Category: Public Transport

Intelligent Personal Assistants – Intelligent Personal Assistance (IPA) is an application of Artificial Intelligence. By the term Artificial Intelligence we mean the technology used to serve software with the help making of intelligent behavior (What is Intelligent Virtual Assistant?, 2018). Intelligent Personal Assistants are the types of voice-enabled technologies used in mobile phones such as Siri in Apple iPhone and Cortana in Microsoft etc. The IPA’s are basically designed to perform the specific tasks of users by using the online sources available over the internet (Canbek & Mutlu, 2016, p. 602). In the words of Matney(2015), the main five giant robust tech titans are Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Facebook that have their own IPA’s like Siri, Now, Alexa, Cortana and M respectively that help users to get the results according to the input provided by them.

In the simple words, IPA’s are the software that are designed to help people in doing some simple and basic tasks, in which user give input in natural language i.e. English and the answer is provided by IPA’s using online resources about the questions relating to weather, directions for driving and sports etc (Krupansky,2017). While some of the IPA’s help in business services such as Calendar and reminder, others do essential services like health monitoring. These IPA’s are made available on mobile phones as software applications.

Main features of IPA are:

1. Voice control and voice queries (Krupansky,2017).
2. Find information about Weather, News and Traffic etc (Krupansky,2017).
3. Dial and receive phone calls (Krupansky,2017).
4. Send and receive messages (Krupansky,2017).
5. Setting alarms, timers and reminders (Krupansky,2017).

IPA’s are able to work on Smartphones, Smart televisions, Smart speakers, Computers and Laptops and in all smart appliances (Vangie, 2018).

Public Transport – Public Transport is a transport system, opposing to private transport for the use of group passengers (What is Public Transport?,ND). It is usually for the interest of general public and cheaper than the private transport. Public Transport is typically managed by a scheduled time, for going to specific routes and there is a fee for each trip. There are many types of public transport such as, bus, train, light rail, ferries, Coach, Air lines and many more.

People choose the type that is most convenient to them in regards of speed, comfort, cost, safety and most importantly time. Most of the public transport goes on fixed routes at prearranged timetables. These time tables are usually fixed but in some situations they might be changed. Differences can be found internationally in the use of public transport system according to the geographical, historical and economic reasons. All types of public transport run on infrastructure such as roads, rails or airways. Timetables are provided in each public transport system for the public to arrange their trips. These timetables can be found on internet. Also, there are many mobile applications that give information of the updated timetables of each transport system.

Impact of Intelligent Personal Assistants on Public Transport – Intelligent Personal Assistance technology can impact Public Transport Industry in many ways, some of them are written below;

1. Voice assistance for inquiries and objections:

Currently, people all over the world use voice assistance on smartphones such as Siri in Apple iPhone and Cortana in Microsoft. Likewise, if IPA can manage voice assistance then it could become possible to accept queries, complaints or objections from the general public in all means of public transport like Trains, Buses or Ferries via voice assistance (Harris et al., 2012). For example, if someone loses their valuable things in any type of public transport then it can be possible for them to make a complaint about it through their smartphones using Voice Assistance rather than first calling customer care and then lodging their complaint. Life of people would definitely become easier if this change happens.

2. Notifications to public about routes:

Second best implementation of IPA would be notifications from the IPA to the users who use the applications regarding public transport. Let us assume that if a person travels to a specific place A to B frequently, then an automatic notification from IPA can be sent to the user telling all the possible routes and best ways of public transport, so that person can select the route that is best suitable to him in regards of time, speed and cost (Dia, 2002). This change is very beneficial for the people who travel regularly.

3. Updating information to drivers about traffic:

Another best execution of IPA could be to notify or updating traffic details to all public transport drivers so that they can check and select the best route accordingly to avoid delays in traffic (Basir & Miners, 2014). This change would help drivers in public transport to make their life easy by saving a lot of time.

4. Updates to drivers about instructions or directions of dynamic route:

IPA could be used to give instructions on specific dynamic routes to drivers of public transport before arriving at bus stop or train station so that they can choose the route that meets the demand of maximum passengers (Shimoura & Tenmoku, 1994). This change can be described as best with the help of example of a lift system in any organization’s building, where an option is available for people to choose from as floor number where they have to go. They can select the floor number and when number of people going to a specific floor is more than people going to the other floors, then as a priority that lift would come first where there are more people waiting.

Factors or constraints that make the impact Updates to drivers about instructions or directions of dynamic route might prevent it occurring:

1. Providing drivers with the instructions for dynamic route update is very hard to implement in real life because there is a need to fix a new device in all the public transport. Also, it needs to be installed appropriately (Pechatnikov, Kupferman, Yadan, Eckstein, Fagin, & Nissim,2006). Cost of this device could be high it might not be affordable for the government to install it in every public transport. According to Lawrence Lessig’s regulations, this factor can come under ‘Market’ Category.
2. It is very difficult to calculate the demand of passengers, because for this drivers have to check the total number of passengers waiting at each and every stop. To check the total numbers of passengers waiting there is a need of such a device that can make the drivers know where they should go first. For this, there should be such a device at each public transport stop where passengers can enter their destination (Schmier & Freda2002). This might cost high and for this reason it could not be possible for the government to install such device. This factor comes under ‘Market’ Category of Lawrence Lessig’s Law and Regulations.
3. Dynamic route change can badly effect on lives of people. Because if the number of passengers waiting at a stop is less, then the driver will go to the routes where there will be high number of passengers, which in turn will make the other passengers wait for too long time (Tsiao, Chao & Tong 2007). This constraint comes under ‘Norm’ category of Lawrence Lessig’s regulations because this factor is ethical in nature as some people will be waiting for too long time to travel to their destination, hence this can be considered as ethical in nature.
4. Drivers will also be affected by dynamic route change as they might need to go to the long distance stops rather than going on optimal drives. So, just for the passengers drivers need to travel a lot which will result in loss of their energy and sometimes they will get stressed thinking about the long distance they have to go. Hence, to implement this change would be ethical in nature.

Process Model Diagram is described below for the impact of Voice Assistance in public transport industry. Let’s assume if a person lost his mobile or any other property in any type of public transport of Punjab, the process flow will be as described below:

Events:

• Start – Raise a complaint
• End – Collection of lost property

Activities/Tasks:

• Visit website of Punjab transport

Fill form for lost property

• Receive request form
• Register complaint
• Found the lost property
• Collect at lost property office
• Notification for not found property

Actors:

• Person
• Public Transport OfficeDecision Points:
• Property found or not

Outcomes:

• Item received by person

Swimlane diagram for the above process:

Explanation of the above diagram of Process Model – Let us assume if any person lost his property or any belongings in the public transport in Punjab then he is needed to follow a process to let the transport office know about his lost property and to get it back. On the very first step he needs to visit the Punjab Public Transport Website and fill a form of lost property available on the website which will require description of his lot property and his personal details as well. When this form is received by the transportation office, a complaint will be registered. Then there will be two possibilities of this situation, one is property found and other is property not found. If the property is found a notification asking the person property found and please collect it from the Lost Property Office and, if it is not found then notification telling property not found will be sent to the person. There are many drawbacks of this process if person is lodging his complaint manually which are as follow:

1. A person needs to log into the website which is quite difficult in situations if there is no internet.
2. Person is required to fill the lengthy form.
3. Person needs to wait till the complaint is registered as it is time consuming process and cannot happen immediately.

To overcome all these drawbacks, the process mentioned above can be automated or made easy for the person just by using the voice assistance over smartphones to make a complain. So after using Voice Assistance in the Public Transport system Swimlane Diagram will be like this:[image: ]

To conclude, it can be said that technology is impacting each and every industry at all the time. In this report, we have seen how Intelligent Personal Assistance can impact Public Transport. Also, the factors or constraints that make the impact that might prevent it occurring are described. Concisely, we can say that impact of technology is increasing every single day in every single industry.

References:

1. Basir, O. A., & Miners, W. B. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,856,009. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
2. Canbek, N. G., & Mutlu, M. E. (2016). On the track of artificial intelligence: Learning with intelligent personal assistants. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 592-601.
3. Dia, H. (2002). An agent-based approach to modeling driver route choice behavior under the influence of real-time information. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 10(5-6), 331-349.
4. Harris, R., Briscoe, D. L., Ott, J. D., Zeigler, J., & Schmidt, M. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,208,609. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
5. Krupansky, J. (2017). What Is an Intelligent Digital Assistant? Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/intelligent-personal-assistant.html
6. Pechatnikov, M., Kupferman, M. M., Yadan, O., Eckstein, I., Fagin, A., & Nissim, O. (2006). U.S. Patent No. 7,089,110. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
7. Schmier, K. J., & Freda, P. (2002). U.S. Patent No. 6,374,176. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
8. Shimoura, H., & Tenmoku, K. (1994, August). Development of elemental algorithms for future dynamic route guidance system. In Proceedings of VNIS’94-1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference (pp. 321-326). IEEE.
9. Tsiao, J. C. S., Chao, D. Y., & Tong, P. P. (2007). U.S. Patent No. 7,216,080. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. page 4 queries
10. Vangie, B. (2018). What is Intelligent Personal Assistant (IPA)? Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://medium.com/@jackkrupansky/what-is-an-intelligent-digital-assistant3f601a4bb1f2
11. What is Intelligent Virtual Assistant? (2018). Intelligent Virtual Assistant. Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/31383/intelligent-virtual-assistant
12. What is Public Transport?(ND). Public Transport. Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport

1.0 Introduction

Public transportation can be defined as transportation by conveyance that provides continuing general or special transportation to the public excluding school buses (Tran & Kleiner 2005, p.154). There are many ways of public transportation in Malaysia such as taxis, buses and vans. Generally, taxi is a mode of transport for people to go from one place to another places. There are several ways to pay the taxi driver such as based on taximeter that calculates distance from one destination to another destination or using fare paid (Demand Media 2011). Thus, buses are main public transport in Malaysia they can provide a convenient, low cost service for the passengers (Nrides, 2011).

Passenger satisfaction can be observed as one of the most remarkable and primary components in any service and industry field because of the direct relationship with passenger’s retention. The quality of life (QOL) has become a world concern. It is known as the general well-being of person or society, which is defined in terms of health and happiness, instead of wealth. (Felce & Perry, 1995) consider that QOL is multi-dimension sense of well-being which can be categorised into five dimensions which is physical, material, social, emotional, development and activity. Schneider et al, (2013) defines QOL is an individual perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation of their goal, expectations, standard and concerns.

Transportation is one of the QOL and it is a bridge that enables an individual to visit and patronise local amenities, travel to work, and contact with family and friends. It is also called sustainable transports system as a result of the eco-friendlier and more environmentally-conscious psyche of the 21st Century Global citizen such as cleaner air, safer roads, conducive method to destinations and having a plethora of transportation options made available to them. Thus, it promoted physical health, safety and well-being of population (Bunting 2004).

Nowadays, services sector is the main focus in the Malaysian economics. According to Rao (2005), services industry has become the main contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India which reached 49% at the end the year 2000 and 2001. After that, services sector grew to 57% at the end of the year 2008 and 2009. Services sector can be divided into several sectors which is wholesaler, retail trade, hotels, restaurants, transport, store, communication, real estate, renting and business activities. Services industry also has become the main contributor to GDP (Kaiser 2002). Services sector on public transportation has highly developed in recent years. Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak announced that public transportation should be improved and become of the National Key Result Areas (NKRAs). Moreover, rail and bus terminals are also expected to increase from 12% in 2009 to 30% in the year 2015. Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department said that population in Kuala Lumpur citizens would use public transportation more than 50% in the year 2020.

Yang Berhormat Dato’ Seri Kong Cho Ha is the Minister of Transport (MOT) said that service sector is the most important because in the 10th Malaysia Plan it is expected that services sectors will increase 7.2% to 61% at the end 2015. Road Transport Department (RTD), are the responsible to registration and licensing of every vehicle and promotes road safety to the citizens (Kenya Revenue Authority 2004).

1.1 Background of the study

Competition among the competitors becomes a kind of survival in business. In this competitive and challenging world, the customers become more demanding and expect to be served better by the services organizations. Public transportation industry faced a lot of challenges of providing high quality services for the customers. The previous research pointed out that the key to sustainable competitive advantages lies in delivering high quality service that will in turn satisfy customers (Seth, Deshmuk and Vrat 2006). Besides, providing superior service should be concerned as the important strategy by the public transports industry to satisfy their customers.

According to Kale (2009), a company who wins the customer satisfaction is more important than retain customers. It is because once the company wins the customer satisfaction, the customers will become loyal to the company. Keeping the existing customers is more profitable and involves minimum cost than attracting the new customers. Lost customers are very disastrous. Based on Wagner, Tiffany and Peterson (2008) found that the cost is about five time as much as in terms of time, money, and resources to attract new customers as it does to retain existing customers.

In this study, customer satisfaction should be a main focus for the public transport industry. Based on Chen (2010), customer satisfaction is major influence on customer to purchase product and services frequently and positive words of mouth to their friend, relatives, family, and also this will provide good recommendation for the company to improve in the future Chen (2010) So that, it will bring benefits to the public bus transportation industry. For instance, satisfied customers will be more likely to tell others about their favourable experience.

Steg & Gifford (2005) in their research have discovered the negative consequences of increasing the number of cars on the road. Furthermore, in an observation-based study by Bunting 2004, Shuhana Shamsuddin et al, (2012), noted that if a society priorities vehicle for personal use only, this will make the demand for cars increasing that cause the widespread traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, an unsociable society and exposing pedestrians and cyclist to danger. Therefore, the researcher needs a public transport system that focuses on improving air quality and health. Even though, Singapore, Tokyo and Hong Kong are known for their excellent public transports system Kenworthy (1995) they are not representative of the state of affairs worldwide as other countries are still facing challenges in attracting members to use the public transports.

1.2 Problem Statement

In this millennial, customer become more demanding and know how to choose the best for themselves especially by the services organization and expected to be served and treated very well. Hence, by accepting open transport as an everyday public transportation can help to reduce typical cost for basic items contrasted with other open vehicle like taxi.

The biggest failure of public transport can be shown is the inability to attract private car users. This claim can be also supported by similar research done by Rakesh & Shweta (2010), that public transports does not meet the current demand and thus forcing citizens to use their private cars instead. The reasons why don’t the citizens use the public transports are often late, dirty and unattractive stations, unfriendly drivers, and inadequate provision for people with disabilities Bunting (2004). However, these claims can also be contended by Banister (2007) also added that the long time waiting, badly designed transit interchanges, transit route information that are not easily available and complicated transit routes among the main reasons’ customers give when clearly why public transports is not their primary choice. A report from Schneider et al (2013) stated that the respondents felt that the public transports never satisfied the customers. In Malaysia, public bus is the second most used of transport for the moderate- and low-income population. Yet, Kuala Lumpur, the use of public bus is common but the level of service provided is below their expectation (Ismail, Hesam Hafezi, Mohd Nor, & Ambak, 2012).

The direct assistance of government act enhances the performance of the public transports in Malaysia Hensher and Stanley (2003). In Malaysia, the role of government authority had been injected in the whole public transport system in order to control and provide guidelines to service providers while refuse to acknowledge the user needs. Several ways and approaches had been introduced in order to enhance the public transportation system. In the 10th National Key Result Area (NKRA), the initiatives on urban public transports had focused more on rakyat-centric as rakyat or customers as the major contributor in economic growth.

In relation to the issues and problems mentioned, several questions are raised. User as the demander for the operator to provide the bus services delegate the power to distinguish their satisfaction towards the services provided. Identifying the attributes that users gratify might influence operators and authorities to cater the demand more effectively. At the same time, the views of the operator and authority on the attributes of an ideal bus service are also important. Thus, it is imperative to ascertain the attributes of an efficient bus services from the perspectives of the user, operator and authority.

Research Questions

• Do the tangibles influence the customer satisfaction towards public transports?
• Do the assurances affect the customer satisfaction towards public transports?

Research Objectives

• To identify the relationship between the tangibles with customer satisfaction towards public transports.
• To analyse the relationship between assurance with customer satisfaction towards public transports.

References

1. Noor, H., M., Nasrudin, N., Foo, J., (2014), Determinants of Customer Satisfaction of Service Quality: City Bus Service in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Social and Behavior Science
2. Jun, T., W., (2012), Customer Satisfaction towards Services Quality of Public Transportation in Kuching Area.
3. Khurshid, R., Naeem, Dr., H., Ejaz, S., Mukhtar, F., Batool, T., (2012), Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction In Public Transport Sector of Pakistan: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences.
4. Noh, A., N., (2015), Factors Influencing Bus Service Quality-Perspective Of User, Operator and Authority.
5. Randheer, K., AL-Motawa, A., A., J, P., V., (2011), Measuring Commuters’ Perception on Service Quality Using SERVQUAL in Public Transportation. International Journal of Marketing Studies.

Introduction

Efficient public transport is a hallmark of any developed nation. Malaysia is rapidly developing its public transport infrastructure and facilities, aiming to become a high-income developed nation. Public transport represents’… greater freedom, connectivity and choice for those living in urban areas (Aziz & Mohamad, 2013, p. 1). Malaysia has, however,’… promoted a motorized society by upgrading the road system…’ (Yukawa, Ladin, Ismail, & Rahmat, 2014, p. 69). As a result, this priority by the Malaysian government has led to a high level of ownership of cars and motorbikes. In addition, the same focus has led to a decline in bus services an increase in accident and a rise in congestion and air pollution.

Increasing the use of public transport systems has been a primary priority all over the world. (Cats, Abenoza, Liu, & Susilo, 2015) Malaysians have also been urged to make full use of public transport. (Nambiar, 2012) Efficient public transport is not only important for Malaysians, but also vital for the tourism industry. (Idris & Kumaran, 2014) The comprehensive light rail transit network is currently under construction in the Klang Valley. As with other cities in Malaysia, reliable public bus services have started to be implemented. In Penang, for example, Rapid Penang operates a large network of bus services.

Background of study

Customer satisfaction and service quality are key components of each organization’s external relationship system, as their competitiveness is largely determined today. The desire to manage customer relationships leads to the fact that organizations are starting to pay attention to the development and implementation of service standards. The review of customer service standards as part of the corporate culture of the organization makes it easy to find more effective approaches to its development and implementation. This research focuses on customer perception of public transport in malaysia in order to investigate the level of performance of service quality by using the SERVQUAL method.

“Service organization have begun focusing on the customer perception of service quality because its helps in developing strategies that lead customer satisfaction” (Saravanan and Rao,2007).

The study uses the SERVQUAL method developed by Zeithami, Parasuraman and Berry (1990) to determine the level of satisfaction and expectation, as well as to discuss its attributes and gaps, the contexts in which the model was used and the pros and cons when this model was used to measure service quality. It is the premise of this study that understanding the expectations of public transport by consumers will improve their satisfaction.

Problem statement

Nowadays, increasing the use of public transport service throughout the world has been a key agenda (Cats, Abenoza, Liu & Susilo, 2015). Likewise, Malaysians have been urged to make full use of public transport (Nambiar, 2012). Efficient public transport is important not only for the Malaysian but also for tourism sector (Idris & Kumaran, 2014). In order to improve the public transport efficient, the extensive network of light rail transit in Klang is currently under construction. As for other Malaysia cities, the implementation of efficient public bus services also has begun.

Given that the number of Malaysians using public transport is increasing (Bernama, 2014), therefore improving user satisfaction is also important. According to Kale (2009), a company is more important to win customer satisfaction than retaining customers. It’s because when customer satisfaction with the company they will become loyal to the company. Therefore, making the existing customer satisfaction to your company is more profitable compare to attract new customer. The cost in term of time, resource and money are five time expensive for attract new customer compare to remain the existing customer (Wagner, Tiffany & Peteron, 2008).

Therefore, customer satisfaction will become a main objective for the public transport sector in this research. According to the Chen (2010), customer satisfaction can highly influence the customer repurchase power toward the products or services. Besides, customer satisfaction also can increase the positive world of mouth among their friends, family or relative.

With improving the customer satisfaction, it can bring more benefit to the public transport industry not matter bus, taxi, LRT and so on. For example, people like to share their experience when they using or buying any service or products. If the customer satisfaction level is high and have favourable experience with public transport, it will increase the probability of the customer return purchase toward public transport service. In the other hand, if the customer satisfaction level is low and have bad experience toward the public transport, they will complaint, share their bad experience to other and switch to another company. This will damage the reputable industry in the future.

In today transportation services, the public transportation is growth rapidly among the Malaysia. Therefore, customer have more option to choose the more preference company or transport. It also means that the customer has greater tendency to switch to other competitor when they unsatisfied to the particular company. To prevent switching to competitor and bad word of mouth issue happen, public transport industry has to be enhanced and improve their service quality toward the customer in order to let the customer have a better experience.

However, to increase customer satisfaction level, Malaysia public transport industry have to identify the elements that produce quality because the satisfaction of the customer does not depend on the price of the product but on the quality of the products and services provided.

Thus, in this study clear conceptual model SERVQUAL with the five-service dimension which is tangibility, responsiveness, assurance, reliability and empathy are related to the organization of the service and contribute to customer satisfaction (Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry, 985).

Research Questions

1. Does reliability affect customer satisfaction towards public transport?
2. Does affordability affect customer satisfaction towards public transport?
3. Does safety affect customer satisfaction towards public transport?
4. Does condition of vehicle affect customer satisfaction towards public transport?
5. Does frequency of vehicle affect customer satisfaction towards public transport?

Research Objectives

1. To examine the relationship between reliability and customer satisfaction towards public transport.
2. To investigate the relationship between affordability and customer satisfaction towards public transport.
3. To identify the relationship between safety and customer satisfaction towards public transport.
4. To study the relationship between condition of vehicle and customer satisfaction towards public transport.
5. To analyze the relationship between frequency of vehicle and customer satisfaction towards public transport.

References

1. Abdullah, A. A., & Talip, R. M. (2013). Rapidkl Bus Service in City Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: An Epitome of Good Service? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(4), 333-349.
2. Abdullah, H. N., & Hilmi, M. F. (2014). Service Quality as Determinant of Customer Loyalty. International Journal of Business and Innovation, 1(4), 1-11.
3. Gwilliam, K.M. (Kenneth Mason). (1964), Transport and Public Policy
4. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280627371_User_Satisfaction_of_Public_Transport_An_Exploratory_Study_in_Penang_Malaysia
5. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332210853_Customer_Satisfaction_of_Public_Transport_An_Empirical_Study_in_Klang_Valley_Malaysia
6. Retrieved from http:///www.C:/Users/User/Downloads/User%20Satisfaction%20of%20Public%20Transport%20An%20Exploratory%20Study%20in%20Penang-Malaysia-Hilmi%20(1).pdf

Introduction:

As urban areas around large cities increase in population density, transport road infrastructure becomes less able to cope with daily commuters. This results in heavy peak-hour congestion. Traffic congestion has been shown to decrease workplace productivity and increase emotions such as anger and aggression (Harriet, Poku & Emmanuel, 2013; Emo, Matthews & Funke, 2016). Despite these findings, commuters are reluctant to switch to public transport from private vehicles, due to perceived unsatisfactory levels of convenience and safety (Le, Trinh, 2016). Public transport users are also shown to experience more negative emotions during the day than car users, perhaps due to low expectations of future trips (Morris, Guerra, 2015). Furthermore, feelings of safety can affect how often people use public transport (Delbosc, Currie, 2012). Current public transport users consider reliability, frequency, and speed as important factors when using them (Mouwen, 2015). On the other hand, potential users of public transport consider that while these factors would be desirable to see in the future, overcrowding of the vehicle is the most important (Dell’Olio, Ibeas, Cecin, 2011). Dissatisfaction with crowding can be broken down into not being able to sit, lack of personal space, and poor use of journey time (Haywood, Koning & Monchambert, 2016). With growing urban density around cities and many of those people using cars, overwhelming the roads, people will need to look for alternative transport. This report will be reviewing recent literature on quality perceptions of public transport, the effects of choice of transport mode and negative attributes of car usage and provide recommendations for promoting the use of trains over cars in and around cities.

The Issue:

With the population soaring and car ownership ever-rising, many cities around the world are ill-equipped to deal with the demand from road commuters, leading to heavy congestion around the city and parking a competitive sport. Cars are by far the most likely mode of transport to be involved in an accident (Savage, 2013). Furthermore, the average annual running cost of a car is $8700, whereas the annual cost of public transport (the 365-day fare) is just $1722.50. Finally, in addition to these numerous disadvantages, the effect of traffic congestion is often linked to negative mental states. Some research suggests that those driving in the largest cities during peak hours are generally in a less positive mood than others (Morris & Hirsch, 2016). Other research proposes that driving in dense traffic conditions has a greater effect on road-related stressors than the actual time spent traveling (Higgins, Sweet, & Kanaroglou, 2018). Traffic congestion and related delays in the daily commute are even asserted by some to have a negative impact on workplace productivity (Harriet, Poku, & Emmanuel, 2013).

Despite all this, commuters still prefer to use cars over public transport namely, trains, why? The public attitude to train use is much more negative than toward cars. In fact, when surveyed during random activities, those who chose public transport as a mode of transportation were shown to experience the most negative emotions. In contrast, car users were ranked second highest for positive emotions, after bicyclists (Morris & Guerra, 2015). This is also supported by a study stating people feel generally less well commuting than when at home, with the largest effect seen on public transport (Lancée, Veenhoven & Burger, 2017). A myriad of research is constantly being done on the experience, perceptions, satisfaction, etc. of public transport users. This has consistently shown the in-carriage experience (crowding, comfort, noise, cleanliness, etc.) to be one of the most important factors for users. Another huge factor that comes up time and time again is service quality (frequency, convenient systems, and reliability).

In regards to the in-carriage experience, crowding plays a vital role in customer satisfaction, especially for potential users. It has been revealed the specific cause of discomfort with crowding comes from three key factors: displeasure with standing; a lack of personal space and less productive use of journey time, such as working on a laptop (Haywood, Koning, & Monchambert, 2017). Akin to this, much research refers to comfort as an important factor (Dell’Olio, Ibeas, & Cecin, (2011). Cleanliness, noise, and smell all factor into comfort (Lai & Chen, 2011). Despite trains being the least likely mode of transport to be involved in an accident, some research includes vehicle safety as a significant determinant of passenger behavior (Lai & Chen, 2011; Savage, 2013). Personal safety and fear is arguably more relevant factor, evidenced by the prevalence of studies done on this. For women, lack of punctuality and security are major contributors to fear while traveling (Sham, Samsudin, & Rahman, 2013). Feelings of personal safety have a minor but not insignificant effect on how often people choose to use public transport (Delbosc, & Currie, 2012).

Additional to in-carriage experience, service quality is a vital factor in public transport use. One study suggests public transport use is five times more common in Germany than in America due to: more frequent and better service; agreeable fare and ticket systems, multimodal integration, and more (Buehler, & Pucher, 2012). Current public transport users value punctuality, frequency, and reliability of the trains as well as waiting and travel time, as the most important service attributes (Dell’Olio, Ibeas, & Cecin, 2011; Mouwen, 2015; Redman, Friman, Gärling, & Hartig, 2013). Interestingly, data shows that different demographics of public transport users (students, elderly, etc.) have similar opinions on the importance of the above factors. Also, frequent users are generally more satisfied with the service than occasional users (Abenoza, Cats, & Susilo, 2017).

Recommendations:

Discouraging car use:

Cities all over the world are introducing congestion charges to discourage driving into the city during peak times. This has shown to be effective in Stockholm, decreasing traffic over time since its introduction 5 years prior (Börjesson, Eliasson, Hugosson & Brundell-Freij, 2012). Singapore’s use of such has helped maintain an optimal speed on freeways, suggesting less congestion (Haque, Chin, & Debnath, 2013). The public in Stockholm supported congestion charging over other solutions, such as new roads (Börjesson, Hamilton, Näsman, & Papaix, 2015). Similarly, in the United States, polls show a public preference to introduce new policies to alleviate traffic congestion but reject new taxes to pay for infrastructure improvements (Morris & Hirsch, 2016). Remarkably, the introduction of this charge in Stockholm showed a spillover effect to other pro-environmental behaviors in the following years, for example, using energy-saving lightbulbs (Kaida, N. & Kaida, K. 2015). Despite all this, studies in China have ascertained that this policy alone will not encourage a switch to public transport use unless the system is improved (Yunxia Liu, Hong, & Yong Liu, (2016).

Improving the Train experience:

A significant portion of the public admits they would be willing to switch to public transport if the infrastructure and quality were improved (Le & Trinh, 2016). While measures such as lower-fare promotions can be successful in getting car users to try the train, the service quality must be improved in order to sustain the switch (Redman, Friman, Gärling, & Hartig, 2013). This means that the above-mentioned in-carriage experience and service quality must be improved to attract and keep customers. Research shows that removing fares altogether has a minimal short-term effect on traffic congestion. Targeted measures to meet customer expectations are necessary to retain an increase in public transport use (Fearnley, 2013). It is worth noting that a system already struggling with overcrowding will not cope with increased patronage. More frequent services and extra vehicles will be vital (Mouwen, 2015). While all this will involve a significant cost to Metro Trains, studies show train users would be willing to pay up to three times their current fare to avoid congestion (Prud’homme, Koning, Lenormand, & Fehr, 2012). Introducing Parking towers to support a park-and-ride system will also be beneficial, even when use involves a small fee (Habib, Mahmoud, & Coleman, 2013; Haque, Chin, & Debnath, (2013).

Finally, through extensive advertising, the public should be kept updated with these changes. The positive health effects of switching from car use also need to be reinforced. In Barcelona, if 40% of people were to change to public transport and bike use, significant decreases in the number of heart-related diseases and diabetes would be expected (Rojas-Rueda, De Nazelle, Teixidó, & Nieuwenhuijsen, 2013).

Conclusion:

The perpetual problem of traffic congestion has many negative effects. Commuters are reluctant to switch to public transport due to a variety of issues with the system, including in-carriage congestion and general service quality. Taking measures to reduce these issues and discourage car use by the introduction of congestion charges should contribute a great deal to promoting the use of public transport.

Movements of people and freight are always a fundamental component of human societies. A basis and a flexible economic process have been accompanied by a significant increase in the level of transport and higher levels of accessibility and usability. Developing the public transport systems has been a continuous challenge to satisfy passengers and mobility needs, and basically, it participates and supports social and economic development.

A transportation system in a general and flexible definition can be defined as the combination of elements and their interactions, which produce the demand for travel within a given area and the supply of transportation services to satisfy this demand. This is enough to be applied to different contexts.[1]

The public transport sector is an important component of the economy, impacting development in many sectors and the welfare of populations. When public transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that impact the economy. When public transport systems are deficient, they can have an economic cost in terms of reduced or missed opportunities and fewer developments. Public transport also carries an important social and environmental load, which cannot be neglected, since the transport behavior depends on the available public transport systems and it controls the movement of the people which are the biggest and the most important component in the transport process.

Public transport is the backbone of the life of the community. It is one of the sectors which determines the form and socio-economic development of a city ([2]). Huge public transport projects usually require a big investment funding from both public and private sources. They often also affect economic and environmental characteristics. In many cases, large-scale projects affect individual stakeholder groups in distinctive ways.

In developing the public Transportation system, we must pay attention to some critical problems through the planning, implementation, and management of public transport systems, which is and has always been the main indicator of the financial and economic situation of the country itself. However, while many of the characteristics of public transport are common throughout the world, there are others that are unique, or of greater significance, to developing countries. In addition, with a higher proportion of the population dependent on public transport in these countries, the problems tend to be much more critical. Thus, there is a need for a new method that addresses the issues of planning, management, and regulation of public transportation systems specifically in developing countries.

There is no clear definition of a ‘developing country. The term tends to be used loosely and applies mainly to the poor countries of the world, principally those in Asia, Africa, and South America. Every country in the world is developing to some extent.

although the rate of development varies significantly; some countries, have reached a much more advanced level of development than others. Some are in fact becoming less developed due to: populations increasing rapidly, but economic growth is slow or even negative so purchasing power is restricted and limited because of many challenges in different sectors so achieving the international standard for public transport is not a priority, including those of transport services, which are unfortunately falling in a catastrophic way as a result.

There are several important differences between the operation of public transport in developing and developed countries. While developing countries have many characteristics in common with one another, there are also very significant differences between them, particularly in terms of culture, geography, expertise, and stage of development. No two countries or cities are alike even if there are great similarities, yet each has different problems.

Population density, distribution, and growth are three very important factors in determining a country’s passenger transport needs. A densely populated country obviously has a greater need for public transport services than one of a similar size that is sparsely populated; a scattered population may result in greater demand for long-distance transport than a more concentrated population, and rapid population growth creates additional demand which in many cases is not satisfied.

Income levels are lower in developing countries, resulting in low car ownership and hence a strong demand for public transport, and a supply of relatively cheap labor; low incomes also lead to problems of affordability of fares. There is often a lack of skills, at various levels in different aspects: skilled drivers, specialists, and managers may be scarce. In developing countries shortage of funds is a major problem, and poor enforcement of laws and regulations may have a significant effect on the management of a transportation system. Road conditions tend to be difficult, with poor road surfaces on inter-city and rural routes, and severe traffic congestion in urban areas, while climate is often more of a problem. Standards of safety, comfort, punctuality, reliability, air and noise pollution, and users’ expectations, are often far lower than those in developed countries; for example, people in some countries do not expect buses to run to schedule and are prepared to endure long waiting times and to travel in conditions which would be unacceptable elsewhere.

while others may vary considerably in severity between one country and another. Similarly, although in broad terms the potential solutions are often similar, and some measures are applicable in most situations, the differences must be recognized and considered. What may be appropriate in one case may not be workable or acceptable in another, and solutions need to be tailored so that they can work within the prevailing environment. In addition, while the highest possible standards should be aimed for, it is important to be realistic regarding what can and cannot be achieved.

Urban transport services places should be handled in a considerable strain, in three ways: first the increased population results in demand for an increased number of passenger trips; second, because of the increasing sizes of the cities the average length of the journey is increasing; and third, increasing traffic congestion results in reduced productivity of road transport vehicles.

There is a strong relationship between the size of a city and the average length of passenger journey: in general, terms, the larger the city, the longer the length of the journey. The exact relationship depends on factors such as population density, the nature of the road network, and the pattern of land use, and therefore varies considerably from one city to another. In a city of one million population, a typical average public transport journey length is between four and six kilometers; this increases as the city grow and therefore the number of public transport vehicles required increases even faster, proportionally, than the size of the population.

The development and management of the transportation system are critical in economic and social development as we mentioned earlier, most strategic and important public transport decisions are made with capital cost constraints which are based on many factors and some administrative challenges shaping and influencing the public transport development in any country since Public transport development decisions are often made as top-down decision giving the authorities to the operators of the service and neglecting or limiting the user’s opinion such a process could give catastrophic results in the future that why the modern sustainable development of the transportation system in any country started to consider more contribution from the public side (users and potential users) also maximizing the expert’s point of view contribution which are considered mainly based on different techniques such like Multi Criteria Decision Making Techniques (MCDM).

There are many challenges, problems, and issues from both the suppliers’ side and the users’ side related to transportation systems such as safety, cost, and quality that require effective solutions and improvement using surveys and comparisons by decision-making methods and techniques.

The supply chain handles the raw materials (the need of travel, aim of travel and the financial and economic situation) into the final process of the transportation system products( transportation projects), then the projects are applied based on the demands in the city taking in the account the futuristic demands. At the highest level, the transport supply chain contains two basic processes: (1) the transportation Planning and Control Process, and (2) the Distribution and Implementation Process.

Due to the rising challenges in the transport world through the implementation, maintenance, and distribution of the projects also the urbanization and increase of population of the cities, the level of quality in the transport system is an important factor in the global field within manufacturing and of the market socio economies, the supply chain is prevalent in today’s business model.

The impacts of transportation systems are hard to be expected and sometimes are not planned or meant to have unforeseen consequences in the future such as congestion. Transportation level affects in a basic and fundamental way and could be considered an important characteristic of economic activity as it satisfies the basic need of going from one location to the other, a need shared by passengers, freight, and information.

Surely All economies do not share the same level of transportation. some countries’ economies have a greater level of transportation often those with better opportunities and abilities to develop than those suffering from scarce sources and financial issues. a low level of transportation impedes development while a greater Transportation level is a spur for development. Transportation level is thus a reliable indicator of development. So basically, the development of public transportation projects is a critical characteristic and very important at multiple levels of the country.

For decades, Canadians have mainly been reliant on transportation in order to get to their destinations such as their place of work, education centers, social hubs and so forth. Public transit has been an emerging urban issue since it is the most used mode of transportation specifically across Toronto since we live in such a dense, multicultural and urbanized city. Accompanied by the immense number of immigrants that come into Canada continuously, policies are always in the need to change and expand in order to accommodate the population equally. As Toronto is a diversified growing city, accepting many immigrants day-by-day and as the rate of urbanization is on a constant rise, this has raised an issue for the people that are public transit users as public transit is causing significant setbacks. Public transportation has emerged an urban issue in regards to keeping up with its population that improving their policies or to enforce new ones as it has become an ongoing political debate amongst the people and political leaders. US as an example as per research and data collected in 2016 for the high number of votes that are for and support public transportation. This is a remarkable source to investigate how political action is necessary towards matters of transit since the political leaders serves the public actions and concerns need to be voiced (Manville & Adam, 2018). The help of the policymakers, political leaders and the government are needed in order to make this as effective, efficient and safe as possible, by implementing policies towards public transit infrastructure such as ‘Metrolinx’ and the ‘TTC’ (Toronto Transit Commission) in the city of Toronto. First, accessibility to public transit services represents an advantage and a drive towards economic growth. Second, affordable transit fares particularly amongst immigrants, low-wage workers and students in regards to help enhance social livability/disadvantage of its residents. Lastly, traffic congestions promote environmental sustainability to reduce carbon gas emissions. Public transit benefits are not always distributed equally among different population groups.

My paper will examine the effects of urban transportation infrastructure by examining sustainability, affordability and accessibility. Specifically, this topic is important because public transportation is a huge contribution to the city’s social livability of its residents, environmental sustainability and economic growth that all interrelate in driving towards a successful urban city.

Traffic Congestion in Concerns of Environmental Sustainability

Public transit is a strong source for a growing economy mainly because they reduce traffic congestion due to the volume of traffic due to our overpopulated city. In despite of the social and economic aspects, efforts into the sustainability of the environment relies on rightful human actions so efforts need to be made into this to benefit the environmental. This is because sustaining the environment is crucial in the urban development of the city.

One major concern that has seriously risen for Torontonians is the traffic congestions which is decreasing the populations mobility to social environments and discomfort due to overpopulation. Traffic congestion is known to have negative impacts on a person’s social livability, which is important due to, increase in stress levels, for instance, if an employee is heading to a meeting and there is traffic, this results in being late. The reason for this is that majority of the people do not wish to use these services due to poor quality that is causing crowding discomfort, which is linked to psychological factor is due to “Over-closeness appears as the most relevant CCD (Centre City District), more than half of respondents rank this feature as the most unpleasant” (Haywood et al., 2017). This is in results of overcrowding in public transit services that are causing invasion of personal privacy space.

Evidently, the method of traffic signal priority (TSP) systems for streetcar systems is seen as a strategy to observe on road traffic conditions and how transit systems can alter the way they proceed and stop through traffic, to ensure stronger passenger security and/or safety, this meaning that we need to improve our tram systems network since this has demonstrated to cut down on commute on a safer ground (Currie & Amer, 2008). In addition, another strategy ‘Nexus’ as an allowance to determine possible failures within a train network for example as a use of service disruption that can be further advanced to shorten commute times through this source of technology, so that these failures are dealt with sooner. This source helps on providing a useful planning tool for sustaining better quality of services and accumulation for public transports in and around the city as a method (Srikukenthiran & Amer, 2017). The reason for this is because, emphasis on the service quality is highly efficient and important by basing this off the methods of statistics, behavioral surveys, and the ‘binary logistic regression model’, and shows how gaining a smart strategy in advancing services will aid in popularity (Imaz et al., 2014). “The findings indicated that traffic congestion has an impact on a large proportion of companies to a major degree, particularly when one considers road haulage costs, delivery schedules from the company, and staff punctuality” (O’Mahony & Finlay, 2004). Services need to be reliable since it creates and promotes economic opportunities since it creates job opportunities so maintenance is strongly important this enabling alternate mobility options are important. This should be done through adding more transit stops are implemented, then this will not only reduce the commute time but will also reduce the time people sit at the stops. A study through identifying the “effects of time, reliability, waiting time, and riding time as measures to calculate the high density and the length of time that travelers use transit” demonstrated that safety measures need to be implemented to our policies in order to destruct crowing in public transit stops (Tirachini et al., 2013). This also helps in reducing the time it takes to commute from place to place which holds people back going to places. causing poor quality of life for existing and future public transit users which will lead them into less use of it which will encourage the public to drive instead.

Affordability Links to Social Isolation/Livability

Policies need to regulate and create better services towards affordable fare rates in order to attract the population to take use of these services. Their life quality is dependent on this since those who are of low-wage status, normally do not own vehicles therefore depend on public transit to be of low cost. In result, this will allow people to reside in their communities more comfortably instead of having financial and commuting stress. “Study the change in quality of life, instrumentalized as perceived and measured social capital, socio-economic well-being, and quality of public infrastructure after transit developments in Medellin, Columbia” (Milan et al., 2017). An academic scholar in support of this is, argues that the need of affordable public transit fares, especially when living in the suburbs since these groups of people will depend on travelling via ‘GO Transit’ since he argues that low-income workers in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GHTA) use transit less in accordance to high service fares (Legrain et al., 2016). In result, once changes pursue towards our public infrastructure then this can help eliminate social isolation that it may also cause. Thus, a change in urban design and form such as the expansion of the transit and bus line to rural communities at the same rate as the cost of residents living in the urban core of the city to promote equal services to every region of Toronto.

Public transport is like a huge version of carpool since the capacity of these services are large whereas cars cause individual pollution since majority are driving cars individually. In spirit of further leading to carbon dioxide emission gases that will lean towards global warming due to its relatively high temperature in the Earth’s core. Various methods such as an ‘SD model’ (Systems Dynamic) since it is used as a mathematical technique model in order to support in aid for better transport over the next 30 years as a ‘smart strategy’ emphasizing free bus service (Cheng & Yung, 2015). This will help enhance carbon free public transit service which is a solution for future environmental concerns. Lastly, the desperate need for an extreme policy change over public transit; to be taken into consideration for a better lifestyle for its residents. The importance of this issue abides by the fact that automobiles engage in high carbon emissions which may lead to environmental concerns for today and for the future.

Subsequently, this has been a threat to one’s social life is the high cost of transit fares especially amongst the low-wage workers living in the rural regions of Canada that depend on travelling via the ‘GO Transit’. This is evident through a study conducted by the Census Tract (CT) data to examine the demography that use the GO Transit bus living in Hamilton a suburban area in Toronto, that travel from this particular area to central Downtown Toronto at a high fare cost (Legrain et al., 2016). This study was examined through collecting data from ‘2011 National Household Survey (NHS)’ by Statistics Canada that examine passengers that use the transit over a 24-hour time period per week and results showed that “the multiplicity of transit providers, fares vary widely by scheme and cost, with most single ride fares around $3.00 CAD, whereas on GO Transit fares are based on distance travelled” (El-Geneidy et al., 2015).

In addition to low-wage workers in the rural, such planning policy ideas are also applied to immigrants that are immigrated into the city. This is to help fix the income gaps for immigrant groups that have recently moved to the city, since public transit is the only cheap mode of transportation rather than owning a vehicle since they are trying to settle in Canada. In reference of this, a study was done that explores the gendered perspective on public transit and finds a result of immigrant women whom are reliant on welfare for a temporary period, are most likely to use the public transit due to their current conditions where they can’t afford to buy a car, statistics demonstrated that interviews with a small sample of women immigrants using transit whether it is on the rails or busses in Toronto between the years of 2006 and 2011, was extremely high (Amar & Teelucksingh, 2015). This social structure of society, is also one of Canada’s main duties as per its democratic system which gives the residents who do not own a vehicle a sense of belonging to the city life. This allows them to participate socially resulting which will exclude them from social activities ‘gravity-based accessibility’ measures and how these groups are seen as a minority in a city since they don’t have a sense of having a social life. This source can best be used as one of the major social approaches when observing social isolation and exclusion which is becoming a mandatory social necessity for the people and explains the disconnections and its implications around its social boundaries” (Foth et al., 2013).

Accessibility Drives Economic Growth

Ideally, urban transportation planning in Ontario needs to focus on improving short accessibility to public transit stops since this encourages more people to use. Limited transit accessibility is an ongoing issue for many people since they rely on services to engage in daily economic activities whether it’s a trip to shopping centers, medical clinics, education, workforce and so forth. This is because accessibility plays an important role for driving towards economic growth in a city. Currently, this is mainly concerning the youth, students and low-wage workers, immigrants of the city which are primarily seen as socially disadvantaged groups in Toronto. Considering the fact that the youth under the age of 16 that cannot obtain a driver’s license as per Ministry of Transportation in Ontario and for post-secondary students who attend College or Universities that can’t afford to drive. In accordance to the ‘CNL model’ (Clinical Nurse Leader) have been conducted as methods of research that explores the behavior of post-secondary students and their modes of commuting to universities in the city of Toronto (Hasnine et al., 2018). Results proved that students generally choose public transit as the most used method of transportation by surveying and collecting data from a large sample of students through a diary survey online. Similarly, accessibility in respects to low-wage workers, accessibility to public transit services as a ‘sense of poverty’ due to unequal access to public services since demands in accessible public transit services are needed (Velaga et al., 2012). Thus, improving the current transportation planning policies that are operated by the Big Move’ (Metrolinx) Transportation Act, as policies should alter when transportation is advancing (Filion & Kathleen, 2007). Policies need to be implemented in order to have a stable and equalized social aspect of transportation planning.

Similarly, immigrants are also disadvantaged when it comes to accessing public transit as well. When moving to a new area, transportation is a huge deal specifically when moving into an urban city such as Toronto. As immigration is constantly flourishing in Canada, as per its statistics “in 2006, 6.2 million immigrants were living in Canada. This represents an increase of 13.6% over 2001, and accounts for almost 20% of the nearly 32 million people living in the country” (L.Lo et al., 2015). This is to understand that lack of accessibility is equally important to newcomer residents the same way that it is important for low-wage works since the immigrant population is on the rise that need to be accommodated. Thus, this is to take into consideration that immigrants are newcomers that takes them to time to financially settle, “in Canada, the declining role of the inner city as immigrant reception areas and the increasing importance of the suburbs as new reception points became obvious in 1981 as per Statistics Canada” (L.Lo et al., 2015). This is a result of the high numbers of immigrants increasing in the suburbs due to the low-cost housing market. For instance, public transit needs to expand their subway lines to equally distribute services to such disadvantaged regions, “how the use of technologies support flexible and demand responsive transport services in rural areas” (Velaga et al., 2012). Additionally, accessibility is also beneficial for the city’s economy since shorter accessibility (distance) between residential homes to nearby public transit raises house values in the real estate market. Many desire to have public transport be placed in their neighborhoods since this will increase their land values as per its close accessibility. This is bought by focusing on the power relationship of property values and railway stations; the positive and negative significances that railway stations might cause based on the location of the property on the basis of urban economics. In support of this, residential house values are much higher when in resale if it is nearby a railway station due to convenient accessibility (Debrezion et al., 2007). Evidently, “Quebec City (Canada) through a spatio-temporal analysis of house price variations, the hedonic price model shows that the new service generates an increase in house price ranging from 6.9% to 2.9%, for those properties located close to the service corridor where the population is quite dense” (Dube et al. 2011). This is important because Canada’s economy is heavily dependent on the rising housing market sector.

Conclusion

Accessing and applying these issues to create policies where the means of travel will be far more comfortable and convenient accessible to all. This also enables communities to have more accessibility to public transit when it decides to extend so emphasis on policies towards extension should be placed as per the large budget of the government. Therefore policies need to be enforced and planned around having these services expand in areas where it is most needed in, highly emphasizing on economic improvement.

Transportation is a way to move a person or thing from one spot to another. People utilize various vehicles to move to better places for work , school and so forth. There are two kinds of transportation: public transportation and private transportation. Public transportation is constrained by the administration and individuals are permitted to go in it for a little expense. Private transportation is owed by people, a few organizations like uber and lyft that are claimed by privately owned businesses charge individuals for transportation for profit. Among these two classes of transportation, there are some different angles such as costs, ease, the impact of condition and time.

TheTransportation is a way to move a person or thing from one spot to another. People utilize various vehicles to move to better places for work, school and so forth. There are two kinds of transportation: public transportation and private transportation. Public transportation is constrained by the administration and individuals are permitted to go in it for a little expense. Private transportation is owed by people, a few organizations like Uber and Lyft that are claimed by privately owned businesses charge individuals for transportation for profit. Among these two classes of transportation, there are some different angles such as costs, ease, the impact of condition and time.

The costs of both public transportation and private transportation fluctuate. It tends to be said that a normal cost to go to a spot utilizing public transportation may cost $10 while it would have cost $40 to go to that equivalent spot utilizing private transportation. As public transportation is regularly founded on trains and buses. The costs of the transports prepare can be separated among a bigger measure of individuals who are heading out to the equivalent or comparative bearing. Whereas utilizing private transportation, someone in particular needs to pay for the whole trip or an individual needs to spend a great deal of cash on fuel and fixes for their vehicles. In this way, public transportation is less expensive than private transportation.

With regards to desolate of transportation the two of them have various viewpoints. In public transportation, it is difficult to be agreeable as there would be individuals around at unsurpassed utilizing public transportation. It is difficult to sleep or tune in to music uproariously or chat on the telephone with solace. In addition, as various individuals utilize this method of transportation it very well may be said that it may; likewise, influences the wellbeing of a person or thing that has a place with somebody. During times of heavy traffic individuals may now have the option to discover situates so they may wind up standing the whole trip. Anyways utilizing private transportation individuals can loosen up tuning in to music or sleep. They should not be concerned if their things being effects. Consequently, when it’s comes to forlorn it is better to have private transportation than to use public transportation.

With regards to the condition, individuals are experiencing air contamination. One reasons for the expansion of air contamination; perhaps, the increment of private transportation. Vehicles cause contamination and with the expanded measure of vehicles it very well may be said that the air contamination is increasing. People who travel with private transportation can frequently make a trip just with 1 to 5 individuals one after another anyway utilizing public transportation individuals can go in a huge gathering lessens the measure of private transportation vehicles on the road bringing about decreased air contamination.

Time is likewise a factor for with regards to public or private transportation. As in light of the fact that some public transportation probably won’t go to specific streets which may influence the ideal opportunity for individuals. Anyway, utilizing private transportation individuals can arrive at their specific area effectively without strolling which will spare them time.

To conclude it can be said that public and private vehicles have given comfort to individuals yet them two have points of interest and inconveniences. In spite of the fact that we can see in Overpopulated places refers to public vehicles is better choice as indicated by contrast between public vehicles and private vehicles.

Public transportation has been a vital part of our society for decades, but with the world changing around us, it’s changing too. In the past, public transportation was a way to get from one destination to another. Now, with the rise of cars and other motorized vehicles, public transportation is being used as a way to work from home, or even just to go out and explore the city.

Public transportation is important because it can help reduce traffic and vehicle emissions. Public transportation also helps to lower the costs of owning a car and reduces the amount of money spent on gas. Finally, studies have shown that public transportation reduces air pollution, which contributes to both short- and long-term health risks.

Public transportation is a great way to get around a city. It is a safe, inexpensive and eco-friendly way to commute. You can connect with people and places that you might not otherwise be able to get to. As a cyclist or pedestrian, you can bike or walk to your destination instead of taking a car.

As of today, only about 10% of our society uses it on a daily basis. However, there is also a trend towards increased use of public transport. According to a 2011 survey conducted by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), the need for public transportation is expected to double by 2040. In fact, the APTA predicts that by 2030, there will be a shortage of buses and rapid transit vehicles to meet the demand. As more and more people turn to public transportation, the system needs to be updated and expanded. The urban sprawl has led to a lot of people living far away from public transportation. As a result, there is a need for more buses and more routes. There is also a need for more types of public transportation, like rail systems and metro lines. Furthermore, adding more stops to public transportation routes would allow people to connect to the system, increasing the efficiency of the whole process. Advances in technology can also help enhance the public transportation system. For example, there is the possibility of attaching GPS devices to buses, trains, and metro stations to allow people to find their way without much effort.

In summary, public transportation is a vital part of the 21st century and has many clear benefits. Using public transportation instead of driving reduces fuel consumption and pollution, lowers your risk of being in an accident, improves your physical fitness, and reduces stress.

There are many different transportation methods found in cities around the world ranging from cars to trains to trams, all using different energy sources with different routes and limits. The choice of transport for people depends heavily on the circumstances that you are in, that is why it’s important to have a wide variety of different options when it comes to transport in cities. Transportation is important in our everyday life as it allows us to get from place to place, for example from home to work or from home to school. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization everywhere however most transportation devices/vehicles cause air pollution as they burn gasoline as a fuel source which in turn emits pollutants. The transportation devices/vehicles I will be discussing are trams, trains, subways, buses, and taxis/cabs.

Trams

Trams are bus-like vehicles that travel along steel indents in the ground like a track, whilst using cables that are a layer above as their energy source. Some of the advantages of the tram include its high energy efficiency as it uses a rechargeable battery which is charged at each station and the wires supply power throughout its journey, trams are a fast way of traveling as they are given priority when it comes to going by cars in traffic jams and at the signals. Trams are also predictable, when a table says that there will be a tram in 5 minutes, there’ll be a tram in 5 minutes, no wait. Some disadvantages include the fact that they are bound to their rails, if there is an obstacle on the track or if the track is blocked the tram just can’t move. Another disadvantage is very situational but if there is a power outage the tram cannot operate as it runs on electricity, electricity, they also need the wire above them so if any damage is done to them like a cut or it is torn, the tram cannot operate.

Trains

Trains are very similar to trams in the fact that they run on rails but they are not found on city roads, more often than not they are found along the outskirts of the city, and some pass through roads. Some advantages of the training include, you get to observe the countryside as you steam through it, this is an ideal way to get a feel for an area’s landscape and surroundings. Train transport is also often cheaper and more efficient than driving around in your car and filling up petrol. Train travel is also very healthy for the environment around us as by using it, you may be lowering the carbon emission. Trains are also very safe when it comes to security and protection, it also won’t take too long in security lines. On the other hand, some disadvantages of using a train include the lack of flexibility, the time for a train to leave and come cannot be altered due to one person, if you aren’t there on time, you will miss your ride. Trains are also limited to where their tracks can take them, you may have to wait longer to get somewhere depending on the route of the train you are riding. Also, the fact that the train will not take you from door to door, you must drive to the station and when you have arrived you may need to take a bus or a taxi.

Subway

Subways are also very similar to trains as they run on tracks but they run underground which allows them to cover areas and go through areas trams and trains cannot go or reach. Some of the advantages of subways include, that subways are very cheap, and great for someone just starting out as a student or having their first job. Since subways operate underground they are free from any type of traffic and they are very silent which can allow for quick trips from place to place. Subways are also eco-friendly and safe for traveling. However, some disadvantages include, subways are not always available, and they don’t operate for 24 hours. They have to take stops and breaks for cleaning and other services. They also usually won’t have good temperature control so in most cases it may be hot and stuffy. Also, the fact that you are so far underground that your ears can pop due to the pressure around you could discourage some people.

Buses

The bus is a similar place vehicle to the tram except for the fact that it is not stuck in one land or area due to tracks, it can move like a car and has many stops across the many roads that it travels on. Some advantages of the bus include rather than having to drive in the traffic, you can use the time that you spend moving from one place to another by bus to do other things, such as reading, advancing some work, taking a nap, listening to music, doing important phone calls, etc. Plus it reduces the pollution caused by cars like the more people that travel by bus, the fewer cars there will be. Traveling by bus is also cheaper than owning and operating a car. Some disadvantages of the bus include the bus being time-bound, being too late for a bus means you must wait for another one, and being too early means you must wait extra time for the bus. Another disadvantage is the extra weight added to arrive at your destination when the bus driver has to stop at many points throughout the journey to make sure he is getting more people on the bus and catering to as many people as he can.

Public Transport Essay

The city is the place of the greatest concentration of various activities in the area that have high transport requirements, which should be met quickly and efficiently. Since different human activities are carried out in spatially remote places, it is necessary to organize the transport system to most effectively bridge those distances.

In this way, the transport system emerges as a consequence of the location of activities in space. The deterioration of transport conditions reduces accessibility to precisely the activities that the transport system serves. This makes the transport system a necessary condition for performing and developing these activities.

Public transport is the key to a successful traffic solution in major cities. Individual car transport involves supporting infrastructure (highways, bypasses, parking spaces, etc.), traffic jams, air pollution, noise pollution, problems with existing road and street infrastructure to accommodate more burdens with population growth, etc.

The metro is in line with the needs of the city with minimal disruption to other traffic. It will improve the city transportation system and meet the requirements of our city and its residents. If you want to take full advantage of the subway go check MetroJourneyPlanner and enjoy the ride.

When all the above characteristics are added to the low cost of maintenance and operation, it is simply concluded that this is an efficient, safe, cost-effective, visually appealing and therefore the best answer to the needs of modern citizens

The attachment to the soil, the continuity of the lines, and stations of the light rail system stimulate the development of the use of surfaces, which are based and depend on quality transport service.

In this way, metro stations generate their users and permanently bind them to themselves, which, through the process of urban planning and design, enables the creation of an attractive urban environment. All the features and benefits of a subway system come to full expression only if the system is adequately designed and funded and fully exploited.

The benefits of subway construction and exploitation can be seen through traffic effects and other social-economic benefits. In doing so, some of these benefits can be seen as direct, which can be expressed by economic criteria, and indirect, where this is not possible.

Pros of metro exploitation have the following benefits shortening travel time, improving the level of public transport services, and increasing the accessibility of the central zone. There are also direct socio-economic effects which include: investment savings (savings generated by the reduced volume of construction of the street network, parking space, and smaller investments in other forms of public urban transport), and functional savings (realized through savings in operating costs of other modes of public transport and energy savings). There are also urban economic effects when you use the metro such as urban economic effects (saving on travel time, economic benefits, savings obtained by the revitalization of the city center, and reduced volume of the demolition of residential and public buildings).

The most commonly used indirect effects are Environmental effects (reduced air pollution and reduced noise emission), and reliability of the system (expressed through the independence of the metro route concerning the street network and other traffic subsystems). There are also reserves in transportation capacity (benefits provided by light metro for future, increased traffic needs that do not require additional investment).

In the article down below, we have listed the main pros and cons of using the metro so if you want to find out more about it just continue reading.

Pros of using metro:

Cost

There is no cheaper way of transportation than the metro. To get to work by car you need to refuel and maintain a car, pay for insurance, fees, and any other expenses. These costs do not exist when you take the subway, it is a very economical means of transportation, and many metro systems offer discounts on monthly tickets.

Convenience

A subway ride is much more comfortable than a bus ride, you don’t have to worry about the bus breaking down or getting in the crowd as you rush to work. The metro is known as the fastest form of transportation that avoids traffic jams because it goes underground.

Safety

If you think the subway is not a reliable and safe way of transportation, you have been fooled. it is much safer than a car, and if you think the metro is a target for terrorist attacks, it is also not, because all major metros today have security cameras and chemical weapons sensors installed.

Environmental Friendliness

For all environmentally conscious people, the metro is the right choice when it comes to transport because it is a completely green type of vehicle. Also, the transport system does not emit harmful gases into the air.

Cons of using the metro:

Noise

The metro is one of the busiest transports, and throughout the ride not only when standing and moving. People riding the subway are exposed throughout the ride to the sound of high decibels that can permanently damage hearing. That is why you can often see subway people with in-ear headphones, in addition to interrupting time with music, or podcasts, they also reduce the outside noise from the subway.

Heavy Crowding

in most cities where there is a metro, thousands of people use it daily, especially during rush hours, that is, when they go to work and return from work every day. people become extremely sensitive and anxious in these crowds when they need to enter the subway through a crowd of people.

Criminal Activity

Theft and pickpocketing are the most common criminal acts sitting in the subway, though it is provided with security cameras and police security. at some stations in some big cities, this type of crime is increasing every year.

Spread of diseases

The metro is a litter of bacteria and viruses because it is used by thousands of people every day, and if you practice detailed hand hygiene you can avoid this, but you will certainly pick up some disease if you ride the subway rather than your car.