Barristers and solicitors are both lawyers with different types of training, expertise and legal work. In some countries like England, the legal profession is split between the Solicitor whose work is to represent and advise the clients and a Barrister who is retained by a solicitor to give a legal opinion and advocate in a legal hearing.
Training
To be a Barrister or a solicitor, one needs an undergraduate Law degree or a degree in any subject followed by a one year course to undertake the Post-Graduate Diploma in Law, formerly known as Common Professional Exam.
The solicitor undertakes a one-year Practical course called The Legal Practice Course (LPC). The course is designed to help students gain skills in Contracts drafting and interviewing. This course is followed by two years of apprenticeship with a practising solicitor; this is known as Taking Articles . After the training and apprenticeship, the hopeful solicitor applies to the Law Society to be admitted by the Master of Rolls by adding the name of the solicitor to the list of qualified solicitors.
After Graduation, those training to become barrister undertake a Bar Vocational Course (BVC). This course is designed to help students develop key skills such as Advocacy, Legal research and fact management. The hopeful Barrister join one of the four Inns of courts, either Lincolns Inn, Grays Inn, Middle Temple or the Inner Temple. The hopeful is then expected to attend Educational forums or dinners in order for the barrister to familiarize him/herself with the people of the same profession as his/hers.
The student then spends 12 months with a senior barrister doing a pupillage where the extensive knowledge and skills learned during legal studies are exercised. The trainee barrister is allowed to appear in court on behalf of clients after six months of pupillage. Once the barrister becomes qualified, they become self-employed.
Roles
The barrister is a legal practitioner whose function is to act as an advocate in crown courts, high courts, the court of appeal and House of Lords, as much of their training lies in courtroom skills of Rapid thinking and cross-examination. They spend most of their time in chambers where they prepare their cases. They never have direct dealing with clients.
Solicitors are the main legal representative for the majority of people and companies. Clients cannot go directly to the barrister. Solicitors can represent clients in lower courts, i.e. county courts and magistrates court.
Barrister usually operates as sole practitioners, and the law prohibits them from forming partnerships. However, they group together into chambers to share work and operating costs. Other barristers are employed by Solicitor firms and big corporations to act as in-house legal advisors.
On the other hand, most solicitors go to private practice; the law allows them to form a partnership. They deal with people from a broad cross-section of the community.
The court and Legal service Act 1990
The CLSA 1990 was passed to see that the public had the best access to legal services and that those services were of the right quality to meet the client particular need.
Important details covered in this act are:
Litigation and rights of audience, pg. 17.
Right to conduct litigation, pg. 28-29.
The access to justice act 1999
Lawyers right of the audience was further catered for by section III of the Access to Justice Act 1999.
It provided that all lawyers, subject to meeting reasonable training, should have full rights of audience before any court. The act gives solicitors the right to conduct litigation in any court.
After the passing of the Access to Justice Act, many solicitors have opted to undertake further training to obtain Higher Courts Advocacy qualification and complete Pupillage. Barristers also undergo the necessary training to qualify to act as solicitors. After this training, qualified solicitors now have full right of audience in all courts, and Barristers have direct access to clients.
Advantages of Split Legal profession
The Training and academic route for the solicitor and barrister is different, hence the need for a split profession. Barrister trained for advocacy may not be well equipped to provide sound advice to members of the public. The same case applies to a solicitor who does not have Cross-examination skills may not represent a client in court may not adequately represent a client in High court.
Having expert barristers at the bar enables small legal firms, who are unable to maintain a large expert department, to compete with large firms.
The Bar Cab Rank Principle ensure that all defendants are well represented in courts regardless of the crime or wealth by having the Barrister operate independently rather than in partnership.
The split profession ensures that the specialist skills of the Barrister are accessible to the average person by ensuring that barristers work independently.
Disadvantages of the split legal profession
The Legal cost for clients is usually higher due to the multiplicity of legal advisors.
With a split legal profession, solicitors prepare a case without the contribution of barristers leading to passing or misunderstanding of key points and work duplication.
The early decision has to be made in regard to which branch of the profession one wants to practice before training to avoid being denied a chance to use ones talents.
Conclusion
The benefits split profession far out-weighs the disadvantages. In my opinion, the two branches should be left to work independently as the skills and training requirement is different and complement each other. The bodies and the rules regulating the two professions ensure justice and representation for all members of the public.
Reference
Catherine Elliot, Frances Quinn (2006) English Legal system, Longman publishers, United Kingdom.
Gary Slapper, David Kelly (2006) The English Legal System, Routledge Cavendish Publishers, England.
Richard Ward, Amanda Wragg (2005) Walker and Walkers English Legal System, Oxford University Press.
The world is growing and changing rapidly, and the changes come with numerous challenges, which have taken the world through the insurgence of legal controversies throughout its growth in the contemporary times.
The quest to change the regulations and enhance professionalism in law and its regulations has always subjected lawyers to numerous dilemmas with the most common task being their ability to protect constitutions, guarantee justice, and balance their rapport within the socio-cultural welfare. The notions that individuals develop in numerous cases have created a different reputation of the legal frameworks governing the professionalism of law.
Nonetheless, the current decade has witnessed complications arising from the realities of legal frameworks and the societal suspicions with the international media including films and some television programmes constantly creating problems associated with inferring causality. Despite the existing literature, nothing seems to change on societal perceptions given the growing tenacity of media. Therefore, this essay explores how regulations of the legal profession and its processes have affected societal perceptions of the lawyer as depicted in law, film, and culture.
Historical acuity on lawyers
The growing urge to change the justice realm within the international judicial phase has been the force behind the transformation of the world in the current days. A case in point is the creation of the International Criminal Court that seeks to put nations under check to ensure that leaders uphold human rights across the world. Initially, law was the most respected aspect within populations and education on law remained as distant dream for several individuals across the globe. Traditionally, lawyers across the world and specifically in America enjoyed strong positions in the entire American society with mistrust against governments misconduct and fight for civil rights of a importance.
The move to evaluate government performance and uphold justice upon all civilians, activism, and stand for liberalism remained equally important national matters, and thus enhancing their power and character in the community. Laws were accorded the best international and regional respect and communities were made to understand their corporate role in shaping national images. Lawyers played an important role in institutional development including active development of central banks and capital markets. The global revolutions appear to have changed the customariness of lawyers.
Lawyers have had the image of mass saviour where individuals had notions that lawyers protected only the oppressed ones. Nonetheless, this perception appears as a reality depending on the context of personal experience in the court processes, but the old lawyer seems to be represented by a modern lawyer in general. Issues pertaining affluence, personal attitude and protection of self-interests among others have been common references to the deteriorating perception over the regulation of the legal profession and its processes that have affected societal perceptions of the lawyer. Due to the rising differences in the communal interest and professionalism aspect, research has focused much on the meaning of professionalism.
Professionalism is a peculiar type of occupational control rather than an expression of the inherent nature of particular occupations. Women involvement in the law profession has undergone a different shift in the perception of lawyers in the community for much of what women do is deemed as unethical practices by conservative individuals in the society.
Popular culture among civilians
The underlying factor in the designing and development of this essay rested upon understanding critically how regulation of the legal profession and its processes has affected societal perceptions of the lawyer as depicted in law, film, and culture. Culture among the principle focus for the discussion seems to have greatly influenced the societal perceptions against the law society and its professionalism. The dividing lines between law and popular culture seem increasingly blurred in an evolving postmodern era, where law today is a spectacle, a form of entertainment, which real and fictional representations often mixed up or interchangeable.
In the recent decades, filmmaking and international media seems to have consumed human interests with representation in such movies proving either educative or canning. Through films, individuals have found themselves too much attached to the activities taking place in such representations, with the influence growing from single persons to entire communities, and fictions embedded in them actually influencing their impression against the realities, entrenched in certain practices.
Media influence on civilians perception on lawyers
Since the advent of media in the international entertainment paradigm, the public must have consumed large chunks of poison unswervingly against the levels of trust in law making and law enforcement protocols. Since the emergence of the first mass-produced entertainment media, scholars have struggled with similar questions in an effort to make sense of the power of the popular media and to explore their influence on individual consumers and communities.
One of the dented public figure is that which concerns law making and law enforcement with lawyers as the central actors in this phase. The augmenting consumption of local media and the films broadcasted and advertised in the world is shifting the understanding of the real values of lawmakers in the locale of the communities. The culture of cinematography and the interests gained through such activities have made communities sway away from viewing lawyers in the angle of protection to the notion of viewing them as subjugators of freedom and justice that least favours their professionalism.
Thousands of films have existed on the criticisms of the procedures and processes governing lawmaking, consequently, providing a quandary and misconception of the regulation of the legal profession. Research undertake to establish the existing correlation between the influence of novels, newspapers, music, media, films and other forms of local entertainment reveals that approximately seventy-five percent of the societal composition have disillusionment or maybe realities from such pieces of literature.
Expatiation is the door to productivity and new creation, but given that expatiation is the result of exposure to ideas outside the immediate focus of interest, broad diverse connections and networks are the key that opens that door. Before filmmaking and even immediately on this advent, lawmakers had a positive image in the public limelight and much of what appeared in the media seemed to echo much of the reality about law professionalism. The deterioration of the affirmative public image on lawyer began when the popular filming culture became politicised, the moment when the filmmaking and lawmaking began divergence. To apprehend criminals and serve social justice to all individuals within the community, the influence of personality in the law profession may contribute heavily to the decisions made by these lawyers.
Across a broad spectrum of law education across the globe, most students have adopted the new technologies introduced in the teaching of law, its policies, procedures and legal protocols with research revealing that masses of institutions have employed such techniques. Important factors involving communal wellbeing including criminal and civil jury with the concomitant on law paw practices delivered in education through films, questions are rising from their reliability on delivering law education.
As portrayed in several law books, lawyers have constantly developed an interest in protecting their professionalism, protecting the lawful interests of the community and the entire nation. Contrarily, most of the modern films have developed political prejudice against lawyers, tinted their profession, and blurred their public images. However, as films become learning material, nothing reveals that filmmakers have any legal education.
The indication that movies, newspapers, books, songs, television shows, advertisement and other numerous imaginative wordings or images have influence on communal perceptions does not primarily mean that all these devices are void. Important lessons have also emerged from the creativity of cinematography that enlightens individuals on the realities and exposes some hidden injustices within the governments, subsequently influencing the image of legal procedures.
Experience portrayed by media is sometimes a functional equivalent for experience gained in the real world. Important genres of movies like the documentary films might have important lessons from which learners, if not the entire spectre of viewers, dram lesson. Critical socio-cultural matters like gender discrimination, abortion, irresponsible sex, heroism among other important lessons that communities in the film interest find more of positive dispersion are quite educative. The questions remain whether all the representations have a better approach towards law and lawmakers, including their activities in the law profession given the rising ill views of film lovers.
Legal profession regulations portrayed by media
Formulating policies and regulation has been the core activity of lawyers, while defending the constitution and improving peoples life by ensuring prevalence of justice is another. Concomitantly, as the lawyers act as the officer of the court, their role is to uphold the rule of law and diligently serve the community in the administration of justice, the law itself must protect the rights and freedom of all communal members.
The hunt towards individual prosperity and the ability of laws to ensure justice has been a common presentation of malpractice in the movies with affluence portraying negate of professional lawyers. Most of the law movies acted in criticism of the conduct of the lawyers in the society have focused on how lawmakers go against their profession by breaching the professional code of conduct governing their conduct in the law practice.
In some films, lawyer have portrayed great agility and firmness in protecting the interests of their clients despite their guiltiness and fought tirelessly to secure their rapport with such clients. Local media, produced movies, published books, printed pamphlets have attractively changed our mode of entertainment consumption with their ease in developing and integrating modern technologies putting them at higher chances of greater consumerism.
The common phrase that accompanies the behaviour of film consumers is lawyers in your living room, implying that media and other forms of electronic entertainment have become the mode of wrong communication to the communities, given the changing lifestyles. Two important factors seem to have triggered the wrong imaging of the legal profession and its processes by the local and international media on the recent conduct of the lawyers. Currently, the law professional has shifted from protecting the interests of the entire community, including the poor and the rich inclusively, and raised the issue of marketing in lawmaking and enforcement.
A distinct change on the procedure of law has been eminent, with lawyers ostensibly interested on building their corporate image through single family and industrial guard that sets numerous questions among filmmakers and society.
Common legal delusions from media
The ever-changing filmmaking industry is adorable to certain extents, though much remains behind the curtains on some of their representations that seem intriguing to the populace. Much has emerged since the integration of global arts into matters of regulations and the law profession as well as other important subjects of societal interest. Nonetheless, filmmakers are professionals trained in developing films inconformity with matters affecting societies, but are as well professionals in filmmaking entrepreneurship and none must completely trust or mistrust them.
Movie producers have long used the science of fiction in cinematography and that tints their professionalism, which remains a challenge for one to understand the reality in the two principles. One might understand this aspect in the sense that lawyers and filmmakers are all protecting the interest of their professions, with which the facts remained interchangeably received. Some important factors that need law have regularly remained implicated by the media may include family matters like divorce, unethical matters like abortion, and discrimination among others.
Poverty, equity, and discrimination
Among the most fundamentally legal matters reinforced through thematic concepts of movies has been poverty, social equity and much of the same, socio-economic discrimination. In the last two decades, large law firms have remained increasingly corporatised with the inclusion of human resources, marketing, risk analysis and compliance counsel, finance and technology departments. The multitude in the community that needs much protection from exploitation from lawyers by helping them against denial of their freedom and rights therefore feels much discriminated by the law societies given the rising importance of financial institutions.
The filmmaking industry has hinted in this aspect and in most movies, lawyers appear as selfish persons, protecting their personal interest in law professionalism, that of their defendants (clients), that of the national political interest or generally, the interest of the powerful minority. Drawing such themes as portrayed in the movies, coupled with some few realities of such circumstances, societal perception on the legal profession, and its processes change dramatically.
Police officers as law enforcers and part of the law societies normally fall under the tinting of filmmakers with the aim of changing the societal discernments against the lawmakers and law enforcers. One is likely to encounter much of the law issues on hearing news on the radio or even through watching the television bulletins, reading a national newspaper, or even news magazine, as compared to the number of times one gets an exposure to real law material. Both lawmakers (lawyers) and law enforcers (police officers) appear in regular bulletins and content presented through such media might not clearly represent the true policies of law.
Through the television, magazines or even the much-preferred movies, the law community falls more of criticism that appraisal with either police deliberately shooting innocent civilians, lawyers protecting perpetrators as their clients or even physically receiving bribes. Through the simplified life, that involves technology consumption as television and film DVDs, the representation of these mediums of communicate influence viewers perceptions.
The fact remains that the law across the globe has always remained the most complicated factor in almost all governments with few individuals or even lawyers themselves failing to understand all its procedures. Of several actors and filmmakers that have been practicing the production and acting of what they call reality based films, none seems to portray or process proper knowledge on the law profession. The realities or even misconceptions portrayed in these movies must always have the origin of programming and staging, which are two major cinematographic techniques in film production.
In contrast, to the abundance of positive images of the law one sees on television, one of the most consistent ideological postures in law-related movies is ambivalence toward the law. The local community that seems to be much overwhelmed by the tricking and programming reinforced in such movies normally has few questions on the backgrounds of actors, and what they see is normally what they totally believe since much is of pleasure to their visage.
Abortion and divorce as family issues
Much of the controversies have risen in the programming and setting of family based movies, which normally carry family matters or themes like divorce and abortion. Nonetheless, as actors of filmmakers portray such matters in shallowly determined focus, many issues surrounding law matters remain recorded in the brains of viewers especially the local communities who seem to value much ethics. Most frequently, lawyers on the movie series acted or programmes aired on televisions act in morally questionable ways, something that blazes the notions of entire communities.
At the expense of educating the community, or even trying to deliver important messages across the society, the law society in such movies and television programs is the one that suffers. Not only does such representation act in streaking the image of lawyers, cases of crime, abortions, and unnecessary divorce augments substantially. In actuality, laws regarding divorce and aborting have remained politically and socially debated across the world with little or no success and media wrong focus on such matters illicit sharp reactions.
The details of law have always appeared in difficult expressions, terminologies and forms, which has been a challenge for any layperson to understand comprehensively the hidden meanings. The portion that movies, books, television programs, and songs take in the entire society is considerably large and diversely dissolved into the main interests of the societies as they offer a more entertaining theme that most individuals anticipate.
The two disparities have always remained underestimated by researchers and the difference in them rarely appears in literature. Appearing in more appealing manner to the society with similar legal procedures as portrayed in courtroom movies, law-related movies, and law-related television series as well as documentaries, the societal perceptions over such legal procedure change drastically following the simulations observed in the films. However, as postulated before, the reproductions in the movies nonetheless have no legal frameworks embedded in them as few or even no real lawyers participate in the acting, programming, and production of such movies.
Lawyers and law firms
Things that have most importantly been the major causes of the shifting of societal positive perceptions on lawyers to the extent of viewing law as counterproductive, discriminatory, incomprehensive, illogical and even arbitrary, is the extent to which the law society in the contemporary world seems profit based, have remained under looked. The world has evolved to a more competitive aspect where only that which seems glamorous remains most considered. The use of affluence to manipulate the court procedures, protect the perpetrators of evil and illegally buying justice has been one of the communities bitterness that receives attention when the media highlights on such matters.
In a bid to strangle for their relevance to the profession and appeal to the public on their competence, law societies have merged into law firms that seem commercialised and more of material comfort than societal interest. Such law firms have focused on international regulatory activities, arranging and providing law education to financial institutions among other wealth-centred activities, which normally presents a typical shift from communitys expectations.
Films, television programs, newspaper publications, and other entertainment devices have used this to denigrate the lawyers image through their staged and programmed simulations. The unprofessional lawyers in the film industries that form much of our entertainment part tend to act in a manner less appealing to the public, with most of their appearance indicating an association with commercial law, and abandoning their communal role. Similar fictional stories from either novels or magazines that are popular entertainment paraphernalia appear on regular publications, subsequently changing an individuals perception over the lawyer.
The courtroom motif makes for easy script organisation (with a natural sequence of opening argument, examination of witness, closing arguments, and the dramatically tidy jury verdict) that fits seamlessly into the cinematic three-act structure. Courtroom dramas that are relatively cheap simple to produce have formed a greater consumption influence for over several decades with court procedures in such movies unprofessional and wrong, but have the capability of captivating viewers and changing their perception.
Polices that seldom work
Following the presence of such disparities in the reproductions found in the media including films and television programs much has protracted in the law society that tried to respond using a few legal policies. Law, regulations, and policies have emerged to protect both the consumer (societies who are film viewers), and the lawyers who are central to the discussion. However, much in the same media and the public has been the centre of controversies over how laws themselves protect the lawmakers, law enforcers and most importantly, the community as a whole.
The sheer audience numbers that focus on the film reproductions with legal themes, with the majority being laypersons are nonetheless not lawpersons and neither understands if laws against consumer protection or television and film programmes exit. The regular contrasts overrepresented on television and other mediums virtual to their real-world incidence are what remain as a notion that motivates societies to go against law profession. Given such circumstances that laypersons come across in cinemas, makes them turn against the law society and all it harbours.
Ever since the emergence of such controversies between the lawmakers and the media fraternity, some laws existed and some emerged in defence of the law society. Less punitive actions for felonies of such laws have nonetheless deemed the law profession as useless as the society percept of them. Given the less punitive measures that lawyers themselves should ensure that media fraternity follows and obeys the rule of law, as it appears that the societys perception over the image and behaviour of lawyers remains distorted.
Now, it has been a culture of law disobedience that consumes the community that occurs by poorly measuring the behaviours on lawyers in the films and misjudging real lawyers in the profession, simply by setting their minds to their screens. Currently, the levels of crime, human torture, legal disobedience, marital discord, and unethical behaviours have become more common more than even before the laws started becoming powerful, an influence that possibly results from distorted, dramatised and programmed films that are of common consumption in our entertainments.
Conclusion
Conclusively, the current decade has witnessed complications rising from the realities of legal frameworks and the societal intuitions with the international media, including films and some television programmes constantly creating problems associated with inferring causality. Popular filmmaking and entertainment culture being the principle focus for the discussion seems to have greatly influenced the societal perceptions against the law society and its professionalism.
The staged and programmed films with casts that involve none of the legal professionals, not the lawyer nor the judge, have been the easiest modern way of entertainment that carries much of legal themes. The cultivation theory posits, Frequent viewing of these distortions of reality will increasingly result in the perception that these distortions reflect reality.
The unprofessional lawmakers in the films including law-related movies, courtroom dramas, and films tend to shift societal perception against the conduct and behaviour of real-world lawmakers. If proper actions do not appear to curb some reproduction and continue underestimating the impact of films on law, much will protract in the future given the fast growing technological world.
Reference List
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Nursing is one of the various healthcare professions, and it is mostly concerned with patient/client care. Professional nurses are charged with the responsibilities of caring for communities, families, and individuals. Nursing itself is often defined as the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).
Some examples of fields within the nursing profession include pediatrics, psychiatrists, and geriatrics, among others. A career in nursing requires a substantial level of education and enhanced professional skills. This essay explores the specialties in the nursing profession, among other requirements.
Pediatric nurses are examples of some of the professionals who are found within the nursing profession. A pediatric nurse focuses on childcare from infancy until the children are on their late teens. In order for an individual to become a pediatric nurse, he/she has to complete an advanced training course in pediatrics on top of being a registered nurse.
The requirements of a registered nurse (RN) are a Bachelor of Science in Nursing at an accredited four-year college, or an associates degree or diploma after which one must pass a national licensing exam called the NCLEX-RN (American Dental Education Association 1). Individuals specializing in the pediatrics field have to collaborate with other healthcare professionals who deal with children.
Pediatric nurses have the ability to perform basic nursing duties, such as performing physical examinations and taking medical samples from patients. The extra skills that are required in a pediatric nurse include the ability to develop connections with children. A pediatric nurse spends between four and six years in training and earns an average salary of fifty-eight thousand dollars a year, depending on his/her level of expertise (Randle 396).
The opportunities that are available to a pediatric nurse include the possibility of attaining specialist status and the ability to accumulate earnings that are commensurate with levels of experience. Pediatric nurses can be found in clinics, surgical centers, doctors offices, and hospitals.
Geriatric nurses focus their careers in caring for the elderly. Geriatric professionals take up most of the human resources in the nursing profession due to the high level of demand in geriatrics. A geriatric nurse has to enjoy working with elderly patients on top of having qualified as a registered nurse. The skills that are pertinent to geriatric nursing are excellent communication skills, a deep understanding of a patients individual needs, and resourcefulness.
Geriatric nurses are found in nursing homes, hospitals, rehabilitation facilities, retirement communities, and senior centers. A geriatric nurse earns an average salary of fifty thousand dollars annually and undergoes four to six years of training before acquiring certification. A geriatric nurse has the opportunity to advance his/her career within a short period. Currently, there is a huge demand for geriatric nurses, and the future of this field is very bright.
Psychiatric nursing focuses on the treatment of patients who have been diagnosed with mental conditions. A psychiatric nurse requires to have attained basic RN qualifications as well as additional training in psychology. The most prominent role in psychiatric nursing is helping patients with mental conditions such as bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, and depression deal with their conditions (National Institutes of Health).
A psychiatric nurse will be required to examine, assess, and diagnose patients with mental disorders. Furthermore, these nurses educate the patients families on how to deal with mental conditions (Sanko 1). A psychiatric nurse earns between forty-one and fifty-five thousand dollars annually. The opportunities in psychiatric nursing include the ability to attract custom pay and the acquisition of medical and financial benefits.
Nursing is both a satisfying and rewarding career. In addition, the career has good global prospects due to its increasing demand across the world. The profession attracts annual average salaries of about fifty thousand dollars after a four to six years training period. Consequently, success in the nursing profession requires dedication, necessary skills, and self-discipline.
Works Cited
American Dental Education Association. Pediatric Nurse. 2014. Web.
National Institutes of Health. The National Institute of Mental Health, 2014. Web.
Randle, Jacqueline. The nursing profession. Journal of Advanced Nursing 43.4 (2010): 395-401. Print.
Sanko, Fatmata. Personal interview. 2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Web.
In the nursing profession, there is need for a caring attitude and ardent personality.
Training encompasses basic care services and preventive treatment.
The training is done in hospitals equipped with necessary care materials.
Upon graduation, the nursing personnel has to pass through a three months nursing practice program before being confirmed a nurse.
The ideal training involves practical administering of drugs and injections recommended by a doctor.
Besides, competent knowledge on first aid care is vital in practicing nursing.
An individual undergoing training must be proficient in preparing and administering oral medications.
An individual undergoing training must be proficient in administering medications through intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and Z-track injections.
Education
The right education are offered in medical related schools.
The profession may comprise of a certificate, diploma, or degree qualification.
In addition, personal desire to provide care is key in practicing nursing.
Education must be accompanied by the right credibility from government bodies.
Potential Earnings
An average nurse earns $3000 per month.
There are other allowances such as night and emergency services.
These allowances accommodates Medicare and professional needs.
This earning increases rapidly depending on level of training and years of practical experiences.
Nurses working in operation theatres earn slightly more.
Expected Job Prospects
An extensive consultation process and collaboration between mental health and emergency department clinicians.
Emergency staff should receive specific training in mental health assessment and are supervised by a more experienced colleague.
For those that are located in the mental ward itself should even be properly trained including topics of assessment methods, assessment of risk, medico-legal issues, engaging consumers and carers and regarding cultural sensitivity.
Typical Tasks
Sub-assistant surgeon, surgical assistant, medical assistants and medical officer assistants.
Working in emergency department and provide treatment which specialising in acute care to those without prior appointment.
Sets up triage area, green zone (for non critical cases), yellow zone (semi-critical) and red zone (critical cases).
Works as a team comprising health assistance, nurses, medical officer assistant, paramedics, and physicians in order to provide expectant and acute care.
This reality can be reflected in the increased emphasis placed by healthcare providers on evidence-based practice, not only in the field of nursing, but also in medicine.
In a way, medicine and nursing are two fields that are so interlaced: the nurse has an important function that can affect the ability of the patient to heal.
In relation, nurses also have the ability to affect the well being of the patient once they are unable to perform their function.
Indeed, nursing practice also affects how a facility conducts their processes and operations.
Working Conditions
The nursing working environment should be that which promote hygiene.
The working environment must envision preventive care initiative.
Working condition should encourage proactive skills.
Nurses should work under supervision by a senior officer.
Consultative working environment is key towards success of service delivery.
Conclusion
Nursing is a demanding profession.
Series of technical skills are necessary in practicing nursing.
Experience forms the determinant of remuneration in this profession.
I am planning to join the Medical Office Management profession. Medical Office Management is an emerging profession as healthcare organizations look forward to providing quality care to their patients.
I have some important skills and competencies that can make me a successful medical office manager. I am also looking forward to getting my license as a registered nurse (RN) to have a successful career. In this discussion, I will present the major issues surrounding my chosen career.
Overview of the Profession
A medical office manager is a professional in the healthcare sector. The candidate should have the necessary knowledge in clinical practice, business, and organizational management. The professional is responsible for the specific operations of proper medical practice. It is necessary for the individual to have the best administrative, medical, and clinical skills.
Educational requirements for the position of a medical office manager will vary significantly from one employer to another. However, the candidate should have a degree in nursing, office management, or clinical practice.
As well, most of the employers will consider individuals with a Masters Degree in Administration or Healthcare Management. In different parts of the world, the employer will require a degree certificate. However, in the state of Iowa, some employers expect the candidates to have certificates for Certified Medical Office Manager (CMOM).
The profession requires that the individuals are competent, computer literate, good leaders, and decision-makers. With these considerations, a medical office manager should embrace the best ethical practices and be able to promote privacy during practice.
Leadership skills are necessary because individuals should work with nurses and other caregivers. The profession has become an important career today because it determines the quality of healthcare provided to patients.
Medical Office Management is a profession that requires some of the most admirable personality traits. For instance, professionals should be a good record keeper. As well, the person should be ethical and enthusiastic. The person should be confident, self-aware, and always self-disciplined. This will make it possible to address the issues affecting the clients and patients. The individuals should be a good listener.
As well, the personality should be flexible and the ability to adapt to new environments. These traits can make a person successful in this profession. The individual should have integrity, have proper leadership skills, be initiative, and the ability to tolerate stress.
My current personality traits line up with my future career goals as a medical office manager. To begin with, I have a positive attitude, thus making it easier for me to remain focused. I understand the importance of being ethical and principled. I am always self-aware, confident, and disciplined.
These traits will make it easier for me to work comfortably with others. I am a good communicator and listener. I am also enthusiastic and willing to inspire others. I have always been persistent, thus being able to endure at the time of adversity. However, I am looking forward to improving my abilities to tolerate stress. With the ability to tolerate stress, I will be on the right path towards a successful career.
My main career goal is to become an official medical manager. In the recent past, the position of a medical office manager has become necessary to ensure healthcare centers and institutions provide evidence-based care to their patients. That being the case, I am looking forward to widening my skills and competencies so that I can be successful in my career.
I strongly believe that Kaplans University Career Services can assist me greatly in obtaining my career goals. For instance, the university provides new skills and strategies to become successful in different careers.
Career Services also encourages individuals to embrace new skills, consult with professionals, and embrace the idea of job-shadowing. The institution provides the best services and ideas to help students and other people develop appropriate skills and competencies. These ideas will assist me in obtaining my future career goals.
In the next five years, I see myself working in the healthcare sector as a Medical Office Manager. I am also planning to go back to school to obtain my license as a registered nurse (RN). By so doing, I will be able to provide the best services as a medical office manager.
The practice will make it easier for my organization to provide quality care to its patients. With my ambitions and skills, I will always be working hard to make these goals and expectations a possible reality.
Conclusion
My dream career is becoming a medical office manager. After getting my license as a registered nurse, I will work hard to become a medical office manager to promote healthcare delivery.
I also believe that I will find Kaplans University Services helpful because they assist me to realize my career goals. I will also work hard to improve my stress tolerance to be successful as a medical office manager. With my current skills, traits, and ambitions, I am confident that I will become successful in my career.
Fewer professions have a critical impact in the world than the medical industry. Workers in the medical field deal with human lives, which demand great care and professional qualifications to minimize adverse outcomes. Aside from doctors, nurses undergo a rigorous training program focused on quality service delivery and patient satisfaction. The time each nurse spends with a patient vitally contributes to good health and subsequently invites positive feedback for the hospital. Registered nurses require nursing school credentials, lab, and clinical experience before sitting a thorough licensing examination. These steps ensure the field upholds professionalism by employing qualified workers. Although admired for its impact on patient satisfaction through in-person contact, nursing is a demanding profession that disrupts ones work-life balance, and it requires total academic commitment and an undivided focus on academics to become a specialist in the field.
I conducted an in-depth interview with a registered nurse to identify the hurdles and requirements of her career. According to her, she picked nursing as a profession because she always wanted to make a difference. Indeed, she began developing an early interest in healthcare due to her family and its extensive composition of medical professionals. Furthermore, she grew up hearing about inequalities faced by many people and felt the need to assist those experiencing hardships by providing them with comfort and support. Despite the numerous challenges her career path forebode, she was acutely aware of her strengths and felt up to the challenge. In a medical facility, nurses are the ones who interact the most with both patients and other specialists. Nurses expertly help people from various backgrounds as nurses aid patients, instruct families, and reinforce doctors. My interviewee attributes her choice of profession to the difference she makes in those who have lost hope due to health crises by offering specialized care.
The specialist I have interviewed is a female nurse who has been working as a registered nurse (RN) for a few years. When answering her nursing school (NS) question, she said NS was more difficult than anticipated. Coming from a family with several medical professionals, she was aware of the difficulties of healthcare and believed she had the power to overcome challenges. Nonetheless, experiencing NS on her own proved more demanding than she had heard from her relatives with medical degrees. For example, she stated that the diverse information introduced in NS was overwhelming in its entirety. However, despite having some trouble initially, she learned how to manage her time and be more productive with her assignments.
The RN said it was challenging to balance work, family, and personal life at the beginning of her career path. The primary difficulties were finding time for each activity and staying focused on essential tasks. For instance, during her first exam period in NS, the RN was in a situation where she had to study for several classes and help her relatives prepare for an important family event. To manage her academic, professional, and private lives, she prioritized some activities over others instead of attempting to accomplish everything at once. She shared that the most complicated part of balancing her duties was learning to ask for help in some cases. For example, she proposed her family members take over some chores, and she became less involved with group projects in NS by finishing her parts of assignments but not trying to control her peers work. Notably, the RN declared that such basic acts as exercising regularly and getting sufficient sleep were very helpful in handling complications in balancing all aspects of her life as a student nurse.
The RN I spoke with stated that to be successful, one must fully commit to NS. She said that although the hours required for studying vary depending on each person and a specific program, the learning process typically takes the most significant part of the day. For instance, she stated she had enough time to maintain her social life. Still, the overall workload was immense considering theoretical and practical aspects, so she had to be productive most of the time. The RN remarked that she paid more attention to academics than other activities, but some of her peers differed. For example, some of her fellow students managed to have good grades, attend social events, and have jobs outside NS. However, she noted that such individuals were relatively rare, and most people in her NS were busy acquiring the knowledge necessary for the occupation. She declared that education is easier for certain persons due to better memory or higher stress resistance. However, she claimed that NS requires substantial commitment because the specialty goes hand-in-hand with developing diverse skills.
When discussing her lab experience (LE), the RN I interviewed stated that the first few days in the lab would likely be overwhelming. She said that her relatives with medical degrees had consulted her on what to expect from LE, which helped her stay relatively calm when she entered the room. In comparison, many of her peers were seemingly nervous and unsure of what to say or do. She stated that LE establishes and enhances practical skills applicable in a clinical setting, such as assessing patients blood pressure, temperature, and pulse. For instance, the lab she attended did not have a dummy, so she and her fellow students practiced on each other by imitating different symptoms. During her LE, the RN realized that the most helpful approach was trying to imagine the process was genuinely authentic rather than thinking of lab activities as simulations. The RN declared that nobody should be knowledgeable at the beginning of LE, but it is crucial to remain calm and pay attention to the instructor.
Furthermore, when describing her clinical experience (CE), the RN conveyed that it was more challenging than LE because CE required participating in real-world situations. Throughout all CE, the profession rotated her to several practicing nurses in different settings, and each professional and environment were unique. The RN said her CE involved such activities as learning about a clinical setting, examining procedures, and assisting practitioners. Notably, she remarked that while most specialists were enthusiastic about teaching, some were hesitant to share their knowledge for various reasons, including limited time to explain specific aspects and high work overload. The RN suggested that student nurses saving lives during their CEs is not an expectation, but they should be polite and attentive to patients and medical staff. Overall, the RN stated that her clinical and lab experiences were demanding but influential for her future as a professional.
The RN said she used to have a studying system in preparation for examinations. Because many of her relatives had worked in healthcare before enrolling in NS, they taught her to concentrate on academics, thus increasing her chances of successful graduation. As a result, she always took notes during lessons at NS and after each lab and clinical practice. She said she read the notes for the past week every Sunday to memorize the material better. Depending on her assurance of understanding a specific class, she handwrote flashcards a few days before the exam and reviewed them alongside her notes.
Moreover, the RN declared that one of the most valuable methods was participating in study groups with her peers to determine whether she had forgotten anything and to learn a subject by explaining it to others. For instance, she shared how she realized she had misunderstood some questions from her pharmacology class during a group session with fellow students. She stated that such a system helped her organize and comprehend information.
The RN said her preparation for NCLEX (National Council Licensing Examination) was relatively similar to the methods employed in her regular learning process. She studied for NCLEX two months before taking the exam, made flashcards, and used her notes. In addition, she answered practice questions and engaged in-group sessions with her peers. She remarked that she started preparing moderately early but preferred carefully reviewing specific topics on some days and resting on others instead of scanning all subjects two weeks before NCLEX. Notably, she advised visiting the NCLEX webpage to explore such details as candidate bulletin and tutorials ( Prepare for success, n.d.). The RN stated that creating a structured plan helped her memorize information without stressing her well-being.
The RN declared that her top three patient memories were quite pessimistic. One of those recollections was about the first patient who passed away under the RNs care. She said a man excessively treated for a few weeks died due to a severe health condition. She noted that although her colleagues warned her of the patients likely demise, it was difficult to accept. The second memory the RN shared was of a woman who did not have a life-threatening disease but spent a long period in the hospital. During her stay, a distant relative a couple of times visited the woman, but she did not have a support system of friends or family. The woman was constantly sad, so the employees did their best to help the patient feel less lonely. The RNs third recollection was of another woman who had experienced two readmissions but was always cheerful and put substantial emotional effort into fighting for her life. The RN expressed that the memories were unforgettable because one was her first distressing incident and the other two were simultaneously heartbreaking and joyful.
When asked what the phrase NurseLife means to her, the RN stated that the saying is associated with nursing being more than a profession. She said being a nurse is dedicated, compassionate, and open-minded. For instance, she shared that she often thinks about patients outside of work due to being worried about whether anybodys condition is changing and what she can do the following day to assist him or her. She expressed that nursing also implies remembering to take care of herself because her well-being affects her productivity and relations with patients and other employees. The RN declared that NurseLife addresses challenges such as un-appreciation in the workplace; however, one should always be ready to help based on patient outcomes.
The RN said that the hardest thing about being a nurse is seeing patients pass away despite putting much effort into opposing their diseases. She stated that she often has to work overtime, experiences stress, and feels judged and unappreciated. However, such challenges seem manageable if she witnesses a persons health improvement. For example, she noted that, like other healthcare providers, she worked long hours at the beginning of the pandemic but seeing even minor improvements in patients conditions made her less frightened. Nonetheless, the RN declared that it is not easy to overcome the professions challenges when losing someone under her care. She shared that being a nurse is especially hard when, after seeing a patients demise, she typically has to pull herself together quickly and go to the next room to assist another person. Moreover, she rarely grieves because thinking about the loss and the deceaseds family makes her feel powerless. The RN proposed that the most challenging thing about nursing is likely to be different for all specialists but is usually due to a combination of occurrences rather than one circumstance.
Upon finishing the interview, I thought it was very informative in confirming some of my expectations about nursing and providing several insights. For instance, I was aware of everyday activities for lab and clinical practices but was relatively surprised when considering that balancing academics and personal life is so demanding. The discussion with the RN changed my perspective, although not extensively. I now comprehend better that nursing is not simply about me making a difference but rather about caring for other people despite facing hardships, suffering from fatigue, or stress. Moreover, I believe that nurse life is also about correctly treating myself and focusing on constantly enhancing my knowledge and skills to make sure that I would be able to support my patients and colleagues. After reflecting on the difficulty of becoming a registered nurse based on the interview, I feel more enthusiastic about nursing school. I regard challenges as opportunities for improvement, and I am eager to learn how to help people. Despite having limited time, the registered nurse I questioned helped me see nursing from a professionals perspective.
In conclusion, one requires resilience, focus, and commitment to become a registered nurse. According to an interview with a specialist in the medical field, her family primarily influenced her to join nursing despite its challenging nature. A combination of lab and clinical experience followed by an assessment from the National Council Licensing Examination are some of the hurdles she experienced. Despite the challenges, her self-confidence pushed her to become a registered nurse with the requisite skills to impact peoples lives significantly. Nonetheless, her work memories are mostly pessimistic due to a patients demise, and her career negatively influences her work-life balance. However, disregarding the stress or long working hours, nursing effectively improves people using time-tested skills and knowledge. The interviews data serves as motivation to face each stage in the nursing profession confidently and constantly work on viewing it from the proper perspective. An expert nurse has a combination of skills and knowledge coupled with an innate desire to help people.
The profession of a teacher demands different skills and knowledge. The teacher should always be aware of the special needs of the children, the peculiarities of their character, memory, intelligence and other physical characteristics. Besides, the factor of home education also plays a crucial role in the work with kids. There are two ways how teachers can work effectively with parents of children with special needs.
Communication is one of the basic means of working with parents and improving teachers productiveness and effectiveness in the process of education. Teachers should organize special discussions with the parents of the children with special needs. The discussions should contain different kinds of advices and hints about the ideas how to improve communication with a child. The hints should be made in delicate form as not to irritate the parent, who may regard the teachers advices as an arrogant intrusion into the family life. The teacher, however, should not hesitate providing accurate information and educate parents as well as their children. There are still the situations when the teacher misses the appropriate moment to talk to inform the parents about improper behavior or education of the child.
When a situation rises to a serious conflict and hostility from the parents side, the only way to settle the situation is to remain calm. In case the parents are claiming the teacher in the low level of education, the teacher should show respect to the parents and listen carefully to the parents comments, give proper and adequate replies to each charge. To react in the same rude or ostentatious manner means to cloud atmosphere even more, and results in further harming of the situation.
Although, if teacher puts oneself in a defensive position, which can lead to the activation of emotional responses, the parents accept it as arrogance and an attempt to provoke a serious conflict. However, a calm appearance and the readiness for serious and calm discussion may result in the simple way out of the situation. Furthermore, the teacher should develop his/her success in the calm acknowledgement and acceptance of a claimers anger and partially agree with the charges. Besides, the teacher should realize that spark of parents anger is not always sign of excessive nervousness but could point on the real mistakes in education committed by the teacher. In such case, the teacher should provide self-analyses of the lessons given to the class and discuss it with parent.
These initial steps enables to ground the disagreement on the sufficient, solid and well explained facts. The factual description of the facts of improper behavior of the child also enables the conversation to progress in the relaxing of parents hostility.
Nevertheless, it is always better to avoid the conflict than find the ways out of it. There are different suggestions how to act to avoid the conflict with parents.
First of all the teacher should analyze the situation. To take the situation under control before it turns into conflict demands good teaching and psychologist skills. The childs attitude to the subject is that the teacher should care most of all as the pupils interest in study will always be half the battle in the relation with parents.
The teacher should always put oneself on the place of pupils or parents and try to evaluate situation from their point of view. It is always for good to evaluate your personal acts in the way how the others see it, which enables to notice possible merits or demerits of the teaching manner.
Additionally, it is always recommended to try your own new ideas or solution on the person whose opinion you respect and appreciate. You may get appropriate criticism, appreciation or useful hints and advices as for the possible changes in your program. The main point here is to hear and listen.
The originality of the lessons provided by teacher also evokes additional interest of the pupils. But if some of the children are not able to accept the information in a new way, the teacher makes use of calm conversation with the pupil listening to his case and providing own arguments and trying to reach a compromise.
The diversity of the families in the modern world makes Chapter 16 actual and interesting for readers. It is correctly linked with the problem of conflicts solving with people from blended families or children with disabilities. The chapter explains the methods of working with the problematic families and handicapped children. The modern world demands more and specialists who are able to work with kids with special needs, though the chapter provides the information of crucial importance.
The forum that erased the question about the ways of solving the conflicts with parents is the most appreciable as it presents the information from the specialists with different experience shared their ideas. The forum also was the most educational as it presented an amount of useful and actual information, useful hints and a beneficial assignment of the experienced teachers. Nevertheless, the deepening of the theme of work with the children with mental or speech abnormalities would be also appreciated.
Accounting plays a significant role in the collection, analysing, and communicating financial information to society. Nevertheless, to create a broader understanding of the term accounting and on its primary purpose, we have to consider it from a social perspective. In any society, people coexist by the creation of relationships with each other (Walker, 2016). Besides, there are three significant areas in a community; the categories are economic, social, and political arenas.
Therefore for the community sections to effectively function, the communication among them must be active. However, it becomes impossible to achieve interactions without proper accounting. Studies show that accounting information serves multiple essential purposes. This paper focuses on analysing accounting purposes through the identification of various users in the societies, and the implications drawn from accounting needs and functions as this discipline serves the interested parties.
The Purpose of Accounting
Accounting helps in communicating the financial health of an organisation or a business to all parties interested in the information. The role helps in assessing all liabilities, assets, cash flow, or the entity for both current and future investors. Accounting acts like the lifeblood of sensible businesses that provide central information to ensure various organisations get their jobs done. Financial statements are an excellent example of information generated from accounting work (Sherman & Young, 2016). The goals and objectives of private and government organisations depend on informed decisions regarding adequate scarce resource allocations.
Interested parties connected to a given institution like the suppliers, employees, investors, government, researches and many others remain eager to acquire different information about the financial position of the organisation. As a primary function of accounting, various reports are used to update the stakeholders. Updates make it easy to identify and predict the financial status of the organisation and formulating economic policies for upcoming activities and appropriate course of action.
However, the reliance of stakeholders in an organisation on accounting information such as financial statements when making decisions is only wise in ideal situations. Sherman and Young (2016) warn that dependence on accounting information has limits in the real business world. Accounting information may fall off the mark because the generation of financial statements relies on estimates and judgments that are sometimes subjective rather than objective. Conflicted interests amongst managers and executives incentivise them to inject errors into accounting information such as financial statements.
Another role of accounting is to enhance accountability. According to the objectives of responsibility, accounting functions in a principal-agent model. The agent the accountant provides a report on how management has utilised the allocated resources and the final results of the performed actions. However, a perfect principal-agent liaison is only possible in an ideal setting. There is an assumption in the relationship that the information the principal receives is fair and right (Andriof, Waddock, Husted, & Rahman, 2017).
The provided reports relate to the concept of truth and fairness concerning juridical interpretation from the perspective of either the agent or the principal in a complete contract setting. However, in a real-life context where many contracts are incomplete, factors such as employee demotivation, conflicts of interest and ulterior motives can thwart the principal-agent relationship, potentially jeopardising accountability.
Accountability happens when an individual or a particular department in an organisation is held responsible for the performance of a specific task. Mostly the parties are reliable right execution of a given role, even if they are not responsible for performing it. Besides, other parties in a given environment monitor the performance of various tasks by those accountable for these tasks. Therefore, the responsible party is the one that carries all blames if things fail. However, through accounting, the mistakes are minimised, and the responsible parties can monitor all activities of the organisation in a way that will prevent errors and fraud.
Legitimation is another role of accounting in society. The majority of the organisation needs to legitimate themselves to acquire resources in a given environment, for example, when trading securities. Organisations tend to have three outputs in nature; talk, decisions, and actions. Through one or a combination of the mentioned outputs, an organisation can legitimate itself by being accountable in the accounting process through the provision of truthful information budgets and ex-posts among others to give the actual financial outlook of the firm. Budgets frequently talk about the decision made or the one to be made while ex-post accounting talks on the achieved actions.
Nonetheless, as firms push to legitimatise their positions in the market, the process will likely be erratic. This is because accounting output information relies on the analysis of the data that managers and executives give. If the management provides incomplete hides information or wrong information for analysis, it implies that the output will not indicate the exact position of a firm. Different actors in business may desire a specific financial description for their organisations in various contexts, taking into consideration the development of accounting principles. Furthermore, the choice of accounting principles is a component of legitimation.
The elements of subjective influences in firms legitimisation processes show the unreliability of the legitimising process and that not all companies viewed as legitimate are indeed legitimate. However, the lack of reliability on the process to be legitimatise is not an accounting problem. It is an ethical problem for management. It can result in other issues compounded for shareholders and other parties that do business with a firm that appears legitimate but is indeed illegitimate. Through the use of accounting reports, different actors and organisations can, therefore, legitimise themselves, if the process is a hundred per cent reliable.
Perhaps the most significant impediment to having an ideal principal-agent model working in accounting is creative accounting. According to Ismael (2017), creative accounting has come under criticism in the contemporary world, primarily due to the collapsing of giant firms such as Enron, World Com, Arther Anderson, and Palmarat. In the beginning, accounting arose from the desire to have financial and economic transparency in firms and industries, creating prestige and trust between stakeholders. However, in the advent and infringement of regulation, scandals have become common within the accounting profession. As Ismael (2017) posits, creative accounting is the alteration of a firms real economic and financial position through tools, practices and unrestrained practices facilitated by legal norms. Instead of managers using creative accounting to elucidate a firms real economic and financial image, they use creative accounting to preserve their self-interests.
Recording all transactions that occur in an organisation is another significant role enhanced by accounting. The actions should happen as soon as any transaction takes place and involves putting them in journals. It is easy to transfer the journalized information to the ledger accounts. The ledger books are then used to record all the tractions measured in terms of money. Generally, there has been a lot of disputes and fraud experienced in society over the mismanagement of finance. However, with proper accounting, auditing can be done in various departments of organisations. The information recorded acts as reference materials that help in solving future financial conflicts.
Primarily, the world needs accounting because the public needs professionals who will maintain a businesss transactional record to ascertain profit or loss-making of the company as well to depict the financial position of the firm and provide such accounting information to interested parties (Ismael, 2017). Additionally, accountings core objective is to safeguard and advance the public interest, even in times when pushing the interests of the public may be in opposition to the position of the executives in a firm (Bracci, Stecollini, Humphery, & Moll, 2015). At no particular time should a professional accountant compromise any isolated objective in favour of the other.
Professional accountants should provide the actual financial information of a firm even if that correct financial position may make the public lose trust in the firm, lower the firms share value, lead to a financial crisis or job loss. However, in times when economies are in turmoil, professionals conceal sensitive information because they fear losing investor confidence and stockholders trust, but that should not be the case.
The Interested Parties in Accounting and how Accounting Serves their Interests
Accounting information of a given organisation serves the interests of various parties in society. The parties get the information from different parties. Therefore accounting information systems designs of any given institution should provide satisfactory reports based on social needs. Users of accounting information occur in two broad categories; there are internal users and external users of accounting information. To effectively serve society, accounting recognises the executives and managers as internal users. On the other hand, the external users are the investors, government agencies, general public, creditors of funds, employees, and finally, the customers.
Despite the distinction between the two categories of users, the contractual, as well as the financial obligations of internal users towards their external counterparts, defines the boundary for external users in terms of mandate and responsibilities. According to Ismael (2017), every profession has an in-built code of ethics that governs the professionals in it. From June 2019, IESBAs 2018 rewritten and revamped International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards) came into effect (Jules & Erskine, 2018). Within this code, all professional accountants conduct draws from the principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behaviour (Jules & Erskine, 2018 para. 2).
The principal-agent model postulates that there is a clear distinction in the roles of both parties. Nonetheless, creative accounting has provided loopholes that internal users exploit at the expense of external users. Nonetheless, external users, especially the stockholders or investors, still bear contractual oversight over executives so long as they do not infringe on the functions of the executives. For instance, the board on behalf of the stockholders can dismiss an executive if there is evidence of unethical conduct by the executive.
Internal Users
Internal users regularly use a combination of financial accounting and management information to enable the secure governance of their organisations. For instance, company management uses accounting information to evaluate and carry an analysis of the financial position and performance of the company. Accounting evaluation and analysis helps owners to make essential decisions and suitable actions that are necessary to improve the organisational performance in terms of profitability, financial standing, and the cash flow in the firm. As a central function of the managers, setting rules and procedures that will help in achieving organisational goals are attained (Uyar, Gungormus, & Kuzey, 2017).
Through accounting information generated by both financial and managerial accounting systems of the company, the task becomes achievable. On the contrary, owners are responsible for providing the capital investment required to start and run a business with a central objective of earning the profit. The owner needs accurate financial information that indicates the earned profit and losses at a given fiscal period. Only accounting can provide the required information to a business owner who wants to establish how well their businesses are doing. The report helps owners to make a sound future decision like how to expand or contract the organisation.
External Users
Accounting information has a significant role to external users of a given organisation. The use of accounting information is a route and a tool to accomplish the needs of external users. For instance, in a corporate form of organisation, there is a separation of ownership from a management role. In most cases, investors usually provide the required capital, and the management team operates the entire organisation.
Both potential and actual investors utilise the accounting information in the company in various ways. The accounting information is used by real investors to know how management uses their funds and the expected performance of the organisation in the future. Furthermore, the data provides owners with the information they need to decide whether to decrease or increase their shares in the investment. Besides, potential investors typically use accounting information to determine if a given company is suitable to invest in, depending on their needs and the financial performance of the companies as evidenced by financial accounting reports.
In society, lenders are financial institutions or individuals who usually lend money to other firms and business to earn interest on it. Therefore, they require accounting information to evaluate the financial performance and the position of the company ( Users of Accounting Information , 2019).
With clear assessment, lenders will know precisely the business that they will lend their money. Accounting thus helps lenders to avoid possibilities of fraud and loan default issues due to reasonable assurance obtained from accounting information. Additionally, suppliers in society are organisations or individuals who usually sell raw materials or merchandise to other organisations on a credit basis. The group uses accounting information to get an idea regarding the future creditworthiness of a given organisation or business, thus determining whether they will continue to provide their services and goods on credit.
Government agencies also need financial information about a business to aid in imposing taxes and laws. The general public again uses the accounting information when it comes to seeking education purposes like teaching students on accounting and finance, when researching the impacts of a given organisation on the economy, for public job seeking and opportunities. Another group that benefits in accounting is the customers ( Users of Accounting Information , 2019).
Through accounting information, customers can access essential data concerning the current position of a company. In society, customers occur in various categories; they are either producers, found at various stages of productions, retailers and wholesalers, as well as the end-users. The accounting information here helps customers to make a judgment about the future of a business organisation. Manufactures or producers at each production stage require assurance that a given organisation will persist in providing goods and services necessary. Besides, retailers and wholesalers need the reliability of constant product supply.
The final consumer also wants a continuous availability of certain products. The mentioned needs of customers, therefore, indicate that accounting information is essential, starting from the primary producer or manufactures to the end-users in a created value chain.
Finally, employees in any organisation lack a hand in significant management practices of a firm. Workers are external users when it comes to accounting information because they are consumers of the accounting information generated even though they ensure that firms remain operational. Employees are more interested in the financial report of a given business organisation because both employees present and future aspects depend on the failures or success of the business.
Through accounting information, workers can evaluate the profitability of working with a company in terms of better remuneration, job security, job promotion, and retirement benefits. The assessment indications enable employees to continue working or quit a given corporate for their current and future interests. The accounting information determines how employees will dedicate themselves at the workplace.
Implications of Accounting
When correctly done, accounting information is of significant use in society, within the political, social, and economic arenas. However, for the functions to be useful and efficient, it calls for openness, fairness, and accountability (Zyznarska-Dworczak, 2018). All institutions in a given environment aim to remain economically sound by making a profit. Nevertheless, it all depends on how the organisation will play to convince the general public and information users. With accounting, all interested parties in a particular organisation need financial information that will guide them to make a proper decision that determines their current and future relationship (Carr, 2017). Studies indicate that companies which provide suitable accounting information to the interested parties tend to prosper.
Considering the vital role that accounting plays in society, and the considerable number of parties that depend on the information accounting generates, one can conclude that it is a delicate field that requires significant attention. With proper accounting, a company can reduce errors in its financial systems. Proper accounting will help to keep essential records that are invaluable in situations of disputes. If an organisation can solve both internal and external conflicts, it will be easy to carry activities because all parties will gain trust in the firm. An increase in the number of stakeholders interested in the accounting information of a company requires accountable for all the activities they carry out. Managers face much pre
ssure from the owners, thus enhancing the spirit of accountability. When the financial information provided to society is reliable, an organisation will create a suitable means of communication. Proper presentation of the accounting information reduces the chances of miss understanding among various parries connected to an organisation. With adequate information provided from the financial documents, any stakeholder can read, evaluate, and make the decision on how to go about based on the understanding.
A firm lacking proper accounting approaches cannot provide reliable information to society. For instance, any business organisation that lacks accountability in its accounting process will lose its legitimacy, resulting in failures. No business stakeholders will want to associate themselves or invest their capital in a fraud organisation. Besides, an organisation that does not provide credible accounting information to society tends to scare away investors.
Incorrect information can be made the government initiate investigations on a company, thus facing closure chances. Consequently, the lack of accountability in government-based organisations will lead to an increase in corruption (Bracci et al., 2015). When not serviced with accounting information, the interested parties, suspect corrupt and dubious undertakings because the responsible accountant lacks the pressure always created through responsibilities.
References
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Carr, C. L. (2017). On fairness. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
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My opinion is that big data is not an appropriate term for IT professionals to use to describe different forms of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data sets that are generated, captured, stored. Big data is defined as data that exceeds the processing capacity of conventional database systems. The data is too big, moves too fast, and does not fit into the existing database architectures (Boyd & Crawford, 2012).
Attributes of big data
I disagree that big data is an appropriate term used to refer to data sets beyond the ability of typical database software tools to capture, store, manage, and analyze based on the idea of the attributes of the data sets. The term used to explain the concept of storing and processing a large amount of data is not appropriate for IT professionals to use (Boyd & Crawford, 2012). Size is not an attribute that can precisely describe the meaning of the database items to an IT professional. It is argued that volume is synonymous with big in the size of memory used to store a large amount of data (Davenport, Barth & Bean, 2013). The idea that data sets qualify to be known as big data because the data is saved in large memory space and possesses the attributes of velocity and variety is ambiguous. The variables used to define the terms are inconsistent with the scientific principles of defining terms used to describe objects or events. A large amount of data that is generated, stored, retrieved, and managed using extensive software tools, does not automatically imply that the data qualifies to be described using the term big data because the time does not tell the actual attributes of the data sets (Boyd & Crawford, 2012).
User perspectives
Again, I disagree that the term big data is appropriate for an IT professional to use. The argument is based on the idea that different users have different perspectives on big data. To clarify the fact that the meaning of the term is ambiguous, it is essential to describe the issue from the users point of view (Davenport, Barth & Bean, 2013). A manager will invest money in a database designer to develop tools to manipulate data and make it meaningful to their line of work without the need to store the data on memory storage (Boyd & Crawford, 2012). The technology should support prescriptive, predictive, and retrospective data analysis techniques to suit the needs of different users. In addition to that, the academician must make a clear and precise definition of any new concept, reinforcing the position that the term big data is not appropriate for IT professionals to use (Dewan & Kraemer, 2000).
Conclusion
In conclusion, my position is that big data is not an appropriate term for IT professionals to use. My work is supported by two ideas, which include the attributes of big data and the users perspectives on big data. IT professionals find the term ambiguous because, according to some vendors, big data depends on size, volume, velocity, and the inability of standard software tools to capture, store, manage and analyze a large amount of data. The perspectives of managers, scientists, and academicians do not support the use of the term big data by IT professionals.
References
Boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679.
Dewan, S., & Kraemer, K. L. (2000). Information technology and productivity: evidence from country-level data. Management Science, 46(4), 548-562.
Davenport, T. H., Barth, P., & Bean, R. (2013). How big data is different. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(1), 12-40
The health care profession and other humanitarian services are focused on providing the best healthcare and treatment to the patients. But violence and abusive treatment of medical professionals has been growing in the recent years. The most current goal is to better the safety even more through uniting the staff, getting a better response from patients and monitoring all possible and probable setbacks or problem areas.
The strategy to accomplish the needed change is to drastically increase the quality of service, response by appropriate institutions, and security on location. The staff would be required to participate in training sessions, as well as develop their own departmental improved routines and practices that would allow for better cooperation and communication with both staff and patients (Rogers, 2013). Often, people are displeased with the service provided, so they resort to violence and abusive behavior. This is due to emotional instability and the feeling of vulnerability. People are not sure how to respond to the professionals inability to treat the problem or provide some form of consolation and hope. There is a strategy in the improvement of planning, checking, and acting which will allow for more qualified staff and the ability of departments to be ahead of the game and prevent any violent behavior (McLaughlin, 2012). The impact will be a close knowledge of the patients statistics, an in-depth understanding of their needs, and the proper approach and treatment of each individual. Unfortunately, the current health sector is experiencing difficulties in staffing and provision of proper services to people according to their needs. The wait times are still rather long, and individuals are getting frustrated which leads to violent outbursts.
In this case, the strength of therapeutic intervention is what allows people to find a proper response in a stressful and unwanted situation. Each department of a health-related institution is motivated, and there is some progress in ensuring a safe working environment for the staff. This is due to personal factors and team make-up, as each department has its own atmosphere and a way of running things. This is somewhat of a disadvantage, as the staff and the organization are obligated to provide proper working conditions with the absence of violence or any type of abuse (McLaughlin, 2012).
The nine stages of intervention provide some aid to the problem of violence. The first one is to resolve the inner conflict by attending to the needs of the individual. The second stage pertains to the release of the emotional trauma which will help alleviate the pressure. The third is the development of effective relationships in both private and social life. Fourth is the movement out of depression, thus starting work on mental rehabilitation. The fifth stage is linked to the exclusion of anxiety and any stress-related disorders. The sixth step is to learn how to manage anger and any unwanted emotions in a productive and effective way. The seventh stage is based on the ability to learn how to manage stress. Eighth is the development of strategies that will help manage work and personal issues. The ninth stage is related to learning how to listen to the inner wisdom and urges so that a proper response can be found without harm to the surrounding people and the self (Plante, 2010).
Violence control initiatives should be closely considered and implemented into any health organization. It is critical to the working efficiency of professionals and proper patient treatment.
References
McLaughlin, C. (2012). Implementing Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
