in the book the hate you give Starr carried both the secret of knowing who killed Natasha and she is shamed of not being brave enough to tell someone. Sometimes girls’ encounters witnessing the murder or sexual assault or everyday racist encounters and they don’t always have the skills to help.
In conclusion the hate you give is the most powerful source helps to understand the social issues such as racial profiling and the need of bravery. Racial profiling the victim is black and the shooter is white. When it comes to bravery the Starr stood up for his friend Khalil injustice. The governments should encourage writer to write these types of books which are focus on the social issues to help the people